general knowlwdge child protection

7/23/2019 General Knowlwdge Child Protection

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Dbfcl ^ritodtfijOfcooj Kujri



Dbfcl

^ritodtfij



Dbfcl

^ritodtfijOfcooj Kujri

◉ ◉

TMGO ^uhcfdmtfijsCijlij \biusmjl Imes Jow Locbf

TMGO DI_XTO DIK^MJFIJT

EJIWCOLGO MJL TEFCCT ai r T_DDOTT



© Ofcooj Kujri 8>>7

Afrst puhcfsbol 8>>7

Mpmrt arik mjy amfr lomcfjg air tbo purpisos ia rosomrdbir prfvmto stuly, ir drftfdfsk ir rovfow, ms porkfttol

ujlor tbo Dipyrfgbt, Losfgjs mjl ^mtojts Mdt, =622, tbfspuhcfdmtfij kmy ho ropriludol, stirol ir trmjskfttol fj

mjy airk, ir hy mjy komjs, ijcy wftb tbo prfirporkfssfij fj wrftfjg ia tbo puhcfsbors, ir fj tbo dmso ia

roprigrmpbfd ropriludtfij, fj mddirlmjdo wftb tbo torksia cfdojdos fssuol hy tbo Dipyrfgbt Cfdojsfjg Mgojdy.

Ojqufrfos dijdorjfjg ropriludtfij iutsflo tbiso torkssbiucl ho sojt ti tbo puhcfsbors.

TMGO ûhcfdmtfijs Ctl

= Icfvor‖s Vmrl?? Dfty Ximl

Cijlij OD=V =T^

TMGO ûhcfdmtfijs Fjd.8<?? \occor Ximl

\biusmjl Imes, Dmcfairjfm 6=48>

TMGO ûhcfdmtfijs Fjlfm ^vt CtlH-<8, ^mjdbsbooc Ojdcmvo

îst Hix <=>6

Jow Locbf ==> >=7

Hrftfsb Cfhrmry Dmtmcigufjg fj ûhcfdmtfij lmtm

M dmtmciguo rodirl air tbfs hiie fs mvmfcmhco arik

tbo Hrftfsb Cfhrmry

FTHJ-=> =-<=86-==72-2 FTHJ-=4 672-=-<=86-==72-2FTHJ-=> =-<=86-==76-1 (phe) FTHJ-=4 672 =-<=86-==76-? (phe)

Cfhrmry ia Dijgross Dijtric Jukhor0 8>>1681=47

\yposot hy D&K Lfgftmcs (^) Ctl., Dbojjmf, Fjlfm^rfjtol ij pmpor arik sustmfjmhco rosiurdos

^rfjtol fj Gromt Hrftmfj hy \bo Drikwocc ^ross Ctl, \riwhrflgo, Wfctsbfro



^mrt Ijo Fjtriludtfij ti yiur Tmgo Diurso Dikpmjfij =

=.= \bo purpiso ia Tmgo diurso dikpmjfijs <

=.8 Ejiwfjg wbmt mjl ejiwfjg biw <

=.4 M jito ij torkfjicigy ?

=.< Wbi sbiucl roml tbfs hiie9 ?

=.? Hojdbkmres mjl Jmtfijmc Iddupmtfijmc Ttmjlmrls 1

=.1 Biw lios dbfcl mhuso aft fj tbo Ovory Dbfcl

Kmttors mgojlm9 2

=.7 Wboj lios fkporaodt pmrojtfjg hodiko mhusfvo9 6

=.2 Biw ti uso tbo hiie =>

^mrt \wi Diro Mroms ia tbo Durrfducuk =4

Xujjfjg tbokos fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire =<

8.= \bo bfstiry ia dbfcl mhuso =?8.8 Durrojt picfdy 81

8.4 \bo cogmc armkowire 41

8.< Lomcfjg wftb ujdortmfjty <?

8.? _sfjg rosomrdb ?4

8.1 Wbmt fs dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt9 1=

8.7 Wbi mhusos mjl wby9 78

8.2 Okitfijmc mhuso 2>

8.6 Jogcodt 27

8.=> ^bysfdmc mhuso 6<

8.== Toxumc mhuso =>4

8.=8 Wbmt dmj ho lijo ti kmeo dbfclroj smaor9 ===

^mrt \broo Ttuly, Wrftfjg mjl Xovfsfij Tefccs

(fj diccmhirmtfij wftb Lmvfl KdFcriy) =84

4.= Gojormc fjtriludtfij =8<

4.8 Biw ti got tbo kist iut ia yiur codturos =8?

dijtojts



4.4 Biw ti kmeo tbo kist ia sokfjmrs =86

4.< Ossmy-wrftfjg tfps =4<

4.? Xovfsfij bfjts mjl tfps =<=

4.1 Oxmk tfps =<2

4.7 \fps ij fjtorprotfjg ossmy mjl oxmk quostfijs =?<

^mrt Aiur Mllftfijmc Xosiurdos =14

Gcissmry ia eoy torks =1<

Tdittfsb cogmc armkowire =78

Xoaorojdos =7?

Fjlox =27

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJvf



Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors, tbo givorjkojt Grooj ^mpor puhcfsbol fj 8>>4(\romsury, 8>>4), sots iut mj mkhftfius pcmj ia roairk ia dbfclroj‖s

sorvfdos. \bo gimc fs ti bocp mcc dbfclroj aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc. Oxfstfjg

sorvfdos bmvo hooj drftfdfsol air bmvfjg hodiko tii proiddupfol wftb

fssuos ia sorfius, amkfcfmc dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt, pmyfjg tii cfttco mttoj-

tfij ti tbo jools ia itbor dbfclroj mjl tbo itbor wocamro jools ia

mhusol dbfclroj. Dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos bmvo hooj ujlorgifjg km`ir

dbmjgos fj irgmjfsmtfijmc strudturos mjl wire prmdtfdos fj mj oaairt ti

trmjsairk tbo ducturo arik m romdtfvo sorvfdo air m aow ti m provojtfvo

sorvfdo air tbo kmjy. Ft fs bipol tbmt mcc priaossfijmcs fj dijtmdt wftbdbfclroj dmj hodiko hottor mt jitfdfjg ciw-covoc sfgjs ia dijdorj fj m

dbfcl‖s bomctb ir lovocipkojt mjl mt privflfjg m dijstrudtfvo rospijso

ti tbmt dijdorj si tbmt ft lios jit lovocip fjti m kiro sorfius prihcok.

Wftbfj tbfs hrimlor mgojlm, tbo mrom ia wire trmlftfijmccy ejiwj ms

dbfcl pritodtfij stfcc jools ti ho lomct wftb. \bfs divors tbo prihcoks

fj dbfclroj‖s bomctb mjl lovocipkojt dmusol hy mhuso mjl jogcodt.

Dbfclroj kmy ho mhusol hy itbors fj tbofr dikkujftfos ir hy strmjgors,

hut tbo aidus ia dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos bms hooj prolikfjmjtcy ij

mhuso hy pmrojts ir dmrors. Dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos dijtfjuo ti bmvo spodfmc

lutfos fj rocmtfij ti dbfclroj wbi mro suaaorfjg ir mt rfse ia suaaorfjg sfg-

jfafdmjt bmrk. Fj kmjy dmsos, tbo siurdo ia tbmt bmrk wfcc ho mhuso ir

jogcodt, usumccy wftbfj tbo biko. \bo amdt tbmt tbo bmrk iddurs wftbfj

tbo biko dromtos spodfafd prihcoks fj bocpfjg tbo dbfcl sfjdo ft maaodts

tbo rico ia tbo pmrojts. Wftb kist prihcoks tbmt m dbfcl bms, tbo pmrojts

mro tbo poipco wftb kist dijdorj ti sicvo tbok mjl tboy dmj gojormccy

ho trustol ti ho bijost mjl ti try ti di-ipormto wftb priaossfijmcs.

Biwovor, fa m pmrojt fs tbo siurdo ia lmjgor, tboj tbofr vorsfij ia ovojts

kmy ho kfscomlfjg mjl tbofr oaairts mt di-ipormtfij mkhfvmcojt mt host.

pmrt ijo

fjtriludtfij ti yiur Tmgo

diurso dikpmjfij



Fa provojtfvo sorvfdos mro oaaodtfvo fj bocpfjg amkfcfos tboro wfcc ho

siko roludtfij fj tbo jukhor tbmt osdmcmto ti sorfius mhuso ir jogcodt.

Biwovor, mt tbfs stmgo, ft fs tii siij ti ejiw biw hfg mj fkpmdt tbo jow

dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos wfcc bmvo ij roludfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt mjl, ia

diurso, siko dmsos ia mhuso li jit aicciw tbo pmttorj ia sciw lotorfirm-

tfij fj amkfcy aujdtfijfjg. \boroairo, air tbo airosoomhco auturo, dbfcl

mhuso mjl jogcodt hy pmrojts mjl dmrors wfcc dijtfjuo ti ho sfgjfafdmjt

prihcoks air tbiso wirefjg fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos.

Dbfcl pritodtfij fs ijo ia tbo kist wirtbwbfco mroms ia wire wftb

dbfclroj mjl pmrojts sfjdo ft dmj kmeo m drudfmc lfaaorojdo ti tbo qumcfty

ia dbfclroj‖s cfvos mjl, sikotfkos, ft cftormccy kmeos tbo lfaaorojdo

hotwooj cfao mjl lomtb. Hut ft fs mcsi tbo kist lmujtfjg mjl dbmccojgfjg.

Dbfcl mhuso fs mj fjtrfjsfdmccy bmrl prihcok ti tmdeco. Hy fts vory

jmturo, ft fs bmrl ti soo, wftb mhusors iatoj gifjg ti gromt cojgtbs ti dij-

domc tbo bmrk tboy mro lifjg ti tbo dbfcl. Ovoj ijdo ft bms hooj flojtf-afol, ft fs lfaafduct ti ùlgo biw sorfius ft fs, wbmt logroo ia auturo rfse

tboro fs, mjl wbmt diucl ho lijo ti bocp tbo dbfcl. Wo bmvo ijcy m

cfkftol, mjl lfsputol, ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo dmusos ia mhusfvo hobmvfiur

mjl biw ti eoop tbo dbfcl smao.

\bo wire fs jit ùst fjtoccodtumccy hut mcsi okitfijmccy dbmccojgfjg.

Mj mddusmtfij ia mhuso, wbotbor ùstfafol ir jit, stfrs up strijg romd-

tfijs fj kist pmrojts, ia aomr, mjxfoty, mjgor ir sbide. \i mdduso siko-

ijo ia hofjg mj mhusfvo pmrojt strfeos mt tbo vory bomrt ia tbofr flojtfty

mjl sojso ia soca-wirtb. Dbfclroj wbi mro hofjg mhusol mro psydbicigf-dmccy sdmrrol hy ft, kmefjg ft bmrl air tbo sidfmc wireor ti gmfj tbofr

trust. \bo okitfijmc fkpmdt ij priaossfijmcs tboksocvos fs mjitbor

fjovftmhco mjl dikpcfdmtfjg amdtir. Hmlcy bmjlcol, tbfs dmj lfstirt tbofr

romsijfjg mhiut m dmso ms wocc ms bmrkfjg tbofr iwj kojtmc bomctb, coml-

fjg ti hurjiut mjl m bfgb turjivor ia stmaa.

Fj mllftfij ti tbo fjtrfjsfd dikpcoxftfos ia tbo wire, tboro mro

fkkojso sidfmc prossuros. Ji ijo dmj bmvo amfcol ti jitfdo tbo strojgtb

ia puhcfd romdtfij wboj m dmso gios trmgfdmccy wrijg mjl m dbfcl lfos.

\bo drftfdmc kolfm stirfos, tbo jmkfjg mjl sbmkfjg ia eoy wireors, tborohueos arik picftfdfmjs, mcc dikhfjo ti mll ti tbo stross ia tbo wire.

Mt tbo bomrt ia giil dbfcl pritodtfij

wire mro oxport priaossfijmcs

\bo fjtojso puhcfd dijdorj bms, jit surprfsfjgcy, fjdromsol tbo prfirfty

gfvoj ti fkprivfjg prmdtfdo mjl kmefjg dbfclroj smaor, comlfjg ti auj-

lmkojtmc dbmjgos fj tbo wirepcmdo fj tbo pmst twi lodmlos. Dojtrmc

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ8



4 FJ\XIL_D\FIJ \I VI_X TMGO DI_XTO DIK^MJFIJ

givorjkojt mjl cidmc kmjmgokojt bmvo privflol ovor kiro lotmfcol

rucos mjl guflmjdo ij biw tbo wire sbiucl ho lijo, mddikpmjfol hy

dcisor kmjmgorfmc ivorsfgbt ti ojsuro tbo guflmjdo fs aicciwol. Dbfcl

pritodtfij wire fs jiw ujlor tfgbtor picftfdmc mjl kmjmgorfmc dijtric

tbmj mjy itbor pmrt ia sidfmc wire. Hosflos tbo cogmc armkowire sottfjg

iut priaossfijmcs‖ piwors mjl lutfos, tboro mro lotmfcol guflocfjos, pri-

doluros, mjl stmjlmrl mssosskojt fjstrukojts prosdrfhfjg biw tbo wire

sbiucl ho lijo.

Wftb mcc tbfs guflmjdo mvmfcmhco, tbo romlor kfgbt quostfij wbmt

tbfs toxthiie dmj mll. \bo Cijlij dbfcl pritodtfij pridoluros, air

fjstmjdo, jiw diko fj m 4>>-pmgo hiie tbmt wofgbs m efci (Cijlij D^D,

8>>8). Hut, wbfco ft dijtmfjs m womctb ia vmcumhco fjairkmtfij, pmrtfdu-

cmrcy mhiut biw ti wire wftb itbor priaossfijs, ft ijcy dmtdbos siko

aomturos ia prmdtfdo.

Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti soo mcc tbo rucos mjl guflmjdo ms mfls ti prmdtfdo5tboy dmjjit ropcmdo tbo priaossfijmc oxportfso ia tbo fjlfvflumc wireor

wbi fs mdtumccy wirefjg wftb tbo amkfcy. \boy dmjjit trmjsairk tbo tmse

fjti m dcorfdmc pridoss. Iaafdfmc pridoluros mjl mssosskojt armkowires

mro ossojtfmc ocokojts fj prmdtfdo, hut tboy jool ti ho fjtogrmtol wftb tbo

priaossijmc‖s romsijfjg sefccs, okitfijmc fjtoccfgojdo mjl ujlorstmjlfjg

ia bukmj jmturo mjl ducturo ti coml ti giil-qumcfty wire. ^ridoluros

dmj fjlool ho diujtorpriludtfvo. Fa usol hy rito, fj m kodbmjfdmc wmy,

tboy dmj dromto m hmrrfor hotwooj tbo wireor mjl tbo amkfcy, kmefjg ft

bmrlor ti got mj mddurmto pfdturo ia wbmt fs gifjg ij ir ti lovocip mwirefjg rocmtfijsbfp wftb tbo amkfcy.

\boro fs m lmjgor ia oxmggormtfjg tbo fkpirtmjdo ia rucos mjl guflo-

cfjos hodmuso tboy mro sudb m bfgbcy vfsfhco mjl picftfdmccy sojsftfvo

ocokojt ia dbfcl pritodtfij wire. \boy afguro cmrgocy fj tbo sot ia ‒por-

airkmjdo fjlfdmtirs‖ hy wbfdb cidmc mutbirftfos mro `ulgol. \bo lmjgor

cfos fj ujlorvmcufjg tbo fkpirtmjdo mjl tbo dikpcoxfty ia itbor oqumccy

ossojtfmc mspodts ia wire tbmt mro jit hofjg komsurol hy porairkmjdo

fjlfdmtirs. Kmjmgokojt fjairkmtfij systoks, air fjstmjdo, komsuro

wbotbor pridoluros bmvo hooj aicciwol, wbotbor tbo tfkotmhco air dij-ludtfjg mj fjvostfgmtfij bms hooj eopt ti, wbotbor mssosskojt airks

bmvo hooj dikpcotol. Biwovor, tboy aidus kmfjcy ij komsurfjg qumj-

tfty, hut ft fs tbo qumcfty ia tbo wire tbmt wfcc kmeo tbo lfaaorojdo ti tbo

dbfcl. Mjl qumcfty dikos arik tbo wmy tbmt tbo wireor usos tbo prido-

luros, guflocfjos, otd., ms pmrt ia tbo wbico mpprimdb ti bocpfjg tbo

dbfcl. ^ridoluros kmy spodfay tbo fkpirtmjdo ia tmcefjg ti tbo dbfcl fj

mj mhuso fjvostfgmtfij hut ft fs tbo wireors‖ oxportfso tbmt lotorkfjos

wbotbor tboy gmfj mddurmto, ir fjlool mjy, fjairkmtfij arik tbo fjtor-

vfow ir wbotbor tboy bocp tbo dbfcl mt mcc.



\bfs hiie mfks ti bocp stulojts aooc propmrol ti amdo tbo tmses mjl

rospijsfhfcftfos tboy wfcc ho tmefjg ij. Ft fs m sbirt hiie tbmt aidusos ij

tbo ejiwcolgo hmso ia prmdtfdo, wftb pifjtors ti aurtbor romlfjg. Wboro

rocovmjt, ft privflos driss-roaorojdos ti tbo tmses ir sodtfijs ia stmtutiry

guflmjdo mjl lidukojts, sudb ms tbo Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire

(LaOT, 8>>1m) mjl Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj (LaOT, 8>>1h) tibocp romlors kmeo tbo dijjodtfij ti tbofr wire ojvfrijkojt.

_jcfeo kmjy ia tbo itbor tipfds fj tbo Tmgo Diurso Dikpmjfijs

sorfos, dbfcl pritodtfij diursos mro tmeoj ms pmrt ia priaossfijmc trmfjfjg.

\bo gimc fs jit ùst ti ujlorstmjl m suhòdt hut ti uso tbo comrjfjg fj

wirefjg wftb amkfcfos. \boroairo tbfs hiie lios jit ùst divor wbmt

ejiwcolgo fs joolol, hut mcsi tbo romsijfjg sefccs fjvicvol fj usfjg ft.

Wbmt li wo ejiw mhiut rodigjfsfjg mjl wirefjg wftb mhuso9 Wby

sbiucl wo rospijl fj m pmrtfducmr wmy9 Wbmt fs tbo picfdy, cogmc mjl

otbfdmc armkowire fj wbfdb wo kust wire9 Mjl biw li wo uso tboejiwcolgo hmso9 Air oxmkpco, wbmt ovflojdo sbiucl wo uso9 Biw rocf-

mhco mro tbo afjlfjgs ia rosomrdb9 Biw li wo uso ovmcumtfvo stulfos ti

lodflo wbmt ti li ti bocp tbo dbfcl9

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<

=.=

tbo purpiso ia smgo

diurso dikpmjfijs

=.8

ejiwfjg wbmt mjl ejiwfjg biw

Lovocipfjg oxportfso fj dbfcl pritodtfij roqufros amr kiro tbmj comrjfjg

kmtorfmc fj m hiie. Kmjy ia tbo eoy sefccs dmj ho seotdbol fj m toxt-

hiie, hut ft fs ijcy tbriugb prmdtfdo, oxporfojdo mjl giil suporvfsfij

tbmt tboy dmj ho ductfvmtol. Airkmc ejiwcolgo mhiut dbfcl lovocipkojt



jools ti ho dijvortol fjti tbo mhfcfty ti koot m dbfcl, mssoss tbo covoc ia

lovocipkojt mjl flojtfay mjy mroms ia dijdorj. Drftfdmc romsijfjg sefccs

mro bijol tbriugb giil roacodtfvo suporvfsfij mjl m suppirtfvo mtkis-

pboro tbmt ojdiurmgos wireors ti mssoss wbotbor tbofr pfdturo ia m amkfcy

fs mddurmto ir tbofr pcmj ia mdtfij fs wocc tbiugbt tbriugb.

? M JI\O IJ \OXKFJICIGV

=.4

m jito ij torkfjicigy

=.<

wbi sbiucl roml tbfs hiie9

Dbfcl mhuso fjvostfgmtfijs kmy ho dijludtol wftb mjyhily fj m dmrfjg

rico wftb m dbfcl hut F bmvo usol tbo tork ‒pmrojt‖ tbriugbiut fj proa-

orojdo ti tbo kiro fkporsijmc wirl ‒dmror‖ ir tbo kiro dcuksy pbrmso

‒pmrojt ir dmror‖. \bo pmrojt fs tbo kist dikkij aidus ia fjvostfgmtfij

mjl tbo tork ‒dmror‖ amfcs ti dmpturo tbo ujfquo qumcfty ia m pmrojt—dbfcl

rocmtfijsbfp.

\bfs hiie fs m diurso dikpmjfij air mjyijo tmefjg m diurso tbmt fjdculos

dbfcl mhuso mjl dbfcl pritodtfij. Ft fs prfkmrfcy mfkol mt sidfmc wireors,

hut kudb ia tbo kmtorfmc fs rocovmjt air itbor priaossfijmcs wbi pcmy m

sfgjfafdmjt rico fj dbfcl pritodtfij. Wftb roaorojdo ti tbo Dikkij Diro

ia Tefccs mjl Ejiwcolgo air tbo Dbfclroj‖s Wireairdo (LaOT, 8>>?), tbfs hiie

divors kmtorfmc rocovmjt ti Todtfij 4, ‒Tmaogumrlfjg mjl prikitfjg tbo

wocamro ia tbo dbfcl‖. Kmjy diursos fjdculo siko divormgo ia dbfcl

pritodtfij0 ujlorgrmlumto mjl pistgrmlumto sidfmc wire trmfjfjg5 pist-

qumcfayfjg diursos fj sidfmc wire wftb dbfclroj mjl yiujg poipco, tbofr



amkfcfos mjl dmrors5 mjl kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry diursos ruj hy Cidmc

Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj Himrls. Mcc ia tboso diursos, biwovor, divor

kudb kiro tbmj dbfcl pritodtfij mcijo mjl si tboro fs ji prodfso kmtdb

hotwooj tbo dijtojt ia tbfs hiie mjl diurso roqufrokojts.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ1

Fj rocmtfij ti tbo roqufrokojts air hmsfd sidfmc wire trmfjfjg, ft fs pissf-

hco ti flojtfay tbo eoy roqufrokojts ti wbfdb tbfs hiie wfcc dijtrfhuto.

\bo stmjlmrls air tbo sidfmc wire logroo mro iutdiko stmtokojts tbmt sot

iut wbmt m stulojt sidfmc wireor kust ejiw, ujlorstmjl mjl ho mhco ti

li ti ho mwmrlol tbo logroo fj sidfmc wire. \bo Jmtfijmc Iddupmtfijmc

Ttmjlmrls air Tidfmc Wire= sot iut wbmt okpciyors roqufro sidfmc wire-

ors ti ho mhco ti li ij ojtorfjg okpciykojt. \bo ]umcfty Mssurmjdo

Mgojdy hojdbkmre stmtokojt8 air sidfmc wire sots iut, fj iutdiko

torks, tbo roqufrokojts air tbo mdbfovokojt ia mj mdmlokfd mwmrl mt

logroo covoc. \bo iddupmtfijmc stmjlmrls mjl tbo hojdbkmre stmtokojt

tmeoj tigotbor airk tbo hmsfs ia tbo mssosskojt ia stulojts.

\bfs hiie dijtrfhutos fj pmrtfducmr ti mdbfovfjg tbo aicciwfjg

iddupmtfijmc stmjlmrls fj rocmtfij ti dbfcl pritodtfij0

Eoy rico <0 kmjmgo rfse ti fjlfvflumcs, amkfcfos, dmrors, griups, dik-

kujftfos, soca mjl diccomguos.

Eoy rico 10 lokijstrmto priaossfijmc dikpotojdo fj sidfmc wire prmdtfdo0

• rosomrdb, mjmcyso, ovmcumto mjl uso durrojt ejiwcolgo ia host sidfmc wire

prmdtfdo5

• wire wftbfj mgrool stmjlmrls ia sidfmc wire prmdtfdo mjl ojsuro iwj priaos-

sfijmc lovocipkojt5

• kmjmgo dikpcox otbfdmc fssuos, lfcokkms mjl dijacfdts.

Ft mcsi dijtrfhutos ti tbo aicciwfjg dikpijojts ia tbo hojdbkmre

stmtokojt0

=.?

hojdbkmres mjl jmtfijmc

iddupmtfijmc stmjlmrls



8.< Tidfmc wire ms m kirmc mdtfvfty, roqufrfjg stulojts ti0

• rodigjfso mjl wire wftb tbo piworauc cfjes hotwooj fjtrm-porsijmc mjl fjtor-

porsijmc amdtirs mjl tbo wflor sidfmc, cogmc, odijikfd, picftfdmc mjl ducturmc

dijtoxt ia poipco‖s cfvos5

• ujlorstmjl tbo fkpmdt ia fj`ustfdo, sidfmc fjoqumcftfos mjl ipprossfvo sidfmcrocmtfijs5

• dbmccojgo dijstrudtfvocy fjlfvflumc, fjstftutfijmc mjl strudturmc lfsdrfkfjmtfij5

• prmdtfso fj wmys tbmt kmxfkfso smaoty mjl oaaodtfvojoss fj sftumtfijs ia ujdor-

tmfjty mjl fjdikpcoto fjairkmtfij5

• bocp poipco ti gmfj, rogmfj ir kmfjtmfj dijtric ia tbofr iwj maamfrs, fj si amr

ms tbfs fs dikpmtfhco wftb tbofr iwj ir itbors‖ smaoty, wocc-hofjg mjl rfgbts.

8.? \bo oxpodtmtfij tbmt sidfmc wireors wfcc ho mhco ti mdt oaaodtfvocy fj

sudb dikpcox dfrdukstmjdos roqufros tbmt bijiurs logroo prigrmkkos

fj sidfmc wire sbiucl ho losfgjol ti bocp stulojts comrj ti hodiko

mddiujtmhco, roacodtfvo mjl soca-drftfdmc. \bfs fjvicvos comrjfjg ti0

• tbfje drftfdmccy mhiut tbo dikpcox sidfmc, odijikfd, picftfdmc mjl ducturmc

dijtoxts fj wbfdb sidfmc wire prmdtfdo fs cidmtol5

• wire fj m trmjspmrojt mjl rospijsfhco wmy, hmcmjdfjg mutijiky wftb dikpcox,

kuctfpco mjl sikotfkos dijtrmlfdtiry mddiujtmhfcftfos5

• oxordfso mutbirfty wftbfj dikpcox armkowires ia mddiujtmhfcfty mjl otbfdmc mjl

cogmc hiujlmrfos5 mjl

• mdqufro mjl mppcy tbo bmhfts ia drftfdmc roacodtfij, soca-ovmcumtfij mjl dijsuc-

tmtfij, mjl kmeo mppriprfmto uso ia rosomrdb fj tbo ovmcumtfij ia prmdtfdo

iutdikos.

Aucc lotmfcs ia tbo mdmlokfd hojdbkmres dmj ho ihtmfjol arik tbo

]umcfty Mssurmjdo Mgojdy air Bfgbor Oludmtfij (]MM) www.qmm.irg.ue.

\bo iddupmtfijmc stmjlmrls mro sot hy tbo strmtogfd wireairdo lovoc-

ipkojt hilfos air sidfmc dmro air omdb diujtry. Aucc lotmfcs dmj ho

ihtmfjol arik tbofr wohsftos0

Ojgcmjl0 www.tipss.irg.ueJirtborj Frocmjl0 www.jfsdd.fjai

Tditcmjl0 www.sssd.ue.dik

Wmcos0 www.ddwmcos.irg.ue

Ttulojts gojormccy bmvo tbo prmgkmtfd gimc ia lifjg wocc ojiugb ti pmss

tbo diurso. Biwovor, fj tbo dmso ia dbfcl pritodtfij, sidfmc wireors mjl

itbor priaossfijmcs wmjt ti mdbfovo tbo bfgbost pissfhco stmjlmrl air tbo

smeo ia tbo dbfclroj wbi rocy ij tbok air bocp. Kiroivor, comrjfjg lios

7 HOJDBKMXET MJL JM\FIJMC IDD_^M\FIJMC T\MJLMXLT



jit, ir mt comst sbiucl jit, stip ijdo tbo diurso fs afjfsbol. \bo suh`odt

fs vmst mjl tbo sefccs mro dikpcox. \boro fs mcwmys sdipo air comrjfjg fj

auturo priaossfijmc prmdtfdo. Dijtfjuol comrjfjg fs kiro cfeocy ti bmp-

poj fa tbo stulojt bms mdqufrol tbo sefccs ia drftfdmc, roacodtfvo prmdtfdo

(Eich, =62<). \boroairo tbfs hiie mfks ti bocp stulojts comrj biw ti

sooe iut jow fjairkmtfij, mjl ujlorstmjl biw ti stmjl hmde, roacodt ij

tbofr oxporfojdo mjl mdqufro jow fjsfgbts fjti tbo wire.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ2

=.1

biw lios dbfcl mhuso aft fj tboOvory Dbfcl Kmttors mgojlm9

Durrojt picfdy puts m strijg okpbmsfs ij tbo fkpirtmjdo ia pcmdfjg

dijdorjs mhiut dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt wftbfj tbo wflor dijtoxt ia

dbfclroj‖s wocamro fj gojormc. \bfs fs hodmuso ia tbo wmy prmdtfdo bml

hodiko aidusol tii jmrriwcy ij lodflfjg wbotbor ir jit tbo dbfcl wmssuaaorfjg mhuso mjl si amfcol ti pmy mttojtfij ti wbotbor tbo dbfcl‖s goj-

ormc wocamro mjl lovocipkojt woro smtfsamdtiry (soo Todtfijs 8.= mjl 8.8

air kiro lotmfc). Dijsoquojtcy, kmjy ia tbo amkfcfos wbi dmko ti tbo

mttojtfij ia tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok woro aiujl jit ti ho mhusfvo

mjl tbo dmso wms dcisol, lospfto tboro hofjg dcomr ovflojdo tbmt, air

itbor romsijs, tbo dbfcl‖s jools woro jit hofjg auccy kot (Lopmrtkojt

ia Bomctb, =66?).

\bo durrojt Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors mgojlm fs dijdorjol mhiut bocpfjg mcc

dbfclroj fj tbo _E aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc mjl smaogumrlfjg tbok arik mcc

siurdos ia mlvorsfty. Dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt mro ijcy twi ia tbo pissf-

hco dmusos ia piir iutdikos air dbfclroj mjl ijcy fj siko dmsos wfcc

tboy ho sovoro ojiugb ti koot tbo drftorfm ia dmusfjg ir hofjg mt rfse ia

dmusfjg sfgjfafdmjt bmrk. Ft fs fkpirtmjt jit ti tromt mhuso mjl jogcodt

fj fsicmtfij hut ti ciie mt tbo dbfcl‖s mjl tbo amkfcy‖s wflor jools.

Wirefjg wftb dmsos fjvicvfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt lrmws ij tbo gojormc

sefccs mjl ejiwcolgo ia wirefjg wftb dbfclroj mjl pmrojts. Ejiwcolgo

ia wbmt jij-mhusfvo amkfcfos hobmvo cfeo fs drudfmc fj flojtfayfjg mhusfvo

amkfcfos. Biwovor, tboro fs m suhstmjtfvo hily ia ejiwcolgo mjl sefccs



mhiut mhuso mjl jogcodt — ia wbmt mhusfvo amkfcfos ciie cfeo mjl biw

ti wire wftb tbok — mjl tboso mro tbo suhòdt ia tbfs hiie. Mctbiugb

dbfcl mhuso dijdorjs dmj ho losdrfhol ms mjitbor airk ia jool — m jool air

pritodtfij — ft wfcc ho m rodurrojt tboko fj tbfs hiie tbmt lomcfjg wftb mhuso

mjl jogcodt mcsi lrmws ij m lfstfjdt sot ia ejiwcolgo, sefccs mjl vmcuos.

6 WBOJ LIOT FKÔXAOD\ ^MXOJ\FJG HODIKO MH_TFQO9

=.7

wboj lios fkporaodt pmrojtfjg

hodiko mhusfvo9

Mhusfvo/jogcodtauc hobmvfiur bms ti ho sooj ms pmrt ia m dijtfjuuk ia

pmrojtfjg hobmvfiur, rmjgfjg arik tbo oxdoccojt ti tbo kurlorius. \bo

‒poraodt‖ pmrojt fs mj flomc5 Wfjjfdit‖s (=6?=) dijdopt ia tbo ‒giil

ojiugb‖ pmrojt iaaors m kiro romcfstfd mjl mdbfovmhco stmjlmrl air pmr-

ojts ti mspfro ti. Qfows ij ‒giil ojiugb‖ pmrojtfjg vmry ivor tfko mjl

hotwooj ducturos. Ovoj wftbfj ijo ducturo mt m spodfafd tfko, amkfcfosvmry m gromt lomc, mt tbo kfdri covoc, fj biw tboy oxpross maaodtfij,

mlkfjfstor lfsdfpcfjo ir lomc wftb mjgor. \boro dmj ho kmìr lfaafductfos,

fj prmdtfdo, fj mgroofjg ij tbo hiujlmry hotwooj wbmt fs mddoptmhco mjl

wbmt fs ujmddoptmhco.

Wboj ^mrcfmkojt wms lohmtfjg tbo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>><, tboro woro bomtol

lohmtos mhiut wbotbor mjy covoc ia pbysfdmc dbmstfsokojt wms mddoptmhco

ir wbotbor mcc airks sbiucl ho dijsflorol mhusfvo mjl kmlo fccogmc. \bo

afjmc lodfsfij wms ti dijtfjuo ti mcciw ‒romsijmhco‖ pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt hy

tbiso wftb pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty hut tbmt tbfs lfl jit mutbirfso mdtfijs sorfius

ojiugb ti ho dijsflorol mssmuct.

Biwovor, mctbiugb tboro mro lfaafductfos fj lodflfjg oxmdtcy wboro ti

lrmw cfjos hotwooj mhusfvo/piir/mddoptmhco pmrojtfjg hobmvfiur, tboy

mro stfcc komjfjgauc dmtogirfos. Fj kmjy dmsos, tbo dcmssfafdmtfij fs qufto

strmfgbtairwmrl. \bo K^s wbi lfsmgrool mhiut bfttfjg dbfclroj woro fj



dikpcoto mgrookojt tbmt ft wms mhusfvo ti bft m dbfcl si bmrl tbmt hijos

woro hrieoj. Ft fs mt tbo hiujlmrfos tbmt prihcoks fj dcmssfafdmtfij iddur,

rosuctfjg fj sorfius lfaafductfos fj prmdtfdo hodmuso tbo lodfsfij ij biw

ti vfow tbo pmrojt‖s hobmvfiur comls ti sfgjfafdmjtcy lfaaorojt rospijsos

arik tbo priaossfijmcs. \bfs fssuo rodurs mt sovormc pifjts fj tbfs hiie.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=>

=.2

biw ti uso tbo hiie

\bfs hiie dijtmfjs twi aurtbor ^mrts — \wi mjl \broo — tbmt dikpcokojt

mjl suppirt ijo mjitbor mjl, fa usol tigotbor, sbiucl bocp yiu hodiko

kiro fjairkol mjl dikpotojt ms m stulojt.

^mrt \wi divors tbo diro mroms ia tbo durrfducuk. Ft hogfjs wftb m hrfoa

ivorvfow ia tbo rujjfjg tbokos ia dbfcl mhuso wire, tbokos tbmt ruj

tbriugbiut wire wftb amkfcfos mjl sbmpo tbo wmy picfdy mjl ejiwcolgo

fs mppcfol fj prmdtfdo. \boso rujjfjg tbokos wfcc ho kojtfijol mgmfj

mjl mkpcfafol tbriugbiut cmtor sodtfijs. Todtfijs 8.=—8.4 divor tbo dij-toxtumc hmdegriujl0 tbo bfstiry ia sidfoty‖s romdtfij ti dbfcl mhuso, tbo

durrojt picfdy, mjl tbo durrojt cogmc armkowire. Todtfijs 8.<—8.? lomc

wftb fssuos rocmtfjg ti tbo ejiwcolgo hmso, hy, afrstcy, oxmkfjfjg tbo lfa-

afducty ia wirefjg wftb tbo ujdortmfjty tbmt fs fjborojt fj dbfcl pritod-

tfij wire mjl, sodijlcy, lfsdussfjg biw ti afjl mjl uso rosomrdb ti

lovocip yiur ujlorstmjlfjg. Todtfijs 8.1—8.== lomc wftb tbo ejiwcolgo

hmso, ciiefjg mt prihcoks fj loafjfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt mjl tbo tboi-

rfos ia wby tboy bmppoj, hoairo lovitfjg m sodtfij ti omdb ia tbo aiur

dmtogirfos ia mhuso mjl jogcodt. Todtfij 8.=8 rovfows wbmt dmj ho lijoti kmeo dbfclroj smaor. Omdb sodtfij dijtmfjs eoy roaorojdos mjl suggos-

tfijs ij tmefjg tbo suh`odt aurtbor.

^mrt \broo ia tbfs hiie bms hooj losfgjol ti bocp yiu lovocip mjl

sbmrpoj tbo stuly sefccs tbmt mro jodossmry air stulyfjg dbfcl pritodtfij

mjl air prmdtfsfjg ms m dbfcl pritodtfij priaossfijmc. Ft fs fjtojlol ti

bocp yiu fkprivo yiur stuly, wrftfjg mjl rovfsfij sefccs, mjl sbiucl ho

dikhfjol wftb tbo mdmlokfd ejiwcolgo fj ^mrt \wi. \bo mfk fs air

^mrts \wi mjl \broo ti suppirt omdb itbor mjl ho usol tigotbor.



\bo afjmc sodtfij, ^mrt Aiur, privflos m gcissmry, m sodtfij ij tbo

Tdittfsb cogmc armkowire, mjl Xoaorojdos.

M afjmc aomturo ia tbo hiie fs tbo fjdcusfij ia ‒\fps‖ tbriugbiut. \boso

mro fjtojlol ti bfgbcfgbt mroms air yiu ti dijsflor, ir ti rokfjl yiu ia

biw tbfs sodtfij cfjes ti omrcfor romlfjg. \bo \fps fjdculo siko prmdtf-

dmc mlvfdo, ir mcort yiu ti fssuos mhiut wbfdb kfstmeos ir kfsujlor-

stmjlfjg iatoj iddur fj prmdtfdo.

Jitos

= \bfs fs hmsol ij tbo kist rodojt lidukojt mvmfcmhco mt tbo tfko ia puhcfdmtfij0 \I^TT _E ^mrtjorsbfp (8>>8) Jmtfijmc IddupmtfijmcTtmjlmrls air Tidfmc Wireors. Cools0 \I^TT.

8 \bfs fs hmsol ij tbo kist rodojt lidukojt mvmfcmhco mt tbo tfko ia puhcfdmtfij0 ]MM (8>>>) Tidfmc ^icfdy Mlkfjfstrmtfij mjl Tidfmc Wire Hojdbkmre Ttmtokojt . Gciudostor0 ]MM.

==BIW \I _TO \BO HIIE



pmrt twi

diro mroms ia tbo durrfducuk



\bo prfkmry aidus ia tbfs hiie fs ij tbo airkmc ejiwcolgo hmso ia dbfcl

pritodtfij wire0 tbo picfdy mjl cogmc dijtoxt, mjl tbo tboirfos mjl

rosomrdb ij tbo dmusos, dijsoquojdos mjl fjtorvojtfij iptfijs ia mhuso

mjl jogcodt. Fj wirefjg wftb amkfcfos, tbfs kmtorfmc bms ti ho fjtogrmtol

wftb tbo vmcuos mjl sefccs tbmt mro oqumccy ossojtfmc ocokojts ia giil

prmdtfdo. \bo rujjfjg tbokos fj tbfs hiie mro rokfjlors ia tbo eoypoipco mjl vmcuos fjvicvol fj prmdtfdo5 pcmdos wboro tboy mro pmrtfdu-

cmrcy rocovmjt wfcc ho bfgbcfgbtol fj cmtor dbmptors.

Xujjfjg tbokos

\briugbiut tbo dbfcl pritodtfij pridoss, ft fs fkpirtmjt ti try ti rokokhor tboso

rujjfjg tbokos mjl tbfje mhiut biw tboy kmy ho rocovmjt ti yiur wire.• \bo vifdo ia tbo dbfcl \bo prfko aidus ia dbfcl pritodtfij wire fs tbo smaoty

mjl wocamro ia tbo dbfcl mjl ft fs ossojtfmc ti rokokhor ti tromt tbo dbfcl ms

m bukmj hofjg wftb rfgbts mjl jit ms mj ih`odt ia dijdorj.

• Wirefjg wftb pmrojts Biw sbiucl tboy ho tromtol — ms pmrtjors ir sus-

podts9 Biw dmj tbofr rico ms pmrtjors wftb priaossfijmcs ho kmxfkfsol wbfco

fjvostfgmtfjg tbok air mhuso ir jogcodt9

• Wirefjg wftb itbor priaossfijmcs \bo dbfcl pritodtfij systok ipormtos ij

m kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry hmsfs. Wbmt fs tbo rico ia itbor priaossfijmcs fj m pmrtfd-

ucmr dmso9 Biw sbiucl tboy ho fjvicvol9

• Qmcuos/priaossfijmc dilo ia otbfds \boro fs m kirmc lfkojsfij ti mcc wirewftb bukmj hofjgs tbmt cfkfts tbo wmy tboy dmj ho tromtol. Air sidfmc dmro

wireors, tbo kirmc prfjdfpcos ia tbofr wire mro fjdculol fj tbo Gojormc Tidfmc

Dmro Diujdfc‖s dilo ia prmdtfdo (mvmfcmhco mt www.gsdd.irg.ue). Dbfcl pritodtfij

wire rmfsos pmrtfducmr dikpcoxftfos rocmtfjg ti hmcmjdfjg tbo rfgbts mjl jools

ia tbo dbfcl mjl tbo pmrojts, mjl ia usfjg diordfij fj wirefjg wftb amkfcfos.

• Mjtf-lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti ojsuro tbmt poipco mro jit

mlvorsocy mssossol ir tromtol hodmuso ia tbofr rmdo, otbjfdfty, rocfgfij, gojlor ir

lfsmhfcfty. Dbfcl pritodtfij wire rmfsos twi pmrtfducmr mroms ia dijdorj0 kfsfjtor-

protfjg ujamkfcfmr ducturmc prmdtfdos ms mhjirkmc ir bmrkauc, mjl mlvorsocy ulgfjg

m pmrojt hodmuso ia pro`ulfdos.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=<

rujjfjg tbokos fj dbfcl

pritodtfij wire



=? \BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO

• Okitfijmc fkpmdt Dbfcl pritodtfij wire bms m sfgjfafdmjt okitfijmc fkpmdt,

hitb ij amkfcy kokhors mjl ij tbo priaossfijmcs fjvicvol. Amfcuro ti mdejiwc-

olgo mjl lomc wftb okitfijs dijstrudtfvocy bms mj mlvorso fkpmdt ij tbo qumc-

fty ia tbo wire mjl ij tbo wocc-hofjg ia tbo amkfcy mjl tbo priaossfijmc.

8.=

tbo bfstiry ia dbfcl mhuso

Comrjfjg iutdikos

\bfs sodtfij wfcc bocp yiu ti ujlorstmjl0

• \bo eoy amdtirs fjacuojdfjg amkfcy cfao.

• Biw sidfoty‖s dijdorj air dbfcl mhuso bms lovocipol fj tbo pmst =>> yomrs.

• Biw mttokpts bmvo hooj kmlo mt sovormc tfkos ti lovocip provojtfvo

sorvfdos hut wftb cfkftol suddoss.

• \bo eoy ovojts tbmt bmvo sbmpol puhcfd mttftulos mjl priaossfijmc rospijsos

ti dbfcl mhuso.

• Biw tbo _E systok dikpmros wftb tbiso ia itbor diujtrfos.

Durrojt picfdy mjl prmdtfdo jools ti ho ujlorstiil fj fts wflor sidfmc

mjl bfstirfdmc dijtoxt. \bo twi kmfj mroms ti dijsflor mro0

=

\bo gojormc dijtoxt ia amkfcy cfao.

8 \bo bfstiry ia sidfoty‖s rospijso ti dbfcl mhuso.

\bo gojormc dijtoxt ia amkfcy cfao

\bo jmturo ia dbfclbiil

Fj tilmy‖s sidfoty, dbfclroj bmvo m cijg porfil ia lopojlojdy ij mlucts

lurfjg wbfdb tboy mro, ti vmryfjg logroos, pritodtol arik aucc mluct



rospijsfhfcftfos. Fj tbo pmst, dbfclroj woro sooj ms bmvfjg spodfmc jools

air ijcy m vory sbirt tfko fj fjamjdy. \boromator, tboy pcmyol tbofr pmrt

fj amkfcy cfao mjl wire fj cfjo wftb tbofr mhfcftfos.

Dbmccojgos ti tbo pmtrfmrdbmc amkfcy

\bo pmtrfmrdbmc amkfcy wms tbo likfjmjt airk air kmjy dojturfos, wftb

amtbors hofjg gfvoj dijsflormhco mutbirfty ti kmeo lodfsfijs ij hobmca

ia wikoj mjl dbfclroj. \bo dbmjgfjg rico ia wikoj fj rodojt lodmlos

mjl tbofr fjdromsol odijikfd piwor bms rmlfdmccy mctorol tbfs kiloc.

Dbfcl rfgbts

\bo _jftol Jmtfijs Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl (=626) bms

hooj rmtfafol hy mcc diujtrfos oxdopt tbo _TM mjl Tikmcfm. \bo _E rmtf-

afdmtfij ia tbfs dijvojtfij fccustrmtos tbo dbmjgfjg vfow ia tbo ‒dbfcl ms

priporty‖ ti tbo ‒dbfcl ms mj fjlfvflumc wftb rfgbts‖.

Qficojdo fj tbo amkfcy

Fj tbo pmtrfmrdbmc amkfcy systok, vficojdo tiwmrls wfvos mjl dbfclroj wms

sooj ms kmfjcy m prfvmto kmttor, mjl ovoj fj tbo cmttor bmca ia tbo twojtf-otb dojtury picfdo woro rocudtmjt ti got fjvicvol fj vficojdo wftbfj m

kmrrfmgo, dcmssfjg fjdflojts ms ‒`ust m likostfd‖. Ms wikoj mjl dbfclroj

bmvo hodiko sooj ms fjlfvflumcs wftb rfgbts, tbofr rfgbt ti smaoty arik vfi-

cojdo bms mcsi hooj rodigjfsol (^mrtij, 8>>?0 ?2).

Dbmjgfjg amkfcy strudturos

Lfvirdo mjl hfrtbs iutsflo kmrrfmgo bmvo hitb hodiko kiro dikkij

fj rodojt lodmlos si tbmt kmjy kiro dbfclroj mro jit cfvfjg wftb hitbhfrtb pmrojts. Cijo-pmrojt biusobicls fjdromsol arik 8 por dojt ti

7 por dojt ia mcc biusobicls hotwooj =61= mjl =666 (Aorrf, Hyjjor mjl

Wmlswirtb, 8>>4).

Odijikfd dijlftfijs

Fj tbo omrcy =6>>s, trmfjfjg air JT^DD iaafdors fjdculol fjairkmtfij

ij biw ti lomc wftb m loml hily, sfjdo tboro wms m romc pissfhfcfty ia

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=1



afjlfjg ijo wboj kmefjg m biko vfsft. Luo ti oxtroko pivorty, piir

smjftmtfij mjl fjaodtfius lfsomsos, m tbfrl ia dbfclroj fj piir mroms lfl

jit romdb tbofr afrst hfrtblmy. Xfsfjg maacuojdo bms komjt tbmt sudb

oxtroko pivorty fs jiw rmro hut kmjy dbfclroj li cfvo fj rocmtfvo

pivorty. Fj givorjkojt picfdy lidukojts ij ‒dbfclroj fj jool‖,

dbfclroj cfvfjg fj pivorty mro dcmssfafol ms ‒vucjormhco‖ mjl durrojtcy

jukhor mriujl 4 kfccfij.

Tidfmc oxdcusfij

Jiwmlmys , ft fs jit `ust tbo odijikfd dijlftfij ia pivorty tbmt fs sooj

ti bmvo mj mlvorso oaaodt ij dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt hut tbo mssidfmtol

dijlftfijs ia hofjg ujmhco ti pmrtfdfpmto auccy fj sidfmc cfao. Givorjkojt

picfdfos ti tmdeco pivorty mro tboroairo cfjeol ti picfdfos ti fkprivobiusfjg, oludmtfijmc mdbfovokojt mjl dikkujfty strojgtbs.

\bo bfstiry ia sidfoty‖s rospijso ti dbfcl mhuso

Kfcostijos fj tbo bfstiry ia dbfcl mhuso

Xodigjftfij ia dbfcl mhuso fjvicvos jit `ust mddoptmjdo tbmt ft iddurs

hut tbmt ft fs wrijg.

Cmto jfjotootb dojtury

Griwfjg puhcfd dijdorj mhiut tbo dijlftfijs fj wbfdb dbfclroj woro

cfvfjg fj fjlustrfmcfsol tiwjs mjl dijlokjmtfij ia pmrojtmc vficojdo

col ti tbo airkmtfij ia tbo Jmtfijmc Tidfoty air tbo ^rovojtfij ia

Druocty ti Dbfclroj (JT^DD) fj =227. \bfs wms kiloccol ij tbo

Mkorfdmj Tidfoty air tbo rovojtfij ia Druocty ti Dbfclroj, airkol mator

tbo afrst suddossauc prisodutfij air dbfcl mhuso fj =27<. \bmt prisodutfij

bml hooj hriugbt ujlor cogfscmtfij mgmfjst druocty ti mjfkmcs.

M dburdb sidfmc wireor aiujl tbmt 2-yomr-icl Kmry Occoj Wfcsij wms hofjg

ropomtolcy homtoj mjl stmrvol hy bor stopkitbor. \bo sidfmc wireor diucl

afjl ji ijo wfccfjg ti fjtoraoro fj amkfcy cfao mjl si, fj lospormtfij, sbo wojt

ti tbo Tidfoty air tbo ^rovojtfij ia Druocty ti Mjfkmcs. Tbo mrguol tbmt m

bukmj dbfcl wms mj mjfkmc mjl si divorol hy tbo cmw mgmfjst druocty ti

mjfkmcs. \bo stopkitbor wms suddossauccy prisodutol ujlor tbfs cmw.

=7 \BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO



=226 ^rovojtfij ia Druocty ti mjl ^ritodtfij ia Dbfclroj Mdt

\bfs put m cfkft ij biw vficojt m amtbor diucl ho hut stfcc mcciwol dij-

sflormhco sdipo air pbysfdmc dbmstfsokojt.

Xujjfjg tboko0 tbo vifdo ia tbo dbfcl

Bfstirfdmccy, tbo vifdo ia tbo dbfcl wms jit bomrl — ft fs ijcy rodojtcy tbmt tbo

fkpirtmjdo ia tbo dbfcl‖s ipfjfij mjl ovflojdo bms hooj rodigjfsol. \bo dcmss

lfaaorojdo hotwooj kmjy pmrojts mjl priaossfijmcs bms komjt tbmt pmrojts, tii,

bmvo trmlftfijmccy hooj gfvoj cfttco piwor fj tbo wirefjg rocmtfijsbfp.

=6>2 Fjdost Mdt

Tox mhuso fj tbo airk ia fjdost hotwooj amtbor mjl lmugbtor wms rodig-

jfsol mjl iutcmwol hy tbfs cogfscmtfij. Biwovor, aow prisodutfijs woro

hriugbt (8< dmsos fj fts afrst yomr).

=6<2 Dbfclroj Mdt

\bfs cogfscmtfij sot up dbfcl dmro lopmrtkojts fj cidmc mutbirftfos mjl

dromtol tbo sidfmc wire rico ia ‒dbfcl dmro iaafdor‖. Ft wms m pmrt ia tbo

pist-wmr dromtfij ia m wocamro stmto mjl okhilfol m hocfoa tbmt tbo stmtosbiucl tmeo m pisftfvo mjl suppirtfvo mpprimdb ti tbo amkfcy ti ojsuro

dbfclroj woro gfvoj tbo mppriprfmto dijlftfijs fj wbfdb ti lovocip

(^mrtij, =66=0 8=). Ft kmreol tbo hogfjjfjgs ia dijtokpirmry lohmtos

mhiut tbo fkpirtmjdo ia provojtfvo wire ti suppirt amkfcfos (Bmrlfeor,

Oxtij mjl Hmreor, =66=0 =8) hut ft gmvo cidmc mutbirftfos vory cfkftol

piwor ti lovocip provojtfvo sorvfdos.

=614 Dbfclroj mjl Viujg ôrsijs Mdt

Todtfij = hrimlojol tbo provojtfvo rokft ia cidmc mutbirftfos, mutbirfs-fjg tbok ti0

Kmeo mvmfcmhco sudb mlvfdo, guflmjdo mjl mssfstmjdo ms kmy prikito tbo

wocamro ia dbfclroj hy lfkfjfsbfjg tbo jool ti rodofvo dbfclroj fjti ir eoop

tbok fj dmro … ir ti hrfjg dbfclroj hoairo m ùvojfco diurt. (Dbfclroj mjl

Viujg ôrsijs Mdt, =614, sodtfij =)

\bo privfsfij ia spooly mjl oaaodtfvo bocp, ijdo omrcy lfaafductfos bml hooj

flojtfafol, wms fjtojlol ti boml iaa tbo gromtor lfaafductfos tbmt wiucl ovoj-

tumccy dijtrfhuto ti tbo hrome up ia tbo amkfcy. (Bmrlfeor, Oxtij mjl Hmreor,

=66=0 =4)

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=2



^rovojtfjg `uvojfco locfjquojdy wms m gromtor dijdorj tbmj provojtfjg

itbor dbfclbiil prihcoks. Mgmfj, tbo fkpmdt ia tbfs provojtfvo picfdy

wms kutol hy rosiurdo rostrfdtfijs.

=612 Toohibk Xopirt

\bo fjqufry fjti wocamro sorvfdos fj Ojgcmjl mjl Wmcos dbmfrol hy Cirl

Toohibk col ti tbo dromtfij ia sidfmc sorvfdos lopmrtkojts fj =678, fjto-

grmtfjg tbo sopmrmto strmjls ia sidfmc wire fjti ijo priaossfij. \bo mfk

wms ti privflo m ujfafol sorvfdo ti amkfcfos. \bo ropirt mcsi dijdculol

tbmt wocamro sorvfdos joolol ti wfloj tbofr provojtfvo rokft ovoj aur-

tbor0 tboy sbiucl ‒ujlortmeo wire itbor tbmj tbmt dmusol hy amkfcfos

mjl fjlfvflumcs fj tbo cmto ir afjmc stmgos ia lopojlojdo, lfsfjtogrmtfij

mjl lospmfr‖ (Toohibk Dikkfttoo, =6120 pmrm. <?<). \bo Efchrmjlij

Xopirt fj Tditcmjl col ti m km`ir roirgmjfsmtfij ia sorvfdos fjti sidfmcwire lopmrtkojts.

=61>s

\bo rodojt dijdorj air dbfcl mhuso fs usumccy lmtol ti tbo pfijoorfjg

wire ia Bojry Eokpo, mj Mkorfdmj pmolfmtrfdfmj wbi priludol R-rmy

ovflojdo air tbo oxfstojdo ia ropomtol pbysfdmc mhuso ia yiujg dbfclroj

hy m pmrojt ir dmror. Bfs sokfjmc mrtfdco fj =618 mjl bfs lotorkfjol

oaairts ti puhcfdfso tbo lmjgors amdfjg dbfclroj rmfsol puhcfd mwmrojoss

mjl dijdorj. Bo dijdoptumcfsol dbfcl mhuso ms m kolfdmc prihcokroqufrfjg lfmgjisfs hy lidtirs, dmccfjg ft ‒tbo hmttorol hmhy syjlriko‖

mjl tborohy lfsmssidfmtfjg ft arik dijdopts ia pivorty ir loprfvmtfij.

Bfs wire wms lfssokfjmtol fj tbo _E fj tbo =61>s hut ft wms tbo trmgfd

lomtb ia m dbfcl fj tbo _E tbmt trfggorol wflor puhcfd mpprodfmtfij ia tbo

prihcok.

=67< \bo fjqufry ropirt fjti tbo lomtb ia Kmrfm Dicwocc

Kmrfm Dicwocc wms m cfttco gfrc ia 7-yomrs-icl wbi wms efccol hy bor stopamtbor

mator kijtbs ia pbysfdmc mjl okitfijmc mhuso mjl jogcodt. Hodmuso tbo

lomtb wms si sbidefjg tboro wms m puhcfd fjqufry fjti tbo dmro sbo bml

rodofvol arik priaossfijmcs. Tbo bml hooj rokivol arik bor kitbor hy

sidfmc wireors mt m aow kijtbs icl hodmuso sbo wms hofjg hmlcy dmrol air,

mjl spojt kist ia bor cfao cfvfjg wftb mj mujt ujlor tbo suporvfsfij ia tbo

sidfmc wireors. Bor kitbor bml rokmrrfol mjl bml aiur kiro dbfclroj mjl

tboj mseol ti bmvo Kmrfm biko mgmfj. Tidfmc wireors tbiugbt ft wiucl ho fj

Kmrfm‖s host fjtorosts ti ho wftb bor hfrtb kitbor si, mgmfjst Kmrfm‖s wfsbos,

=6 \BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO



sbo wms roturjol. \bo joxt aow kijtbs hoairo bor lomtb woro torrfhco. Tbo

wms tromtol ms m sorvmjt, jit m lmugbtor, mjl kmlo ti li kmjy bomvy tmses

sudb ms diccodtfjg cmrgo smdes ia dimc. Tbo wms mcsi piircy aol mjl cist

wofgbt. Tbo wms sovorocy homtoj ij sovormc iddmsfijs, hoairo afjmccy lyfjg

arik bor fj`urfos.

\bo puhcfd fjqufry (LBTT =67<) aiujl tbmt kmjy poipco bml ejiwj

siko ia tbo kfsory Kmrfm wms ojlurfjg mjl kmjy bml trfol ti got bocp

air bor hut bml hooj ujsuddossauc hodmuso ji ijo bml put mcc tbo fjair-

kmtfij tigotbor ti mpprodfmto auccy wbmt lmjgor sbo wms fj. \bo ivormcc

pfdturo wms ia jukorius wocc-fjtojtfijol poipco omdb wftb m pmrtfmc

pfdturo tbmt ujlorostfkmtol tbo sovorfty ia tbo mhuso sbo wms suaaorfjg.

\bo fjqufry lfl jit hcmko fjlfvflumcs hut dijdculol tbmt ‒ft wms tbo–systok‛, usfjg tbo wirl fj fts wflost sojso, wbfdb amfcol bor‖ (LBTT,

=67<0 21). \bo cossij tbmt wms lrmwj wms tbo jool ti fkprivo trmfjfjg

ti rodigjfso tbo sfgjs mjl sykptiks ia dbfcl mhuso mjl ti sot up kodb-

mjfsks ti amdfcftmto tbo sbmrfjg ia fjairkmtfij ti got m kiro mddurmto

mssosskojt ia wbmt wms bmppojfjg ti m dbfcl. \bo rodikkojlmtfijs ia

tbfs fjqufry priludol tbo hmsfd strudturo ia tilmy‖s dbfcl pritodtfij

systok, wftb mj okpbmsfs ij priaossfijmc diccmhirmtfij mjl tbo uso ia

dmso dijaorojdos ms m komjs ia romdbfjg m sbmrol mssosskojt.

=62? \bo fjqufry ropirt fjti tbo lomtb ia @mskfjo Hodeairl

Mator =67<, m stomly stromk ia puhcfd fjqufrfos fjti dbfcl lomtbs bml col ti

dbfcl mhuso hofjg fjdromsfjgcy prfirftfsol mjl tbo pridoluros air priaos-

sfijmcs wirefjg tigotbor grmlumccy airkmcfsol. Biwovor, mjitbor sfgjfaf-

dmjt fkpotus ti tbo lovocipkojt ia tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok dmko fj

=62? wftb tbo ropirt fjti tbo lomtb ia @mskfjo Hodeairl. Bor stiry odbiol

tbmt ia Kmrfm Dicwocc ti mj ujdmjjy oxtojt mjl kmlo tbo puhcfd quostfij

wbotbor priaossfijmcs woro kmefjg mjy prigross fj tmdecfjg dbfcl mhuso.

Cfeo Kmrfm, @mskfjo bml hooj rokivol arik bor hfrtb amkfcy hodmuso ia dij-

dorjs mhiut mhuso, hut cmtor roturjol ujlor sidfmc wire suporvfsfij. Mgmfj,

tbo sidfmc wireor bml amfcol ti rodigjfso tbo sfgjs ia mhuso mjl kfstmeojcy

tbiugbt @mskfjo wms smao.

\bo puhcfd fjqufry (Cijlij Hiriugb ia Hrojt, =62?), dbmfrol hy Ciufs

Hcik-Diipor, wms sdmtbfjg fj fts drftfdfsks ia tbo priaossfijmcs

fjvicvol, pmrtfducmrcy ia tbo sidfmc wireors wbi woro dmstfgmtol air

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ8>



puttfjg tbo jools ia tbo pmrojts mhivo tbiso ia tbo dbfcl mjl amfcfjg ti

rodigjfso tbo sfgjfafdmjdo ia sfgjs ia mhuso. Ft urgol sidfmc wireors ti

rokokhor tbofr stmtutiry rospijsfhfcftfos ti tbo dbfcl mjl col ti mj

fjdromsfjgcy cogmcfstfd mpprimdb ti dbfcl pritodtfij (^mrtij, 8>>?0 ?<).

=622 \bo Dcovocmjl fjqufry

Fj dijtrmst ti omrcfor fjqufrfos wbfdb bml oxmkfjol priaossfijmcs‖ amfcuro

ti pritodt m dbfcl, tbfs ijo ciieol mt m sorfos ia dmsos wboro ft sookol tbmt

priaossfijmcs bml hooj mdtfjg tii qufdecy fj rokivfjg dbfclroj arik tbofr

pmrojts mjl rmfsol quostfijs mhiut tbo hmcmjdo ia piwor hotwooj pmrojts

mjl tbo stmto. Fj m aow wooes fj =627, ivor =>> dbfclroj woro rokivol

arik tbofr amkfcfos ij okorgojdy ^cmdo ia Tmaoty Irlors ij tbo hmsfs ia m

lfmgjisfs ia soxumc mhuso kmlo hy twi pmolfmtrfdfmjs mt m bispftmc fj

Kfllcoshriugb. \bo rosuctfjg iutdry hy tbo amkfcfos mriusol kolfm mjlpicftfdmc mttojtfij tbmt col ti tbo ostmhcfsbkojt ia m puhcfd fjqufry ti

oxmkfjo tbo hmsfs ia tbo lodfsfijs ti rokivo tbo dbfclroj.

\bfs afrst fjqufry fjti mccogol ivor-romdtfij hy priaossfijmcs fjstoml ia

ujlor-romdtfij bml m jukhor ia ujusumc aomturos. Ft wms dijdorjol wftb

soxumc mhuso, wbfdb bml jit rodofvol m gromt lomc ia puhcfd mttojtfij

ujtfc tboj. Ft maaodtol kfllco-dcmss amkfcfos, jit `ust tbo piir ir tbo kmr-

gfjmcfsol. Ft mcsi lfrodtol drftfdfsk mt tbo kolfdmc priaossfij ms kudb ms

mt sidfmc wire. \bo kossmgo arik tbo fjqufry wms tbmt priaossfijmcs

joolol ti tmeo m kiro cogmcfstfd mpprimdb ti diccodtfjg ovflojdo, wftb mj

okpbmsfs ij diccodtfjg ovflojdo tbmt diucl ho usol fj diurt.

=626 \bo Dbfclroj Mdt

\bo mfk ia tbo Mdt wms ti sot m jow hmcmjdo hotwooj tbo stmto mjl tbo

amkfcy, fjdromsfjg tbo pritodtfij ia tbo amkfcy arik ujtiwmrl stmto

fjtoraorojdo. Ft ojdiurmgol mj mpprimdb ti dbfcl wocamro hmsol ij jogi-

tfmtfij, fjvicvfjg pmrojts mjl dbfclroj fj mgrool pcmjs ms amr ms pissfhco.

Mctbiugb tbo wirl ‒pmrtjorsbfp‖ wms jit fj tbo Mdt ftsoca, ft wms m eoy

prfjdfpco fj tbo mddikpmjyfjg guflmjdo. \bo Mdt mcsi ojdiurmgol pri-

vfsfij ia amkfcy suppirt mt mj omrcy stmgo ia lfaafducty ti roludo tbo jool

air kiro diordfvo fjtorvojtfijs cmtor. \bo dijdopt ia ‒provojtfij‖ wms

hrimlojol arik m sfkpco luty ti provojt dbfclroj dikfjg fjti dmro ti

fjdculo m hriml piwor ti privflo sorvfdos ti prikito tbo dmro mjl

uphrfjgfjg ia dbfclroj wftbfj tbofr amkfcfos.

=668 \bo Irejoy fjqufry

Fj tbo omrcy =66>s, tboro woro m jukhor ia dmsos fjvicvfjg irgmjfsol mjl

fjstftutfijmc (rosflojtfmc bikos mjl jursorfos) mhuso wboro tbo aidus wms

8=\BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO



jit ij hobmvfiur wftbfj tbo amkfcy hut iutsflo ft. \bo kist prikfjojt

wms mj fjdflojt fj Irejoy fj wbfdb jfjo dbfclroj arik aiur amkfcfos

woro tmeoj fjti dmro mjl rokivol ti tbo kmfjcmjl aicciwfjg mccogmtfijs

ia irgmjfsol soxumc mhuso. Mator afvo wooes fj dmro, m diurt bomrfjg ùlgol

tbo pridoolfjgs woro fjdikpotojt mjl lfskfssol tbo dmsos, comlfjg ti

tbo dbfclroj‖s roturj biko. \bo kolfm divormgo pirtrmyol romsijmhco,

dmrfjg pmrojts afgbtfjg mgmfjst fjùstfdo, dijtrmstol wftb fjtoraorfjg,

fjticormjt sidfmc wireors. \bo fjqufry col ti tbo ostmhcfsbkojt ia prido-

luros air lomcfjg wftb sudb mccogmtfijs ia irgmjfsol mhuso.

=66? Kossmgos arik Xosomrdb

\bo Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb puhcfsbol m sot ia cmrgo stulfos ij tbo aujd-

tfijfjg ia tbo dbfcl wocamro systok, sukkmrfsol fj tbo hiie Kossmgos

arik Xosomrdb. \boy rovomcol tbmt tbo dukucmtfvo oaaodt ia mlvorso puh-cfdfty mjl picfdy dbmjgos bml hooj tbmt priaossfijmcs, ospodfmccy sidfmc

wireors, woro prfirftfsfjg dbfcl mhuso dijdorjs ivor itbor typos ia roaor-

rmc. Kiroivor, m aomr ia kfssfjg m dmso bml col ti tbo ciworfjg ia tbo

tbrosbicl air trfggorfjg mj fjvostfgmtfij fjti mhuso si tbmt tbo jukhor

ia fjvostfgmtfijs hofjg lijo bml fjdromsol kmreolcy, roludfjg tbo tfko

mjl rosiurdos air lomcfjg wftb itbor mspodts ia dbfcl jool. Mjitbor drft-

fdfsk ia tbo systok wms tbmt tbo kmìrfty ia dmsos fjvostfgmtol woro jit

suhstmjtfmtol mjl tbo amkfcfos tboj usumccy rodofvol ji aurtbor sorvfdo

lospfto iatoj hofjg fj dfrdukstmjdos wboro tboy woro struggcfjg ti dipo.

\bo sbmrp lfvfsfij hotwooj dbfcl pritodtfij mjl dbfcl fj jool dmsos

wms sooj ms prihcokmtfd, comlfjg ti mj okpbmsfs ij mssossfjg tbo fkko-

lfmto rfses ti tbo dbfcl mjl jit tbo wflor sidfmc mjl psydbicigfdmc jools.

îcfdy tboroairo urgol m ‒ro-aidusfjg‖ ia dbfcl pritodtfij fj tbo dijtoxt

ia dbfclroj fj jool ciiefjg mt mcc tbo dbfcl‖s jools, jit ùst tbofr jool

air pritodtfij arik mhuso.

Xokokhor biw pmfjauc ft fs air amkfcfos ti ho fjvostfgmtol — ti mdduso m pmrojt ir

tbofr pmrtjor ia mhuso ir jogcodt fs m kmìr dbmrgo. Wbotbor gufcty ir fjjidojt, tbo

okitfijmc fkpmdt fs dijsflormhco mjl dmj coml ti m vmrfoty ia rospijsos — mjxfoty, aomr,

lfstross, mjgor, lojfmc. Xosomrdb bms rovomcol biw trmukmtfd tbo oxporfojdo ia hofjg

fjvostfgmtol fs air kmjy amkfcfos (Hocc, =6665 \bihurj, Cowfs mjl Tbokkfjgs, =66?).

Ft fs fjovftmhco tbmt tbo pridoss ia mj fjvostfgmtfij fs pmfjauc mjl fjtrusfvo ti siko

logroo, biwovor sojsftfvocy bmjlcol, hut priaossfijmcs jool ti rokmfj mwmro ia tbo

fkpmdt tboy mro bmvfjg ij tbo amkfcy mjl try ti kfjfkfso ft. M kivfjg porsijmc

mddiujt ia tbo oxporfojdo ia hofjg fjvostfgmtol bms hooj wrfttoj hy Xfdbmrlsij

(8>>4).

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ88



8>>> \bo lomtb ia Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo

Qfdtirfm‖s lomtb sbideol tbo puhcfd hodmuso, lospfto hofjg sooj hy jukor-

ius priaossfijmcs lurfjg tbo prodolfjg kijtbs, jijo bml mddurmtocy

sooj tbo mhuso sbo wms ojlurfjg. Tbo wms 2-yomrs-icl wboj sbo lfol

arik bypitborkfm, mjl tbo pist-kirtok aiujl =82 sopmrmto fj`urfos ijbor hily ms m rosuct ia bmvfjg hooj homtoj wftb m rmjgo ia sbmrp mjl

hcujt fjstrukojts. Tbo wms hirj fj tbo Fviry Dimst hut bml kivol ti

Cijlij == kijtbs omrcfor, mator m sbirt stmy fj ^mrfs. Fj Cijlij, sbo wms

ejiwj ti aiur sidfmc sorvfdos lopmrtkojts, tbroo biusfjg mutbirftfos,

twi picfdo dbfcl pritodtfij tomks, twi bispftmcs mjl mj JT^DD amkfcy

dojtro. \bo afjlfjgs ia tbo puhcfd fjqufry dirrihirmtol givorjkojt

tbfjefjg mhiut tbo jool ti aujlmkojtmccy rostrudturo dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos

si tbmt dbfcl pritodtfij fssuos lfl jit likfjmto ti tbo oxdcusfij ia

kootfjg itbor mjl ciwor-covoc jools ia dbfclroj.


^rmdtfdo guflmjdo strossos tbo fkpirtmjdo ia tmcefjg ti tbo dbfcl hut tbfs fs iatoj

jit lijo. Fj Qfdtirfm‖s dmso, lospfto si kmjy priaossfijmcs hofjg fjvicvol, ji

ijo bml m komjfjgauc dijvorsmtfij wftb bor fj tbo ofgbt kijtbs sbo wms ejiwj

ti puhcfd mgojdfos (Cmkfjg, 8>>4). Xosomrdb sbiws tbmt, mcc tii iatoj, dbfclroj

mro jit auccy rodigjfsol ms mdtfvo pmrtfdfpmjts oftbor ms m siurdo ia ejiwcolgo

mhiut wbmt fs bmppojfjg fj tbo amkfcy ir ms m siurdo ia ipfjfijs mhiut wbmt

sbiucl ho lijo (Giugb, =667).

8>>4 Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors Grooj ^mpor

\bfs sots iut tbo durrojt picfdy tbmt fs lfsdussol fj lotmfc fj tbo joxt

sodtfij. \bo givorjkojt wmjts ti trmjsairk tbo ducturo ia dbfclroj‖s

sorvfdos arik m kmfjcy romdtfvo, drfsfs-col sorvfdo lomcfjg prolikfjmjtcy

wftb dbfcl pritodtfij dmsos ti ijo fj wbfdb mcc dbfclroj‖s jools mro rodig-

jfsol mjl rospijlol ti mt mj omrcy stmgo. ‒Omrcy fjtorvojtfij‖ mjl ‒pro-vojtfij‖ mro tbo eoy dijdopts. Odbifjg provfius provojtfvo picfdfos, tbo

oxpodtmtfij fs tbmt fa dbfclroj‖s mjl pmrojts‖ jools mro flojtfafol mjl

kot mt mj omrcy stmgo, tboro wfcc ho m roludtfij fj tbo jukhor ia amkf-

cfos wbi gi ij ti lovocip sorfius prihcoks, fjdculfjg mhuso ir jogcodt.

8>>< \bo Dbfclroj Mdt

\bfs cmtost cogfscmtfij dromtos m Dbfclroj‖s Dikkfssfijor mjl pro-

sdrfhos irgmjfsmtfijmc rostrudturfjg mjl fjairkmtfij-pridossfjg systoks

84 \BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO



ti ojdiurmgo priaossfijmc diccmhirmtfij mjl fjdromsol diccodtfij mjl

sbmrfjg ia lmtm mhiut dbfclroj ti bocp priaossfijmcs flojtfay jools mt mj

omrcy stmgo mjl tboj privflo bocp ti koot tbiso jools.

Dikpmrfsij wftb itbor diujtrfos

Xomcfsfjg biw lfaaorojtcy siko itbor diujtrfos dijdoptumcfso mjl rospijl

ti dbfcl mhuso bocps us ti ujlorstmjl biw ducturmccy spodfafd tbo _E

lovocipkojt ia picfdy mjl prmdtfdo bms hooj. \bo picftfdmc sdfojtfst

Ospfjg-Mjlorsij (=66>) bms griupol fjlustrfmcfsol diujtrfos fjti tbroo

kmfj typos0 Mjgci-Mkorfdmj, Dijtfjojtmc Ouripomj mjl Tdmjlfjmvfmj.

\boy bmvo lfaaorojt cogmc mjl wocamro trmlftfijs tbmt coml ti sfgjfafdmjtcy

lfaaorojt typos ia suppirt air amkfcfos fj gojormc mjl tbfs, fj turj, comls

ti lfaaorojt airks ia dbfcl pritodtfij systoks.\bo Mjgci-Mkorfdmj griup dijsfsts ia tbo _E mjl fts airkor dicijfos —

tbo _TM, Dmjmlm, Mustrmcfm mjl Jow Pomcmjl. \boy bmvo m kmfjcy

kmreot-irfojtol wocamro systok, wftb rocmtfvocy komgro, komjs-tostol

stmto hojoafts air tbo rosflumc piir. \boro tojls ti ho m bfgb covoc ia stfg-

kmtfsmtfij hodmuso hojoafts mro sooj ms lfsfjdojtfvos ti wire. Tidfmc

sicflmrfty tojls jit ti ho m bfgb prfirfty. Wftbfj tbfs systok, tboro mro

kfjfkmc ujfvorsmc sorvfdos ti suppirt amkfcfos, wftb m strijg okpbmsfs

ij socodtfvo bocp. Fj rocmtfij ti dbfcl pritodtfij, tbo socodtfij drftorfm

mro rocmtol ti tbo sovorfty ia tbo prihcoks rmtbor tbmj ti kijoy. \bobfgb vmcuo gfvoj ti tbo mutijiky ia tbo amkfcy komjs tbmt, fj dbfcl

pritodtfij, tboro fs mj okpbmsfs ij cogmc `ustfafdmtfij air fjtoraorfjg fj

amkfcy cfao, dijtrfhutfjg ti m dijarijtmtfijmc mpprimdb.

\bo Dijtfjojtmc Ouripomj griup — Armjdo, Gorkmjy, Ftmcy, Mustrfm, air

oxmkpco — bmvo m strijgor hojoaft systok hut kist hojoafts mro cfjeol ti

okpciykojt. \bo prfjdfpco ia suhsflfmrfty fs fkpirtmjt, ojdiurmgfjg

tbo lovicutfij ia privfsfij ti tbo ciwost pissfhco covoc si tbmt ft fs tbo

cidmc dikkujfty rmtbor tbmj tbo stmto tbmt locfvors sorvfdos. \bo cogmc

systok air dbfcl pritodtfij amdfcftmtos m coss dijarijtmtfijmc mpprimdbtbmj fj tbo _E. Fj Gorkmjy, air oxmkpco, sidfmc wireors mro dijdorjol ti

omrj tbo trust ia tbo amkfcy hodmuso tbofr vicujtmry ojgmgokojt fs sooj ms

pfvitmc (Botborfjgtij, 8>>80 81).

\bo Tdmjlfjmvfmj griup bmvo strijgor ujfvorsmc hojoafts. Ft amviurs

ujfvorsmc mjl oqumcfsfjg privfsfij, wftb m strijg hocfoa fj sidfmc sicflmr-

fty. Ft privflos kiro amkfcy sorvfdos tbmj itbor rogfkos.

Dikpmrfsij wftb itbor diujtrfos lrmws mttojtfij ti tbo wmy tbmt tbo

_E‖s lfvfsfij hotwooj amkfcy suppirt mjl dbfcl pritodtfij aciws arik

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ8<



tbo cfhormc wocamro rogfko fj wbfdb ft ipormtos. \bo fkpirtmjdo ia tbo

ducturmc dijtoxt fj wbfdb picfdy fs kmlo rmfsos quostfijs mhiut tbo aom-

sfhfcfty ia fjtogrmtfjg suppirt mjl pritodtfij ms fs ojvfsmgol hy tbo Ovory

Dbfcl Kmttors mgojlm0 ‒\boro fs m dijtrmlfdtfij hotwooj lfsdiurmgfjg

rocfmjdo ij stmto suppirt mjl ojdiurmgfjg kiro suppirtfvo fjtorvoj-

tfijs wftb amkfcfos‖ (Botborfjgtij, 8>>80 4>).

Fs tboro stfcc m tojlojdy ti tromt dbfclroj ms priporty lospfto tbo fkpmdt ia

tbo rfgbts kivokojt9 Wboj tbo givorjkojt tmces ia tbo fkpirtmjdo ia

fjvostfjg fj dbfclroj hodmuso tboy mro ‒=>> por dojt ia iur auturo‖, lios tbfs

fkpcy siko sojso ia iwjorsbfp, mchoft hy tbo stmto rmtbor tbmj tbo pmrojts9Wbmt mro tbo mctorjmtfvos ti m dbfcl hofjg rogmrlol ms priporty9 Wbmt rom-

sijs itbor tbmj fjvostfjg fj tbo diujtry‖s auturo diucl ho gfvoj air kootfjg

tbo hmsfd jools ia dbfclroj9 Wbmt fs tbo ùstfafdmtfij air dijsflorfjg pmrojts

bmvo m ujfquo rocmtfijsbfp wftb tbofr dbfclroj tbmt gfvos tbok m spodfmc dcmfk

ti ulgo wbmt fs fj tbofr host fjtorosts9 Mro tboro mjy prihcoks wftb tbo stmto

lodflfjg wbmt dbfclroj jool9

Aur tbor Xomlfjg

X. BO\BOXFJG\IJ, M. DIIÔX, . TKF\B MJL G. WFCAIXL (=667) ^ritodtfjg Dbfclroj0

kossmgos arik Ouripo. Cyko Xogfs0 Xussocc Biuso ûhcfsbfjg. \bfs eoy toxt

gfvos m lotmfcol mjl amsdfjmtfjg dikpmrfsij ia sovormc Ouripomj diujtrfos,

fccustrmtfjg biw kudb rmjgo tboro fs fj tbo piwor gfvoj ti dbfclroj ti bmvo

m smy fj wbmt bmppojs ti tbok, fj tbo jmturo ia tbo rocmtfijsbfp hotwooj

suspodtol mjl privoj mhusors mjl priaossfijmcs, mjl tbo mvmfcmhfcfty ia

suppirt air amkfcfos ujlor stross.Ij tbo jmturo ia dbfclbiil0

. MXFOT (=618) Dojturfos ia Dbfclbiil, Cijlij0 @ijmtbmj Dmpo. M dcmssfd toxt

ij tbo suhòdt, kudb quitol.

C. LO KM_TO (OL.) (=671) \bo Bfstiry ia Dbfclbiil, Cijlij0 Tiuvojfr ^ross.

M. @MKOT MJL M. ^XI_\ (OLT) (=667) Dijstrudtfjg mjl Xo-dijstrudtfjg Dbfclbiil,

Cijlij0 Amckor ^ross.

C. ÎCCIDE (=624) Airgittoj Dbfclroj0 pmrojt—dbfcl rocmtfijs arik =?>> ti

=6>>, Dmkhrflgo0 Dmkhrflgo _jfvorsfty ^ross.

8? \BO BFT\IXV IA DBFCL MH_TO

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



Ij tbo jmturo ia dbfcl pritodtfij wire0

B. AOXG_TIJ (8>><) ^ritodtfjg Dbfclroj fj \fko0 dbfcl mhuso, dbfcl pritodtfij

mjl tbo dijsoquojdos ia kilorjfty, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj.

J. ^MX\IJ (=62?) \bo ^icftfds ia Dbfcl Mhuso, Hmsfjgstieo0 Kmdkfccmj.

J. ^MX\IJ (8>>?) Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj0 omrcy fjtorvojtfij mjl survofccmjdo

fj m cmto kilorj sidfoty, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj.

Okpfrfdmc rosomrdb ij biw sorvfdos mro ipormtfjg0

H. DIXHV (=627) Wirefjg wftb Dbfcl Mhuso, Kfctij Eoyjos0 Ipoj _jfvorsfty

^ross.

LO MX\KOJ\ IA BOMC\B (=66?) Kossmgos arik Xosomrdb, Cijlij0 \bo Ttmtfijory

Iaafdo. ^rivflos hrfoa sukkmrfos ia twojty okpfrfdmc stulfos mjl tbo rovf-

sfijs ti givorjkojt picfdy tbmt tboy bmvo trfggorol.

O. AMXKOX MJL K. IWOJ (=66?) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij ^rmdtfdo0 prfvmto rfses mjl

puhcfd rokolfos — lodfsfij kmefjg, fjtorvojtfij mjl iutdiko fj dbfcl pri-

todtfij, Cijlij0 BKTI. Ijo ia tbo eoy stulfos fj tbo fjacuojtfmc sot puh-

cfsbol fj =66?, fccustrmtfjg tbo jogmtfvo oxporfojdo si kmjy amkfcfos bmvo

wboj fjvostfgmtol hy tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok.

@. GFHHIJT, T. DIJXIV MJL D. HOCC (=66?) Ipormtfjg tbo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Tystok0

m stuly ia dbfcl pritodtfij prmdtfdos fj Ojgcfsb cidmc mutbirftfos, Cijlij0

BKTI. Mjitbor sokfjmc stuly tbmt sbiwol biw kmjy dbfcl pritodtfij fjvos-

tfgmtfijs col ti ji usoauc sorvfdo air tbo dbfcl.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ81

Comrjfjg iutdikos

\bfs sodtfij wfcc bocp yiu ujlorstmjl0

• \bo sdipo ia tbo givorjkojt‖s picfdfos air smaogumrlfjg dbfclroj.

• \bmt tbo rospijsfhfcfty air smaogumrlfjg dbfclroj fs sbmrol hy mcc mgojdfos

wirefjg wftb dbfclroj.

• Wboro dbfcl pritodtfij dijdorjs aft wftbfj tbo wflor smaogumrlfjg mgojlm.

8.8

durrojt picfdy



\bo smaogumrlfjg mgojlm

\bo jow mpprimdb ti dbfclroj‖s picfdy, okhilfol fj Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors0

dbmjgo air dbfclroj (\romsury, 8>>4) roqufros m rmlfdmc trmjsairkmtfij ia

hitb tbo irgmjfsmtfij mjl tbo ducturo ia prmdtfdo arik m romdtfvo sorvfdo

air m aow ti m primdtfvo ijo wboro mcc dbfclroj‖s jools mro flojtfafol mjl

kot mt m ciw covoc ia dijdorj, fjstoml ia wmftfjg air siko ia tbok ti

osdmcmto fjti sorfius prihcoks. Ms tbfs dbmptor wfcc lotmfc, ft fjvicvos

dbmjgo mt ovory covoc ia mcc sorvfdos air dbfclroj (jit ùst sidfmc sorvfdos)

mjl wfcc tmeo sovormc yomrs ti fkpcokojt. Kmjy ia tbo fjjivmtfvo floms

sudb ms m Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire mjl tbo Fjtogrmtol Dbfclroj‖s

Torvfdo mro hofjg pfcitol mjl wfcc ho kilfafol fj tbo cfgbt ia oxporfojdo.

\boroairo, mt tbfs stmgo, ft fs fkpissfhco ti privflo m dijdcusfvo mddiujt

ia picfdy, sfjdo lovocipkojts mjl mkojlkojts mro dijtfjumccy hofjg

puhcfsbol. Xomlors mro tboroairo wmrjol tbmt tboro kmy bmvo hooj sfg-jfafdmjt jow lovocipkojts fj picfdy mjl prmdtfdo hy tbo tfko tboy mro

romlfjg tbfs sodtfij, mjl tboro kmy ho fkpirtmjt ikfssfijs. Airtujmtocy,

tbo givorjkojt wohsfto, www.ovorydbfclkmttors.giv.ue, privflos up-

ti-lmto fjairkmtfij ij tbo kmìr picfdy fjjivmtfijs mjl romlors mro

mlvfsol ti dijsuct ft.

\boro wfcc mcsi ho siko logroo ia vmrfmtfij mt tbo cidmc covoc ij biw

tbo jmtfijmc picfdfos mro fkpcokojtol si tbmt prmdtftfijors wfcc jool ti

comrj tbofr cidmc irgmjfsmtfijmc strudturo mjl pridoluros.

\bo Grooj ^mpor Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors (\romsury, 8>>4) fs tbo eoy lidu-kojt, sottfjg iut tbo givorjkojt‖s pripismcs mjl fts picfdy ia lovocip-

fjg provojtfvo mjl suppirtfvo sorvfdos0

Wo jool ti sbfat mwmy arik mssidfmtfjg pmrojt suppirt wftb drfsfs fjtorvoj-

tfijs ti m kiro dijsfstojt iaaor ia pmrojtfjg suppirt tbriugbiut m dbfcl‖s mjl

yiujg porsij‖s cfao. Wo wfcc wire tiwmrls m kfx ia ujfvorsmc mjl tmrgotol

pmrojtfjg mpprimdbos, fjdculfjg mlvfdo mjl fjairkmtfij, biko vfsftfjg mjl

pmrojtfjg dcmssos. (pmrm. 4.1)

\bo ^rfko Kfjfstor, \ijy Hcmfr, sukkol up tbo picftfdmc lrfvo hobfjltbo picfdy fj bfs fjtriludtfij ti tbo Grooj ^mpor0

\bfs diujtry fs stfcc ijo wboro cfao dbmjdos mro ujoqumc. \bfs lmkmgos jit

ijcy tbiso dbfclroj hirj fjti lfsmlvmjtmgos, hut iur sidfoty ms m wbico. Wo

mcc stmjl ti sbmro tbo hojoafts ia mj odijiky mjl sidfoty wftb coss oludm-

tfijmc amfcuro, bfgbor sefccs, coss drfko, mjl hottor bomctb. Wo mcc sbmro m luty

ti li ovorytbfjg wo dmj ti ojsuro ovory dbfcl bms tbo dbmjdo ti aucafc tbofr

pitojtfmc.

87 D_XXOJ\ ÎCFDV



\bo aiur eoy tbokos ia tbo pmpor woro sukkmrfsol ms0

= Fjdromsfjg tbo aidus ij suppirtfjg amkf cfos mjl dmrors — tbo kist

drftfdmc fjacuojdo ij dbfclroj‖s cfvos.

8Ojsurfjg jodossmry fjtorvojtfij tmeos pcmdo hoairo dbf clroj romdb

drfsfs pifjt mjl pritodt fjg dbf cl roj a rik amc cfjg tbriugb tbo jot.

4Mllrossfjg tbo ujlorcyfjg prihcoks flojtfafol fj tbo ropirt fjti

tbo lomtb ia Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo — wome mddiujtmhfcfty mjl piir

fjtogrmtfij.

<Ojsurfjg tbmt tbo poipco wirefjg wftb dbfclroj mro vmcuol,

rowmrlol mjl trmfjol. (www.ovorydbfclkmttors.giv.ue/mfks/

hmdegriujl5 mddossol 1 Lodokhor 8>>?)

\bo sdipo ia dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos bms hooj lrmkmtfdmccy wflojol. \bo

givorjkojt‖s mfk fs air ovory dbfcl, wbmtovor tbofr hmdegriujl ir tbofr

dfrdukstmjdos, ti bmvo tbo suppirt tboy jool ti0

• ho bomctby

• stmy smao

• oj`iy mjl mdbfovo

• kmeo m pisftfvo dijtrfhutfij• mdbfovo odijikfd wocc-hofjg.

Mllftfijmc dcmrfafdmtfij ia wbmt fs komjt hy tboso sikowbmt mhstrmdt

gimcs fs tboj gfvoj fj tbo tmhco ippisfto.

Eoy givorjkojt puhcfdmtfijs sottfjg iut Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors picfdy

mjl prmdtfdo0

=Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj (LAOT 8>>1h) fs tbo eoy

iaafdfmc lidukojt sottfjg iut tbo jow mrrmjgokojts air fjtor-mgojdy di-ipormtfij fj rocmtfij ti hitb smaogumrlfjg arik mcc mlvorso

oaaodts mjl, kiro spodfafdmccy, rospijlfjg ti m dijdorj tbmt m dbfcl

kfgbt ho mt rfse ia sfgjfafdmjt bmrk.

8 \bo Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire 0 sots iut m armkowire ti ho

usol hy mcc fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos ti fkprivo sbmrol ujlorstmjl-

fjg mjl di-ipormtfij. Ft fjdculos guflmjdo ij fjairkmtfij-sbmrfjg wftbfj

mjl hotwooj mgojdfos, mjl irgmjfsmtfijmc hiujlmrfos.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ82



86 D_XXOJ\ ÎCFDV

Ivormcc iutdiko Fjdculos…

Ttmy smao Tmao arik kmctromtkojt, jogcodt, vficojdo mjl soxumc

oxpciftmtfij

Tmao arik mddflojtmc fjùry mjl lomtb

Tmao arik huccyfjg mjl lfsdrfkfjmtfij

Tmao arik drfko mjl mjtf-sidfmc hobmvfiur fj mjl iut ia

sdbiic

Bmvo sodurfty, stmhfcfty mjl mro dmrol air

Ho bomctby ^bysfdmccy bomctby

Kojtmccy mjl okitfijmccy bomctby

Toxumccy bomctby

Bomctby cfaostycos

Dbiiso jit ti tmeo fccogmc lrugs

Ojìy mjl mdbfovo Xomly air sdbiic

Mttojl mjl ojìy sdbiic

Mdbfovo strotdbfjg jmtfijmc oludmtfijmc stmjlmrls mt

prfkmry sdbiic

Mdbfovo porsijmc mjl sidfmc lovocipkojt mjl ojìy

rodromtfij

Mdbfovo strotdbfjg jmtfijmc oludmtfijmc stmjlmrls mt

sodijlmry sdbiic

Kmeo m pisftfvo Ojgmgo fj lodfsfij kmefjg mjl suppirt tbo dikkujfty mjl

dijtrfhutfij ojvfrijkojt

Ojgmgo fj cmw-mhflfjg mjl pisftfvo hobmvfiur fj mjl iut

ia sdbiic

Lovocip pisftfvo rocmtfijsbfps mjl dbiiso jit ti huccy ir

lfsdrfkfjmto

Lovocip soca-dijaflojdo mjl suddossauccy lomc wftb

sfgjfafdmjt cfao dbmjgos mjl dbmccojgos

Lovocip ojtorprfsfjg hobmvfiur

Mdbfovo odijikfd Ojgmgo fj aurtbor oludmtfij, okpciykojt ir trmfjfjg ij

wocc-hofjg comvfjg sdbiic

Xomly air okpciykojt

Cfvo fj lodojt bikos mjl sustmfjmhco dikkujftfos

Mddoss ti trmjspirt mjl kmtorfmc giils

Cfvo fj biusobicls aroo arik ciw fjdiko

© Driwj dipyrfgbt (www.ovorydbfclkmttors.giv.ue/mfks/hmdegriujl5 mddossol

1 Lodokhor 8>>?)



4 \bo Dikkij Diro ia Tefccs mjl Ejiwcolgo (LaOT, 8>>?)5 cfjeol ti

tbo Dbfclroj‖s Wireairdo Ttrmtogy , sots iut m durrfducuk tbmt

sbiucl ho divorol hy mcc wirefjg fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos, mgmfj wftb

tbo mfk ia fkprivfjg sbmrol ujlorstmjlfjg mjl di-ipormtfij.

< Coml ^riaossfijmc Giil ^rmdtfdo Guflmjdo 0 sots iut tbo eoy rospijsfhfcftfos, sefccs mjl ejiwcolgo roqufrol hy prmdtftfijors ti

dmrry iut tbfs aujdtfij.

\boro mro sovormc strijg mrgukojts air privflfjg m kiro dikprobojsfvo

sorvfdo ti dbfclroj mjl amkfcfos0

Odijikfd 0 tbo ^rfko Kfjfstor, fj tbo quito mhivo, bfgbcfgbtol tbo odi-

jikfd mrgukojt air bocpfjg mcc dbfclroj aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc hy iaaor-

fjg bocp wftb mjy jools/prihcoks tboy lfspcmy. Ft wfcc coml ti m hottor

oludmtol, bomctbfor, mjl, ijo bipos, bmppfor sot ia mlucts wbi wfcc hokiro odijikfdmccy priludtfvo.

Kirmc0 sfjdo tbo _E bms rmtfafol tbo _jftol Jmtfijs Dijvojtfij ij

tbo Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl, ft bms mcsi mddoptol m kirmc rospijsfhfcfty ti

koot dbfclroj‖s rfgbts ti bmvfjg tbofr hmsfd jools kot.

^rmgkmtfd 0 tboro fs m prmgkmtfd mrgukojt air iaaorfjg bocp wftb kfjir

mjl kilormto prihcoks0 siko ia tbok wfcc osdmcmto fjti km`ir prihcoks —

ia locfjquojdy, sorfius kojtmc fccjoss, oludmtfijmc amfcuro, otd. \boso mro

kudb wirso air tbo dbfcl ti oxporfojdo, bmrlor ti lomc wftb, mjl m bomvy

lrmfj ij sorvfdos. \bo flomc wiucl ho ti tmrgot omrcy fjtorvojtfij

sorvfdos ij tbiso dbfclroj wbi mro cfeocy ti gi ij ti lovocip sorfius

triuhcos. Biwovor, wo cmde tbo ejiwcolgo ti flojtfay tbfs griup ia

dbfclroj mddurmtocy mt mj omrcy stmgo. \boroairo, sorvfdos jool ti ho pri-

vflol ij m wflor sdmco si tbmt tboy dmtdb tbo dbfclroj air wbik tbo

kfjir mjl kilormto prihcoks kfgbt turj iut ti ho ‒omrcy wmrjfjgs‖ ia

km`ir prihcoks ti diko.

Wboro dbfcl pritodtfij afts fj tbo smaogumrlfjg mgojlm

Tmaogumrlfjg fs loafjol ms0

• pritodtfjg dbfclroj arik kmctromtkojt5

• provojtfjg fkpmfrkojt ia dbfclroj‖s bomctb mjl lovocipkojt5

• ojsurfjg tbmt dbfclroj mro griwfjg up fj dfrdukstmjdos dijsfstojt wftb tbo

privfsfij ia smao mjl oaaodtfvo dmro5 mjl

• ujlortmefjg tbmt rico si ms ti ojmhco tbiso dbfclroj ti bmvo iptfkuk cfao

dbmjdos mjl ti ojtor mluctbiil suddossauccy. (Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl

Dbfclroj , LaOT, 8>>10 ?)

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ4>



Dbfcl pritodtfij fs loafjol ms0 ‒m pmrt ia smaogumrlfjg mjl prikitfjg

wocamro. \bfs roaors ti tbo mdtfvfty wbfdb fs ujlortmeoj ti pritodt spodfafd

dbfclroj wbi mro suaaorfjg ir mro mt rfse ia suaaorfjg sfgjfafdmjt bmrk‖

(fhfl.0 ?).

Mcc dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos sbmro tbo rospijsfhfcfty air smaogumrlfjg

dbfclroj. Wbmtovor tbo spodfafd aidus ia tbofr dijtmdt — oludmtfij,

bomctb, otd. — tboy bmvo m luty ti bmvo rogmrl ti tbo dbfcl‖s ivormcc

bomctb mjl lovocipkojt. Fa tboy flojtfay m jool ir m dmuso air dijdorj,

tboy sbiucl tmeo mdtfij ti lomc wftb ft. \boro mro aiur kmfj rospijsos

air mjy priaossfijmc wbi bms m dijdorj tbmt m dbfcl bms ‒mllftfijmc

jools‖, loafjol ms tbiso wbi jool tmrgotol ir spodfmcfst suppirt ti

prigross tiwmrls tbo afvo prfirfty iutdikos ti0 ho bomctby, stmy smao,

oj`iy mjl mdbfovo, kmeo m pisftfvo dijtrfhutfij, mjl mdbfovo odijikfd

wocc-hofjg.

Xospijso =0 tbo bocp joolol kmy ho omsfcy mssossol mjl mrrmjgol, air

oxmkpco ft kmy ho ovflojt tbmt mj fj-loptb sfjgco-mgojdy rospijso fs joolol,

sudb ms spoodb tbormpy, mjl m lfrodt roaorrmc fs kmlo.

Xospijso 8 0 dikpcotfjg m Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire. \bfs kmy ho

ujlortmeoj hy mjy ia m rmjgo ia priaossfijmcs mjl airks tbo hmsfs air lodfl-

fjg wbmt itbor sorvfdos, fa mjy, mro joolol, mjl privflos kiro ovflojdo-

hmsol roaorrmcs ti tmrgotol ir spodfmcfst mgojdfos. Cidmc pridoluros gfvo

guflmjdo ij wboj ti ujlortmeo m DMA.

Xospijso 4 0 roaorrmc ti m cidmc mutbirfty ms m ‒dbfcl fj jool‖ ujlor Todtfij =7

ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626. \bo sidfmc wireor mjl kmjmgor wfcc lodflo, wftbfj8< biurs, wbotbor sidmc dmro fjvicvokojt fs mppriprfmto mjl, fa si, dmrry iut

mj fjftfmc mssosskojt wftbfj sovoj lmys.

Xospijso < 0 roaorrmc ti m cidmc mutbirfty ms m dbfcl fj jool ia pritodtfij, pis-

sfhcy roqufrfjg m Todtfij <7 fjqufry. Mgmfj, tbo sidfmc wireor mjl kmjmgor wfcc

lodflo biw ti rospijl. Fa m Todtfij <7 fjqufry fs ujlortmeoj, tboj tboro mro

lotmfcol pridoluros mjl m tfkotmhco sot iut fj tbo cidmc pridoluro kmjumc.

Fa tboro fs dijdorj mhiut tbo dbfcl‖s fkkolfmto smaoty mt mjy tfko, tboj

okorgojdy mdtfij sbiucl ho tmeoj ti smaogumrl tbo dbfcl. Mcsi, fa mjy

dijdorjs mhiut sfgjfafdmjt bmrk mrfso mt mjy pifjt, tbfs wfcc trfggor m

kivo ti m Todtfij <7 fjqufry.

\bo tbrosbicl air ‒sfgjfafdmjt bmrk‖

Fj prmdtfdo, priaossfijmcs amdo dikpcox prihcoks fj lodflfjg hitb

wbotbor tbo dbfcl‖s jools mro rocmtol ti pmrojtmc mhuso ir jogcodt mjl

wbotbor tboy mro oxporfojdfjg, ir mro mt rfse ia oxporfojdfjg, sfgjfafdmjt

4=D_XXOJ\ ^ICFDV



bmrk. Ms tbo provfius sodtfij ij tbo bfstiry ia dbfcl pritodtfij sbiwol,

orrirs fj mssossfjg m dbfcl ms tbo vfdtfk ia mhuso mjl orrirs fj ùlgfjg

tbo sovorfty ia tbo lmjgor tboy mro fj bmvo privieol vidmc drftfdfsks ia

priaossfijmcs arik tbo kolfm mjl tbo puhcfd. \bfs bms dijtrfhutol ti tbo

loaojsfvo prmdtfdo wbfdb col ti tbo seowol likfjmjdo ia dbfcl pritod-

tfij fjvostfgmtfijs ti tbo lotrfkojt ia itbor sorvfdos air dbfclroj — tbo

stmto ia maamfrs tbo smaogumrlfjg mgojlm mfks ti dbmjgo.

Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj gfvos guflmjdo ij ùlgfjg

‒sfgjfafdmjt bmrk‖.

=.8< \boro mro ji mhsicuto drftorfm ij wbfdb ti rocy wboj ùlgfjg wbmt dij-

stftutos sfgjfafdmjt bmrk. Dijsflormtfij ia tbo sovorfty ia tbo fcc-tromtkojt

kmy fjdculo tbo logroo mjl tbo oxtojt ia pbysfdmc bmrk, tbo lurmtfij mjl aro-

quojdy ia mhuso mjl jogcodt, mjl tbo oxtojt ia prokolftmtfij, logroo ia tbromt

mjl diordfij, smlfsk, mjl hfzmrro ir ujusumc ocokojts fj dbfcl soxumc mhuso.… Tikotfkos, m sfjgco trmukmtfd ovojt kmy dijstftuto sfgjfafdmjt bmrk o.g. m

vficojt mssmuct, suaaidmtfij ir pifsijfjg. Kiro iatoj, sfgjfafdmjt bmrk fs m

dikpfcmtfij ia sfgjfafdmjt ovojts, hitb mduto mjl cijgstmjlfjg, wbfdb fjtor-

rupt, dbmjgo ir lmkmgo tbo dbfcl‖s pbysfdmc mjl psydbicigfdmc lovocipkojt.

Aurtbor guflmjdo fs gfvoj fj pmrm. =.8? ij tbo amdtirs ti dijsflor0

• tbo jmturo ia bmrk, fj torks ia kmctromtkojt ir amfcuro ti privflo mloqumto

dmro5

•

tbo fkpmdt ij tbo dbfcl‖s bomctb mjl lovocipkojt5• tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojt wftbfj tbo dijtoxt ia tbofr amkfcy mjl wflor

ojvfrijkojt5

• mjy spodfmc jools, sudb ms m kolfdmc dijlftfij, dikkujfdmtfij fkpmfr-

kojt ir lfsmhfcfty tbmt kmy maaodt tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojt mjl dmro wftbfj

tbo amkfcy5

• tbo dmpmdfty ia tbo pmrojts ti koot mloqumtocy tbo dbfcl‖s jools5 mjl

• tbo wflor mjl ojvfrijkojtmc amkfcy dijtoxt.

Wirefjg \igotbor mdejiwcolgos tbo ujmviflmhco ocokojt ia ujdortmfjty

fj kmefjg tboso lodfsfijs0

=.=4 Dbfclroj bmvo vmryfjg jools wbfdb dbmjgo ivor tfko. @ulgokojts ij

biw host ti fjtorvojo wboj tboro mro dijdorjs mhiut bmrk ti m dbfcl wfcc

iatoj mjl ujmviflmhcy ojtmfc mj ocokojt ia rfse — mt tbo oxtroko, ia comvfjg

m dbfcl air tii cijg fj m lmjgorius sftumtfij ir ia rokivfjg m dbfcl ujjod-

ossmrfcy arik tbofr amkfcy. \bo wmy ti pridool fj tbo amdo ia ujdortmfjty fs

tbriugb dikpotojt priaossfijmc ùlgokojts hmsol ij m siujl mssosskojt ia

tbo dbfcl‖s jools, tbo pmrojts‖ dmpmdfty ti rospijl ti tbiso jools — fjdculfjg

tbofr dmpmdfty ti eoop tbo dbfcl smao arik sfgjfafdmjt bmrk — mjl tbo wflor

amkfcy dfrdukstmjdos.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ48



44

Todtfij =7 mjl Todtfij <7 tbrosbicls

Fj prmdtfdo, tbo lodfsfij ij wbotbor ti dcmssfay m roaorrmc ms m Todtfij =7 ir

Todtfij <7 fs vory dbmccojgfjg. \bo skmcc mkiujt ia fjairkmtfij dijtmfjol

fj m roaorrmc kmy ho ipoj ti lfaaorojt fjtorprotmtfijs mjl tbo kiro mddurmto

fjtorprotmtfij ijcy hodikos dcomr wboj tbo amkfcy bms hooj kiro tbir-

iugbcy mssossol. Fj siko dbfcl lomtb fjqufrfos, amfcuro ti pritodt tbo dbfcl

bms hooj trmdol hmde ti amucty lodfsfij kmefjg mhiut tbo jmturo ia tbo roaor-

rmc. \bo fjqufry fjti tbo lomtb ia Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo, air oxmkpco, jitol biw

tbo omrcy sidfmc wire mssosskojt tbmt sbo lfl jit roqufro m Todtfij <7

fjqufry col ti mcc auturo fjairkmtfij hofjg kfsfjtorprotol fj m coss wirryfjg

cfgbt, si tbmt tbo logroo ia mhuso sbo wms ojlurfjg wms jit sooj.

\birpo mjl Hfcsij (=662) iaaor bocpauc drftorfm ti lfaaorojtfmto tbo twi

covocs ia dijdorj0

Todtfij <7

=. Fjairkmtfij bms hooj iaaorol tbmt dcomrcy fjlfdmtos m dbfcl bms hooj bmrkol

ir fjùrol, ir mj mluct bms hobmvol fj m wmy tbmt wiucl jirkmccy dmuso

bmrk ir fjùry, mjl mj fjvostfgmtfij fs joolol ti dcmrfay tbfs fjairkmtfij.

8. Ft fs jodossmry ti dcmrfay wbotbor tbo mccogol mdtfijs woro locfhormtocy

fjtojlol ti dmuso bmrk ir fjùry ir woro tbo dijsoquojdo ia mj mddflojt

ir oxdossfvo lfsdfpcfjo.

4. Ft fs jodossmry ti fjvostfgmto fa mccogmtfijs bmvo hooj rodofvol arik m juk-

hor ia lfaaorojt siurdos.

<. Ft fs jodossmry ti lotorkfjo fa ropirts mro roqufrol arik itbor priaossfij-

mcs fj bomctb, oludmtfij mjl drfkfjmc ùstfdo wbi bmvo afrst-bmjl ovflojdo

ia tbo mccogol bmrk ir fjùry.

Todtfij =7

=. ^mrojts mro bmvfjg lfaafductfos mjl suppirt fs roqufrol ti bocp ciie mator

dbfclroj.

8. Mj mssosskojt fs joolol ti dcmrfay tbo typo ia suppirt roqufrol mjl wbfdb

mgojdy fs kist mppriprfmto ti locfvor tbfs suppirt.

4. \bo kirmc dbmrmdtor ia pmrojts fs gfvoj ms romsij air dijdorj ivor dmro ia

tbo dbfclroj.

<. Gojormc dijdorjs mro oxprossol mhiut dmro ia tbo dbfclroj hut ji lfrodt

mccogmtfij ia bmrk fs kmlo.

Lomcfjg wftb m dbfcl pritodtfij roaorrmc

Ijdo m dbfcl pritodtfij roaorrmc ti m sidfmc dmro tomk bms hooj kmlo,

tboro fs lotmfcol guflmjdo ij biw ti pridool, sot iut fj Wirefjg \igotbor

ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj, mjl fj cidmc guflmjdo.

D_XXOJ\ ÎCFDV



\bo Fjtogrmtol Dbfclroj‖s Tystok tbmt fs hofjg fjtriludol fs mj

ocodtrijfd dmso kmjmgokojt systok air sidfmc dmro wireors. \bo FDT wfcc

fjdculo sovormc airks ti lidukojt tbo prigross fj lomcfjg wftb m roaor-

rmc. \bo eoy ijos air dbfclroj fj jool (fjdculfjg dbfclroj fj jool ia pri-

todtfij), fj irlor ia uso, mro0

Dijtmdt rodirl

Xoaorrmc mjl Fjairkmtfij Xodirl (dikpcotol wftbfj = wirefjg lmy)

Fjftfmc Mssosskojt, wbfdb fjdculos Fjftfmc ^cmj (dikpcotol wftbfj 7 wirefjg

lmys)

Diro Mssosskojt Xodirl (dikpcotol wftbfj 4? wirefjg lmys)

Dbfcl‖s ^cmj wbfdb fjdculos Dbfcl ^ritodtfij ^cmj

Xodirl ia Ttrmtogy Lfsdussfij

Xodirl ia T<7 Fjqufrfos wbfdb fjdculos Fjftfmc ^cmj

Fjftfmc Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Dijaorojdo Xopirt, wbfdb fjdculos Iutcfjo Dbfcl

^ritodtfij ^cmj

Dbrijicigy

Xovfow Xodirls

Dcisuro Xodirl


^rmdtfdo fs hofjg fjdromsfjgcy strudturol hy pridoluros mjl tfkotmhcos. \boso mroprfkmrfcy losfgjol mriujl mluct dikpotojdos mjl dmj ho fcc-kmtdbol ti tbojools ia dbfclroj air tfko, acoxfhfcfty mjl dromtfvfty fj bocpfjg tbok dikkujfdmtomjl pmrtfdfpmto fj tbo dbfcl pritodtfij pridoss. Hocc‖s (8>>8) qumcftmtfvo stuly ia dbfclroj fjvicvol fj m dbfcl pritodtfij fjvostfgmtfij dijdculol tbmt dbfclroj dmjhost ho bocpol ti pmrtfdfpmto tbriugb tbo lovocipkojt mjl kmfjtojmjdo ia mrocmtfijsbfp ia trust, iaaorol hy m eoy priaossfijmc fj tbofr jotwire.

Dijaflojtfmcfty

\bo usumc rucos ia dijaflojtfmcfty li jit mppcy wboj yiu mro dijdorjol

tbmt m dbfcl fs suaaorfjg ir mt rfse ia suaaorfjg sfgjfafdmjt bmrk. Givorjkojt

guflmjdo cfsts sfx eoy prfjdfpcos ij sbmrfjg fjairkmtfij (BK Givorjkojt,

8>>10 ?).

• Viu sbiucl oxpcmfj ti dbfclroj, yiujg poipco mjl amkfcfos mt tbo iutsot,

ipojcy mjl bijostcy, wbmt mjl biw fjairkmtfij wfcc, ir diucl ho sbmrol mjl

wby, mjl sooe tbofr mgrookojt. \bo oxdoptfij ti tbfs fs wboro ti li si wiucl

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ4<



put tbmt dbfcl, yiujg porsij ir itbors mt fjdromsol rfse ia sfgjfafdmjt bmrk ir

mj mluct mt rfse ia sorfius bmrk, ir fa ft wiucl ujlorkfjo tbo provojtfij,

lotodtfij ir prisodutfij ia m sorfius drfko (soo Gcissmry air loafjftfij),

fjdculfjg wboro sooefjg dijsojt kfgbt coml ti fjtoraorojdo wftb mjy pitojtfmc

fjvostfgmtfij.

• Viu kust mcwmys dijsflor tbo smaoty mjl wocamro ia m dbfcl ir yiujg porsijwboj kmefjg lodfsfijs ij wbotbor ti sbmro fjairkmtfij mhiut tbok. Wboro

tboro fs dijdorj tbmt tbo dbfcl kmy ho suaaorfjg ir fs mt rfse ia suaaorfjg sfgjfaf-

dmjt bmrk, tbo dbfcl‖s smaoty mjl wocamro kust ho tbo ivorrflfjg dijsflormtfij.

• Viu sbiucl, wboro pissfhco, rospodt tbo wfsbos ia dbfclroj, yiujg poipco ir

amkfcfos wbi li jit dijsojt ti sbmro dijaflojtfmc fjairkmtfij. Viu kmy stfcc

sbmro fjairkmtfij fa, fj yiur ùlgokojt ij tbo amdts ia tbo dmso, tboro fs

suaafdfojt jool ti ivorrflo tbmt cmde ia dijsojt.

• Viu sbiucl sooe mlvfdo wboro yiu mro fj liuht, ospodfmccy wboro yiur liuht

rocmtos ti m dijdorj mhiut pissfhco sfgjfafdmjt bmrk ti m dbfcl ir sorfius bmrk

ti itbors.• Viu sbiucl ojsuro tbmt tbo fjairkmtfij yiu sbmro fs mddurmto mjl up-ti lmto,

jodossmry air tbo purpiso air wbfdb yiu mro sbmrfjg ft, sbmrol ijcy wftb tbiso

poipco wbi jool ti soo ft, mjl sbmrol sodurocy.

• Viu sbiucl mcwmys rodirl tbo romsijs air yiur lodfsfij — wbotbor ft fs ti sbmro

fjairkmtfij ir jit.

Lios sbfatfjg tbo aidus arik romdtfvo ti provojtfvo sorvfdos dmrry mjy rfses9

Fs tboro m lmjgor tbmt dbfcl pritodtfij dijdorjs wfcc rodofvo coss mttojtfij ms

priaossfijmcs mro aidusol ij wirefjg fj pmrtjorsbfp wftb pmrojts ti suppirt

tbok mjl si mro sciw ti ho suspfdfius ia mhuso ir jogcodt9 Dijvorsocy, kfgbt

tbo piworauc sidfmc lrfvos tbmt kmlo dbfcl pritodtfij si likfjmjt stfcc ho

ipormtfjg si tbmt, fj prmdtfdo, cfttco dbmjgos9

Aurtbor Xomlfjg

H. AMWDO\\, H. AOM\BOXT\IJO MJL @. GILLMXL (8>><) Dijtokpirmry Dbfcl Dmro

îcfdy mjl ^rmdtfdo, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj. ^cmdos durrojt lovoc-

ipkojts fj tbofr bfstirfdmc dijtoxt mjl iaaors m giil drftfquo ia biw tbo

systok bms hodiko picmrfsol hotwooj dbfcl pritodtfij mjl amkfcy suppirt.

Xmfsos dijdorjs mhiut biw tbo jow okpbmsfs ij smaogumrlfjg dbfclroj

kmy jogmtfvocy fkpmdt ij dbfcl pritodtfij.

4? D_XXOJ\ ÎCFDV

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



J. ^MX\IJ (8>>?) Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclbiil0 omrcy fjtorvojtfij mjl survofccmjdo

fj m cmto kilorj sidfoty, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj. ^rivflos m

lotmfcol mjmcysfs ia biw picfdy bms dbmjgol, strossfjg tbo fjdromsol fkpir-

tmjdo gfvoj ti rogucmtfij mjl survofccmjdo ia amkfcy cfao ms m komjs ia pro-

vojtfjg prihcoks.

\BO \XOMT_XV (8>>4) Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors0 Dbmjgo air dbfclroj. Cijlij0 BKTI.

\bfs fs tbo Grooj ^mpor tbmt sots iut tbo givorjkojt‖s vfsfij air dbfclroj‖s

sorvfdos.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ41

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo eoy sodtfijs ia cogfscmtfij tbmt mro kist usol fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire.

• \bo prfjdfpcos ujlorcyfjg tbo cogfscmtfij fj rocmtfij ti dbfclroj.

• \bo eoy aomturos ia pridoluros air lomcfjg wftb dijdorjs mhiut dbfcl mhuso

mjl jogcodt.

\boro mro m cmrgo jukhor ia cmws tbmt bmvo siko rocovmjdo ti wire wftb

dbfclroj mjl amkfcfos hut tbfs dbmptor ciies spodfafdmccy mt tbo cogfscmtfij

ia dcisost rocovmjdo ti lomcfjg wftb dmsos ia mhuso mjl jogcodt. Dbfcl

pritodtfij wire fs guflol hy0

\bo cogmc armkowire air prmdtfdo, sottfjg iut lutfos mjl piwors. \bo eoy cog-

fscmtfij fs tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626, kilfafol hy tbo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>><.

Dojtrmc givorjkojt guflmjdo, tbo eoy lidukojt hofjg Wirefjg \igotbor ti

Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj 8>>1 , puhcfsbol hy tbo Lopmrtkojt air Oludmtfij mjl Tefccs.

Cidmc guflmjdo, lotmfcfjg cidmc pridoluros, eoy porsijjoc mjl biw ti dijtmdt tbok,

tbo soquojdo ia wbmt ti li, mjl tfko-sdmcos air dmrryfjg iut tbo fjqufry. ^rovfiuscy

lovocipol hy tbo cidmc Mrom Dbfcl ritodtfij Dikkfttoos, tboy jiw diko ujlor tbo

rokft ia tbofr ropcmdokojts0 tbo Cidmc Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj Himrls (CTDH).

8.4

tbo cogmc armkowire



\bo cmw gfvos sidfmc wireors mjl tbo itbor dmrfjg priaossfijs tbofr

kmjlmto ti prmdtfso. Ft sots iut jit ijcy tbo lutfos hut mcsi tbo piwors ia

tbo vmrfius mgojdfos fj privflfjg bocp mjl pritodtfij ti dbfclroj. \bo

cogfscmtfij lfaaors hotwooj tbo aiur diujtrfos fj tbo _jftol Efjglik

mctbiugb mcc sbmro tbo smko diro prfjdfpcos. \bo Dbfclroj Mdts =626 mjl

8>>< mro tbo eoy Mdts air Ojgcmjl mjl Wmcos. \bo sftumtfij fs scfgbtcy

dikpcfdmtol hy lovicutfij wbfdb bms gfvoj tbo Jmtfijmc Mssokhcy air

Wmcos tbo mutbirfty ti priludo tbo sodijlmry cogfscmtfij ti tboso stmtutos

si tbo rogucmtfijs tboy pmss dmj lfaaor arik tbiso fj ipormtfij fj

Ojgcmjl. Air Tditcmjl, tbo eoy cogfscmtfij fs tbo Dbfclroj (Tditcmjl) Mdt

=66? mjl, air Jirtborj Frocmjl, ft fs tbo Dbfclroj (Jirtborj Frocmjl)

Irlor =66?. \bfs sodtfij ciies mt tbo cogfscmtfij fj Ojgcmjl mjl Wmcos

hut m hrfoa syjipsfs ia tbo cmw fj Tditcmjl fs gfvoj ij p. =78.

\bo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 fs tbo eoy pfodo ia cogfscmtfij air tbiso wire-

fjg wftb dbfclroj mjl amkfcfos. Ft sooes ti hmcmjdo tbo dijacfdtfjg joolsti pritodt dbfclroj arik amkfcy mhuso mjl ti pritodt amkfcfos arik ivor-

fjtrusfij hy stmto mgojdfos. Mctbiugb tbo kmfj pbfcisipby fs ti wire fj

pmrtjorsbfp wftb pmrojts wbojovor pissfhco, tbfs fs jit mcwmys aomsfhco,

mjl tboj rosirt bms ti ho kmlo ti cogmc mutbirfty ti tmeo tbo mdtfijs

tbiugbt jodossmry ti ojsuro m dbfcl‖s smaoty.

Hosflos ejiwfjg tbo cottor ia tbo cmw, ft fs fkpirtmjt ti ujlorstmjl fts

spfrft mjl tbfs fs dmpturol fj tbo eoy prfjdfpcos ij wbfdb ft fs hmsol0

• \bo wocamro ia tbo dbfcl fs tbo pmrmkiujt dijsflormtfij. \bo ‒wocamro dbode-

cfst‖ (Todtfij =(4)) privflos drftorfm hy wbfdb ulgokojts mhiut wocamro sbiucl

ho kmlo0

(m) tbo msdortmfjmhco wfsbos mjl aoocfjgs ia tbo dbfcl dijdorjol (dijsflorol

fj tbo cfgbt ia bfs mgo mjl ujlorstmjlfjg)5

(h) bfs pbysfdmc, okitfijmc mjl oludmtfijmc jools5

(d) tbo cfeocy oaaodt ij bfk ia mjy dbmjgo fj bfs dfrdukstmjdos5

(l) bfs mgo, sox, hmdegriujl mjl mjy dbmrmdtorfstfds ia bfs wbfdb tbo diurt

dijsflors rocovmjt5

(o) mjy bmrk wbfdb bo bms suaaorol ir fs mt rfse ia suaaorfjg5

(a) biw dmpmhco omdb ia bfs pmrojts, mjl mjy itbor porsij fj rocmtfij tiwbik tbo diurt dijsflors tbo quostfij ti ho rocovmjt, fs ia kootfjg bfs

jools5

(g) tbo rmjgo ia piwors mvmfcmhco ti tbo diurt ujlor tbfs Mdt fj tbo pridool-

fjgs fj quostfij.

• Wborovor pissfhco, dbfclroj sbiucl ho hriugbt up mjl dmrol air wftbfj tbofr

iwj amkfcfos.

• Xocmtfijsbfp wftb pmrojts0 pmrojts wftb dbfclroj fj jool sbiucl ho bocpol ti

hrfjg up tbofr dbfclroj tboksocvos5 tbfs bocp wiucl ho privflol ms m sorvfdo

ti tbo dbfcl mjl bfs amkfcy mjl sbiucl0

47 \BO COGMC AXMKOWIXE



— ho privflol fj pmrtjorsbfp wftb tbo pmrojts5

— koot omdb dbfcl‖s flojtfafol jools5

— ho mppriprfmto ti tbo dbfcl‖s rmdo, ducturo, rocfgfij mjl cmjgumgo5

— ho ipoj ti oaaodtfvo fjlopojlojt roprosojtmtfijs mjl dikpcmfjts

pridoluros5

— lrmw upij oaaodtfvo pmrtjorsbfp hotwooj tbo cidmc mutbirfty mjl itbormgojdfos, fjdculfjg vicujtmry mgojdfos.

• Dbfclroj sbiucl ho smao mjl ho pritodtol hy oaaodtfvo fjtorvojtfij fa tboy mro

fj lmjgor.

• Wboj lomcfjg wftb dbfclroj, diurts sbiucl ojsuro tbmt locmy fs mviflol

(Todtfij =(8)), mjl kmy ijcy kmeo mj Irlor fa ti li si fs hottor tbmj kmefjg

ji irlor mt mcc (Todtfij =(?)).

• Dbfcl pmrtfdfpmtfij0 dbfclroj sbiucl ho eopt fjairkol mhiut wbmt bmppojs ti

tbok, mjl sbiucl pmrtfdfpmto wboj lodfsfijs mro kmlo mhiut tbofr auturo.


Tiko dbfclroj bmvo spodfmc jools tbmt kust ho kot fa tbofr wfsbos mjl aoocfjgs

mro ti ho msdortmfjol. Air siko, Ojgcfsb fs jit tbofr afrst cmjgumgo mjl si, ospo-

dfmccy wboj lomcfjg wftb m vory sojsftfvo porsijmc fssuo, tboy kmy ho kiro mhco

ti oxpross tboksocvos fj tbofr afrst cmjgumgo, usfjg fjtorprotors ti dikkujfdmto

tbofr vfows mjl wfsbos. Dbfclroj kmy mcsi prosojt spodfmc jools hodmuso tboy

mro bfgbcy trmukmtfsol, wbotbor hy tbo mhuso oxporfojdo ftsoca ir itbor amdtirs fjtbofr cfvos, sudb ms hofjg roaugoos arik m wmr zijo.

Dbfclroj wftb lfsmhfcftfos mro mt bfgbor tbmj mvormgo rfse ia hofjg mhusol mjl

tboy kmy prosojt m vmrfoty ia dbmccojgos ti oaaodtfvo dikkujfdmtfij. M usoauc

rosiurdo fs m vfloi kmlo hy tbo JT^DD, \rfmjgco mjl tbo @isopb Xiwjtroo

Aiujlmtfij dmccol ‒Cfstoj ti Lfsmhcol Dbfclroj‖. \bo vfloi mjl mddikpmjyfjg

bmjlhiie mfk ti fjdromso priaossfijmc dikpotojdo mjl dijaflojdo fj dikkujf-

dmtfjg wftb lfsmhcol dbfclroj. Air lotmfcs, soo tbo JT^DD wohsfto, www.jspdd.

irg.ue fj tbo sodtfij ojtftcol ‒Fjairkmtfij rosiurdos‖.

• ^mrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty0 pmrojts wfcc dijtfjuo ti bmvo pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty air tbofr dbfclroj, ovoj wboj tbofr dbfclroj mro ji cijgor cfvfjg wftb tbok.

\boy sbiucl ho eopt fjairkol mhiut tbofr dbfclroj mjl pmrtfdfpmto wboj lodfsfijs

mro kmlo mhiut tbofr dbfclroj‖s auturo. ‒^mrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty‖ fs host ujlor-

stiil fj torks ia tbo rmjgo ia lodfsfijs wboro ft fs oxordfsol0 lotorkfjmtfij

ia tbo dbfcl‖s rocfgfij mjl oludmtfij, dbiisfjg tbo dbfcl‖s jmko, mppifjtfjg

m gumrlfmj air tbo dbfcl, dijsojtfjg ti tbo dbfcl‖s kolfdmc tromtkojt mjl

mliptfij, roprosojtfjg tbo dbfcl fj cogmc pridoolfjgs, cmwauccy dirrodtfjg tbo

dbfcl, pritodtfjg mjl kmfjtmfjfjg tbo dbfcl, mjl bmvfjg pbysfdmc pissossfij

ia tbo dbfcl.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ42



Eoy sodtfijs ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626

Todtfij =7(=) sots iut cidmc mutbirftfos‖ luty ti bocp dbfclroj fj jool0

Ft sbmcc ho tbo gojormc luty ia ovory cidmc mutbirfty (fj mllftfij ti tbo itbor

lutfos fkpisol ij tbok hy tbfs pmrt) —

(m) ti smaogumrl mjl prikito tbo wocamro ia dbfclroj wftbfj tbofr mrom wbi

mro fj jool5 mjl

(h) si amr ms fs dijsfstojt wftb tbmt luty, ti prikito tbo uphrfjgfjg ia sudb

dbfclroj hy tbofr amkfcfos, hy privflfjg m rmjgo mjl covoc ia sorvfdos

mppriprfmto ti tbiso dbfclroj‖s jools.

Todtfij =7(=>) loafjos m dbfcl fj jool0

(m) bo fs ujcfeocy ti mdbfovo ir kmfjtmfj, ir bmvo tbo ippirtujfty ia mdbfov-fjg ir kmfjtmfjfjg, m romsijmhco stmjlmrl ia bomctb ir lovocipkojt

wftbiut mppriprfmto privfsfij air bfk ia sorvfdos hy m cidmc mutbirfty

ujlor tbfs pmrt5

(h) bfs bomctb ir lovocipkojt fs cfeocy ti ho sfgjfafdmjtcy fkpmfrol, wftbiut

tbo privfsfij air bfk ir bor ia sorvfdos hy m cidmc mutbirfty ujlor tbfs

^mrt5 ir

(d) bo fs lfsmhcol.

Todtfij =7(==) fjdculos loafjftfijs ia torks0

‒Lovocipkojt‖ komjs pbysfdmc, fjtoccodtumc, okitfijmc, sidfmc ir hobmvfiurmc

lovocipkojt5 mjl ‒bomctb‖ komjs pbysfdmc ir kojtmc bomctb.

M lfsmhcol dbfcl fs ijo wbi fs0 hcfjl, loma ir lukh ir suaaors arik kojtmc

lfsirlor ia mjy efjl, ir fs suhstmjtfmccy mjl porkmjojtcy bmjlfdmppol hy fcc-

joss, fj`ury ir dijgojftmc ir itbor lfsmhfcfty ms kmy ho prosdrfhol.

\boro fs ji mhsicuto luty ti koot tbo jools ia ovory fjlfvflumc dbfcl.

\bo rospijsfhfcftfos ia cidmc mutbirftfos mro sot iut fj qumcfafol torks,

air oxmkpco tbo cidmc mutbirfty sbmcc tmeo romsijmhco stops ir sbmcc

kmeo privfsfij ms tboy dijsflor mppriprfmto. Omdb cidmc mutbirfty sotsfts iwj prfirftfos ij wbmt jools ti koot, cfjeol ti tbo rmjgo ia

sorvfdos mvmfcmhco.

Todtfij 8>(=) mcciws air tbo mddikkilmtfij ia dbfclroj hy tbo cidmc

mutbirfty, ij m wbiccy vicujtmry hmsfs, ms m suppirt sorvfdo ti amkfcfos

fj lfaafductfos, mefj ti tbo itbor sorvfdos tbmt iaaor suppirt. Ft sbiucl

jit ho ciieol upij ms ovflojdo ia pmrojtmc amfcuro hut ms ovflojdo ia

m rospijsfhco mttftulo ti tbo lfsdbmrgo ia pmrojtmc lutfos. Todtfij 8>(=)

romls0

46 \BO COGMC AXMKOWIXE



Ovory cidmc mutbirfty sbmcc privflo mddikkilmtfij air mjy dbfcl fj jool

wftbfj tbofr mrom wbi mppomrs ti tbok ti roqufro mddikkilmtfij ms m rosuct

ia (m) tboro hofjg ji porsij wbi bms pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty air bfk5 (h) bfs

hofjg cist ir bmvfjg hooj mhmjlijol5 ir (d) tbo porsij wbi bms hooj dmrfjg

air bfk hofjg provojtol (wbotbor ir jit porkmjojtcy, mjl air wbmtovor

romsij) arik privflfjg bfk wftb suftmhco mddikkilmtfij ir dmro.

Todtfij <7 sots iut tbo lutfos mjl piwors fj rocmtfij ti pritodtfjg

dbfclroj arik mhuso mjl jogcodt.

(=) Wboro m cidmc mutbirfty —

(m) mro fjairkol tbmt m dbfcl wbi cfvos, ir fs aiujl, fj tbofr mrom -

(f) fs tbo suhòdt ia mj okorgojdy pritodtfij irlor5 ir

(ff) fs fj picfdo pritodtfij5 ir

(h) bmvo romsijmhco dmuso ti suspodt tbmt m dbfcl wbi cfvos, ir fs aiujl,

fj tbofr mrom fs suaaorfjg, ir fs cfeocy ti suaaor, sfgjfafdmjt bmrk,

tbo mutbirfty sbmcc kmeo, ir dmuso ti ho kmlo, sudb fjqufrfos ms tboy dijsflor

jodossmry ti ojmhco tbok ti lodflo wbotbor tboy sbiucl tmeo mjy mdtfij ti

smaogumrl ir prikito tbo dbfcl‖s wocamro.

Dojtrmc ti tbo cidmc mutbirfty‖s fjqufrfos fs tbo jool ti soo tbo dbfcl,

ujcoss tboy mro smtfsafol tbmt tboy bmvo suaafdfojt fjairkmtfij mcromly

(Todtfij <7(<)).

Dikpucsiry fjtorvojtfij ij dbfcl pritodtfij griujls

Mctbiugb tbo dojtrmc pbfcisipby ia tbo cogfscmtfij fs ti wire fj pmrt-

jorsbfp wftb pmrojts, tboro mro m jukhor ia cogmc irlors tbmt dmj ho usol

fa tbfs mpprimdb amfcs ti mcciw m T<7 fjqufry ti ho dijludtol ir amfcs ti

ojsuro tbo smaoty ia tbo dbfcl. \bo eoy irlors mro cfstol hociw.

Okorgojdy ^ritodtfij îwors

Okorgojdy ^ritodtfij Irlors (OÎ)0

\bo diurt kmy kmeo mj okorgojdy pritodtfij irlor ujlor sodtfij << ia

tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 fa ft fs smtfsafol tbmt tboro fs romsijmhco dmuso ti

hocfovo tbmt m dbfcl fs cfeocy ti suaaor sfgjfafdmjt bmrk fa0

• bo fs jit rokivol ti mddikkilmtfij5 ir

• bo lios jit rokmfj fj tbo pcmdo fj wbfdb bo fs tboj hofjg mddikkilmtol.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<>



Mj okorgojdy pritodtfij irlor kmy mcsi ho kmlo fa T<7 fjqufrfos mro

hofjg arustrmtol hy mddoss ti tbo dbfcl hofjg ujromsijmhcy roausol ti m

porsij mutbirfsol ti sooe mddoss, mjl tbo mppcfdmjt bms romsijmhco dmuso

ti hocfovo tbmt mddoss fs joolol ms m kmttor ia urgojdy.

Mj okorgojdy pritodtfij irlor gfvos mutbirfty ti rokivo m dbfcl, mjl

pcmdos tbo dbfcl ujlor tbo pritodtfij ia tbo mppcfdmjt air m kmxfkuk ia

ofgbt lmys (wftb m pissfhco oxtojsfij ia up ti sovoj lmys).

Oxdcusfij Xoqufrokojt

\bo diurt kmy fjdculo mj oxdcusfij roqufrokojt fj mj okorgojdy pri-

todtfij irlor ir mj fjtorfk dmro irlor (T42(m) mjl <<(m) ia tbo Dbfclroj

Mdt =626). \bfs mcciws m porpotrmtir ti ho rokivol arik tbo biko

fjstoml ia bmvfjg ti rokivo tbo dbfcl. \bo diurt kust ho smtfsafol tbmt0

• tboro fs romsijmhco dmuso ti hocfovo tbmt fa tbo porsij fs oxdculol arik tbo

biko fj wbfdb tbo dbfcl cfvos, tbo dbfcl wfcc domso ti suaaor, ir domso ti ho

cfeocy ti suaaor, sfgjfafdmjt bmrk ir tbmt ojqufrfos wfcc domso ti ho arus-

trmtol5 mjl

• mjitbor porsij cfvfjg fj tbo biko fs mhco mjl wfccfjg ti gfvo tbo dbfcl tbo

dmro wbfdb ft wiucl ho romsijmhco ti oxpodt m pmrojt ti gfvo, mjl dijsojts

ti tbo oxdcusfij roqufrokojt.

îcfdo ^ritodtfij îwors

_jlor T<1 ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626, wboro m picfdo iaafdor bms romsij-mhco dmuso ti hocfovo tbmt m dbfcl wiucl itborwfso ho cfeocy ti suaaor sfg-

jfafdmjt bmrk, bo ir sbo kmy0

• rokivo tbo dbfcl ti suftmhco mddikkilmtfij mjl eoop bfk ir bor tboro5 ir

• tmeo romsijmhco stops ti ojsuro tbmt tbo dbfcl‖s rokivmc arik mjy bispf-

tmc, ir itbor pcmdo fj wbfdb tbo dbfcl fs tboj hofjg mddikkilmtol, fs

provojtol.

Ji dbfcl kmy ho eopt fj picfdo pritodtfij air kiro tbmj 78 biurs.

Jij-okorgojdy piwors

T<4(=) \bo Dbfcl Mssosskojt Irlor (DMI)

\bfs divors dmsos wboro tboro bms hooj m ropomtol amfcuro ti priludo m

dbfcl si priaossfijmcs dmjjit ho mssurol ia tbo dbfcl‖s smaoty mjl wocamro

hut tbo kmttor fs jit si urgojt ms ti roqufro mj OÎ. Ft mcciws air mj

mssosskojt ia tbo dbfcl ti tmeo pcmdo.

<=\BO COGMC AXMKOWIXE



T4=(8) Dmro Irlors

\boso irlors mcciw air tbo oxtroko komsuro ia diordfvocy rokivfjg m

dbfcl arik pmrojtmc dmro. \bo griujls air tbok mro0

(m) tbmt tbo dbfcl dijdorjol fs suaaorfjg, ir fs cfeocy ti suaaor, sfgjfafdmjt bmrk5mjl (h) tbmt tbo bmrk, ir cfeocfbiil ia bmrk, fs mttrfhutmhco ti (f) tbo dmro gfvoj

ti tbo dbfcl, ir cfeocy ti ho gfvoj ti bfk fa tbo irlor woro jit kmlo, jit hofjg

wbmt ft wiucl ho romsijmhco ti oxpodt m pmrojt ti gfvo ti bfk5 ir (ff) tbo dbfcl‖s

hofjg hoyijl pmrojtmc dijtric.

Dmro pcmjs0 _jlor mj mkojlkojt ti tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 fj tbo

Mliptfij mjl Dbfclroj Mdt 8>>8, dmro pcmjs mro jiw roqufrol. \bo cidmc

mutbirfty bms ti suhkft m dmro pcmj ti tbo diurt, sottfjg iut biw ft

fjtojls ti bmjlco tbo uphrfjgfjg ia tbo dbfcl fj tbo ovojt ia m dmro

irlor hofjg kmlo.\bo cogmc fkpmdt ia m dmro irlor fs sot iut fj Todtfij 440 tbo cidmc mutbir-

fty ‒sbmcc bmvo pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty air tbo dbfcl‖, tbmt fs, ‒mcc tbo rfgbts,

lutfos, piwors, rospijsfhfcftfos mjl mutbirfty wbfdb hy cmw m pmrojt ia m

dbfcl bms fj rocmtfij ti tbo dbfcl mjl bfs priporty‖. \boro mro siko spodfafd

oxokptfijs, air oxmkpco tbo cidmc mutbirfty dmjjit dbmjgo tbo rocfgfij,

lios jit mdqufro tbo rfgbts ti bmvo tbo dbfcl mliptol, dmjjit mppifjt m

gumrlfmj air tbo dbfcl, ir dbmjgo tbofr surjmko.

Auturo dijtmdt hotwooj tbo dbfcl mjl pmrojts sbiucl ho dijsflorol

hoairo m dmro irlor fs kmlo0 Todtfij 4<(=) stmtos0

Hoairo kmefjg m dmro irlor wftb rospodt ti mjy dbfcl tbo diurt sbmcc — (m) dij-

sflor tbo mrrmjgokojts wbfdb tbo mutbirfty bmvo kmlo, ir pripiso ti kmeo, air

maairlfjg mjy porsij dijtmdt wftb m dbfcl ti wbik tbfs sodtfij mppcfos5 mjl (h)

fjvfto tbo pmrtfos ti tbo pridoolfjgs ti dikkojt ij tbiso mrrmjgokojts.

Lurmtfij ia m dmro irlor0 ujcoss ft fs hriugbt ti mj ojl omrcfor, m dmro

irlor wfcc dijtfjuo fj airdo ujtfc tbo dbfcl romdbos tbo mgo ia =2

(T=6(=8)).

T42 Fjtorfk Dmro Irlors (FDI)

\bo diurt dmj kmeo mj fjtorfk dmro irlor fj twi sftumtfijs0

=Wboro mj mppcfdmtfij bms hooj kmlo air m dmro irlor ir suporvf-

sfij irlor mjl tbmt mppcfdmtfij fs ml`iurjol hy tbo diurt.

8Wboro tboro mro amkfcy pridoolfjgs (o.g. lfvirdo) hoairo m diurt

mjl tbo diurt lodflos ujlor Todtfij 47 ti irlor tbo cidmc mutbir-

fty ti fjvostfgmto tbo pissfhfcfty ia mppcyfjg air dikpucsiry piwors.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<8



Ms tbofr jmko fkpcfos, fjtorfk dmro irlors mro ijcy sbirt-tork komsuros,

mjl wfcc cmst air ms cijg ms tbo diurt smys, hut tbfs dmjjit ho kiro tbmj m

kmxfkuk ia ofgbt wooes, ir ujtfc m aucc irlor fs kmlo. Tuhsoquojt fjtorfk

dmro irlors dmj ho mppcfol air, air m kmxfkuk ia aiur wooes omdb.

T4= Tuporvfsfij Irlors

\boso bmvo tbo smko tbrosbicl drftorfm ms dmro irlors fj torks ia sfgjfa-

fdmjt bmrk hut dijaor tbo luty ij tbo suporvfsir ti ‒mlvfso mssfst mjl

hoarfojl‖ tbo suporvfsol dbfcl.

Tdboluco 4 spodfafos vmrfius typos ia roqufrokojts tbmt kmy ho

fjdculol fj m suporvfsfij irlor, tbo eoy aomturo hofjg acoxfhfcfty. Air

oxmkpco0

• tbo dbfcl fs ti cfvo mt m pcmdo ir pcmdos ms lfrodtol hy tbo suporvfsir air m

spodfafol porfil5

• tbo dbfcl fs ti prosojt bfksoca ti m porsij ms lfrodtol hy tbo suporvfsir mt

spodfafol pcmdos ij spodfafol lmys5

• tbo dbfcl fs ti pmrtfdfpmto fj mdtfvftfos ms lfrodtol hy tbo suporvfsir ij spod-

fafol lmys5

• tbo ‒rospijsfhco porsij‖ — tbfs fs mjy porsij bmvfjg pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty —

fs ti tmeo mcc romsijmhco stops ti ojsuro tbo dbfcl dikpcfos wftb mjy lfrod-

tfij gfvoj hy tbo suporvfsir air tbo purpiso ia tmefjg pmrt fj spodfafol

mdtfvftfos, ir air kolfdmc oxmkfjmtfijs. Bo/sbo sbiucl mcsi eoop tbo supor-

vfsir fjairkol ia mjy dbmjgo ia mllross.

Lurmtfij0 Tdboluco 4, pmrmgrmpb 1 stfpucmtos tbmt m suporvfsfij irlor

sbmcc domso ti bmvo oaaodt mt tbo ojl ia ijo yomr hogfjjfjg wftb tbo lmto

ij wbfdb ft wms kmlo. \bo suporvfsir dmj mppcy air ijo ir kiro oxtoj-

sfijs up ti m tbroo-yomr porfil.

Tmjdtfijs0 tbo cogmc pisftfij ij smjdtfijs wms spoccol iut hy tbo

Diurt ia Mppomc fj tbo dmso ia X v. U=661[ 8 ADX ???0 fa m pmrojt ir dbfcl

amfcs ti dikpcy wftb tbo roqufrokojts ia m suporvfsfij irlor, tboj tbo

suporvfsir kmy roturj ti diurt. \boro tbo uctfkmto smjdtfij wfcc ho

tbo kmefjg ia m dmro irlor ujlor wbfdb tbo cidmc mutbirfty wfcc ho gfvojtbo jodossmry cogmc piwors ti ojairdo fts wfcc.

\bo prfjdfpco ia fjtor-priaossfijmc diccmhirmtfij fs gfvoj stmtutiry

aiitfjg fj Todtfij <7(6), wbfdb privflos air tbo aicciwfjg ti mssfst wftb

tbo cidmc mutbirfty‖s fjqufrfos, ujcoss ti li si wiucl ho ujromsijmhco fj

mcc tbo dfrdukstmjdos ia tbo dmso0 mjy cidmc mutbirfty, mjy cidmc oludm-

tfij mutbirfty, mjy cidmc biusfjg mutbirfty, mjy bomctb mutbirfty, mjl

mjy itbor porsij mutbirfsol hy tbo Todrotmry ia Ttmto.

Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj 8>>1h. \bo afrst olftfij ia tbfs

guflmjdo wms puhcfsbol fj =66=, wftb km`ir mkojlkojts fj =666 ti

<4 \BO COGMC AXMKOWIXE



tmeo mddiujt ia tbo dbmjgos fjtriludol hy tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626. \bo

cmtost olftfij (8>>1h) roacodts tbo dbmjgos fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>>< mjl

tbo smaogumrlfjg mgojlm. \boro fs mj fjdromsol okpbmsfs ij fjtor-mgojdy

di-ipormtfij air lomcfjg wftb mcc dijdorjs mhiut m dbfcl‖s bomctb mjl

lovocipkojt, mjl rospijlfjg ti dijdorjs mhiut sfgjfafdmjt bmrk arik

dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt fs cidmtol wftbfj tbfs wflor armkowire.

Dbfclroj Mdt 8>><

Air tbo kist pmrt, tbfs divors lfaaorojt mspodts ia tbo cmw arik tbo

Dbfclroj Mdt =626 mjl si fs kiro ia mj mllftfij tbmj mj mkojlkojt ti

tbmt stmtuto. mrt = kmeos privfsfij air tbo ostmhcfsbkojt ia m Dbfclroj‖s

Dikkfssfijor air Ojgcmjl (dikkfssfijors mcromly oxfst fj tbo itbor

tbroo diujtrfos). ^mrt 8 strojgtbojs tbo luty air mgojdfos ti wiretigotbor ti prikito dbfclroj‖s wocamro. Ft ropcmdos Mrom Dbfcl ^ritodtfij

Dikkfttoos wftb Cidmc Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj‖s Himrls, stmtutiry hilfos

wftb gromtor piwor mjl rospijsfhfcfty. Ft mutbirfsos tbo mppifjtkojt ia

‒Dbfclroj‖s Lfrodtirs‖ fj cidmc mutbirftfos, korgfjg oludmtfij mjl sidfmc

dmro. Todtfij =8 mutbirfsos tbo sottfjg-up ia m jmtfijmc fjlox dijtmfjfjg

hmsfd lmtm ij mcc dbfclroj5 mgojdfos wfcc ho roqufrol ti rogfstor tbofr

fjvicvokojt wftb m dbfcl ij tbo fjlox mjl dmj ojtor mj ‒fjlfdmtfij‖ fa

tboy wmjt itbors ti ejiw tbmt tboy bmvo kmlo mj mssosskojt, mro

tmefjg mdtfij, ir bmvo fjairkmtfij ti sbmro. \bo rogucmtfijs air tbfsfjlox wfcc ho puhcfsbol fj 8>>1.

Tiko dikkojtmtirs bmvo mrguol tbmt tboro fs m aujlmkojtmc lfvfsfij

hotwooj cogmc mjl dbfcl wocamro lfsdiursos fj tbo wmy tbmt tboy dijdoptumcfso

dbfclroj. \bo cogmc lfsdiurso fs dijdorjol wftb lotorkfjfjg wbmt fs tbo

dirrodt cogmc lodfsfij, mjl tbfs dmj ho mt ills wftb sidfmc wireors‖ `ulgo-

kojts mhiut tbo wocamro jools ia tbo dbfcl. Ms m rosuct cogmc lodfsfij kme-

fjg kmy jit mcwmys roacodt wbmt sidfmc wireors dijsflor ti ho tbo host

fjtorosts ia tbo dbfcl mjl tbfs dmj ho m dmuso ia arustrmtfij mjl lfsdikairt

(Wmcc, 8>>>). Wby kfgbt m tbormpoutfd gimc air m dbfcl dijacfdt wftb tbo cogmccy

‒dirrodt‖ ijo9 Li sidfmc wireors bmvo lfaaorojt stmjlmrls ia ovflojdo, ir lfa-

aorojt ivormcc gimcs arik cmwyors mjl `ulgos9 Too K. Efjg mjl D. ^fpor (=66?)

Biw tbo Cmw \bfjes mhiut Dbfclroj, Mclorsbit0 Msbgmto, air m aucc lfsdussfij.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<<

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



Aurtbor Xomlfjg

M. HXMKKOX (8>>4) Tidfmc Wire Cmw, Bmrciw0 ômrsij Oludmtfij Ctl. M dik-

probojsfvo guflo ti tbo cmw mjl tbo wirefjgs ia tbo cogmc systok, wftb ^mrt 8

lomcfjg spodfafdmccy wftb dbfclroj mjl amkfcfos. Ft loafjos cogmc torks wocc

mjl privflos dcomr mddiujts ia tbo prfjdfpcos ujlorcyfjg cogfscmtfij.J. MCCOJ (8>>?) Kmefjg Tojso ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626, <tb olj, Dbfdbostor0

Wfcoy. \bfs fs m vory mddossfhco toxt, oxpcmfjfjg tbo cmw mjl kmefjg cfjes ti

prmdtfdo fssuos.

J. WMCC (8>>>) M Bmjlhiie air Oxport Wftjossos fj Dbfclroj Mdt Dmsos,

Hrfstic0 @irlmj. M usoauc guflo air tbiso wbi bmvo ti mppomr fj diurt.

Aucc toxts ia fjlfvflumc cmws dmj ho ihtmfjol arik www.ipsf.giv.ue/mdts.

<? LOMCFJG WF\B _JDOX\MFJ\V

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo ujmviflmhco ocokojt ia ujdortmfjty fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire.

• \bo fkpirtmjdo ia tbo irgmjfsmtfijmc ducturo mjl suppirt fj bocpfjg arijt-cfjo

wireors lomc wftb ujdortmfjty.

• \bo pcmdo ia tiics mjl pridoluros wftbfj giil prmdtfdo.

•

\bo fkpirtmjdo ia eoopfjg giil rodirls.

• \bo dikkij orrirs ia romsijfjg fj kmefjg ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs.

Bukmj hofjgs yomrj air tbo sodurfty ia dortmfjty hut tbfs dmj ho lmj-

gorius fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire. ^rmdtftfijors bmvo ti kmeo ùlgokojts

mjl lodfsfijs ij tbo hmsfs ia cfkftol ejiwcolgo mjl jool ti rokmfj

mwmro ia tbo pissfhfcfty tbmt tboy bmvo kmlo m kfstmeo. Hofjg mhco ti tic-

ormto m logroo ia ujdortmfjty fs m diro roqufrokojt fj giil prmdtfdo, ti

kmfjtmfj wbmt Cirl Cmkfjg dmccol ‒rospodtauc ujdortmfjty‖ mjl ‒bomctby

sdoptfdfsk‖ (Cmkfjg, 8>>4). \bo mctorjmtfvo fs ti airk m pfdturo ia m

8.<

lomcfjg wftb ujdortmfjty



amkfcy mjl tboj dciso yiur kfjl ti mjy mctorjmtfvo mddiujt5 mjy ovflojdo

tbmt dbmccojgos yiur ipfjfij fs roòdtol ir lovmcuol fjstoml ia hofjg

gfvoj sorfius dijsflormtfij.

Diipor, Botborfjgtij mjl Emtz (8>>40 <7) suk up tbo prihcok air

dbfcl wocamro prmdtftfijors0

Mt tbo diro ia tbo prihcok ia dbfcl wocamro systoks fs tbo jool air prmdtftfij-

ors, mjl tboroairo tbo systok, ti ho ipoj ti wirefjg fj hitb m suppirtfvo mjl

suspfdfius armko ia kfjl mt tbo smko tfko. … Tuppirtfvo rocmtfijsbfps mro

hmsol ij trust5 suspfdfius rocmtfijsbfps mro hmsol ij kfstrust. \rust dmj iddur

wftbfj tbo dijtoxt ia m suspfdfius rocmtfijsbfp hut ft fs dijlftfijmc mjl toj-

tmtfvo. Kmjmgfjg tboso tojsfijs fs dojtrmc ti tbo priaossfijmc sefcc ia tbo sidfmc

wireor.

Fj prmdtfdo, ft fs vory bmrl air prmdtftfijors ti kivo hotwooj tbo kfjl-

sots ia suppirt mjl suspfdfij. Ms rovfows ia dbfcl mhuso fjqufrfos bmvo

aiujl, ijdo mj ipfjfij ia m amkfcy fs airkol, prmdtftfijors afjl ft bmrl

ti rovfso ft, wbmtovor jow fjairkmtfij dikos up (Kujri, =666).

Fj tbo dmso ia Ttopbmjfo Aix, wbi bml hooj rokivol arik bor pmrojts

hodmuso ia mhuso, prmdtftfijors ùlgol tbmt bor pmrojts woro suhsoquojtcy

wirefjg wocc wftb tbok mjl kmefjg prigross. Ttopbmjfo wms roturjol ti

tbofr dmro. Tbo tboj suaaorol m sorfos ia fjùrfos, mcc oxpcmfjol ms mddflojtmc.

Omdb wms tmeoj fj fsicmtfij mjl tbo pmrojts‖ oxpcmjmtfij mddoptol. Jursory stmaa trfol ti rmfso dijdorj mhiut bor hut tbofr oaairts woro lfskfssol mjl

tbo iptfkfstfd ipfjfij ia tbo pmrojts provmfcol. Fj titmc, tbfrty ropirts ia

hrufsos mjl hurjs woro kmlo hoairo Ttopbmjfo wms efccol hy m boml fjùry.

(Wmjlswirtb Mrom Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Dikkfttoo, =626)

Fj tbo durrojt picfdy ia omrcy fjtorvojtfij mjl wirefjg suppirtfvocy

wftb amkfcfos, kmjmgfjg tbfs lumcfty ia suppirt mjl suspfdfij hodikos

m luty air mcc prmdtftfijors wirefjg wftb amkfcfos. Mctbiugb wirefjg prf-kmrfcy fj pmrtjorsbfp, tboy bmvo ti ho mwmro tbmt mhuso ir jogcodt mro

pissfhco oxpcmjmtfijs ia tbo pordofvol prihcoks mjl roaor ti sidfmc dmro

mgojdfos fa tboro fs m dijdorj mhiut sfgjfafdmjt bmrk.

Lodfsfijs bmvo ti ho kmlo mt ovory stmgo wftb coss tbmj poraodt ejiwc-

olgo. Wo bmvo cfkftol ejiwcolgo ia0

• wbmt fs bmppojfjg fj tbo dbfcl‖s cfao

• wbmt wfcc bmppoj fa wo li jitbfjg

• wbmt wfcc bmppoj fa wo tmeo m pmrtfducmr diurso ia mdtfij.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<1



Dijsoquojtcy, tbo `ulgokojts mjl lodfsfijs tbmt mro ossojtfmc fj

kmefjg pcmjs ti pritodt m dbfcl mcc dijtmfj m logroo ia ujdortmfjty.

Gfvoj tbfs, tbo puhcfd‖s bmrsb romdtfij wboj kfstmeos mro kmlo mjl m

dbfcl lfos dmj sook ujromsijmhco. \boy, biwovor, bmvo tbo hojoaft ia

bfjlsfgbt mjl bfjlsfgbt dmj kmeo ovoryijo wfso. Ciiefjg hmde, ft fs

omsy ti soo tbo romc sfgjfafdmjdo ia fjairkmtfij, ti ejiw wbmt wms trfv-

fmc mjl wbmt wms fkpirtmjt, ti ujlorstmjl tbo truo komjfjg ia mkhfgu-

ius hfts ia ovflojdo, mjl ti soo wbmt tbo priaossfijmcs sbiucl bmvo lijo

fa tboy bml bml yiur mddurmto ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo dmso. Wftb ijcy tbo

hojoafts ia airosfgbt, tbo wircl fs kudb kiro dijausfjg mjl puzzcfjg.

\bfs dbmptor lotmfcs tbo amdtirs tbmt mro dijsflorol bocpauc fj roludfjg

ujdortmfjty mjl tbmt dijtrfhuto ti lodfsfijs hofjg kmlo fj m wmy tbmt

fs dcomr mjl mddiujtmhco.

\iics, sefccs mjl bukmj rmtfijmcfty

\iics mro hodikfjg m km`ir amdtir fj prmdtfdo fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos. M

rmjgo ia tiics — mssosskojt armkowires, rodirlfjg airkmts, dikputor

lmtmhmsos — bmvo hooj lovocipol ti bocp arijt-cfjo wireors mjl tbofr

kmjmgors. \bo Fjtogrmtol Dbfclroj‖s Tystok (FDT), air oxmkpco, dijtmfjs

sots ia airks divorfjg tbo kmfj stmgos fj sidfmc wire fjvicvokojt fj m

rmjgo ia typos ia dmsos. \i ujlorstmjl biw sudb tiics dmj suppirt prmd-

tfdo, ft fs usoauc ti ciie mt bukmj rmtfijmcfty mjl flojtfay biw tiicsfjtormdt wftb bukmj sefccs mjl ejiwcolgo.

\boro bmvo hooj twi kmfj mpprimdbos ti stulyfjg biw poipco

romsij0 tbo mjmcytfd mjl tbo fjtuftfvo. Mjmcytfd romsijfjg fs airkmc,

oxpcfdft mjl cigfdmc. Ft fs mssidfmtol wftb kmtbokmtfds mjl rfgirius

tbiugbt, wboro ovory stop fj tbo mrgukojt fs spoccol iut. Fjtuftfvo rom-

sijfjg, fj dijtrmst, fs fjmrtfducmto, swfatcy romdbfjg m dijdcusfij ij tbo

hmsfs ia cmrgocy ujdijsdfius pridossos, air oxmkpco airkfjg mj ipfjfij

ia m porsij ms wo tmce ti tbok.

Hitb mpprimdbos ti romsijfjg mro dcomrcy vfsfhco fj sidfmc wire mjl

dbfcl pritodtfij. \bo mlvidmtos ia m kiro mjmcytfd mpprimdb stross tbo

hojoafts ia dbodecfsts, armkowires mjl pridoluros air kmefjg tbo

pridoss ia wire vfsfhco mjl systokmtfd mjl air mcsi ojdiurmgfjg dijsfs-

tojt prmdtfdo. \biso wbi vmcuo fjtuftfvo romsijfjg stross fts fkpirtmjdo

fj ujlorstmjlfjg iur aocciw bukmj hofjgs, ia mpprodfmtfjg biw tboy

aooc, biw tbofr ducturo fjacuojdos tbofr hobmvfiur, mjl wby tboy tiie

tbo diurso ia mdtfij tboy lfl. Mctbiugb tbo romsijfjg stycos mro siko-

tfkos prosojtol ms stmre ippisftos si tbmt poipco mro mseol ti tmeo sflos,

ft fs kiro mddurmto ti soo tbok ms ij m dijtfjuuk, jit ms m lfdbitiky

<7 LOMCFJG WF\B _JDOX\MFJ\V



(Bmkkijl, =661). \bfs wmy ia ciiefjg mt romsijfjg sefccs mcciws air

kiro suhtco quostfijs ti ho mseol mhiut tbo korfts ia omdb typo ia rom-

sijfjg mt lfaaorojt stmgos ia tbo dbfcl pritodtfij pridoss mjl ipojs up

tbo pissfhfcfty ia sbfatfjg romsijfjg fj ijo lfrodtfij ir tbo itbor.

Hy kmefjg romsijfjg fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire ms oxpcfdft mjl ipoj ms

pissfhco, ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs dmj ho tostol, dbmccojgol mjl ujlor-

stiil hy itbors, jit comst hy tbo amkfcfos fjvicvol. Wbfco sudb rfgirius

tbfjefjg dmjjit rokivo ujdortmfjty, ft dmj roludo ft mjl ft dmj mcsi

kmeo ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs ujlorstmjlmhco mjl loaojsfhco — tbo

ijcy truo loaojdo mvmfcmhco ti m priaossfijmc fj tbo trmgfd ovojt ia m

dbfcl‖s lomtb.

Biwovor, tbfs lios jit komj tbmt kiro fjtuftfvo romsijfjg sbiucl ho

oxdculol ir hocfttcol. Ft fs, fj pmrtfducmr, ossojtfmc fj lovocipfjg rocmtfij-

sbfp sefccs, fj tmcefjg ti dbfclroj mjl pmrojts, mjl gmfjfjg tbofr di-ipormtfij

suaafdfojtcy ti ho mhco ti gfvo mjl diccodt fjairkmtfij. Wftbiut m bfgbcovoc ia fjtorvfowfjg sefcc, priaossfijmcs wfcc bmvo m cfkftol mhfcfty ti got

tbo hmsfd lmtm jodossmry ti rodirl fj tbo vmrfius lidukojts ir ti ojgmgo

tbo amkfcy fj m dijstrudtfvo wirefjg rocmtfijsbfp ti tmdeco prihcoks.

Kiroivor, fjtuftfvo tbfjefjg fs jit frrmtfijmc ir kystorfius. Ij roacod-

tfij, ft fs pissfhco air tbo tbfjeor ti ujpmde tbo ùlgokojt ti flojtfay

tbo ovflojdo tbmt col ti ft. Ijo ia tbo aujdtfijs ia suporvfsfij fs ti bocp

tbo wireor roacodt fj tbfs wmy si tbmt tbofr romsijfjg fs kiro ipoj ti

drftfdmc rovfow (Aiie, 8>>8).

\bo tiics tbmt mro hofjg mliptol fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos wfcc ijcy bocpti fkprivo prmdtfdo fa tboy mro usol purpisoauccy hy sefccol priaossfijmcs.

\bo tiics privflo vmcumhco dbodecfsts ia wbmt mroms ia fjairkmtfij kfgbt

ho usoauc mjl tboy ojdiurmgo systokmtfd tbfjefjg mhiut m amkfcy. \boy

li jit, biwovor, li tbo bmrl wire. \bo priaossfijmcs bmvo ti afjl tbo

fjairkmtfij, tboy bmvo ti fjtorprot fts sfgjfafdmjdo, mjl tboy bmvo ti

kmeo tbo lfaafduct ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs tbmt lotorkfjo biw tbo

dmso prigrossos (Kujri, 8>>8).

Irgmjfsmtfijmc ducturo

\bo priaossfijmc wirefjg wftb m amkfcy fs jit mj fsicmtol fjlfvflumc hut

tbo vfsfhco roprosojtmtfvo ia tbo wbico systok. Ft bms fjdromsfjgcy

hodiko rodigjfsol tbmt biw fjlfvflumcs hobmvo, tbo qumcfty ia tbofr

wire, fs piworauccy fjacuojdol hy biw tbo systok suppirts tbok.

\bo kiro tbmt wireors mro dmrol air, jurturol mjl pritodtol, tbo kiro tboy

wfcc ho mhco ti privflo tbfs air tbo dbfclroj tboy sorvo. (Aorgusij, 8>>?0 76<)

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ<2



\bo priaossfijmc wbi bms bml mppriprfmto trmfjfjg, bms mddoss ti tbo

jodossmry rosiurdos, mjl wbi fs gfvoj dcomr mjl mdbfovmhco gimcs hy tbo

sojfir kmjmgokojt fs gifjg ti iaaor m hottor sorvfdo ti tbo amkfcy tbmj

tbo priaossfijmc wbi fs struggcfjg wftb tmses hoyijl bfs ir bor sefcc, wbi

bms ji suporvfsfij ir sorvfdos ti lrmw ij, mjl wbi aoocs dijausol hy

dijacfdtfjg, ivor-mkhftfius gimcs.

Hcmko0 kmjy wirefjg fj sidfmc dmro oxporfojdo m hcmko ducturo, fj

wbfdb poipco hodiko loaojsfvo mjl bflo mjy bosftmtfijs tboy kmy bmvo

ir divor up mjy scfps tboy kfgbt bmvo kmlo. \bfs ipormtos mgmfjst giil,

drftfdmc tbfjefjg sfjdo fts bmcckmre fs ipojjoss ti orrir mjl m wfccfjgjoss

ti ro-tbfje ijo‖s ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs.

M comrjfjg irgmjfsmtfij0 tbfs trfos ti dromto tbo ippisfto ojvfrijkojt

air tbo wireairdo, fj wbfdb tbo dikpcoxfty mjl amccfhfcfty ia tbo wire fs

rodigjfsol mjl fjlfvflumcs mro ojdiurmgol ti gfvo bijost aoolhmde ti

tbofr kmjmgors mhiut tbofr oxporfojdos mt tbo arijt cfjo. Okitfijmc fjtoccfgojdo0 ti ticormto tbo lfsdikairt ia ujdortmfjty mjl

rokmfj ipoj ti jow ovflojdo ir jow floms, okitfijmc fjtoccfgojdo fs

joolol hut tbfs jools ti ho mt tbo irgmjfsmtfijmc ms wocc ms tbo fjlfvfl-

umc covoc. Arijt-cfjo wireors dmj ijcy romcfstfdmccy prmdtfso mt sudb m bfgb

covoc ia sefcc fa tboy mro ipormtfjg fj mj irgmjfsmtfij tbmt bms tbo ducturo

mjl tbo rosiurdos ti suppirt tbok.

Tuporvfsfij0 ijo cossij ropomtol fj jukorius dbfcl mhuso fjqufrfos fs

tbo drudfmc rico ia suporvfsfij fj iaaorfjg m sottfjg fj wbfdb tbo arijt-

cfjo wireor dmj ho bocpol ti ciie kiro ihòdtfvocy mjl drftfdmccy mt tbofrromsijfjg pridossos. Mj irgmjfsmtfij wbfdb mcciws suporvfsfij ti hodiko

aidusol ij kmjmgorfmc fssuos wftbiut tfko mjl mttojtfij gfvoj ti tbo

dmsowire pridoss loprfvos tbo arijt-cfjo stmaa ia m drudfmc rosiurdo.

Xujjfjg tboko0 okitfijmc fkpmdt

Fjlfvflumcs sbiucl jit ho oxpodtol ti dipo ij tbofr iwj. \bo okpciyfjg mgojdy bms m rospijsfhfcfty ti privflo tbo suppirt mjl suporvfsfij joolol ti kmjmgo

tbo fjtoccodtumc mjl okitfijmc lokmjls ia tbo ìh. Hurjiut fj wireors fs tbo

oxtroko priludt ia m amfcuro ti privflo mj mloqumtocy suppirtfvo ojvfrijkojt.

Kmscmdb ot mc. (8>>=) loafjo hurjiut ms bmvfjg tbroo lfkojsfijs0 okitfijmc

oxbmustfij, loporsijmcfsmtfij (ir dyjfdfsk) mjl roludol porsijmc mddikpcfsb-

kojt. Oxbmustfij fs tbo kmfj aomturo, prikptfjg poipco ti lfstmjdo tboksocvos

okitfijmccy arik tbo wire, mjl arik tbo dbfclroj mjl pmrojts tboy mro suppisol

ti bocp. \bo amdtirs tbmt coml ti hurjiut cfo kiro fj tbo irgmjfsmtfijmc dijtoxt

tbmj fj tbo porsijmcfty ia tbo wireors0

<6 LOMCFJG WF\B _JDOX\MFJ\V



• aoocfjg tboro fs tii kudb wire ti li fj tbo tfko mvmfcmhco5

• oxporfojdfjg tbo dijacfdt ia bmvfjg ti koot dikpotfjg lokmjls5

• rico mkhfgufty fs mcsi m siurdo ia stross — jit hofjg gfvoj ojiugb fjairkmtfij

ti li tbo ìh priporcy5

• m cmde ia sidfmc suppirt, ospodfmccy suppirt arik suporvfsirs, dijtrfhutos ti

hurjiut. ôipco‖s logroo ia dijtric ivor tbofr wire mcsi kmttors — gottfjgaoolhmde ij wbmt bms hooj lijo, hofjg fjvicvol fj lodfsfij kmefjg, mjl aooc-

fjg mutijikius mcc bmvo m pisftfvo fkpmdt ij kirmco5

• wirefjg fjtojsfvocy wftb poipco fj m dmrogfvfjg rico fs okitfijmccy dbmccojgfjg

mjl comls ti bfgbor rmtos ia hurjiut.

Fjlfvflumc dbmrmdtorfstfds ia tbo wireor, sudb ms hofjg yiujg mjl hofjg ujkmr-

rfol, bmvo siko sfgjfafdmjdo hut mro jit ms fkpirtmjt ms sftumtfijmc amdtirs fj

priludfjg hurjiut.

Xodirlfjg

\bo bukmj sbirt-tork kokiry dmj bmjlco sovoj ftoks ia fjairkmtfij

(gfvo ir tmeo twi) si ft fs drudfmc ti eoop m rodirl ia eoy fjairkmtfij

mjl ti roaor ti ft wboj lfsdussfjg m dmso. Durrojt fkprossfijs ia m

amkfcy jool ti ho systokmtfdmccy dbodeol mgmfjst wbmt wms wrfttoj fj

tbo pmst hodmuso, fj iur kokiry, tbo prosojt tojls ti ihsduro ir

diciur tbo pmst.

Eoy rosiurdo0 www.wrftoojiugb.irg.ue fs mj oxdoccojt wohsfto privflfjgmj fjtormdtfvo trmfjfjg pmde, dikkfssfijol hy tbo Dbfclroj‖s Torvfdos

Lfvfsfij ia tbo LaOT. Ft privflos guflmjdo ij wbmt ti rodirl, biw ti lfa-

aorojtfmto amdt mjl ipfjfij, mjl biw mjl wboj ti rospodt dijaflojtfmc-

fty. Dikkij pftamccs fj rodirlfjg mro cfstol0

• \bo dbfcl fs ‒kfssfjg‖ arik tbo rodirl.

• Dmso rodirls mro iut ia lmto.

• Amdts mjl priaossfijmc ùlgokojts mro jit lfstfjgufsbol fj tbo rodirl.

• \bo sfzo ia tbo rodirl kmeos ft lfaafduct ti kmjmgo.

• \boro fs ji mssosskojt ij afco.• \bo rodirl fs jit wrfttoj air sbmrfjg.

• \bo rodirl fs jit usol ms m tiic air mjmcysfs.

• \bo rodirl fs lfsrospodtauc ti tbo sorvfdo usor.

Mjitbor dikkij pftamcc dftol fj sovormc stulfos fs tbmt rodirls tojl ti

ho hfmsol tiwmrls rodirlfjg tbo lrmkmtfd fjairkmtfij, mjl, wftbiut

mloqumto losdrfptfij ia tbo coss vfvfl lotmfcs mjl tbo dijtoxtumc lotmfcs,

tboso dmj ho omsfcy kfsfjtorprotol hy itbors romlfjg tbo rodirl

(Borrojeibc, 8>>?0 <8>).

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ?>



Dikkij orrirs ia romsijfjg

Bukmj hofjgs mro jit pmssfvo ihsorvors ia tbo wircl hut mdtfvo sooeors ia

komjfjg mjl ia pmttorjs. Omrcy toxthiies fj sidfmc wire mlvfsol wireors ti

ciie afrst mjl tboirfso cmtor. \bfs fs bukmjcy fkpissfhco. Wo tbfje, dijòd-

turo, kmeo sojso ia wbmtovor wo oxporfojdo ms mutikmtfdmccy ms wo hromtbo.

\ry ti koot m amkfcy mjl ùst ihsorvo wftbiut kmefjg mjy ùlgokojts.

\bfs mdtfvo mpprimdb ti oxporfojdo fs jit, fj ftsoca, m prihcok hut wo

jool ti ho dmutfius mjl rokokhor biw amccfhco tboso fjstmjt ipfjfijs

mro. Kmjy ia tbo kfstmeos tbmt mro kmlo fj prmdtfdo mro jit rmjlik hut

prolfdtmhco hodmuso tboy mrfso arik tbo sbirtduts tbmt poipco tojl ti

tmeo fj romsijfjg. \bo wircl fs aucc ia fjairkmtfij mjl jifso5 sbirtduts

mro usol ti dut tbo tbfjefjg tmse liwj ti m bukmj sfzo tbmt fs kmjmgo-

mhco fj tbo tfko mvmfcmhco. Tiko sbirtduts mro vory dikkij fj bukmj

romsijfjg mjl, kist ia tbo tfko, tboy mro vory usoauc mjl oaafdfojt, bocp-fjg us ti romdb ùlgokojts mjl lodfsfijs qufdecy. Biwovor, tboy mcsi

priludo prolfdtmhco hfmsos fj tbo wmy wo tbfje mjl, fj dbfcl pritodtfij

wire, wo jool ti ho mwmro ia tboso hfmsos mjl try ti diujtormdt tbok.

Xosfstmjdo ti dbmjgfjg iur kfjls

\bfs fs m porvmsfvo mjl prihcokmtfd mspodt ia bukmj romsijfjg. ôipco,

ijdo tboy bmvo airkol m pifjt ia vfow mhiut m amkfcy, mro rokmremhcy

rosfstmjt ti rovfsfjg tbofr ipfjfij ovoj wboj prosojtol wftb wbmt sookscfeo ivorwbockfjg ovflojdo mgmfjst ft. \bo kfstmeo sbiws up ropomtolcy

fj fjqufrfos fjti dbfcl mhuso lomtbs (Kujri, =666).

\boro mro m jukhor ia strmtogfos air hcidefjg iut fjairkmtfij tbmt

lios jit aft wftb tbo durrojt pifjt ia vfow0

• mviflmjdo — air oxmkpco jit tmcefjg ti tbo sdbiic ti dbode tbo kitbor‖s stiry5

• airgottfjg — si tbo fjairkmtfij lios jit fjacuojdo yiur tbfjefjg5

• roòdtfjg — afjlfjg siko romsij air fjvmcflmtfjg tbo fjairkmtfij, air oxmkpco

tbmt tbo jofgbhiur wbi ticl yiu fs kmcfdfius5

• ro-fjtorprotfjg — gfvfjg tbo fjairkmtfij m jow komjfjg tbmt fs hojfgj fjstoml

ia wirryfjg.

Biw ti diujtormdt0 strojuius oaairts bmvo hooj kmlo ti afjl wmys ia

lomcfjg wftb tbfs hfms mjl twi strmtogfos sook kist oaaodtfvo0

=Hrfjgfjg fj m arosb pmfr ia oyos ti dijsflor tbo dmso. \bfs dmj ho

m aomturo ia suporvfsfij mjl ia rovfow kootfjgs mjl rodigjfsos

biw bmrl ft fs air tbo porsij fjvicvol wftb m amkfcy ti stmjl hmde mjl

ciie mt tbok ihòdtfvocy.

?=LOMCFJG WF\B _JDOX\MFJ\V



8^cmyfjg lovfc‖s mlvidmto0 locfhormtocy tryfjg ti loaojl tbo

ippisfto pifjt ia vfow. \bfs sooks ti wire hy bocpfjg yiu soo

fjairkmtfij tbmt toccs mgmfjst yiur ipfjfij ir suggostfjg mctorjmtfvo

fjtorprotmtfijs ia tbo ovflojdo.


Hodmuso ia tbofr ciw stmtus, dbfclroj mro pmrtfducmrcy vucjormhco ti bmvfjg tbofr

ovflojdo lfskfssol fa ft lios jit suppirt tbo priaossfijmcs‖ oxfstfjg ipfjfij.

Mjmcysfs ia tbo iddmsfijs fj dbfcl mhuso fjqufrfos, wboro dbfclroj‖s vorsfij ia

ovojts bml hooj siugbt, aiujl tbmt prmdtftfijors tojlol ti hocfovo tbok fa wbmt

tboy smfl mgrool wftb tbofr iwj vfows mjl lfshocfovo tbok wboj tbofr mddiujt

dijacfdtol (Kujri, =666).

Tocodtfvo uso ia fjairkmtfij

Tiko efjls ia fjairkmtfij diko kiro romlfcy ti kfjl si tbmt tboy bmvo

ujluo wofgbt fj poipco‖s romsijfjg. ^oipco afjl ft omsfost ti rodmcc

lotmfcs tbmt mro0

• vfvfl, jit lucc5

• dijdroto, jit mhstrmdt5

• okitfij-cmloj, jit joutrmc5

• rodojt, jit lfstmjt5 oxdopt tbmt …

• afrst fkprossfijs bmvo mj ojlurfjg fkpmdt.

Biw ti diujtormdt

Fj mssossfjg mjl rovfowfjg dmsos, ft fs ossojtfmc jit ti rocy ij kokiry ir tbfs

hfms wfcc ipormto mt aucc strojgtb. Giil rodirls, tbmt fjdculo tbo lotmfcs tbmt

mro omsfcy airgittoj, mjl dbodecfsts, tbmt rokfjl tbo priaossfijmc ia tbo

rmjgo ia amdtirs ti tmeo fjti mddiujt, privflo giil diujtorhmcmjdos.

Ijo lostrudtfvo wmy ia lomcfjg wftb ujdortmfjty fj dbfcl pritodtfij prmdtfdo fs

ti lovocip loaojsfvo prmdtfdo wbfdb typfdmccy tmeos twi airks0 (f) orrfjg

mcwmys ij tbo sflo ia dmutfij si tbmt dbfclroj mro rokivol arik tbofr pmrojts

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ?8

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



mt m ciw tbrosbicl ia rfse (mator m kmìr dbfcl mhuso trmgoly, yiu wfcc iatoj

soo m rfso fj tbo jukhors ia dbfclroj rokivol)5 mjl (ff) stfdefjg rfgflcy mjl

kodbmjfstfdmccy ti pridoluros mjl pritidics wftb tbo kfstmeoj vfow tbmt, ms

cijg ms mcc tbo airks mro dikpcotol wftbfj tbo tfkotmhco, tbo priaossfijmc wfcc

ho smao arik drftfdfsk. Wbmt mro tbo loaodts wftb tboso twi strmtogfos9 Wbmt

bmrk kfgbt mrfso arik rokivfjg dbfclroj mt m ciw tbrosbicl9 Fa pridoluros

roprosojt ‒host prmdtfdo‖, fs ft ovor ùstfafol ti jit dikpcy wftb tbok9

Aurtbor Xomlfjg

@. AIIE (8>>8) Tidfmc Wire0 drftfdmc tboiry mjl prmdtfdo, Cijlij0 Tmgo

ûhcfdmtfijs. Iaaors m lotmfcol mddiujt ia drftfdmc roacodtfvo prmdtfdo.G. KMDLIJMCL (8>>=) Oaaodtfvo Fjtorvojtfijs air Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt,

Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy. Dbmptor =8 privflos m giil lfsdussfij ia tbo jmturo ia

mssosskojt mjl tbo rosomrdb afjlfjgs ij wbmt kmeos air m giil ir fjmlo-

qumto mssosskojt.

O. K_JXI (8>>8) Oaaodtfvo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij, Cijlij0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Divors tbo sefccs joolol fj mssossfjg rfse mjl kmefjg lodfsfijs. Dbmptor 2

fs ij dikkij orrirs mjl biw ti kfjfkfso tbok.

?4 _TFJG XOTOMXDB

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo fkpirtmjdo ia ovmcumtfjg wire wftb amkfcfos.

• Biw usfjg rosomrdb dmj strojgtboj yiur prmdtfdo.

• Biw ti afjl rosomrdb stulfos ti bocp yiu wftb m pmrtfducmr dmso.

• Biw ti roml rosomrdb mjl ùlgo biw rocfmhco tbo afjlfjgs mro.

8.?

usfjg rosomrdb



Xovfows ia dbfcl mhuso sorvfdos dijdculo tbmt kist sorvfdos hofjg

iaaorol ti amkfcfos mro jit hmsol ij mjy dcomr ovflojdo tbmt tbo sorvfdos

mdtumccy wire (Dbmaafj mjl Arfolrfdb, 8>><). Fj kist dmsos, tbfs fs luo

ti m cmde ia rosomrdb rmtbor tbmj mjy ovflojdo tbmt tbo sorvfdos mro fjoa-

aodtfvo. \boro fs, biwovor, siko rocovmjt rosomrdb mvmfcmhco wbfdb

priaossfijmcs sbiucl ejiw mjl uso. Kiroivor, rosomrdb fs m rmpflcy

griwfjg rosiurdo, lrfvoj jit ijcy hy priaossfijmcs wfsbfjg ti comrj

mhiut wbmt wires hut mcsi hy picftfdfmjs wmjtfjg ti dbode fa puhcfd

kijoy fs hofjg spojt oaaodtfvocy.

Tfjdo tbo usors ia dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos mro mkijg tbo kist vucjormhco mjl

piworcoss fj sidfoty, tboro mro strijg kirmc ms wocc ms todbjfdmc mrgukojts air

dbodefjg tbo fkpmdt ia priaossfijmc fjtorvojtfijs mjl air usfjg tbo fjtorvojtfijs

wftb kist lokijstrmtol ovflojdo ia suddoss.

Giil fjtojtfijs li jit gumrmjtoo

giil iutdikos

Ft dmjjit, fj mllftfij, ho mssukol tbmt fjtorvojtfijs mro, mt tbo wirst,

fjoaaodtfvo. Ttulfos bmvo aiujl bmrkauc oaaodts ms wocc ms hojoafdfmc ijos.

Mj omrcy mttokpt mt provojtfjg locfjquojdy fj tbo _TM privflos m smcutmryoxmkpco. Fj tbo =64>s, 4>> hiys fj m pmrtfducmr mrom woro flojtfafol ms ‒mt rfse‖

ia hodikfjg locfjquojt. \boy woro rmjlikcy mccidmtol ti twi griups, ijo ia

wbfdb rodofvol fjlfvflumc bocp mjl, wboro joolol, roaorrmc ti spodfmcfst

sorvfdos. \bo dijtric griup rodofvol ji mllftfijmc bocp. Kmjy fj tbo oxporf-

kojtmc griup tbiugbt tbo provojtfvo sorvfdo bml hooj bocpauc. Wboj aicciwol

up fj tbo =67>s, ft wms aiujl tbmt tbiso wbi bml rodofvol bocp woro kiro

cfeocy ti bmvo hooj dijvfdtol ia m drfko, ti bmvo lfol, ij mvormgo, afvo yomrs

omrcfor, mjl woro kiro cfeocy ti bmvo hooj lfmgjisol ms mcdibicfd, sdbfzipbrojfd,

ir kmjfd-loprossfvo. (KdDirl, =668)

\bo rico ia rosomrdb bms hooj okpbmsfsol fj rodojt picfdy stmtokojts

mjl ft fs jiw m dcomr roqufrokojt fj trmfjfjg air sidfmc wire mjl air mcc

priaossfijmc griups wirefjg wftb dbfclroj (LaOT, 8>>?). Biwovor,

rosomrdb lios jit priludo sfkpco rodfpos air mdtfij. ^riaossfijmcs jool

ti roml ft drftfdmccy mjl lodflo biw ft fs rocovmjt ti tbo amkfcfos wftb

wbik tboy mro wirefjg. \bo rosomrdb pridoss sbiucl jit ciie ujamkfc-

fmr ti prmdtftfijors hodmuso, fj kmjy wmys, ft odbios tbo sidfmc wire

pridoss. \rfpilf (=67<) bfgbcfgbtol tbo sfkfcmrftfos0

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ?<



Tidfmc Wire0 Xosomrdb0

Mssosskojt ^rihcok airkucmtfij

Lotorkfjo fjtorvojtfij pcmj Xosomrdb strmtogy

Fkpcokojt fjtorvojtfij

Diccodt lmtmOvmcumto fjtorvojtfij oaaodts Mjmcysfs ia lmtm

Xovfow mjl torkfjmtfij Dijdcusfijs

\bfs sodtfij oxmkfjos tbo twi kmìr mpprimdbos ti usfjg rosomrdb fj

prmdtfdo0 ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo mjl ovflojdo-fjairkol prmdtfdo.

Ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo

\bfs mpprimdb wms lovocipol fj kolfdfjo mjl bms hooj mlmptol ti tbo

sidfmc dmro dijtoxt. Ft hrfjgs tigotbor tbroo eoy dikpijojts fj lodfsfij

kmefjg0

= tbo host mvmfcmhco rosomrdb ovflojdo5

8

tbo prmdtftfijor‖s priaossfijmc ùlgokojt ia tbo pmrtfducmr dmso5

4 tbo sorvfdo usor‖s vmcuos mjl proaorojdos.

Lrmwfjg ij mcc tboso ocokojts, tbo prmdtftfijor kmeos m lodfsfij mhiut

biw ti bocp tbo sorvfdo usor. Mt fts host, ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo okpiw-

ors sorvfdo usors hy tmfcirfjg bocp ti tbofr vmcuos mjl wfsbos, mjl iaaors

tbok tbo bocp tbmt, ij hmcmjdo, ciies kist cfeocy ti ho suddossauc. Mt fts

wirst, ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo fs usol kodbmjfstfdmccy, ciiefjg ijcy mt

tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo, lodflfjg wbmt wires host air m dcmss ia prihcoks,mjl mppcyfjg ft ti tbo pmrtfducmr dmso, wbmtovor tbo vfows ir tbo ujfquo

dbmrmdtorfstfds ia tbo sorvfdo usor.

\bo kmfj stmgos ia mj ovflojdo-hmsol mpprimdb mro0

• dijvortfjg m jool air fjairkmtfij fjti mj mjswormhco quostfij5

• afjlfjg tbo rocovmjt rosomrdb ovflojdo5

• drftfdmccy mpprmfsfjg tbmt ovflojdo ti ùlgo biw rocfmhco ft fs5

• ùlgfjg wbotbor ft dmj ho mppcfol ti tbo pmrtfducmr sorvfdo usor5

?? _TFJG XOTOMXDB



• `ulgfjg wbotbor ft fs mppriprfmto, fj tbo cfgbt ia tbo sorvfdo usor‖s vmcuos mjl

proaorojdos5

• tmefjg mdtfij hmsol ij tbfs mpprmfsmc5

• ovmcumtfjg tbo iutdiko.

\bo afrst tbroo stmgos — ia afjlfjg mjl drftfqufjg tbo host mvmfcmhcorosomrdb ovflojdo — mro tbo mspodts tbmt kmre tbfs mpprimdb iut arik

trmlftfijmc prmdtfdo mjl roqufro jow sefccs.

Dijvortfjg m jool air fjairkmtfij fjti mj mjswormhco quostfij

\bo afvo kist dikkij typos ia quostfij arijt-cfjo wireors mro cfeocy ti

bmvo mro0

=Oaaodtfvojoss quostfijs 0 biw oaaodtfvo wiucl tbfs pmrtfducmr fjtor-vojtfij ho air tbfs pmrtfducmr sorvfdo usor, o.g. biw wocc wfcc pmr-

ojtfjg dcmssos mllross tbo spodfafd prihcoks ia tbfs sorvfdo usor9

8Xfse/prigjisfs quostfijs 0 biw cfeocy fs ft tbmt m pmrtfducmr porsij

wfcc ojgmgo fj m pmrtfducmr hobmvfiur, o.g. ro-mhuso tbofr dbfcl9

4Losdrfptfij quostfijs 0 biw dikkij fs tbfs prihcok, o.g. biw

kmjy toojmgors tmeo siat lrugs9

<Mssosskojt quostfijs 0 biw dmj F kist mddurmtocy losdrfho tbosorvfdo usor‖s prihcoks, o.g. fs tboro m rocfmhco komsuro ia

loprossfij9

?^rovojtfij quostfijs 0 biw dmj F kist oaaodtfvocy provojt tbfs

prihcok arik iddurrfjg, o.g. wbmt strmtogfos wfcc kist oaaodtfvocy

provojt toojmgors lrippfjg iut ia sdbiic9

(Mlmptol arik Gfhhs mjl Gmkhrfcc, =666)

Afjlfjg tbo rocovmjt rosomrdb ovflojdo

\bo Fjtorjot bms trmjsairkol prmdtftfijors‖ mddoss ti rosomrdb. Ft jit

ijcy mcciws mddoss ti m vmst rmjgo ia lmtm hut fs dijtfjumccy uplmtol mjl

si dijtmfjs tbo cmtost rosucts. M jukhor ia wohsftos bmvo hooj lovocipol

wftb tbo spodfafd gimc ia kootfjg prmdtftfijors‖ jool air dijvojfojt

mddoss ti tbo afjlfjgs ia rosomrdb. \boy privflo guflmjdo ij biw ti uso

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ?1



tbo rosiurdos ms wocc ms cfjes ti rocovmjt rosomrdb wohpmgos. Kmjy

fjdculo sukkmrfos ia rosomrdb afjlfjgs, lrmwfjg iut tbofr fkpcfdmtfijs

air prmdtfdo.

www.sdfo-sidfmcdmroijcfjo.irg.ue Mj oxdoccojt wohsfto wftb m womctb ia kmtorfmc. Fj tbo ‒\rmfjfjg mjl comrjfjg‖ sodtfij, tboro mro cfjes ti ijcfjo tuti-

rfmcs ti bocp yiu fkprivo yiur Fjtorjot sefccs, comrj biw ti airkucmto eoy wirls

si tbmt yiu kmeo tbo host uso ia somrdb ojgfjos ti cidmto rocovmjt rosomrdb,

mjl mpprmfso drftfdmccy rosomrdb stulfos ijdo aiujl.

www.sdfo.irg.ue \bo wohsfto ia tbo Tidfmc Dmro Fjstftuto air Oxdoccojdo.

Hosflos ipormtfjg sidfmc dmro ijcfjo (soo mhivo), TDFO mfks ti fkprivo tbo

oxporfojdo ia poipco wbi uso sidfmc dmro hy lovocipfjg mjl prikitfjg ejiwc-

olgo mhiut giil prmdtfdo fj tbo sodtir. \boy puhcfsb aiur sorfos0 Xosomrdb

Hrfoafjgs, Xopirts, ^rmdtfdo Guflos mjl Xosiurdo Guflos.

www.wbmtwiresairdbfclroj.irg.ue \bfs fs mj OTXD-aujlol wohsfto tbmtdijtmfjs mj Ovflojdo Guflo, iaaorfjg mlvfdo ij biw ti afjl mjl drftfquo

rosomrdb. Ft mcsi bms m usoauc sot ia ‒Ovflojdo Juggots‖ — sukkmrfos ia

rosomrdb ovflojdo ij siko spodfafd fjtorvojtfijs, air oxmkpco digjftfvo

hobmvfiurmc tbormpfos mjl biko vfsftfjg.

www.dmkphoccdiccmhirmtfij.irg \bfs fs mj fjtorjmtfijmc jij-priaft irgmjf-

smtfij tbmt mfks ti bocp poipco kmeo wocc-fjairkol lodfsfijs mhiut tbo

oaaodts ia fjtorvojtfijs fj tbo sidfmc, hobmvfiurmc mjl oludmtfijmc mrojms. Ft

dijtmfjs m Xogfstor ia Xmjlikfsol Dijtriccol \rfmcs mjl propmros systokmtfd

rovfows ia stulfos ia fjtorvojtfijs. Fj tbo Tidfmc Wocamro sodtfij, tboro mro m

jukhor ia rovfows ia rocovmjdo ti dbfcl wocamro. Kmjy kiro mro fj tbo pridoss

ia hofjg dijludtol si tbfs sfto wfcc hodiko fjdromsfjgcy usoauc.

bttp0//jddmjdb.mda.bbs.giv \bo wohsfto air tbo Jmtfijmc Dcomrfjgbiuso ij

Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt, mj Mkorfdmj irgmjfsmtfij. Hosflos m wflo rmjgo ia

kmtorfmc ij flojtfayfjg mjl rospijlfjg ti dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt, ft bms fj

tbo ‒Air ^riaossfijmcs‖ sodtfij m dmtogiry dmccol ‒^rikfsfjg ^rmdtfdos‖ — m cfst

ia puhcfdmtfijs mjl itbor woh rosiurdos ij prikfsfjg mjl okorgfjg prmdtfdos

fj dbfcl pritodtfij.

www.dwcm.irg \bo Dbfcl Wocamro Comguo ia Mkorfdm‖s wohsfto bms mj oxtoj-

sfvo sot ia rocovmjt kmtorfmc mjl m sodtfij dmccol ‒Xosomrdb ti prmdtfdo fjftfm-

tfvo‖ tbmt dijtmfjs m jukhor ia ropirts sukkmrfsfjg rosomrdb ij spodfafd

fssuos mjl lfsdussfjg tbofr rocovmjdo ti prmdtfdo.

www.rik.eu.olu/OH^Ykmfj.msp Mj Mkorfdmj wohsfto dijtmfjfjg mj ovflojdo-

hmsol prmdtfdo tiic, iaaorfjg sukkmrfos ia rosomrdb ovflojdo ij sfx km`ir

prmdtfdo fssuos0 tfkocy roujfafdmtfij, kmfjtmfjfjg porkmjojdy upij comvfjg

dmro, tfkocy mliptfij, pcmdokojt stmhfcfty, provojtfjg kmctromtkojt rodur-

rojdo, mjl dbfcl smaoty fj dmro. Mctbiugb wrfttoj fj tbo cmjgumgo ia tbo Mkorfdmj

dbfcl wocamro systok, ft fs omsy ti soo wboro mjl biw ft fs rocovmjt ti tbo _E

systok.

?7 _TFJG XOTOMXDB



Drftfdmccy mpprmfsfjg tbo ovflojdo

Mcc rosomrdb bms siko loaodts fa oxmkfjol dcisocy ojiugb. \bo lokmjls

mjl dikpcoxftfos ia tbo romc wircl kmeo siko dikprikfsos fj kotbil-

icigy ujmviflmhco. Biwovor, tbfs lios jit komj tbmt mcc stulfos mro

oqumccy hml. _sors ia ovflojdo jool ti ho mhco ti ciie mt biw tbo stuly

wms dijludtol mjl `ulgo biw rocfmhco fts afjlfjgs mro. \boro dmjjit ho

m sfkpco bformrdby ia rosomrdb kotbils hodmuso tbo typo ia kotbil usol

fs fjacuojdol hy tbo typo ia quostfij mseol. M stuly mfkol mt afjlfjg iut

biw pmrojts oxporfojdo biko vfsftfjg wfcc bmvo m lfaaorojt losfgj arik

ijo tbmt mfks ti afjl iut wbotbor biko vfsftfjg roludos mhuso. \bo

lfaaorojt rosomrdb losfgjs suft lfaaorojt rosomrdb quostfijs.

Lotmfcol fjairkmtfij ij drftfqufjg rosomrdb dmj ho ihtmfjol arik tbo

^uhcfd Bomctb Xosiurdos _jft, wbfdb bms m Comrjfjg mjl Lovocipkojt

sodtfij tbmt fjdculos m sot ia mpprmfsmc tiics air omdb ia tbo kmfjrosomrdb losfgjs. Mvmfcmhco mt0 www.pbru.jbs.ue/dmsp.

Mcsi rocovmjt fs Dbmptor 4, ‒Drftfdmc mpprmfsmc0 sirtfjg tbo wbomt arik

tbo dbmaa‖, fj Jowkmj ot mc., 8>>?.

Gmkhrfcc (8>>4) sukkmrfsos tbo mrgukojts air ovflojdo-hmsol sidfmc

wire0

• bocpfjg dcfojts lovocip drftfdmc mpprmfsmc sefccs

• fjvicvfjg dcfojts fj losfgj mjl drftfquo ia prmdtfdo mjl picfdy rocmtol

rosomrdb

• fjvicvfjg dcfojts ms fjairkol pmrtfdfpmjts wbi sbmro fj lodfsfij kmefjg

• rodigjfsfjg dcfojt‖s ujfquo ejiwcolgo fj torks ia mppcfdmtfij dijdorjs

• prikitfjg trmjspmrojdy mjl bijosty

• ojdiurmgfjg m systokfd mpprimdb air fjtogrmtfjg prmdtfdmc, otbfdmc mjl ovf-

lojtfmry fssuos

• kmxfkfsfjg tbo aciw ia ejiwcolgo mjl fjairkmtfij mhiut ejiwcolgo gmps.

Dbmccojgos fj lovocipfjg ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo0

=Irgmjfsmtfijmc ducturo0 arijt-cfjo wireors jool tbo suppirtia tbofr irgmjfsmtfij ti prmdtfso fj mj ovflojdo-hmsol wmy. \bo

irgmjfsmtfij jit ijcy jools ti privflo prmdtfdmc rosiurdos, sudb ms

giil Fjtorjot mddoss mjl suporvfsiry suppirt, hut mcsi jools ti

bmvo m ducturo tbmt vmcuos ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo si tbmt afjlfjg

tfko air ft fs m bfgb prfirfty, jit m cuxury ti ho afttol fj mator kootfjg

itbor dikkftkojts. M prmdtfdo guflo ti irgmjfsmtfijmc suppirt air

usfjg rosomrdb ovflojdo bms hooj priludol hy Xosomrdb fj ^rmdtfdo

(8>>1).

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ?2



8Wireairdo sefccs0 ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo jools prmdtftfijors

wbi bmvo tbo sefccs mjl kitfvmtfij ti sooe iut, drftfquo, mjl uso

ovflojdo ti bocp tbofr sorvfdo usors.

4Cfkftmtfijs ia dbfcl pritodtfij rosomrdb0 fj fts durrojt stmto, tbo

hily ia rosomrdb mvmfcmhco fs cfkftol, pmrtcy hy lfaafductfos fjbor-ojt fj tbo suh`odt kmttor mjl pmrtcy hy tbo cfkftol prigross tbmt bms

hooj kmlo fj lovocipfjg m ejiwcolgo hmso. Kmdlijmcl (8>>=0 =6)

cfsts tbo prihcoks0

• M pmudfty ia stulfos ia mloqumto kotbilicigfdmc rfgiur mjl smkpco sfzo.

• Qmrfmtfijs fj tbo loafjftfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt usol fj lfaaorojt stulfos

kmefjg dikpmrfsij lfaafduct.

• Qmrfmtfijs fj tbo mssukol dmusmtfij ia mhuso si tbmt lfaaorojt mspodts ia

amkfcfos mro oxmkfjol fj lfaaorojt stulfos.

• Qmrfmtfijs fj tbo rmjgo, rocovmjdo mjl rocfmhfcfty ia tbo iutdiko komsurosusol.

• M amfcuro ti smy prodfsocy wbmt tbo fjtorvojtfij fs tbmt fs hofjg ovmcumtol si

tbmt ft fs lfaafduct air itbors ti dipy ft.

• M tojlojdy ti uso m kfx ia kotbils si tbmt tbo dijtrfhutfij ia mjy ijo ti

tbo ivormcc iutdiko fs ujdcomr.

• \bo pipucmtfijs stulfol mro rmrocy cmrgo mjl tbo smkpcos mro rmrocy socodtol rmj-

likcy, comlfjg ti seowol smkpcos tbmt cfkft tbo gojormcfsmhfcfty ia tbo rosucts.

• M rmjgo ia kotbilicigfdmc womejossos fj tbo stulfos, sudb ms m bfgb

lrip-iut rmto.

• M propijlormjdo ia stulfos wboro tbo amkfcfos bmvo coss sorfius prihcoks

tbmj tbiso typfdmccy ojdiujtorol fj tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok, wftb

sorvfdos iatoj hofjg iaaorol fj kiro dijtriccol ojvfrijkojts tbmj jirkmc

wirefjg dijlftfijs.

Ovflojdo-fjairkol prmdtfdo

Wboro tbo ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo mpprimdb soos tbo sidfmc wireor kmefjg

mj fjlopojlojt mssosskojt ia tbo ovflojdo mjl tmfcirfjg ft ti tbo spodfafd

vmcuos mjl wfsbos ia tbo sorvfdo usor, tbo ovflojdo-fjairkol mpprimdb bms

m kiro kilost mkhftfij ia ojdiurmgfjg priaossfijmcs ti uso tboirfos mjlfjtorvojtfijs tbmt bmvo hooj `ulgol hy itbors ti ho wocc-ovflojdol.

Mrgukojts air

Ovflojdo-fjairkol prmdtfdo fs mcc tbmt dmj romcfstfdmccy ho oxpodtol ia sidfmc

wireors, aow ia wbik bmvo tbo tfko, kitfvmtfij, rosiurdos ir sefccs ti sooe

iut mjl drftfquo rosomrdb air tboksocvos.

?6 _TFJG XOTOMXDB



\bo griwfjg trojl fj priludfjg lfgosts ia rosomrdb afjlfjgs kmeos ft ovoj omsfor

air wireors mjl mgojdfos ti mlipt tbfs mpprimdb (soo wohsftos cfstol mhivo).

Ft bms tbo smko hojoaft ms ovflojdo-hmsol prmdtfdo fj usfjg rosomrdb afjlfjgs

ij oaaodtfvojoss fj lodflfjg biw ti bocp sorvfdo usors.

Mrgukojts mgmfjst

Ft rujs tbo lmjgor ia pusbfjg tbo sorvfdo usor‖s wfsbos iut ia tbo oqumtfij

ms ft ojdiurmgos mddoptmjdo ia mj fjtorvojtfij air m dmtogiry ia poipco mjl

fs jit sojsftfvo ti tbo ujfquo mspodts ia tbo fjlfvflumc.

Ft ùst ropcmdos ijo mutbirfty (trmlftfij) wftb mjitbor (tbo ùlgokojt ia

rosomrdbors) fjstoml ia kmefjg prmdtftfijors tboksocvos mutbirftmtfvo usors

ia rosomrdb.

\boro fs dcomrcy m dijtfjuuk hotwooj tbo twi mpprimdbos mjl ft fs porbmps

kist romcfstfd ti oxpodt tbmt priaossfijmcs wfcc hogfj wftb ovflojdo-fjairkol

prmdtfdo mjl grmlumccy hodiko kiro mutbirftmtfvo usors ia rosomrdb ms tboy

hodiko kiro amkfcfmr wftb rosomrdb mjl kiro dijaflojt fj ùlgfjg fts roc-

ovmjdo air tboksocvos. \bofr irgmjfsmtfijs wfcc pcmy m dojtrmc pmrt fj ojdiur-

mgfjg ir lfsdiurmgfjg drftfdmc mjl tbiriugb uso ia rosomrdb.

\boro bms cijg hooj m lohmto fj sidfmc wire mhiut wbotbor ft fs pissfhco ti

dmrry iut okpfrfdmc rosomrdb ij tbo suhtco jumjdos ia prmdtfdo. Ft bms hooj

mrguol tbmt ft fs m kfstmeo ti kiloc sidfmc wire ejiwcolgo ij tbo jmturmc

sdfojdos hodmuso tbo suhòdt kmttor — ia bukmj bmppfjoss mjl wocamro — fs

fjtrfjsfdmccy lfaaorojt. Fjtuftfij mjl okpmtby mro sooj ms tbo eoy sefccs air

ujlorstmjlfjg iur aocciw bukmj hofjgs, jit okpfrfdmc sdfojtfafd kotbils. Li

yiu tbfje tbmt rosomrdb fs tii hcujt mj fjstrukojt ti dmpturo sidfmc wire prmd-

tfdo9 Mctorjmtfvocy, fs ft frrospijsfhco jit ti stuly tbo fkpmdt priaossfijmcs bmvo

ij amkfcfos9 Air m aucc lfsdussfij, soo O. Kujri (=662) _jlorstmjlfjg Tidfmc

Wire0 mj okpfrfdmc mpprimdb, Cijlij0 Dijtfjuuk ^ross.

Aurtbor Xomlfjg

. KMXTB MJL K. AFTBOX (8>>?) Lovocipfjg tbo Ovflojdo Hmso air Tidfmc Wire

mjl Tidfmc Dmro ^rmdtfdo, TDFO _sfjg Ejiwcolgo fj Tidfmc Dmro Xopirt =>,

Cijlij0 TDFO.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ1>

\mefjg

ft A_X\BOX



\. JOWKMJ, M. KITOCOV, T. \FOXJOV MJL M. OCCFT (8>>?) Ovflojdo-hmsol Tidfmc

Wire0 m guflo air tbo porpcoxol, Cyko Xogfs0 Xussocc Biuso ^uhcfsbfjg. M

vory prmdtfdmc kmjumc ti bocp sidfmc wireors gmfj tbofr dijaflojdo fj afjlfjg

mjl usfjg rosomrdb.

L. TMDEO\\, T. T\XM_TT, W. XFDBMXLTIJ, W. XITOJHOXG MJL X. BMVJOT (8>>>)

Ovflojdo-hmsol Kolfdfjo0 biw ti prmdtfso mjl tomdb OHK, Cijlij0

Dburdbfcc Cfvfjgstijo. \bfs fs m sokfjmc wire fj kolfdfjo, sottfjg iut tbo eoy

prfjdfpcos ia ovflojdo-hmsol kolfdfjo.

1=WBM\ FT DBFCL MH_TO MJL JOGCOD\9

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo dijdopt ia dbfcl mhuso fs sidfmccy dijstrudtol mjl vmrfos ivor tfko, wftbfjsidfotfos, mjl hotwooj sidfotfos.

• \bo rfgbt ti pritodtfij arik mhuso fs ostmhcfsbol fj tbo _J Dijvojtfij ij tbo

Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl.

• \bo mppcfdmtfij ia tbo gojormc loafjftfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt ti pmrtfducmr

dmsos dmj ho vory prihcokmtfd.

• \bo fkpirtmjdo ia ujlorstmjlfjg tbo ducturo ia tbo amkfcy fj kmefjg `ulgo-

kojts mhiut tbo komjfjg ia tbofr hobmvfiur.

• Wboj gfvoj stmtfstfds ij tbo fjdflojdo ia mhuso, yiu jool ti mse wbmt loaf-

jftfij wms usol mjl biw tbo lmtm wms gmtborol.

Loafjfjg mhuso

Mt fts sfkpcost, dbfcl mhuso dmj ho loafjol ms wmys ia tromtfjg dbfclroj tbmt

mro bmrkauc mjl kirmccy wrijg. Biwovor, floms ia wbmt fs bmrkauc mjl

wrijg vmry ivor tfko, hotwooj ducturos mjl hotwooj poipco. Ovoj wftbfj

8.1

wbmt fs dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt9



ijo ducturmc griup, tboro fs dijsflormhco lfsmgrookojt ij tbo afjo lotmfc

ia biw dbfclroj sbiucl ho dmrol air. Air oxmkpco biw kudb lfsdfpcfjo fs

losfrmhco mjl wboj lios ft tfp ivor fjti hofjg tii kudb9 Wbmt fs tbo

hmcmjdo ia rfse mjl hojoaft arik hmhfos scoopfjg wftb tbofr pmrojts9

Dijdorj mhiut dbfcl mhuso sooks ti bmvo aicciwol m dikkij pmtb ia

lovocipkojt fj sidfotfos, arik m dijdorj afrst mhiut sorfius pbysfdmc

mhuso mjl jogcodt, tboj wflojol ti fjdculo okitfijmc mhuso mjl tboj

soxumc mhuso. \bo loafjftfijs ia mhuso bmvo mcsi tojlol ti oxpmjl ti

fjdculo ciwor covocs ia kmctromtkojt.

\bo wflost loafjftfij ia mhuso tbmt F bmvo diko mdriss fs tbmt usol hy

tbo Hrftfsb Jmtfijmc Dikkfssfij ia Fjqufry fjti tbo ^rovojtfij ia

Dbfcl Mhuso0

Dbfcl mhuso dijsfsts ia mjytbfjg wbfdb fjlfvflumcs, fjstftutfijs, ir pridossos

li ir amfc ti li wbfdb lfrodtcy ir fjlfrodtcy bmrks dbfclroj ir lmkmgos tbofrprispodts ia smao mjl bomctby lovocipkojt fjti mluctbiil. (Jmtfijmc

Dikkfssfij, =6610 8)

Fj tbfs hriml sojso, ‒pritodtfjg dbfclroj arik mhuso‖ fs oqufvmcojt ti dur-

rojt picfdy‖s pbrmso ‒smaogumrlfjg arik bmrk‖. \boy hitb roaor ti mcc

amdtirs tbmt bmvo mj mlvorso fkpmdt ij dbfclroj‖s bomctb mjl lovocip-

kojt. Biwovor, sudb m hriml loafjftfij ia mhuso fs ujusumc mjl pitoj-

tfmccy dijausfjg si, wftbfj tbfs hiie, ft fs jit usol. Dbfcl pritodtfij

roaors ti tbo suhsodtfijs wftbfj ‒smaogumrlfjg arik bmrk‖ wboro tbo

mdtfijs mjl fjmdtfijs ia fjlfvflumcs mro fkpcfdmtol. Biw fjlfvflumcs mro

fkpcfdmtol fs ijo ia tbo fssuos tbmt wfcc ho oxpcirol fj tbfs dbmptor.

Fjtorjmtfijmc loafjftfijs5 _jftol Jmtfijs

Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl

Dbfcl mhuso bms rodofvol wirclwflo dijlokjmtfij, mjl pritodtfij arik

mhuso fs fjdculol fj tbo _jftol Jmtfijs Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo

Dbfcl. \bfs fs tbo kist wflocy suppirtol _J dijvojtfij, bmvfjg hoojrmtfafol hy ovory diujtry oxdopt tbo _jftol Ttmtos ia Mkorfdm mjl

Tikmcfm wbi bmvo hitb fjlfdmtol tbofr fjtojtfij ti rmtfay hy tmefjg tbo

fjftfmc stop ia sfgjfjg tbo dijvojtfij.

\bo Wircl Bomctb Irgmjfsmtfij (www.wbi.fjt) bms priludol loafjf-

tfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt tbmt mfk ti ho mppcfdmhco ti mcc diujtrfos,

wbmtovor tbofr ducturo ir covoc ia odijikfd lovocipkojt0

Gojormc loafjftfij0 dbfcl mhuso ir kmctromtkojt dijsfsts ia ‒mcc airks

ia pbysfdmc mjl/ir okitfijmc fcc-tromtkojt, soxumc mhuso, jogcodt ir

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ18



jogcfgojt tromtkojt ir dikkordfmc ir itbor oxpciftmtfij rosuctfjg fj

mdtumc ir pitojtfmc bmrk ti tbo dbfcl‖s bomctb, survfvmc, lovocipkojt

ir lfgjfty fj tbo dijtoxt ia m rocmtfijsbfp ia rospijsfhfcfty, trust, ir

piwor‖.

Dcmrfafdmtfijs0

^bysfdmc mhuso ia m dbfcl fs tbmt wbfdb rosucts fj mdtumc ir pitojtfmc pbysfdmc

bmrk arik mj fjtormdtfij ir cmde ia fjtormdtfij, wbfdb fs romsijmhcy wftbfj

tbo dijtric ia m pmrojt ir porsij fj m pisftfij ia rospijsfhfcfty, piwor ir trust.

\boro kmy ho sfjgco ir ropomtol fjdflojts.

Okitfijmc mhuso fjdculos tbo amfcuro ti privflo m lovocipkojtmccy mppriprf-

mto, suppirtfvo ojvfrijkojt, fjdculfjg tbo mvmfcmhfcfty ia m prfkmry mttmdb-

kojt afguro, si tbmt tbo dbfcl dmj lovocip m stmhco mjl aucc rmjgo ia okitfijmc

mjl sidfmc dikpotojdfos dikkojsurmto wftb bor ir bfs porsijmc pitojtfmc,

mjl fj tbo dijtoxt ia tbo sidfoty fj wbfdb tbo dbfcl lwoccs. \boro kmy mcsi ho

mdts tiwmrl tbo dbfcl tbmt dmuso ir bmvo m bfgb prihmhfcfty ia dmusfjg bmrk titbo dbfcl‖s bomctb ir pbysfdmc, kojtmc, spfrftumc, kirmc ir sidfmc lovocipkojt.

\boso mdts kust ho romsijmhcy wftbfj tbo dijtric ia tbo pmrojt ir porsij fj m

rocmtfijsbfp ia rospijsfhfcfty, trust ir piwor. Mdts fjdculo rostrfdtfij ia kivo-

kojt, pmttorjs ia hocfttcfjg, lojfgrmtfjg, sdmpo-gimtfjg, tbromtojfjg, sdmrfjg,

lfsdrfkfjmtfjg, rflfducfjg ir itbor jij-pbysfdmc airks ia bistfco ir ro`odtfjg

tromtkojt.

Jogcodt mjl jogcfgojt tromtkojt fs tbo fjmttojtfij ir ikfssfij ij tbo pmrt

ia tbo dmrogfvor ti privflo air tbo lovocipkojt ia tbo dbfcl fj mcc spboros0

bomctb, oludmtfij, okitfijmc lovocipkojt, jutrftfij, sboctor, mjl smao cfvfjg

dijlftfijs, fj tbo dijtoxt ia tbo rosiurdos romsijmhcy mvmfcmhco ti tbo amkfcy

ir dmrotmeors mjl dmusos, ir bms m bfgb prihmhfcfty ia dmusfjg, bmrk ti tbo

dbfcl‖s bomctb ir pbysfdmc, kojtmc, spfrftumc, kirmc ir sidfmc lovocipkojt. \bfs

fjdculos tbo amfcuro ti priporcy suporvfso mjl pritodt dbfclroj arik bmrk ms

kudb ms fs aomsfhco.

Toxumc mhuso fs tbo fjvicvokojt ia m dbfcl fj soxumc mdtfvfty tbmt bo ir sbo

lios jit auccy dikprobojl, fs ujmhco ti gfvo fjairkol dijsojt ti, ir air

wbfdb tbo dbfcl fs jit lovocipkojtmccy propmrol mjl dmjjit gfvo dijsojt, ir

tbmt vficmto tbo cmws ir sidfmc tmhiis ia sidfoty. Dbfcl soxumc mhuso fs

ovflojdol hy mj mdtfvfty hotwooj m dbfcl mjl mj mluct ir mjitbor dbfcl wbi

hy mgo ir lovocipkojt fs fj m rocmtfijsbfp ia rospijsfhfcfty, trust ir piwor, tbo

mdtfvfty hofjg fjtojlol ti grmtfay ir smtfsay tbo jools ia tbo itbor porsij. \bfskmy fjdculo hut fs jit cfkftol ti tbo fjludokojt ir diordfij ia m dbfcl ti

ojgmgo fj mjy ujcmwauc soxumc mdtfvfty5 tbo oxpciftmtfvo uso ia dbfcl fj pristf-

tutfij ir itbor ujcmwauc soxumc prmdtfdos5 tbo oxpciftmtfvo uso ia dbfclroj fj

pirjigrmpbfd porairkmjdos mjl kmtorfmcs.

Oxpciftmtfij0 dikkordfmc ir itbor oxpciftmtfij ia m dbfcl roaors ti uso ia tbo

dbfcl fj wire ir itbor mdtfvftfos air tbo hojoaft ia itbors. \bfs fjdculos, hut fs

jit cfkftol ti, dbfcl cmhiur mjl dbfcl pristftutfij. \boso mdtfvftfos mro ti tbo

lotrfkojt ia tbo dbfcl‖s pbysfdmc ir kojtmc bomctb, oludmtfij, kirmc ir sidfmc-

okitfijmc lovocipkojt.

14 WBM\ FT DBFCL MH_TO MJL JOGCOD\9



Fj tbo _E, tbo iaafdfmc loafjftfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt dijtmfjol fj

Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj (LaOT, 8>>10 2) mro sfkfcmr hut

scfgbtcy coss lotmfcol0

Wbmt fs Mhuso mjl Jogcodt9

=.87 Mhuso mjl jogcodt mro airks ia kmctromtkojt ia m dbfcl. Tikohily kmy

mhuso ir jogcodt m dbfcl hy fjacfdtfjg bmrk, ir hy amfcfjg ti mdt ti provojt

bmrk. Dbfclroj kmy ho mhusol fj m amkfcy ir mj fjstftutfijmc ir dik-

kujfty sottfjg5 hy tbiso ejiwj ti tbok ir, kiro rmrocy, hy m strmjgor.

\boy kmy ho mhusol hy mj mluct ir mlucts ir mjitbor dbfcl ir dbfclroj.

^bysfdmc Mhuso

=.82 ^bysfdmc mhuso kmy fjvicvo bfttfjg, sbmefjg, tbriwfjg, pifsijfjg, hurj-

fjg ir sdmclfjg, lriwjfjg, suaaidmtfjg, ir itborwfso dmusfjg pbysfdmcbmrk ti m dbfcl. bysfdmc bmrk kmy mcsi ho dmusol wboj m pmrojt ir dmror

amhrfdmtos tbo sykptiks ia, ir locfhormtocy fjludos fccjoss fj, m dbfcl.

Okitfijmc Mhuso

=.86 Okitfijmc mhuso fs tbo porsfstojt okitfijmc kmctromtkojt ia m dbfcl

sudb ms ti dmuso sovoro mjl porsfstojt mlvorso oaaodts ij tbo dbfcl‖s oki-

tfijmc lovocipkojt. Ft kmy fjvicvo dijvoyfjg ti dbfclroj tbmt tboy mro

wirtbcoss ir ujcivol, fjmloqumto, ir vmcuol ijcy fjsiamr ms tboy koot

tbo jools ia mjitbor porsij. Ft kmy aomturo mgo ir lovocipkojtmccy

fjmppriprfmto oxpodtmtfijs hofjg fkpisol ij dbfclroj. \boso kmy

fjdculo fjtormdtfijs tbmt mro hoyijl tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojtmc dmpmhfc-

fty, ms wocc ms ivorpritodtfij mjl cfkftmtfij ia oxpcirmtfij mjl comrjfjg,

ir provojtfjg tbo dbfcl pmrtfdfpmtfjg fj jirkmc sidfmc fjtormdtfij. Ft

kmy fjvicvo soofjg ir bomrfjg tbo fcc-tromtkojt ia mjitbor. Ft kmy

fjvicvo dmusfjg dbfclroj aroquojtcy ti aooc arfgbtojol ir fj lmjgor, ir

tbo oxpciftmtfij ir dirruptfij ia dbfclroj. Tiko covoc ia okitfijmc

mhuso fs fjvicvol fj mcc typos ia kmctromtkojt ia m dbfcl, tbiugb ft kmy

iddur mcijo.

Toxumc Mhuso

=.4> Toxumc mhuso fjvicvos airdfjg ir ojtfdfjg m dbfcl ir yiujg porsij ti tmeo

pmrt fj soxumc mdtfvftfos, fjdculfjg pristftutfij, wbotbor ir jit tbo dbfcl

fs mwmro ia wbmt fs bmppojfjg. \bo mdtfvftfos kmy fjvicvo pbysfdmc

dijtmdt, fjdculfjg pojotrmtfvo (o.g. rmpo, huggory ir irmc sox) ir jij-

pojotrmtfvo mdts. \boy kmy fjdculo jij-dijtmdt mdtfvftfos, sudb ms

fjvicvfjg dbfclroj fj ciiefjg mt, ir fj tbo priludtfij ia, pirjigrmpbfd

kmtorfmc ir wmtdbfjg soxumc mdtfvftfos, ir ojdiurmgfjg dbfclroj ti

hobmvo fj soxumccy fjmppriprfmto wmys.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ1<



Jogcodt

=.4= Jogcodt fs tbo porsfstojt amfcuro ti koot m dbfcl‖s hmsfd pbysfdmc mjl/ir

psydbicigfdmc jools, cfeocy ti rosuct fj tbo sorfius fkpmfrkojt ia tbo

dbfcl‖s bomctb ir lovocipkojt. Jogcodt kmy iddur lurfjg progjmjdy ms

m rosuct ia kmtorjmc suhstmjdo mhuso. Ijdo m dbfcl fs hirj, jogcodt kmyfjvicvo m pmrojt ir dmror amfcfjg ti privflo mloqumto aiil ir dcitbfjg,

sboctor fjdculfjg oxdcusfij arik biko ir mhmjlijkojt, amfcfjg ti

pritodt m dbfcl arik pbysfdmc mjl okitfijmc bmrk ir lmjgor, amfcuro ti

ojsuro mloqumto suporvfsfij fjdculfjg tbo uso ia fjmloqumto dmro-

tmeors, ir tbo amfcuro ti ojsuro mddoss ti mppriprfmto kolfdmc dmro ir

tromtkojt. Ft kmy mcsi fjdculo jogcodt ia, ir ujrospijsfvojoss ti, m

dbfcl‖s hmsfd okitfijmc jools.

Xujjfjg tboko0 mjtf-lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo

Fj wirefjg wftb amkfcfos arik itbor otbjfdftfos, prmdtftfijors jool ejiwcolgo ia

tbmt ducturo‖s dbfcl-romrfjg prmdtfdos, amkfcy strudturo, sox ricos, rocfgfius hocfoas,

otd. \boy sbiucl uso sudb fjairkmtfij dmutfiuscy wftb mj mssukptfij tbmt sudb

fjairkmtfij fs ijcy m gojormcfsmtfij mjl sbiucl jit ho usol ms m storoitypo.

Oaairts ti mvifl kfsfjtorprotmtfij dmj, frijfdmccy, coml ti kfstmeos wboj prmdtf-

tfijors hodiko bosftmjt ti drftfdfso mjy pmrojtfjg mdtfij, aomrfjg ft kfgbt ho sooj

ms lfsdrfkfjmtiry wboroms, ovoj wftbfj tbo amkfcy‖s otbjfd griup, ft wiucl ho

sooj ms bmrkauc.

Xmdfst proùlfdos, pmrtfducmrcy mhiut tbo vficojdo ia hcmde poipco, bmvo

mlvorsocy maaodtol poipco‖s mssosskojts ia amkfcfos. \boro fs mj ivor-

roprosojtmtfij ia hcmde dbfclroj fj puhcfd dmro, mjl ovflojdo tbmt tboy

diko fjti dmro kiro qufdecy wbfco hcmde pmrojts mro coss cfeocy ti ho

iaaorol amkfcy suppirt sorvfdos (Hmrj, =66>5 Dbmjl, 8>>>).

Xmdfst proùlfdos dmj fjacuojdo ùlgokojts fj mj ujdijsdfius wmy, ms

fccustrmtol hy Hfrdbmcc mjl Bmccott‖s (=66?) stuly ia prmdtftfijors‖ mssoss-kojts. \boy gmvo m vfgjotto ia m roaorrmc ti m smkpco ia =7> priaossfij-

mcs arik tbo kmfj griups fjvicvol fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire mjl mseol

tbok ti kmeo mj mssosskojt, hmsol ij tbo fjairkmtfij fj tbo vfgjotto.

Air bmca tbo smkpco, tbo amkfcy‖s otbjfdfty wms jit kojtfijol wbfco,

air tbo itbor bmca, tbo amkfcy wms losdrfhol ms Mari-Dmrfhhomj5 mcc

itbor lotmfcs rokmfjol tbo smko. \boro woro sfgjfafdmjt lfaaorojdos fj

tbo mssosskojts hotwooj tbo twi griups, wftb kiro ia tbiso air wbik

tbo amkfcy wms losdrfhol ms Mari-Dmrfhhomj dcmssfayfjg tbo dmso ms m dbfcl

1? WBM\ FT DBFCL MH_TO MJL JOGCOD\9



mhuso fssuo (?1.? por dojt mgmfjst 47.6 por dojt ia tbo itbor griup) mjl

hofjg coss cfeocy ti suggost iaaorfjg bocp (8> por dojt mgmfjst 4= por dojt

ia tbo itbor griup).

\bo JT^DD privflos m usoauc romlfjg cfst ij hcmde mjl otbjfd kfjirfty

dbfclroj, yiujg poipco mjl amkfcfos, tbmt dmj ho dijsuctol wboj lomcfjg

wftb m pmrtfducmr fssuo. Mvmfcmhco arik JT^DD Cfhrmry mjl Fjairkmtfij

Torvfdo, www.jspdd.irg.ue.

\bo loafjftfijs privflol hy tbo WBI mjl Wirefjg \igotbor mro usoauc

hut mro mt m covoc ia gojormcfty, biwovor, tbmt comvos m gromt lomc ia wire ti

ho lijo fj mdtumccy mppcyfjg tbok fj prmdtfdo mjl lodflfjg tbmt m dbfcl fs

hofjg mhusol ir jogcodtol. Ms tbo cmtor sodtfijs ia tbfs hiie sbiw, tboro

mro sovormc dikpcoxftfos fj mppcyfjg tbo loafjftfijs fj prmdtfdo0

• \brosbicls 0 mcc pmrojts amcc sbirt ia poraodtfij mt siko tfkos. Fj prmdtfdo, ms

lfsdussol fj cmtor sodtfijs, lodfsfijs mhiut tbrosbicls mro kmìr lfcokkmstbmt priaossfijmcs mro dijtfjumccy bmvfjg ti amdo. Wbmt fs ‒giil ojiugb‖ pmr-

ojtfjg mjl mt wbmt pifjt sbiucl ft dmuso siko dijdorj9 Ia pmrtfducmr sfgjfaf-

dmjdo fj _E cmw fs ‒mt wbmt pifjt sbiucl ft ho dcmssfafol ms dmusfjg ir hofjg

cfeocy ti dmuso sfgjfafdmjt bmrk9‖ \boso tbrosbicls mro cfjeol ti lodfsfijs

mhiut mdtfijs, mhiut iaaorfjg bocp ir, fj kiro sorfius dmsos, tmefjg m kiro

diordfvo mpprimdb. Dbrijfdfty mjl sovorfty mro twi eoy amdtirs tbmt fjacuojdo

tbo lodfsfijs.

• Lfvorsfty ia pmrojtfjg mjl dmrfjg stycos 0 tbo _E fs m kuctf-ducturmc sidfoty mjl

ducturo bms m kmìr fjacuojdo ij pmrojtfjg stycos si, wboj wirefjg wftb m

amkfcy ia m pmrtfducmr otbjfd griup, prmdtftfijors jool ti rosomrdb tbo jirkmcdustiks ia tbmt griup mjl mssoss tbo amkfcy wftbfj tbmt armkowire. Lfvorsfty,

biwovor, fs ovoj kiro ia m dikpcfdmtfjg amdtir0 ft fs jit ùst aiujl fj lfaaorojt

otbjfd griups hut, ovoj wftbfj ijo griup, tboro fs dijsflormhco lfvorsfty mt tbo

kfdri covoc ia amkfcy cfao tbmt wo mro lomcfjg wftb, air oxmkpco fj biw dbfclroj

mro lfsdfpcfjol, biw maaodtfij fs sbiwj, wbotbor julfty fs mddoptmhco ir

okhmrrmssfjg.

• Mkhfgufty ia tbo ovflojdo 0 priaossfijmcs mro jit iatoj lfrodt wftjossos ia

mdtfijs wbfdb mro fjlfsputmhcy mhusfvo, mjl tboro mro aow sfgjs ir sykptiks

tbmt mro dcomrcy ovflojdo ia mhuso. \bo ùlgokojt usumccy bms ti ho kmlo ij

tbo hmsfs ia fjlfrodt mjl mkhfguius ovflojdo si tbmt ft dijtmfjs siko logrooia ujdortmfjty.

• Ducpmhfcfty 0 ft fs wflocy mddoptol tbmt mhuso mjl jogcodt bmvo ‒kuctf-amdtirfmc‖

dmusos. Fa kmjy lfaaorojt sidfmc mjl fjlfvflumc amdtirs pcmy m pmrt fj tbo dmusmc

pmtbwmy tbmt comls ti tbo mhuso, ti wbmt oxtojt fs tbo mhusor ducpmhco air tbo

bmrk lijo9 \bfs rmfsos lfaafduct otbfdmc quostfijs mhiut wboj wo dijsflor fjlf-

vflumcs ti ho rospijsfhco air tbofr mdtfijs mjl wboj wo dijsflor tboro mro oxtoj-

umtfjg dfrdukstmjdos tbmt kftfgmto tbofr gufct. \bo loafjftfij ia mhuso

fj tbo Diro Durrfducuk ia Ejiwcolgo mjl Tefccs (LaOT, 8>>?) lfaaors arik tbo

loafjftfij fj tbo Wirefjg \igotbor guflmjdo mjl fjdculos tbo pbrmso, ‒locfhormto

mdt ia fcc-tromtkojt‖. \bfs fs sfkfcmr ti tbo pbrmsos fj tbo WBI loafjftfijs

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ11



qumcfayfjg mhusfvo mdtfijs ms ‒romsijmhcy wftbfj tbo dijtric ia …‖ ir usfjg

rosiurdos ‒romsijmhcy mvmfcmhco‖ ti tbo pmrojt(s). \boso loafjftfijs roacodt biw

`ulgokojts mhiut mhuso jool ti ho kmlo wftbfj m spodfafd sidfmc dijtoxt mjl

gfvfjg luo wofgbt ti tbo pmrojt‖s mhfcfty ti mvifl tbo mhuso. Ft wiucl ho iaaoj-

sfvo ti dmcc pmrojts fj m amkfjo mrom ‒mhusfvo‖ hodmuso tboy woro ujmhco ti pri-

vflo hmsfd jutrftfij ti tbofr dbfclroj wboroms ft wiucl ho mhusfvo fa maacuojtpmrojts fj Ojgcmjl amfcol ti gfvo suaafdfojt aiil ti tbofr dbfclroj. Hut wboro mro

tbo hiujlmrfos hotwooj romsijmhco mjl ujromsijmhco hobmvfiur9 ^mrojts sua-

aorfjg arik kojtmc lfsirlors rmfso dikpcox quostfijs mhiut `ulgfjg wbmt ft fs

‒romsijmhco‖ ti oxpodt ia tbok. Wbmt fa yiu woro lomcfjg wftb m amkfcy wboro tbo

kitbor wms amfcfjg ti koot tbo dbfcl‖s okitfijmc jools hodmuso sbo wms

sovorocy loprossol9 Fs bor hobmvfiur ‒romsijmhcy‖ wftbfj bor dijtric9

Air pmrojts, tbo fssuo ia ducpmhfcfty dmj ho drudfmc sfjdo tboy kmy aooc ujamfrcy hcmkol

air prihcoks fj tbofr dbfcl wboj, fj tbofr vfow, tboy mro lifjg mcc tbmt tboy dmj, hut amdtirs iutsflo tbofr dijtric mro fjtoraorfjg wftb tbofr oaairts.

• Mdtumc bmrk mjl pitojtfmc bmrk 0 siko mhuso ir jogcodt bms qufdecy ihsorv-

mhco dijsoquojdos — m hciw ti tbo boml kmy stmrt m dorohrmc hcool. Tiko

typos, biwovor, aool fjti m sciwor pridoss si tbmt tbo bmrk kmy jit sbiw

ftsoca ujtfc cmtor fj m dbfcl‖s cfao. Loafjfjg pbrmsos sudb ms ‒pitojtfmc bmrk‖ ir

‒cfeocy ti dmuso sfgjfafdmjt bmrk‖ roqufro priaossfijmcs ti kmeo m prolfdtfij

mhiut tbo pissfhco auturo oaaodts. Mctbiugb ijo dmj ujlorstmjl wby prolfd-

tfijs mro jodossmry, tboy prosojt m dbmccojgo hodmuso ia iur cfkftol ejiwc-olgo ia biw pmrtfducmr oxporfojdos wfcc maaodt pmrtfducmr dbfclroj. Tdfojtfafd

rosomrdb ij tbo oaaodts ia lfaaorojt dbfcl-romrfjg prmdtfdos gfvos us siko

mjswors hut tboso mro mt m gojormc covoc mjl li jit sicvo mcc tbo lfcokkms

yiu amdo fj prmdtfdo wboj lodflfjg wbotbor ti dijsflor m spodfafd mdtfij

mhusfvo ir jit. \bfs fs pmrtfducmrcy lfaafduct wftb okitfijmc mhuso mjl jogcodt

wboro wo ejiw tbmt m dbrijfd oxporfojdo ia sudb tromtkojt dmj bmvo lovms-

tmtfjg cijg-tork oaaodts ij m dbfcl‖s sojso ia soca-wirtb mjl mhfcfty ti airk

rocmtfijsbfps hut, air m pmrtfducmr dbfcl rodofvfjg m pmrtfducmr pmttorj ia dmro,

biw kudb bmrk li wo spoducmto wfcc ho lijo9

Biw dikkij fs mhuso9

Mddurmto stmtfstfds ij fjdflojdo mro bmrl ti gmtbor hodmuso (m) loafjftfijs

vmry si tbmt stulfos kmy jit ho ciiefjg mt tbo smko pbojikojm (tbfs

kmeos fjtorjmtfijmc dikpmrfsijs pmrtfducmrcy lfaafduct)5 (h) loafjftfijs

usol fj m stuly mro fkprodfso si poipco kmy jit mcwmys dcmssfay tbo smko

fjdflojt ms mhusfvo5 (d) air lfaaorojt romsijs, hitb vfdtfks mjl porpotrm-

tirs kmy ho rocudtmjt ti privflo bijost mjswors ti rosomrdbors.




Drofgbtij (8>><) privflos m usoauc rovfow ia stmtfstfds, roacodtfjg tbo

dikpcoxfty ia diccodtfjg tbok hy hromefjg tbo afguros liwj fjti cmyors0

• Cmyor =0 \biso dbfclroj wbiso mhuso fs rodirlol fj tbo drfkfjmc stmtfstfds ia

tbo diujtry. Lurfjg tbo yomr = Mprfc 8>>8 ti 4= Kmrdb 8>>4, tboro woro

<,=>6 ropirtol iaaojdos ia ‒druocty ti ir jogcodt ia dbfclroj ‖ mjl =,22> ia

‒griss fjlodojdy wftb m dbfcl ujlor tbo mgo ia =< ‖ fj Ojgcmjl mjl Wmcos.

• Cmyor 80 \biso dbfclroj wbi mro iaafdfmccy rodirlol ms hofjg fj jool ia pri-

todtfij arik mhuso, o.g. dbfclroj ij Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Xogfstors fj Ojgcmjl

mjl Wmcos. \boro woro 4>,8>> dbfclroj‖s jmkos mllol ti tbo dbfcl pritodtfij

rogfstor fj Ojgcmjl lurfjg tbo smko yomr.

• Cmyor 40 \biso dbfclroj wbi bmvo hooj ropirtol ti dbfcl pritodtfij mgojdfos

hy tbo gojormc puhcfd, ir itbor priaossfijmcs sudb ms tomdbors ir lidtirs, hut

jit rogfstorol. \boro woro ?7>,88> roaorrmcs dijdorjfjg dbfcl kmctromtkojt

ti sidfmc sorvfdos lopmrtkojts, mcsi fj 8>>8—4.

• Cmyor <0 Mhusol ir jogcodtol dbfclroj wbi mro rodigjfsol ms sudb hy rocmtfvosir jofgbhiurs, hut mro jit ropirtol ti mjy priaossfijmc mgojdy.

• Cmyor ?0 \biso dbfclroj wbi bmvo jit hooj rodigjfsol ms mhusol ir jogcodtol

hy mjyijo, fjdculfjg tbo vfdtfks mjl porpotrmtirs.

Cmyors < mjl ? mro bmrlor ti ostfkmto hut siko ovflojdo fs privflol hy

Dmwsij ot mc.‖s (8>>>) stuly ia m rmjlik smkpco ia 8,216 =2—8<-yomr-

icls ti oxpciro tbofr dbfclbiil oxporfojdos ia mcc airks ia mhuso. \bofr

afjlfjgs suggost tbmt tbo kmìrfty ia vfdtfks ia mhuso mro jit ejiwj ti

tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok. \bofr rosucts mro ms aicciws0

^bysfdmc mhuso

\boy loafjol tbroo covocs ia sovorfty0 (f) sorfius mhuso wboro tboro bml

hooj vficojt tromtkojt rogucmrcy ivor tbo yomrs, ir vficojdo wbfdb

dmusol pbysfdmc fjùry, ir aroquojtcy col ti pbysfdmc oaaodts cmstfjg mt

comst ujtfc tbo joxt lmy5 (ff) fjtorkolfmto mhuso wboro vficojt tromtkojt

iddurrol frrogucmrcy mjl wftb coss aroquojt cmstfjg pbysfdmc oaaodts, ir

wboro itbor pbysfdmc tromtkojt/lfsdfpcfjo sudb ms scmps, skmdes mjl

pfjdbos iddurrol rogucmrcy mjl dmusol fjùry ir rogucmrcy bml cmstfjg

pbysfdmc oaaodts5 (fff) tbfs covoc roacodtol ‒dmuso air dijdorj‖ wboro coss

sorfius pbysfdmc tromtkojt/lfsdfpcfjo iddurrol rogucmrcy, ir wboro frrogucmr

pbysfdmc lfsdfpcfjo iatoj bml cmstfjg oaaodts. Iddmsfijmc scmps, skmdes ir

pfjdbos wbfdb rmrocy ir jovor bml cmstfjg oaaodt woro oxdculol arik tbo

mssosskojt ia mhuso.

\bo rosomrdbors dcmssfafol tbo rospijsos arik yiujg poipco ms

sbiwfjg0

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ12



(f) 7% sorfius mhuso

( ff ) =<% fjtorkolfmto mhuso

(ff f) 4% dmuso air dijdorj

Kiro gfrcs oxporfojdol sorfius mhuso mjl kiro hiys fjtorkolfmto mhuso.

Air sorfius mhuso, tboro wms m strijg cfje wftb sidfmc grmlos L mjl O, huttbfs trojl wms jit aiujl air itbor dmtogirfos.

^bysfdmc jogcodt

\bfs wms loafjol fj torks ia mhsojdo ia mloqumto pmrojtmc dmro mjl

suporvfsfij, wftb tbo twi mspodts hofjg komsurol sopmrmtocy.

( f) 1% sorfius mhsojdo ia dmro0 o.g. aroquojtcy gifjg bujgry, gifjg

ti sdbiic fj lfrty dcitbos, hofjg mhmjlijol ir losortol, cfvfjgfj lmjgorius pbysfdmc dijlftfijs

(ff) 6% fjtorkolfmto mhsojdo ia dmro0 o.g. sfkfcmr dijlftfijs ti sorfius

hut coss aroquojt

(fff) 8% ‒dmuso air dijdorj‖0 o.g. bikos ujdcomj, sikotfkos ji

dcomj dcitbos air sdbiic, rmro lojtmc dbode-ups

Air mhsojdo ia suporvfsfij, tbo afguros mro0

( f) ?% sorfius0 o.g. mcciwol ti stmy mt biko ivorjfgbt ujsuporvfsol

ujlor tbo mgo ia =>, ir mcciwol ti ho mhsojt wftbiut pmrojtsejiwfjg tbofr wboromhiuts ujlor tbo mgo ia =<

(f f) =8% fjtorkolfmto0 o.g. coat ujsuporvfsol mt jfgbt mgo =>—==,

ujlor-=8s aroquojtcy coat fj dbmrgo ia yiujgor sfhcfjgs

(ff f ) 4% dmuso air dijdorj0 o.g. coat wftbiut mluct suporvfsfij fj tbo

ovojfjgs, ujlor tbo mgo ia => gifjg ti tiwj dojtro wftbiut mj

mluct ir iclor dbfcl

Turprfsfjgcy, tboro woro rocmtfvocy aow lfstfjdtfijs hy sidfi-odijikfd

grmlo, gfvoj tbo ejiwj mssidfmtfij hotwooj jogcodt mjl pivorty.

Okitfijmc ir psydbicigfdmc kmctromtkojt

\bo stuly komsurol fjdflojdo ij sovoj lfkojsfijs0

(f) 4<% tor rir fsfjg

(ff ) 8<% psydbicigfdmc dijtric mjl likfjmtfij

(fff) prixy mttmdes hy bmrkfjg sikoijo ir sikotbfjg m dbfcl civos,

o.g. mttmdefjg tbofr tromsurol pissossfij (6%) ir aroquojt vficojdo

hotwooj tbofr dmrors (?%)




( fv) =2% bukfcfmtfij/logrmlmtfij

(v) =7% pbysfdmc dijtric mjl likfjmtfij

(vf ) =>% wftblrmwmc

(vf f) =>% mjtfpmtby

Toxumc mhuso

\boro fs dijtrivorsy ivor tbo quostfij ia tbo mgo mt wbfdb m dbfcl dmj gfvo

fjairkol dijsojt ti soxumc mdtfvfty. Fj tbfs stuly, mhuso wms komsurol hy

msefjg wbotbor rospijlojts bml oxporfojdol m rmjgo ia hobmvfiurs ujlor

tbo mgo ia =1. \biso ujlor =8 mjl tbiso wbi bml jit dijsojtol woro hitb

dcmssol ms mhusol5 tbiso mgol =4—=? wboj dijsojsumc mdtfvfty tiie pcmdo

woro fjdculol ms m hirlorcfjo ‒mt-rfse‖ griup. Ijo por dojt bml hooj mhusol

hy pmrojts/dmrors, mckist mcc fjdculfjg pbysfdmc dijtmdt5 4 por dojt mhusol

hy itbor rocmtfvos, wftb 8 por dojt dijtmdt mjl = por dojt jij-dijtmdt5== por dojt bml hooj mhusol hy itbor ejiwj poipco, wftb 2 por dojt dij-

tmdt mjl 4 por dojt jij-dijtmdt5 < por dojt mhusol hy strmjgors, wftb 8 por

dojt dijtmdt mjl 8 por dojt jij-dijtmdt.

\bo ‒mt-rfse‖ griup woro prfkmrfcy fjvicvol wftb ejiwj jij-rocmtfvos

mjl dikprfsol ? por dojt ia tbo smkpco. Wikoj woro kiro cfeocy tbmj

koj ti bmvo oxporfojdol mcc airks ia mhuso.

Xokokhor tbmt loafjftfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt mro cfjeol ti sidfoty‖s

vfows ij wbmt fs mddoptmhco mjl ujmddoptmhco. Xosomrdb bms hooj lijo

ti afjl iut wbmt wmys ia tromtfjg dbfclroj mro sooj ms kmctromtkojt.Dmwsij ot mc.‖s (8>>>) stuly ij mhuso mcsi ocfdftol tbofr vfows ij dbfcl-

romrfjg. \bo rosucts sbiwol dijsflormhco vmrfmtfij fj ipfjfijs. \bo

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb‖s (=66?) sukkmry ia rosomrdb fjdculos m stuly ia

tbo oxporfojdos rocmtfjg ti fjtfkmdy mjl soxumc mdtfvfty ia m rmjlik

smkpco ia dbfclroj hotwooj < mjl =1 wbi bml jit hooj mhusol.

Ovoryijo bms siko porsijmc vmcuos mjl vfows mhiut giil mjl hml pmrojtfjg. Wbotbor

ir jit tboy mro jiw m pmrojt, mcc priaossfijmcs bmvo bml tbo oxporfojdo ia hofjg m dbfcl.

Topmrmtfjg porsijmc vmcuos arik priaossfijmc ricos fs bmrl hut jools ti ho lijo ti

ojsuro amkfcfos mro ùlgol mgmfjst sidfoty‖s stmjlmrl ia wbmt fs mddoptmhco, jit tbo

wireor‖s iwj porsijmc vfows. Iur sidfoty ticormtos m wflo rmjgo ia amkfcy stycos, siko

ia wbfdb dmj sook vory ill mjl ujamkfcfmr. Amkfcfos dmj ho ujamfrcy drftfdfsol ùst

hodmuso tbofr pmttorj ia hobmvfiur fs si lfaaorojt arik wbmt fs ‒jirkmc‖ ti tbo

priaossfijmc. ^riaossfijmcs jool ti kmeo lfaafduct ùlgokojts mhiut wbotbor pmrojtfjg

hobmvfiur tbmt sooks strmjgo ir ujmddoptmhco ti tbok ij m porsijmc covoc fs fjlool

bmrkauc ti tbo dbfcl. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti ho mwmro ia yiur iwj vmcuos mjl ipfjfijs si

tbmt yiu dmj dbode wbotbor yiu mro ivor-romdtfjg ti m amkfcy hodmuso ia biw kudb tboy

lfaaor arik yiursoca.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ7>



Mctbiugb mgrookojt ij loafjftfijs ia mhuso mjl jogcodt bms hooj romdbol mt

mj fjtorjmtfijmc covoc, dmj tboso loafjftfijs ho drftfdfsol air roacodtfjg mOuridojtrfd vfow ia dbfcl-romrfjg9 Air oxmkpco, tbo okpbmsfs, fj tbo loafjftfij

ia okitfijmc mhuso, ij bmvfjg m prfkmry mttmdbkojt afguro fs sooj hy siko

ms cfjeol ti tbo dijdopt ia m judcomr amkfcy mjl si ivorciies tbo amkfcy strud-

turos aiujl fj siko itbor sidfotfos. \bo fjftfmc wire ij mttmdbkojt tboiry wms

dijludtol ij wbfto, kfllco-dcmss amkfcfos fj tbo _TM, hut cmtor rosomrdb bms

fjlfdmtol tbmt tboro mro sfgjfafdmjt dcmss mjl ducturmc vmrfmtfijs fj ‒jirkmc‖

pmttorjs ia pmrojt—dbfcl mttmdbkojts (Lmco, Grooj mjl Aocciws, 8>>10 =?6).

Wbmt fs tbo ovflojdo ij vmrfmtfijs fj dbfcl-romrfjg prmdtfdos9 Bms kist

rosomrdb aidusol ij Ouridojtrfd amkfcy pmttorjs9 Fs tboro ovflojdo ia rmlfdmccy

lfaaorojt hut mppmrojtcy suddossauc pmttorjs fj dbfcl-romrfjg ocsowboro9

Aurtbor Xomlfjg

Ij tbo loafjftfij ia mhuso mjl jogcodt0

H. DIXHV (8>>>) Dbfcl Mhuso0 tiwmrls m ejiwcolgo hmso, Hudefjgbmk0 Ipoj

_jfvorsfty ^ross.

Lopmrtkojt air Oludmtfij mjl Tefccs (8>>1) Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl

Dbfclroj, Cijlij0 LaOT, sodtfijs =.88—=.4=.

@. EIXHFJ (=66=) ‒Driss-ducturmc porspodtfvos mjl rosomrdb lfrodtfijs air tbo

8=st dojtury‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt, =?0 17—77.

J. ^MX\IJ (=62?) \bo ^icftfds ia Dbfcl Mhuso, Cijlij0 Kmdkfccmj.

Ij tbo fjdflojdo ia mhuso0

. DMWTIJ, D. WM\\MK, T. HXIIEOX MJL G. EOCCV (8>>>) Dbfcl Kmctromtkojt fj tbo

_jftol Efjglik0 m stuly ia tbo provmcojdo ia dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt,

Cijlij0 JT^DD.

T. DXOFGB\IJ (8>><) ^rovmcojdo mjl Fjdflojdo ia Dbfcl Mhuso0 fjtorjmtfijmc

dikpmrfsijs, Cijlij0 JT^DD Xosomrdb Lopmrtkojt.

Ttulfos ia ‒jirkmc‖ amkfcy hobmvfiur0

@. JOWTIJ MJL O. JOWTIJ (=61?) ^mttorjs ia Fjamjt Dmro, Cijlij0 ^ocfdmj.

K. TKF\B MJL K. GXIDEO (=66?) Jirkmc Amkfcy Toxumcfty mjl Toxumc Ejiwcolgo

fj Dbfclroj, Cijlij0 Xiymc Diccogo ia ^sydbfmtrfsts/Girefcc ^ross.

Ttulfos ia tbo cijgor-tork fkpmdt ia mhuso mjl jogcodt0

@. GFHHIJT, H. GMCCMGBOX, D. HOCC MJL L. GIXLIJ (=66?) Lovocipkojt mator

^bysfdmc Mhuso fj Omrcy Dbfclbiil, Cijlij0 BKTI.

M. K_CCOJLOX MJL X. KIXCOV (=66<) Dbfclroj Cfvfjg wftb Likostfd Qficojdo,

Cijlij0 Wbftfjg & Hfrdb.

7=WBM\ FT DBFCL MH_TO MJL JOGCOD\9

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ78

Comrjfjg iutdikos

\bfs sodtfij bocps tbo stulojt ti0

• _jlorstmjl biw rfse amdtirs mro flojtfafol mjl komsurol.

• Ejiw tbo durrojt ovflojdo ij rfse amdtirs.

• Ho mwmro ia tbo rmjgo ia tboirfos mjl rosomrdb ij mhuso mjl jogcodt mjl tbo

rosomrdb ovflojdo ti suppirt tbok.

• _jlorstmjl tbmt kmjy ia tbo dikkij rfse amdtirs air pmrojtmc mhuso mro mcsi

rfse amdtirs air piir iutdikos air dbfclroj wbotbor ir jit pmrojtmc mhuso

iddurs.

• Mpprodfmto tbo fkpirtmjdo ia ujlortmefjg m dikprobojsfvo mssosskojt ia m

amkfcy‖s strojgtbs mjl lfaafductfos si tbmt tbo priaossfijmc rospijso dmj ho

tmfcirol ti tbofr fjlfvflumc jools.

^rodolfjg dbmptors bmvo fccustrmtol tbo lfaafducty ia ostmhcfsbfjg mj mgrool loafjftfij ia

mhuso mjl jogcodt tbmt fs spodfafd ojiugb ti priludo dijsfstojt `ulgokojts mhiut wbmt

fs ir fs jit mhusfvo. \bfs comls ti sorfius prihcoks fj mcc mroms ia rosomrdb mhiut fts

fjdflojdo mjl dmusos. Tfjdo stulfos uso scfgbtcy lfaaorojt loafjftfijs, ft fs lfaafduct ti put

tbok tigotbor mjl hufcl up m hily ia afjlfjgs.

Xosomrdbfjg tbo dmusos ia mhuso

M loopor ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo dmusos ia mhuso mjl jogcodt dmj bocp us

hitb ti lovfso hottor wmys ia bocpfjg mhusfvo amkfcfos mjl ti prolfdt

wbfdb amkfcfos mro cfeocy ti ho mhusfvo, si tbmt oaairts dmj ho kmlo ti

provojt tbo prihcok lovocipfjg. Biwovor, prigross si amr bms hooj

kilost. \boro fs ji ejiwj sfjgco dmuso jir lios mjy sfjgco losdrfptfij

aft mcc mhusfvo amkfcfos. Xosomrdb ij mhuso tmeos twi kmfj airks0

Ttulfos ia dirrocmtfjg amdtirs0 ijo strmjl ia rosomrdb fs ti stuly amkfcfos mjl

try ti flojtfay amdtirs tbmt dirrocmto wftb mhuso. \bfs bms priludol m hily

8.7

wbi mhusos mjl wby9



74 WBI MH_TOT MJL WBV9

ia ejiwcolgo mhiut rfse amdtirs, tbmt fs, dbmrmdtorfstfds ia pmrojts ir amkfcfos

tbmt mro mssidfmtol wftb mhuso. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti rokokhor tbmt sudb stul-

fos, ij tbofr iwj, ijcy lokijstrmto m dirrocmtfij, jit m dmusmc rocmtfijsbfp.

Ft kmy ho tbmt hitb tbo prolfdtfvo amdtir mjl mhuso mro tbo rosuct ia siko

itbor, ujlorcyfjg amdtir(s). ^rolfdtfvo amdtirs dmj ho usol ti flojtfay vuc-

jormhco griups ia amkfcfos ij wbik ti tmrgot provojtfvo ir suppirtfvo

sorvfdos mjl, tboroairo, pcmy m sfgjfafdmjt rico fj durrojt picfdy‖s mfk ia pri-

vflfjg bocp mt mj omrcy stmgo hoairo prihcoks osdmcmto ti m sorfius covoc.

\boirfos ia dmusmtfij0 tboso mfk ti gi hoyijl dirrocmtfijs ti flojtfay

tbo amdtirs tbmt dmuso tbo prihcok mjl ti oxpcmfj tbo pridoss hy wbfdb

tboy dmuso ft. Air oxmkpco, Kmrzfmcf ot mc. (8>>4) tboirfso tbmt siko

jogcodtauc pmrojts bmvo m hirlorcfjo porsijmcfty lfsirlor hodmuso ia lfs-

turhmjdos fj tbofr iwj dbfclbiil mjl tbfs comls tbok ti bmvo lfaafducty

fj kmfjtmfjfjg kutumccy suppirtfvo rocmtfijsbfps, fj rogucmtfjg tbofr

okitfijs, mjl fj kmfjtmfjfjg soca-ostook. Ft fs tboj suggostol tbmt tbfsdijtrfhutos ti tbofr ihsorvol prihcoks fj pmrojtfjg. Dmusmc oxpcmjm-

tfijs gojormto floms ij biw ti fjtorvojo mjl oftbor provojt mhuso

iddurrfjg ir bocp mhusors dbmjgo tbofr hobmvfiur.

_jlorstmjlfjg rfse amdtirs

\bo gimc ia rfse-amdtir rosomrdb fs ti flojtfay amdtirs tbmt mro kiro dik-

kij fj mhusfvo amkfcfos tbmj fj tbo rost ia tbo pipucmtfij. Tudb afjl-

fjgs wiucl bocp priaossfijmcs prolfdt wbfdb amkfcfos mro cfeocy ti

hodiko mhusfvo. \mrgotfjg provojtfvo sorvfdos ij bfgb-rfse amkfcfos fs m

eoy strmtogy fj tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors picfdy mjl si tbfs hily ia rosomrdb

fs ia gromt sfgjfafdmjdo.

Xokokhor tbmt tbo rosomrdb bms priludol ijcy kilost rosucts mjl ft fs fkpirtmjt air

priaossfijmcs ti ujlorstmjl tbo cfkftmtfijs ia tbo afjlfjgs ms tbo hmsfs air prolfdtfij, si

tbmt tbo cmhoc ij m amkfcy ia ‒bfgb rfse‖ fs tromtol wftb dmutfij, jit tmeoj ms m dijaflojt

mjl mddurmto airodmst.

Wftb kist prolfdtfvo fjstrukojts fj sidfmc wocamro, tbo km`irfty ia tbiso

dcmssfafol ms bfgb rfse ia hofjg mhusfvo mro ‒amcso pisftfvos‖, tbmt fs, fjmd-

durmtocy dcmssfafol (Kujri, 8>><). \boroairo, priaossfijmcs sbiucl ujlor-

stmjl tbmt wboj m prolfdtfvo tiic fs usol ti flojtfay m bfgb-rfse griup

ia amkfcfos wbi bmvo jit yot mhusol, mctbiugb privflfjg siko rmtfijmc

hmsfs air tmrgotfjg rosiurdos, mcc tbmt tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo mcciws us

ti smy fs tbmt wo oxpodt m bfgbor tbmj mvormgo fjdflojdo ia mhuso fj



DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ7<

amkfcfos wftb tboso dbmrmdtorfstfds hut wo li jit ejiw wbfdb fjlfvflumc

amkfcfos wfcc mdtumccy hodiko mhusfvo (ir wiucl bmvo lijo wftbiut tbo

priaossfijmc provojtfvo fjtorvojtfij). Kiroivor, ijcy m kfjirfty ia tbo

amkfcfos wfcc hodiko mhusfvo.

@ustfdo ms wocc ms sdfojdo roqufros tbfs dmutfius uso ia prolfdtfijs. Ft fs

ujùst ti stfgkmtfso m amkfcy ij tbo hmsfs ia m amucty ujlorstmjlfjg ia

tbo sdfojtfafd ovflojdo.

_jlorstmjlfjg prolfdtfvo amdtirs fs jit strmfgbtairwmrl. M rfse amdtir

air mhuso fs sikotbfjg tbmt fs aiujl kiro iatoj fj mhusfvo amkfcfos tbmj

fj tbo gojormc pipucmtfij hut ft fs jit tbo aroquojdy mcijo hut tbo sfzo

ia tbo lfaaorojdo tbmt lotorkfjos biw strijgcy ft prolfdts mhuso.

Dikkij hut wome prolfdtirs0 sikotbfjg dmj ho vory dikkij mkijg

mhusfvo amkfcfos hut mcsi amfrcy dikkij fj gojormc si ft bms cfttco pro-

lfdtfvo sfgjfafdmjdo. îvorty, air oxmkpco, fs dirrocmtol wftb jogcodt hut,

mctbiugb iatoj (jit mcwmys) aiujl fj jogcodtauc amkfcfos, ft fs mcsi aiujlfj m cmrgo jukhor ia jij-jogcodtauc amkfcfos. Fjlool, kist piir pmrojts

mro jit jogcodtauc. îvorty, biwovor, fs dirrocmtol wftb piir iutdikos

air dbfclroj fjlopojlojtcy ia pmrojtmc mhuso.

Xmro hut strijg prolfdtirs0 sikotbfjg dmj ho amfrcy rmro mkijg mhusfvo

amkfcfos yot bmvo strijg prolfdtfvo sfgjfafdmjdo hodmuso ft fs oxtrokocy

rmro fj gojormc. \bo spfrmc armdturo ia tbo mrk ia m yiujg hmhy, air oxmkpco,

fs m rmro sfgj ia mhuso hut bms aow itbor dmusos mjl si dmj trfggor m sus-

pfdfij ia mhuso (hut mctorjmtfvo oxpcmjmtfijs jool ti ho rucol iut).

_jairtujmtocy, tbo cfkftmtfijs ia tbo rosomrdb ij prolfdtfvo amdtirskomj tbmt tbofr prolfdtfvo strojgtb fs bmrl ti wire iut. Lfaaorojt loafjf-

tfijs ia mhuso mjl lfaaorojt kotbils ia diccodtfjg lmtm kmeo ft bmrl ti

gojormcfso arik tbo vmrfius stulfos. \bo aicciwfjg fccustrmtos tbo vmrfmhfcfty

ia tbo afjlfjgs ia rfse-amdtir rosomrdb0 Goccos (=674) aiujl tbmt ia =6 psy-

dbicigfdmc trmfts ropirtol hy rosomrdbors ms prolfdtfvo ia mhuso, ijcy 4 woro

ropirtol hy twi ir kiro fjvostfgmtirs. Tfkfcmrcy, rovfows ia cfsts ia rfse

amdtirs usol fj lfaaorojt stmtos fj tbo _TM bmvo ropirtol tbmt tbo jukhor

ia amdtirs cfstol rmjgol arik ? ti =4 mjl ji amdtir mppomrol fj mcc rfse

fjstrukojts (@ibjsij, =6615 Cyijs, Liuode mjl Wilmrsef, =661).\boro mro jukorius dbodecfsts mvmfcmhco tbmt dmj ho usol ti diujt

tbo jukhor ia amdtirs prosojt fj m amkfcy hut tboy sbiucl ho usol wftb

dmutfij. \boy sbiucl dortmfjcy jit ho usol sfkpcy ti tit up tbo jukhor

ia amdtirs prosojt mjl priludo m sdiro air rfse covoc. \bfs wiucl rosuct fj

m bfgbcy ujrocfmhco sdiro mjl ho mj fjùstfdo ti tbo amkfcfos cmhoccol ms

lmjgorius.

ôtors mjl Hmrciw (8>>4) rovfowol rfse fjstrukojts losfgjol ti pro-

lfdt dbfcl mhuso lurfjg tbo mjtojmtmc mjl pistjmtmc porfils. \boy ropirt

tbmt, mt host, ijcy 8? por dojt ia tbiso flojtfafol ms bfgb rfse woro truo



pisftfvos mjl suggost tbmt sudb m ciw pordojtmgo rofjairdos tbo jool ti

tromt m pisftfvo rosuct wftb oxtroko dmutfij, mjl dortmfjcy jit ms tbo

hmsfs air mjy pujftfvo fjtorvojtfij. \bofr rodojt wmrjfjg odbios tbmt

kmlo hy Lfjgwmcc (=6260 ?=), wbi rovfowol tbo rfse-prolfdtfij rosomrdb

mjl dijdculol0 ‒\bo mkiujt ia sdfojtfafdmccy vmcflmtol rosomrdb ij dbfcl

mhuso mjl jogcodt fs vmjfsbfjgcy skmcc. \bo vmcuo ia mjy soca-stycol pro-

lfdtfvo dbodecfst fs jogcfgfhco.‖

Tflohitbmk (8>>40 <=) privflos m giil, sfkpco fccustrmtfij ia tbo cfk-

ftmtfijs ia prolfdtfvo amdtirs0

Fj m cijgftulfjmc stuly ia dbfclroj fj Mvij, ijo ia tbo strijgost flojtfafol rfse

amdtirs air kmctromtkojt wms m amtbor wbi bml hooj fj cidmc mutbirfty dmro. Air sudb

amtbors, tbo rfse ia m dbfcl hofjg mhusol wms fjdromsol sfx aicl. Biwovor, ia tbo =16

dbfclroj wbiso amtbors bml hooj fj dmro, =18 (61 por dojt) woro jit mhusol.

Bmgmcc (=662) bms rovfowol tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo mjl priludol m cfst ia

rfse amdtirs air vficojdo wbfdb tmeos mddiujt ia tbo strojgtb ia tbo

ovflojdo.

^orpotrmtir-hmsol rfse fjlfdmtirs

air lmjgoriusjoss

Amdtirs wboro rosomrdb ovflojdo fs amfrcy dcomr tbmt tbo rfses air vficojdo,

mt comst, mro fjdromsol0

• m rodirl ia provfius vficojdo

• covoc ia provfius iaaojlfjg ia mjy typo

• hofjg kmco

• bmvfjg m bfstiry ia pmst kojtmc bomctb prihcoks pmrtfducmrcy fa bispftmcfsol

• porsijmcfty lfsirlor

• jij-dikpcfmjdo (pmrtfducmrcy wftb kolfdmtfij)

• porsijmc bfstiry ia mhuso ir jogcodt

• digjftfvo lfstirtfijs dijdorjfjg tbo uso ia vficojdo.

Amdtirs wboro rosomrdb ovflojdo fs oqufvidmc ir fjsuaafdfojt0

• uso mjl mvmfcmhfcfty ia wompijs

• suhstmjdo mhuso

• durrojt psydbfmtrfd sykptikmticigy

• kfspordoptfijs mhiut dbfcl hobmvfiur.

Fj ji dmso fs tbo rocmtfijsbfp mhsicuto, ir tbo kolfmtir mjl kodbmjfsks

dcomr.

7? WBI MH_TOT MJL WBV9



Qfdtfk mjl sftumtfijmc rfse amdtirs

Xfse amdtirs rocmtfjg ti tbo vfdtfk0

• hofjg yiujg (ujlor ?, pmrtfducmrcy)

•

hofjg prokmturo, ir ia ciw hfrtbwofgbt• hofjg kiro lfaafduct ti dijtric

• gfvfjg mj mddiujt ia bmrk ir lmjgor.

Xfse amdtirs mssidfmtol wftb tbo sftumtfij0

• amkfcy prihcoks

• ciw covocs ia sidfmc suppirt

• bfgb covocs ia sidfiodijikfd stross

• mddoss ti tbo dbfcl

• irgmjfsmtfijmc lmjgoriusjoss mjl piir lodfsfij kmefjg.

(Bmgmcc, =6620 ?7, 11)

Tiko amdtirs wbfdb ciie cfeo pcmusfhco dijtrfhutirs ti mhuso bmvo hooj

aiujl fj dijtriccol trfmcs jit ti vmry hotwooj mhusfvo mjl jij-mhusfvo

amkfcfos, tbmt fs, ti bmvo ji prolfdtfvo vmcuo. \boso mro0

• \bo jukhor (ms ippisol ti tbo pordoptfijs) ia strossauc ovojts.

• Toca-oxprossol okitfijmc jools, air oxmkpco, aoocfjg ujcivol ir sbiwfjg

lopojlojdy, okitfijmc prihcoks, ir porsijmc ml`ustkojt prihcoks.

• Lojfmc ia prihcoks. (Wicao, =6660 14)

Wby lios mhuso bmppoj9

\boro fs ji sbirtmgo ia tboirfos mhiut tbo dmusos ia mhuso, hut mctbiugb

kmjy bmvo siko rosomrdb ovflojdo ti suppirt tbok, ji ijo tboiry pri-

vflos m dikpcoto oxpcmjmtfij ia mhuso0 ji ijo losdrfptfij ia mj mhusfvo

amkfcy afts mcc. Tiko dijsojsus fs okorgfjg fj tbo tboirotfdmc cftormturo0

=

Mhuso fs tbiugbt ti ho kuctf-amdtirfmc, tbmt fs, luo ti tbo fjtorpcmy

ia kmjy amdtirs fj kmjy lfaaorojt mspodts ia amkfcy cfao.

8Mssosskojt ia amkfcfos jools ti divor tbofr strojgtbs ms wocc ms

tbofr womejossos (jito biw tbfs fs okpbmsfsol fj tbo Dikkij

Mssosskojt Armkowire mjl tbo Mssosskojt ia Jool lidukojts).

4 \bo dmusmc pmtbwmy fs lyjmkfd wftb rfse amdtirs fjtormdtfjg wftb

rosfcfojdy amdtirs fj m pmrtfducmr amkfcy, wbfdb oxpcmfjs wby pro-

dfso prolfdtfij bms privol mj ocusfvo gimc.

<

Tkmcc lfaaorojdos fj amkfcfos dmj coml ti hfg lfaaorojdos fj iut-

dikos air dbfclroj.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ71



Tidfi-ducturmc tboirfos

Ducturmc oxpcmjmtfijs 0 Fj kmjy wmys, vficojdo fs docohrmtol fj iurducturo. Kivfos, dmrtiijs mjl spirtfjg ovojts mcc pirtrmy vficojdo ms mjmddoptmhco wmy ia sbiwfjg ijo‖s aoocfjgs (Ttrmuss mjl Goccos, =66>).

Kiroivor, pbysfdmc dbmstfsokojt bms cijg hooj mj mddoptmhco wmy ia lfs-dfpcfjfjg m dbfcl, cogftfkmtfjg tbo uso ia vficojdo tiwmrls dbfclroj.Aokfjfst tboirfsts bfgbcfgbt biw sidfoty dijlijos kmco vficojdo fj pmr-tfducmr mjl ojlirsos m piwor fkhmcmjdo hotwooj amtbors mjl tbofraokmco pmrtjors mjl dbfclroj (Lihmsb mjl Lihmsb, =676 mjl =6275 Vcci,=664). M rocmtol mrgukojt fs tbmt sidfoty iaaors cfttco lotorrojdo ti vfi-cojdo wftbfj tbo biko, si tbmt wboj m amtbor dcmfks tbmt bo ‒`ust cistdijtric‖, bo fs fjacuojdol hy tbo prfvmto jmturo ia tbo amkfcy mjl tbo ciwrfse ia puhcfd pujfsbkojt. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti rokokhor tbmt poipco mro

amr coss cfeocy ti ciso dijtric wboj tboro fs m sovoro pojmcty air lifjg si(Goccos mjl Ttrmuss, =622).

Tidfmc stross tboirfos 0 ^ivorty, ujokpciykojt, piir biusfjg, vficojtdikkujftfos mjl fsicmtfij dmj dmuso arustrmtfij mjl stross fj fjlfvflumcs,kmefjg tbok kiro cfeocy ti vojt tbofr aoocfjgs fj vficojdo (Goccos mjlDirjocc, =66>). \bfs fs suppirtol hy tbo dirrocmtfij hotwooj tboso mlvorsoamdtirs mjl siko airks ia mhuso (o.g. jogcodt) hut lios jit oxpcmfjtbo fjdflojdo ia mhuso mkijg kiro maacuojt mjl sidfmccy fjdculolamkfcfos.

Ttrmfj tboiry 0 Mrguos tbmt lovfmjt hobmvfiur fs dikkij fj sidfotfostbmt vmcuo mjl prikfso afjmjdfmc suddoss hut li jit privflo oqumcippirtujftfos. \biso wbi afjl tbofr pmtb ti suddoss hcideol hodikostrmfjol mjl arustrmtol mjl mro kiro cfeocy ti turj ti lovfmjt hobmvfiursudb ms mhusfjg tbofr dbfclroj (Kortij, =642).

Hficigfdmc

M jukhor ia stulfos bmvo ropirtol hficigfdmc dijtrfhutfijs ti mhuso.Kfcjor mjl Dbfcmkeurtf (=66=) aiujl tbmt pbysfdmc mhusors sbiwol m

bypor-rospijsfvo pbysficigfdmc rospijso ti hitb pisftfvo mjl jogmtfvo

dbfcl stfkucf. \bfs kfgbt kmeo tbok kiro pbysficigfdmccy mriusol fj m

strossauc sftumtfij wftb m dbfcl mjl si dijtrfhuto ti mhuso. Cmjgovfj

(=664) ropirtol tbmt porpotrmtirs ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso bml lfaaorojt

birkijmc covocs arik dikpmrfsij griups. Jouricigfdmc prihcoks, mttoj-

tfij loafdft lfsirlor, ciw F], pbysfdmc lfsmhfcfty, mjl pbysfdmc fcc-bomctb

bmvo hooj mssidfmtol wftb mhuso (Drfttojlij, =6625 Occfitt, =6225

Kfcjor, =662).




^sydbicigfdmc

Mttmdbkojt tboiry 0 ^mrojts wbi bml piir ir fjsoduro mttmdbkojts titbofr prfko dmror fj dbfclbiil mro prijo ti mjxfoty, ciw soca-ostook, mjl mjfjmhfcfty ti airk soduro mttmdbkojts ti tbofr iwj dbfclroj wboj tboy

hodiko pmrojts (Hiwchy, =676). \bfs bms sorfius dijsoquojdos air tbofrdbfclroj‖s okitfijmc lovocipkojt, wftb m rfse ia porpotumtfjg tbo prihcok.Ft mcsi kmeos tbo pmrojts kiro cfeocy ti ho mhusfvo ir jogcodtauc (Biwo,8>>?).

Digjftfvo-hobmvfiurmc 0 _sfjg dijtriccol trfmcs ti dikpmro tbo hobmv-fiur, tbiugbts mjl aoocfjgs ia mhusfvo pmrojts wftb itbor pmrojts, tboaicciwfjg lfaaorojdos woro flojtfafol0

• Ciw arustrmtfij ticormjdo mjl fjmppriprfmto oxprossfijs ia mjgor (ms kom-

surol hy okitfijmc romdtfvfty ti prividmtfvo dbfcl stfkucf).

• Tidfmc fsicmtfij arik fkpirtmjt siurdos ia suppirt.

• Fkpmfrol pmrojtfjg sefccs, sudb ms fjdijsfstojt, ujstfkucmtfjg, mjl fjacoxfhco

mpprimdbos ti dbfcl romrfjg.

• _jromcfstfd oxpodtmtfijs ia tbofr dbfclroj.

• Tuhòdtfvo pmrojtmc ropirts tbmt tbofr dbfcl‖s hobmvfiur fs vory strossauc.

• Losdrfptfijs ia tboksocvos ms fjmloqumto ir fjdikpotojt fj tbofr rico ms

pmrojts.

(Wicao, =6660 1<)

Tidfmc comrjfjg tboiry 0 Dbfclroj comrj sidfmc mjl digjftfvo hobmvfiurshy kiloccfjg tboksocvos ij itbors, ospodfmccy tbiso fj dcisost dijtmdt,sudb ms pmrojts (Hmjlurm, =67=5 Tkftb mjl Xmdbkmj, =62<). Fa tbofrdbfclbiil oxporfojdo oxpisos tbok ti amkfcy vficojdo tboj tboy comrjtbmt vficojdo fs mj mddoptmhco wmy, ir fjlool ovoj tbo mddoptmhco wmy, ia oxprossfjg okitfijs mjl lomcfjg wftb dijacfdts.

\bfs tboiry fs suppirtol hy tbo afjlfjg tbmt vfdtfks ia mhuso mro kiro

cfeocy tbmj mvormgo ti hodiko mhusors ms mlucts (Ttrmuss ot mc., =62>5

Ogocmjl, =664). Ft fs ossojtfmc ti rokokhor biwovor tbmt dbfclbiil

mhuso fs joftbor m jodossmry jir m suaafdfojt dijlftfij air hodikfjg mjmhusor. \bo kmìrfty ia mhusol dbfclroj li jit hodiko mhusfvo mlucts

(Emuakmj mjl Pfgcor, =6275 Wflik, =626). Too Hudbmjmj, =661, dbmptor 8

air m lotmfcol mddiujt ia fjtor-gojormtfijmc trmjskfssfij ia mhuso. Tbo

dijdculos tbmt tboro fs m griwfjg dijsojsus tbmt mriujl m tbfrl ia

mhusol dbfclroj wfcc ropomt tbo pmttorj ms pmrojts.

^sydbipmtbicigy 0 Fj siko dmsos, mhuso sooks ti mrfso arik kojtmc fccjossir porsijmcfty lfsirlor fj tbo pmrojt. M skmcc jukhor ia sovorocy loprossolkitbors, air oxmkpco, efcc ir fjùro tbofr hmhfos mjl tbofr mdtfij sooks

tbo rosuct ia tbofr loprossfvo tbfjefjg. ôrsijmcfty lfsirlors mrfsfjg arik

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ72



lfsturhol dbfclbiil oxporfojdos, ospodfmccy arik m cmde ia sodurfty mjlmaaodtfij, bmvo hooj fkpcfdmtol fj siko airks ia jogcodt (Kmrzfmcf,Lmkfmjmefs mjl \ridko 8>>4). \bo cftormturo suppirts tbo afjlfjg tbmt aowortbmj => por dojt ia mhusors suaaor arik m kmìr kojtmc fccjoss (Wfccfmks mjlAfjeocbir, =66>5 Wicao, =62?). Biwovor, m bfgbor jukhor suaaor arik comrj-

fjg mjl fjtoccodtumc loafdfts mjl porsijmcfty lfsirlors (Wicao, =62?).

Odicigfdmc

\bfs mpprimdb tmeos tbo vfow tbmt bukmj hobmvfiur sbiucl ho stulfol fj

fts aucc, kuctf-lfkojsfijmc dijtoxt. Tidficigfdmc, psydbicigfdmc mjl hficig-

fdmc amdtirs mcc pcmy m pmrt fj tbo dmusmtfij ia mhuso. Dbfcl mhuso fs jit sooj

ms mj fsicmtol fjdflojt ir ùst luo ti loaodts fj tbo pmrojts, hut ms ‒m sykp-

tik ia m sidfoty tbmt dijlijos tbo uso ia vficojt kotbils tiwmrl amkfcy

kokhors fj dortmfj dfrdukstmjdos, tbmt lios jit privflo mloqumto sorvfdos

mjl hmsfd jools air mcc fts kokhors, mjl tbmt dbiisos ti loafjo kmctromt-

kojt fj rocmtfvo rmtbor tbmj mhsicuto torks‖ (Wicao, =6660 11).

Ft fs tbfs odicigfdmc mpprimdb tbmt sooks ti ujlorpfj tbo durrojt Ovory

Dbfcl Kmttors picfdy, wftb tbo givorjkojt tmefjg m kuctf-lfkojsfijmc

mpprimdb5 tboro mro picfdfos ti ormlfdmto dbfcl pivorty, ti fkprivo tbo

smaoty ia jofgbhiurbiils, fkprivo biusfjg ostmtos, fkprivo sdbiics,

fkprivo pmrojtfjg sefccs, mjl fkprivo priaossfijmc suppirt ti amkfcfos.

\bo ivorrflfjg mfk fs ‒ti ojsuro ovory dbfcl bms tbo dbmjdo ti aucafc tbofr

pitojtfmc‖ ( Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors, 8>>4) mjl ti roludo mcc mlvorso amdtirs fj

m dbfcl‖s cfao, jit ùst tbo bmrkauc oaaodts ia mhuso mjl jogcodt. Biwovor,fa komsuros ti roludo tboso amdtirs mro suddossauc, tboj tboro sbiucl mcsi

ho m roludtfij fj tbo fjdflojdo ia pmrojtmc mhuso mjl jogcodt sfjdo aowor

pmrojts wfcc afjl tboksocvos fj tbo strossauc sftumtfij wboro mhusfvo

romdtfijs ti tbofr dbfclroj mro kiro cfeocy.

Fa wo mddopt tbmt mhuso mjl jogcodt iddur hodmuso ia tbo fjtorpcmy ia sidfmc

mjl porsijmc amdtirs, wbmt mro tbo fkpcfdmtfijs air mccidmtfjg rospijsfhfcfty ir

air prfirftfsfjg wboro ti tmrgot dbmjgo9 Bms tbo _E tojlol ti aidus ij tbo

pmrt pcmyol hy pmrojts wftbiut auccy mdejiwcolgfjg tbmt picftfdmc picfdfos fj

rodojt lodmlos bmvo fjdromsol fjoqumcftfos mjl dromtol kmjy ia tbo dijlf-

tfijs tbmt kmeo mhuso mjl jogcodt kiro cfeocy9 Wbmt mctorjmtfvo mpprimdbos

kfgbt ho tmeoj9 Lios tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmtttors mgojlm sooe ti rolross tbo

hmcmjdo9 Too ^mrtij (8>>?) air mj fjtorostfjg lfsdussfij ia tbo sidfmc dij-

strudtfij ia dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos.


\mefjgft A_X\BOX



Aur tbor Xomlfjg

E. HXIWJO, D. LMQFOT, MJL . T\XM\\IJ (OLT) (8>>8) Omrcy ^rolfdtfij mjl ^rovojtfij

ia Dbfcl Mhuso, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy. Mj fjtorostfjg diccodtfij ia dbmptors ij lfa-

afductfos mjl mdbfovokojts fj prolfdtfjg mjl provojtfjg mhuso .

M. H_DBMJMJ (=661) Dydcos ia Dbfcl Kmctromtkojt0 amdts, amccmdfos mjl fjtorvojtfijs, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy. M tbiriugb rovfow ia tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo ij

tbo fjtor-gojormtfijmc trmjskfssfij ia mhuso .

B. DCOMQOX, F. _JOCC MJL @. MCLGM\O (=666) Dbfclroj‖s Jools — ^mrojtfjg

Dmpmdfty0 tbo fkpmdt ia pmrojtmc kojtmc fccjoss, prihcok mcdibic mjl lrug

uso, mjl likostfd vficojdo ij dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt, Cijlij0 BKTI .

L. BIWO (8>>?) Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt0 mttmdbkojt, lovocipkojt, mjl fjtor-

vojtfij, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj. M giil mddiujt ia mttmdbkojt

tboiry wftb tbo fkpcfdmtfijs air mssosskojt mjl fjtorvojtfij wocc spoccol iut.

O. K_JXI (8>><) ‒M sfkpcor wmy ti ujlorstmjl tbo rosucts ia rfse mssosskojt fjstrukojts‖, Dbfclroj mjl Viutb Torvfdos Xovfow , 8160 277—24.

Oxpcmfjs tbo prihmhfcfty tboiry ujlorcyfjg tbo fjtorprotmtfij ia rosucts,

usfjg dbfcl mhuso fjstrukojts ms tbo oxmkpco.

L. WICAO (=666) Dbfcl Mhuso0 fkpcfdmtfijs air dbfcl lovocipkojt mjl psy-

dbipmtbicigy , Cijlij0 Tmgo ^uhcfdmtfijs. \bo rosomrdb ovflojdo ij dmu-

smtfij fs wocc rovfowol mjl tbo odicigfdmc mpprimdb dmroauccy oxpcmfjol.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ2>

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo pridossos fjvicvol fj okitfijmc mhuso.

• Biw tbo mhuso fs mppmrojt fj tbo hobmvfiur ia tbo dbfcl.

• Biw tbo mhuso dmj ho mssossol fj tbo pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfij.

• \bo typo ia pmrojts wbi mro okitfijmccy mhusfvo mjl fts fkpmdt ij tbo

priaossfijmc‖s rocmtfijsbfp wftb tbo amkfcy.

• Amdtirs fj tbo dbfcl mssidfmtol wftb rosfcfojdo.

8.2

okitfijmc mhuso



\bo joxt aiur sodtfijs divor tbo ovflojdo, tbo sfgjs mjl sykptiks, tbmt

rmfso tbo suspfdfij tbmt m dbfcl fs hofjg mhusol ir jogcodtol. \bo kmtorfmc

fs irgmjfsol fj tbo aiur dmtogirfos ia mhuso cfstol fj Wirefjg \igotbor 0

okitfijmc mhuso, jogcodt, pbysfdmc mhuso mjl soxumc mhuso. F bmvo pcmdol

okitfijmc (mcsi ejiwj ms psydbicigfdmc) mhuso afrst hodmuso ft fs, ti

siko logroo, mcwmys prosojt fj mjy itbor airk ia mhuso. Xosomrdb mcsi

suggosts tbmt tbo kist dikkij mjl cmstfjg lmkmgfjg oaaodts ia pbysfdmc

mhuso, soxumc mhuso mjl jogcodt mro okhollol fj tbo okitfijmc mhuso

oxporfojdol (Bmrt ot mc., 8>>85 KdGoo mjl Wicao, =66=). Dbfclroj kmy

rodivor arik pbysfdmc pmfj mjl fjùrfos hut kmy jovor rodivor arik tbo

torrir, logrmlmtfij, bukfcfmtfij, ir hromdb ia trust fjvicvol (Hrfggs mjl

Bmwefjs, =661). Ft dmj dmuso bmrkauc cijg-tork oaaodts ij dbfclroj‖s

bomctb mjl lovocipkojt, lmkmgfjg tbofr dmpmdfty air airkfjg suddoss-

auc rocmtfijsbfps (Biwo, 8>>?), hut tboro fs mcsi ovflojdo ti suggost tbmt

siko dbfclroj mro kiro rosfcfojt mt wftbstmjlfjg tbo fkpmdt (Fwmjfod,Cmrefj mjl Bfggfjs, 8>>1).

Okitfijmc mhuso dmj iddur ij fts iwj, mctbiugb ft fs usol ms tbo kmfj

dmtogiry ij dbfcl pritodtfij rogfstors fj coss tbmj 8> por dojt ia dmsos. Ft

fs jitirfiuscy bmrl ti privo mjl, air mjy cogmc mdtfij, oxport mssosskojts

ia pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfijs hy dbfcl psydbicigfsts ir psydbfmtrfsts mro

usumccy ihtmfjol.

Loafjftfij

Fj Todtfij 8.1 m gojormc loafjftfij ia okitfijmc mhuso wms gfvoj, hut

kmjy oaairts bmvo hooj kmlo ti mkpcfay ft. Gmrhmrfji, Guttorkmj mjl

Toocoy (=621) try ti sukkmrfso tbo kodbmjfsk mt wire0 ‒psydbicigfdmc

mhuso fs m dijdortol mttmde hy mj mluct ij m dbfcl‖s lovocipkojt ia soca

mjl sidfmc dikpotojdo, m pmttorj ia psydbfdmccy lostrudtfvo hobmvfiur.‖

\boy cfst afvo eoy hobmvfiurs0 roòdtfjg, fsicmtfjg, torrirfsfjg, fgjirfjg

mjl dirruptfjg dbfclroj.

Kijtocoijo mjl Hrilour (=6620 478) iaaor m kiro lotmfcol cfst0

=. Fgjirfjg tbo dbfcl mjl amfcfjg ti privflo jodossmry stfkucmtfij, rospij-

sfvojoss, mjl vmcflmtfij ia tbo dbfcl‖s wirtb fj jirkmc amkfcy riutfjo.

8. Xoòdtfjg tbo dbfcl‖s vmcuo, jools, mjl roquosts air mluct vmcflmtfij mjl

jurturmjdo.

4. Fsicmtfjg tbo dbfcl arik tbo amkfcy mjl dikkujfty, lojyfjg tbo dbfcl

jirkmc bukmj dijtmdt.

<. \orrirfsfjg tbo dbfcl wftb dijtfjumc vorhmc mssmucts, dromtfjg m dcfkmto ia

aomr, bistfcfty mjl mjxfoty, tbus provojtfjg tbo dbfcl arik gmfjfjg aoocfjgs

ia smaoty mjl sodurfty.

2=OKI\FIJMC MH_TO



?. Dirruptfjg tbo dbfcl hy ojdiurmgfjg mjl rofjairdfjg lostrudtfvo, mjtf-sidfmc

hobmvfiur ujtfc tbo dbfcl fs si fkpmfrol fj sidfi-okitfijmc lovocipkojt

tbmt fjtormdtfij fj jirkmc sidfmc ojvfrijkojts fs jit pissfhco.

1. Qorhmccy mssmuctfjg tbo dbfcl wftb dijstmjt jmko-dmccfjg, bmrsb tbromts,

mjl smrdmstfd put-liwjs tbmt dijtfjumccy ‒homt liwj‖ tbo dbfcl‖s soca-

ostook wftb bukfcfmtfij.7. Ivorprossurfjg tbo dbfcl wftb suhtco hut dijsfstojt prossuro ti griw up

amst mjl ti mdbfovo tii omrcy fj tbo mroms ia mdmlokfd wire, pbysfdmc/

kitir sefccs, mjl sidfmc fjtormdtfij, wbfdb comvos tbo dbfcl aoocfjg tbmt bo

ir sbo fs jovor qufto giil ojiugb.

Likostfd vficojdo

Fj mllftfij, oxpisuro ti likostfd vficojdo hotwooj mlucts fs m airk ia

okitfijmc mhuso. Hrmfj rosomrdb bms lokijstrmtol dbmjgos fj tbo hrmfjaujdtfijfjg ia yiujg dbfclroj oxpisol ti likostfd vficojdo tbmt rosuct

fj lfaaorojt pridossfjg ia fjairkmtfij fj tbo hrmfj. Oxpisuro ti likos-

tfd vficojdo dmj coml ti sykptiks dijsfstojt wftb pist-trmukmtfd stross

lfsirlor, air oxmkpco okitfijmc jukhfjg, fjdromsol mriusmc, mviflmjdo

ia mjy rokfjlors ia tbo vficojt ovojt, ir ihsossfvo aidus ij ft, lopros-

sfij, mjl/ir vficojt, hobmvfiur (Gfmrlfji mjl Gfmrlfji, 8>>80 7?).

^mrefjsij mjl Bukpbrfos (=662) mcsi stulfol tbo fkpmdt ia wftjossfjg

amkfcy vficojdo, mjl ropirt tbmt tbo dbfclroj sbiw bfgbor covocs ia

mjxfoty, ciw soca-ostook, loprossfij, mjl pmrtfducmrcy piir sidfmc dik-potojdo, sudb ms mggrossfvo hobmvfiur mjl ojgmgokojt fj aowor sidfmc

mdtfvftfos. ^mrojts sikotfkos lojy tbmt tbo dbfcl fs mwmro ia tbo vficojdo

hut kist dbfclroj bmvo siko ejiwcolgo ia wbmt fs gifjg ij mjl suaaor

m romdtfij.

Likostfd vficojdo mcsi iatoj di-oxfsts wftb pbysfdmc mhuso ia dbfclroj si fts iddurrojdo

sbiucl mriuso dijdorj fj priaossfijmcs (Kuccojlor, =661).

Flojtfafdmtfij

Kudb mhuso tmeos pcmdo fj prfvmto hut okitfijmc mhuso fs iatoj lfrodtcy

ihsorvmhco hy tbo wireor ir itbors fj tbo dbfcl‖s cfao mjl mssosskojt fs

prolikfjmjtcy hmsol ij ihsorvmtfijs ia pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfijs. \bo

mlvmjtmgos ia tbfs vfsfhfcfty, tbiugb, mro iaasot hy tbo prihcoks ia ostmh-

cfsbfjg tbmt tbo hobmvfiur mkiujts ti okitfijmc mhuso. Kist pmrojts

mro fjsojsftfvo ir hml-tokporol mt tfkos hut ft fs dikpojsmtol air hy m

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ28



gojormccy civfjg rocmtfijsbfp. Mddurmto mssosskojt ia mhuso lopojls ij

systokmtfd mjl rfgirius diccodtfij ia ihsorvmtfijs ivor m sfgjfafdmjt

porfil, proaormhcy fj m jukhor ia lfaaorojt sottfjgs. Ft fs tbo pmttorj ia

hobmvfiur tbmt jools ti ho ostmhcfsbol. Ft fs ijcy vory rmrocy tbmt m ulgo-

kojt ia okitfijmc mhuso kfgbt ho kmlo ij tbo hmsfs ia m sfjgco fjdf-

lojt, sikotbfjg ms oxtroko porbmps ms toccfjg m dbfcl bo wms rospijsfhco

air bfs kitbor‖s sufdflo mttokpt.

\bo dbrijfdfty ia tbo prihcok mcsi jools ti ho dbodeol ovoj wboj tboro

fs dcomrcy mj mhusfvo pmttorj ia hobmvfiur mt prosojt. Bms tboro hooj siko

rodojt ovojt fj tbo amkfcy, sudb ms tbo lomtb ia ijo pmrojt, tbmt fs kmefjg

tbo rokmfjfjg pmrojt fjsojsftfvo ti tbo dbfcl‖s jools air m tfko9

Tdmpogimtfjg dmj iddur, wboro ijo dbfcl fs sfjgcol iut air mhusfvo tromtkojt hut tbo sfhcfjgs

rodofvo mj mloqumto covoc ia dmro. \boroairo, mssosskojt jools ti ciie mt tbo oxporfojdo ia omdb dbfcl fjlfvflumccy.

\bo cfvfjg dfrdukstmjdos mcsi jool ti ho tmeoj fjti dijsflormtfij wboj mssossfjg oki-

tfijmc mhuso. Tiko amkfcfos wbi bmvo rodojtcy fkkfgrmtol kmy mse dbfclroj ti tmeo ij

kiro mluct ricos tbmj fs usumc fj tbo _E hut, mctbiugb ujlosfrmhco, tboso kmy ho jodos-

smry air tbo odijikfd mjl prmdtfdmc survfvmc ia tbo amkfcy ujft. \bo romcfty ia tbo ojvfrij-

kojt fj wbfdb tboy mro cfvfjg kust ho tmeoj fjti mddiujt fj `ulgfjg pmrojtmc hobmvfiur.

Tfgjs fj tbo dbfcl

Amfcuro ti tbrfvo fs sikotfkos sooj fj oxtroko dmsos ia okitfijmccy mhusol

fjamjts. \boro mro kmjy irgmjfd dmusos ia piir griwtb si tbo fjamjt jools

m tbiriugb kolfdmc oxmkfjmtfij ti ruco iut itbor dmusos (Fwmjfod, 8>><).

Okitfijmc mhuso hodikos kiro vfsfhco tbo iclor m dbfcl gots, jit hodmuso

ft lios jit iddur fj fjamjdy hut hodmuso fts fkpmdt ij tbo dbfcl‖s lovoc-ipkojt hodikos kiro mppmrojt. Wbfco tbo dbfcl‖s hobmvfiur dmj mriuso

tbo suspfdfij tbmt okitfijmc mhuso bms iddurrol, ft fs mkhfguius. \boro

mro ji sfgjs tbmt mro spodfafd ti okitfijmc mhuso5 dbfclroj kmy mdt fj m

vmrfoty ia wmys wboj wftb tbo mhusfvo pmrojt. Tiko sbiw aomr, itbors

mro wmry, wbfco itbors kmy mppomr fjlfaaorojt. \boy kmy mcsi sbiw tbofr

lfstross kiro gojormccy fj m vmrfoty ia wmys, sudb ms fjlfsdrfkfjmto

mttmdbkojt ti itbors, mggrossfvo hobmvfiur, arizoj wmtdbaucjoss, mjxf-

oty, ciw soca-dijaflojdo, wftblrmwmc. Mcc ia tboso kmy bmvo itbor dmusos

mjl mro jit spodfafd ti okitfijmc mhuso. \bofr prosojdo, biwovor, sbiucl

24 OKI\FIJMC MH_TO



trfggor quostfijs mhiut wby tboy mro hobmvfjg fj tbfs wmy, mjl ijo

pissfhfcfty air oxpcirmtfij fs tbmt ia okitfijmc mhuso.

\bo iaafdfmc guflmjdo ij mssosskojt ia tbo dbfcl‖s prihcoks (Lopmrt-

kojt ia Bomctb, 8>>40 41) rodikkojls usfjg tbo Ttrojgtbs mjl Lfaaf-

ductfos ]uostfijjmfros lovocipol hy Giilkmj (=667) mjl Giilkmj,

Koctzor mjl Hmfcoy (=662). \boso sdmcos mro m kilfafdmtfij ia Kfdbmoc

Xuttor‖s fjstrukojts ti sdrooj air okitfijmc mjl hobmvfiurmc prihcoks

fj dbfclroj mjl mlicosdojts. \boy fjdirpirmto afvo sdmcos0 pri-sidfmc,

bypormdtfvfty, okitfijmc prihcoks, dijludt (hobmvfiurmc) prihcoks,

mjl poor prihcoks. \boy mro mvmfcmhco fj <> cmjgumgos ij tbo aicciwfjg

wohsfto0 bttp0//www.slqfjai.dik.


Xokokhor tbo fkpirtmjdo ia tmcefjg ti tbo dbfcl. Xosomrdb ropomtolcy afjls tbmt,

mcc tii iatoj, dbfclroj mro jit auccy rodigjfsol ms mdtfvo pmrtfdfpmjts ir ms m vmcu-

mhco siurdo ia fjairkmtfij (Giugb, =667).

Ihsorvmtfij mjl ropirts ia pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfijs

\bo kmfj siurdo ia ovflojdo ia okitfijmc mhuso fs arik ihsorvmtfijs ia

tbo pmrojt mjl dbfcl tigotbor — oftbor tbo wireor‖s iwj ihsorvmtfijs, irropirts arik itbors ij wbmt tboy bmvo sooj.

Fj mssossfjg tbo covoc ia mhuso fj tbo pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfij, usoauc

quostfijs mro0

Biw fjtojso fs tbo mlvorso hobmvfiur9

Biw kudb lios ft likfjmto/porvmlo tbo rocmtfijsbfp9

Biw vmrfol fs tbo hobmvfiur5 biw kmjy airks bmvo yiu sooj9

Mro tboro itbors fj tbo dbfcl‖s cfao wftb wbik tboro fs m giil rocmtfijsbfp ti

privflo siko diujtorhmcmjdo ti tbo mhuso9

Wbmt mro tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojtmc jools mt bfs/bor mgo mjl biw kfgbt tbomhuso maaodt tbok9

Xokokhor tbo fkpirtmjdo ia wirefjg wftb itbor priaossfijmcs0 giil dikkujfdmtfij

hotwooj tbiso wbi ejiw tbo amkfcy gromtcy fkprivos mddurmto flojtfafdmtfij ia

okitfijmc mhuso. Tfjdo lfaaorojt priaossfijmcs soo tbo pmrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfijs fj

lfaaorojt dijtoxts, tbofr sbmrol pordoptfijs hufcl up m kuctf-lfkojsfijmc pfdturo ia tbo

oxtojt ia tbo mhuso.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ2<



Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia vfdtfks

Fj gojormc, tboro mro ji spodfafd dbmrmdtorfstfds ia tbo dbfclroj wbi

hodiko tbo vfdtfks ia okitfijmc mhuso fj torks ia tbofr gojlor, mgo,

irlfjmc pisftfij fj tbo amkfcy, ir bomctb stmtus (Fwmjfod, Cmrefj mjl

Bfggfjs, 8>>1). Ijo oxdoptfij fs tbmt dbfclroj wftb pbysfdmc ir fjtoccod-

tumc lfsmhfcftfos mro kiro vucjormhco. Dbfclroj wftb rogfstorol lfsmhfcftfos

woro aiujl ti ho up ti tbroo tfkos kiro cfeocy ti oxporfojdo okitfijmc

mhuso tbmj tbiso wftbiut (Tuccfvmj mjl Ejutsij, 8>>>).

Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia mhusors

Gfmrlfji mjl Gfmrlfji (8>>80 2<) sukkmrfso tbo rosomrdb afjlfjgs ij

okitfijmccy mhusfvo pmrojts. Ms m griup, siko dbmrmdtorfstfds mro dik-kij, hut jij-mhusfvo pmrojts dmj mcsi bmvo siko ia tboso dbmrmdtorfs-

tfds, si tboy mro jit lodfsfvo ovflojdo. Kiroivor, okitfijmc mhuso dmj

iddur fj amkfcfos wbfdb li jit sook ti dijtmfj mjy ia tboso rfse amdtirs0

okitfijmccy mhusol ms m dbfcl

strossol

cmde ia mppriprfmto dipfjg sefccs

kojtmc fccjoss

mjgry/bistfco

mkhfvmcojt tiwmrls pmrojtbiil

aow rosiurdos (afjmjdfmc ir sidfmc)

fjmppriprfmto oxpodtmtfijs ia dbfclroj

cmde ia ejiwcolgo ia jirkmc dbfcl lovocipkojt

kmrftmc prihcoks

cmde ia fkpucso dijtric

suhstmjdo kfsuso

porpotrmtos likostfd vficojdo ir cots dbfcl cfvo fj vficojt biko.

^mrojtmc hobmvfiur ti priaossfijmcs

Kmjy pmrojts wbi okitfijmccy mhuso bmvo bml lfsturhol dbfclbiil

oxporfojdos tboksocvos si tbmt tboy mro fcc-propmrol air kootfjg tbo

okitfijmc jools ia tbofr dbfclroj. Biwo (8>>?) usos mttmdbkojt tboiry

ti mjmcyso tbo kodbmjfsks mt wire fj priludfjg tbo mhusfvo hobmvfiur.

M bfstiry ia lfsturhol mttmdbkojt fj tbofr iwj dbfclbiils kmeos tbok

romdt wftb mjxfoty mjl mgftmtfij wboj tboy koot tbofr dbfcl‖s jool

air mttmdbkojt ti tbok. ‒Loaojsfvocy, tboy lomc wftb tbofr mjxfoty hy

2? OKI\FIJMC MH_TO



–lomdtfvmtfjg‛ tbofr dmrogfvfjg. \boy tboroairo amfc ti privflo dmro mjl

pritodtfij mt tbo vory kikojt tbofr dbfcl jools ft‖ (8>>?0 68). Bo

losdrfhos biw tbofr mttmdbkojt prihcoks kmy maaodt tbofr rocmtfijsbfps

wftb priaossfijmcs0

Iatoj picfto, hut wmry mjl lfstmjt mt afrst, dmrors oftbor hodiko lfsojgmgol

arik priaossfijmc bocp, ir romdt mggrossfvocy, tbromtojfjgcy mjl wftb fjtfkf-

lmtfij. … ^riaossfijmcs mro lfvortol arik soofjg tbo dbfcl.

Bo wmrjs tbmt priaossfijmcs wirefjg wftb sudb pmrojts dmj tboksocvos

aooc fjtfkflmtol0

Fjftfmccy, wbfco tbo pmrojt fs wofgbfjg up tbo priaossfijmc, fjtormdtfij kfgbt

ho dijludtol fj m diic hut picfto amsbfij. \bo pmrojt fs eooj ti ejiw tbo rom-

sijs air tbo fjvicvokojt. Aoocfjg kist smao wboj tboy mro ij tip ia tbo rucos

ia ojgmgokojt, dmrors kfgbt hodiko vory ejiwcolgomhco mhiut tbo cogfscmtfij

tbmt ujlorpfjs tbo prmdtftfijor‖s wire. … \bo pmrojt‖s wfsb fs ti eoop dbfcl-

dmro mutbirftfos iut ia bfs ir bor cfao. Bomctb mjl wocamro wireors ovieo dmro-

gfvfjg mjl mttmdbkojt fssuos tbmt wfcc ho lomct wftb loaojsfvocy usfjg bfgbcy

lfskfssfvo strmtogfos. … Kist priaossfijmcs aooc m logroo ia mjxfoty mjl stross

wirefjg wftb sudb lfaafduct mjl fjtfkflmtfjg pmrojts. (Biwo, 8>>?0 62)

Ms wftb si kudb ia tbo ovflojdo fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire, tbfs romdtfij ti priaossfijmcs

fs mkhfguius — ft dmj mcsi ho lfspcmyol hy fjjidojt pmrojts wbi bmvo hooj wrijgcy

mddusol ia mhuso.

Okitfijmc mhuso fs smfl ti prosojt pmrtfducmr dbmccojgos ti dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos

hodmuso tbo porpotrmtirs mro iatoj mdtfjg iut tbo lmkmgo tboy rodofvol fj

tbofr dbfclbiils mjl jool sefccol tbormpoutfd bocp ti dbmjgo. Ovoj fa mvmfc-

mhco, tbfs tmeos tfko, mjl tbo dbfcl‖s fkkolfmto jools bmvo ti ho dijsflorol.

Biw dmj yiu hmcmjdo tbo dbfcl‖s fkkolfmto dmro jools mjl tbo pmrojt‖s

cijgor-tork tbormpoutfd jools9 Dmj yiu mrguo tbmt yiur priaossfijmc luty fs

ti tbo dbfcl jit tbo pmrojt9 Wbmt mro tbo pissfhco dijsoquojdos, hitb giil

mjl hml, ia sopmrmtfjg tbo pmrojt mjl dbfcl (dijsflor tbofr mgo, mvmfcmhco amkfcy

suppirt, cidmc aistor mjl mliptfvo rosiurdos). Dmj yiu afjl wmys ia kootfjg

tbo dbfcl‖s jools wftbiut rokivfjg tbok arik tbo pmrojt9

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ21

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



Aur tbor Xomlfjg

Ij flojtfayfjg mjl mssossfjg okitfijmc mhuso0

M. GFMXLFJI MJL O. GFMXLFJI (8>>8) Xodigjftfij ia Dbfcl Mhuso air tbo

Kmjlmtol Xopirtor , Tt Ciufs, KF0 G.W. Kolfdmc ûhcfsbfjg, Fjd. Dbmptor ?

fs ij psydbicigfdmc mhuso .L. GCMTOX (8>>8) ‒Okitfijmc mhuso mjl jogcodt (psydbicigfdmc kmctromt-

kojt)0 m dijdoptumc armkowire‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt, 810 167—7=<.

L. BIWO (8>>?) Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt0 mttmdbkojt, lovocipkojt mjl fjtor-

vojtfij, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj. Mcc ia tbfs hiie fs wirtb roml-

fjg air mj ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo sfgjfafdmjdo ia mttmdbkojt tboiry ti

ujlorstmjlfjg dbfclroj mjl amkfcfos, hut dbmptor 1 fs spodfafdmccy ij psy-

dbicigfdmc kmctromtkojt .

L. FWMJFOD (=66?) \bo Okitfijmccy Mhusol mjl Jogcodtol Dbfcl0 flojtfafdmtfij,

mssosskojt, mjl fjtorvojtfij, Dbfdbostor0 @ibj Wfcoy .L. FWMJFOD, O. CMXEFJ MJL T. BFGGFJT (8>>1) ‒Xosomrdb rovfow0 rfse mjl rosfcfojdo

fj dmsos ia okitfijmc mhuso ‖, Dbfcl mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire , ==0 74—28.

. T_CCFQMJ MJL @. EJ_\TIJ (8>>>) ‒Kmctromtkojt mjl lfsmhfcfos0 m pipucmtfij-

hmsol opflokficigfdmc stuly ‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt, 8<0 =8?7—7<.

Ij amfcuro ti tbrfvo0

L. FWMJFOD (8>><) Dbfclroj Wbi Amfc ti \brfvo0 m prmdtfdo guflo, Dbfdbostor0

Wfcoy.

Ij likostfd vficojdo0

M. K_CCOJLOX (=661) Xotbfjefjg Likostfd Qficojdo0 tbo sidfmc wire mjl pri-

hmtfij rospijso, Cijlij0 Xiutcolgo .

27 JOGCOD\

8.6

jogcodt

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo prihcoks fj romdbfjg m ùlgokojt tbmt m dbfcl fs oxporfojdfjg jogcodt.

• Amdtirs ti dijsflor fj romdbfjg tbmt ùlgokojt.



• \bo fkpirtmjdo ia m tbiriugb mssosskojt mjl giil rodirlfjg si tbmt mj

mddurmto pfdturo dmj ho gmfjol mjl prigross dmj ho kijftirol.

• \bo dbmrmdtorfstfds ia jogcodtauc pmrojts.

Loafjftfij

Kivfjg arik m gojormc loafjftfij ia jogcodt sudb ms tbmt fj Wirefjg

\igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj (LaOT, 8>>1h) ti kiro prodfso loafjftfijs fs

dikpcox. Fj prmdtfdo, mddiujt bms ti ho tmeoj ia cidmc ducturmc hocfoas

mjl vmcuos mhiut giil-ojiugb pmrojtfjg mjl cidmc covocs ia rosiurdos —

ia wbmt stmjlmrl ia dmro fs gojormccy aomsfhco.

Fssuos fj loafjfjg jogcodt0

=Lfkojsfijs ia jogcodt 0 jogcodt dmj ho sbiwj fj amfcuro ti privflomj mloqumto covoc ia dmro mjl suporvfsfij fj mjy lfkojsfij ia m

dbfcl‖s cfao. \bo Armkowire air tbo Mssosskojt ia Dbfclroj fj Jool

mjl tbofr Amkfcfos (Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb, 8>>>) divors sovoj oco-

kojts ia dbfcl lovocipkojt mjl privflos m usoauc armkowire air dij-

sflorfjg jogcodt. Ejiwcolgo mhiut dbfcl lovocipkojt mjl mhiut

ducturmc hocfoas mjl vmcuos iaaors siko guflmjdo fj loafjfjg wbmt

diujts ms jogcodt.

8Covoc ia sovorfty 0 tbo km`ir prihcok fj kmefjg tbo loafjftfij kiro

prodfso fs fj stmtfjg biw kudb hociw tbo mvormgo tbo dmro jools

ti ho hoairo ft hodikos jogcodt. Ft fs lfaafduct ti lodflo biw amr pmr-

ojts dmj lovfmto arik tbo jirk hoairo sidfoty fjtorvojos. Biwovor,

sovorfty sbiucl jit ho `ulgol sicocy ij tbo covoc ia jogcodt prosojt

mt ijo pmrtfducmr tfko. Fts mlvorso fkpmdt ij dbfclroj‖s bomctb mjl

lovocipkojt fs sfgjfafdmjtcy rocmtol ti fts dbrijfdfty. \boroairo,

mssosskojts ia sovorfty jool ti dijsflor hitb biw hml tbo jogcodt

fs mjl biw cijg tbo dbfcl bms hooj oxpisol ti ft.

4Ciworfjg stmjlmrls 0 yiu kfgbt oxpodt tbmt priaossfijmcs diucl ho

gufcty ia fkpisfjg tbofr iwj vmcuos ij ciwor-fjdiko sorvfdo usors

hut, illcy ojiugb, rosomrdb sbiws tbmt tboy tojl ti bmvo ciwor

oxpodtmtfijs tbmj tbo amkfcfos tboksocvos. Ft sooks tbmt tboy soo si

kmjy piircy aujdtfijfjg amkfcfos tbmt tboy mctor tbofr oxpodtmtfijs. Fj

Mkorfdm, Xiso mjl Koozmj (=661) dikpmrol vfows ij jogcodt ia

kitbors ij ciw fjdikos mjl sidfmc wireors, mjl aiujl tbmt tbo kitbors

tbiugbt jogcodt wms kudb kiro sorfius tbmt tbo sidfmc wireors lfl.

\boy mcsi aiujl kitbors arik otbjfd kfjirftfos bml bfgbor stmjlmrls

tbmj jmtfvo wbfto Mkorfdmjs.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ22



<Mssfgjfjg rospijsfhfcfty 0 tbo prihcok ia mssfgjfjg rospijsfhfcfty

fs pmrtfducmrcy mduto wftb tbo jogcodt wbfdb fs luo ti fj mlvorso

sidfmc dfrdukstmjdos, rmfsfjg quostfijs mhiut tbo logroo ia rospij-

sfhfcfty tbo pmrojts bmvo air tbo jogcodt. \bo fssuo fs dikpcfdmtol hy

priaossfijmcs‖ okitfijmc rospijsos ti jogcodtauc pmrojts. Mccsip mjl

Ttovojsij (=66?) aiujl tbmt sidfmc wireors iatoj aoct dikpmssfijair tbo pmrojts, ospodfmccy tbo kitbors, mjl tbfs kmlo tbok rocud-

tmjt ti losdrfho tbofr mdtfijs ms jogcodtauc. Giugb (8>>40 <8) rmfsos

tbroo dbmccojgfjg quostfijs0

Tbiucl loafjftfijs ia jogcodt0

• ijcy mppcy ti lfrodt fjtojtfijmc cmde ia dmro ir mcsi mppcy ti cmde ia dmro luo

ti pmrojtmc pivorty, pbysfdmc fccjoss ir kojtmc fccjoss9

• mppcy ti bmrk dmusol hy ihsorvmjdo ia rocfgfius ir itbor hocfoas wboro tbo

pmrojts mro dijdorjol tbmt bomctb dmro (sudb ms hciil trmjsausfijs) ir cmdeia dortmfj rftumcfstfd mdts (sudb ms dfrdukdfsfij) kmy dmuso gromtor bmrk ti

tbo dbfcl9

• mppcy oqumccy ti cmde ia dmro dmusol hy dfrdukstmjdos wftbfj ir jit

wftbfj tbo dmror‖s dijtric9 Fa si, tboj ti wbmt oxtojt mro dmrors rospijsfhco

air cmde ia dmro luo ti suhstmjdo mhuso, ir rocmtfijsbfp dijacfdt mjl

sopmrmtfij9

\bo fkpmdt ia jogcodt fs stfcc bmrkauc mjl tbo dbfcl jools bocp, wbmtovor

dijdcusfij fs romdbol mhiut tbo pmrojts‖ logroo ia rospijsfhfcfty.

Fj prmdtfdo, afjlfjg mgrookojt ij loafjftfijs ia jogcodt fs prihcok-mtfd. Birwmtb‖s (8>>40 74) stuly ia Frfsb sidfmc wireors aiujl tbo

aicciwfjg aiur amdtirs fjacuojdol wireors‖ loafjftfijs0

=. tbo oaaodt ia fjlfvflumc hocfoas5

8. tbo fjacuojdo ia tbo tomk fj ostmhcfsbfjg wirefjg loafjftfijs ia dbfcl

jogcodt5

4. tbo mssosskojt pridoss0 o.g. wbfdb amkfcy kokhors woro dijsuctol mhiut

wbmt wms bmppojfjg mjl wby5

<. tbo uso ia cmjgumgo — aroquojt roaorojdo wms kmlo ti ‒giil ojiugb

pmrojtfjg‖ hut wireors komjt lfaaorojt tbfjgs hy tbfs.

Ttovojsij (=6620 =) rokfjls us ia mjitbor aomturo ia jogcodt tbmt dij-

voys sikotbfjg ia tbo lmkmgfjg fkpmdt ft bms ij tbo dbfcl. Fj jogcodt-

auc amkfcfos0

\boro fs usumccy m sojso ia sidfmc lfstmjdo arik itbors mjl mj mwmrojoss ia

lfaaorojdo wbfdb fj turj privieos romdtfijs fj tbo amkfcy kokhors mjl tbo

dikkujfty wftbfj wbfdb tboy mro cidmtol0 fj trutb, m vfdfius dfrdco.

26 JOGCOD\



Flojtfayfjg jogcodt

Fjstmjdos ia jogcodt amcc ij m dijtfjuuk, rmjgfjg arik kfjir mjl

sbirt-tork ti sorfius mjl dbrijfd. Air priaossfijmcs, tbo prihcoks cfo fj

lotorkfjfjg wbmt covoc ia jogcodt wmrrmjts wbmt typo ia fjtorvojtfij.

Fj prmdtfdo, tboro mro tbroo sfgjfafdmjtcy lfaaorojt tbrosbicls0 mt tbo ciw-

ost covoc ia jogcodt, jij-sidfmc-wire priaossfijmcs kmy dijsflor tbmt

tboy dmj lomc wftb tbo prihcok. Fa ft fs kiro sorfius, tboy kmy ùlgo

tbmt ft fs jodossmry ti roaor tbo amkfcy ti tbo cidmc mutbirfty sidfmc wire

tomk air Todtfij =7 amkfcy suppirt bocp. Mt tbo tbfrl mjl bfgbor covoc,

tbo logroo ia jogcodt kmy wmrrmjt tbo dmso hofjg tromtol ms m Todtfij <7

dbfcl pritodtfij dmso.

Wirefjg \igotbor guflmjdo loafjos jogcodt ms tbo ‒porsfstojt‖ amfcuro ti

koot m dbfcl‖s jools cfeocy ti rosuct fj sorfius fkpmfrkojt ia tbo dbfcl‖s

bomctb ir lovocipkojt. \bo aidus ij ‒porsfstojt‖ okpbmsfsos tbo fkpir-tmjdo ia eoopfjg lotmfcol mjl prodfso rodirls ia tbo covoc ia dmro mjl

suporvfsfij iaaorol si tbmt ùlgokojts mhiut sovorfty dmj ho kmlo.

• Xmjgo ia ovflojdo0 tbo prosojtfjg prihcok kmy ho rostrfdtol ti ijo lfkojsfij

ia m dbfcl‖s dmro hut ft fs fkpirtmjt ti tmeo mj ivorvfow sfjdo ijo mrom ia jogcodt

rmfsos tbo pissfhfcfty ia m kiro wflosproml prihcok. \bo Mssosskojt ia Jool

airks mjl tbo Dikkij Msssosskojt Armkowire hitb ojdiurmgo sudb m bicfstfd

mpprimdb. ^mrojts kmy ho mhco ti kmfjtmfj mj mloqumto stmjlmrl fj tbo kist

vfsfhco pmrts ia tbofr cfvos hut ho sorfiuscy jogcodtauc fj itbors.

Kmx ^fmzzfjf lfol fj =62> mator dikfjg fjti dmro hodmuso ia jogcodt mjl

tboj hofjg roturjol biko. Tidfmc wireors kijftirfjg bfs dmro ùlgol tbo

pmrojts‖ covoc ia dmro hy tbo stmto ia tbo cfvfjg riik, wbfdb wms eopt rom-

sijmhcy dcomj. Kmx lfol fj m holriik tbmt wms aroozfjg dicl mjl afctby.

(Hfrkfjgbmk Dfty Diujdfc, =62>)

• Tiurdos ia ovflojdo0 Fa pissfhco, mcc amkfcy kokhors sbiucl ho fjtorvfowol,

mctbiugb, fj prmdtfdo, tboro fs m tojlojdy ti aidus ij kitbors. Dbfclroj mjl

amtbors mro pmrtfducmrcy cfeocy ti ho ivorciieol (Birwmtb, 8>>4) mctbiugb hitb

griups bmvo lfstfjdtfvo dijtrfhutfijs ti kmeo fj bocpfjg priaossfijmcs gmfj m

riujlol pfdturo ia amkfcy cfao.

• ^rodfsfij ia ovflojdo0 Xodirlfjg jools ti privflo spodfafd lotmfcs ia tbo covoc

ia dmro ir suporvfsfij mjl mjy pordoptfhco oaaodts tbfs mppomrs ti ho bmvfjg

ij tbo dbfcl‖s bomctb ir lovocipkojt.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ6>



Wbmt fs ossojtfmc fs ti rodirl hmsocfjo lotmfcs mjl ro-tmeo tbok ms wire

wftb tbo amkfcy prigrossos si tbmt ft dmj ho sooj wbotbor tbfjgs mro got-

tfjg hottor ir wirso. ^rigross fs cfeocy ti ho sciw mjl si dmj ho omsfcy

kfssol. Ir tboro kfgbt ho prigross ij siko vory vfsfhco tbfjgs, wbfdb

kfscomls priaossfijmcs fjti tbfjefjg tboro fs gojormc fkprivokojt.

^riaossfijmcs wbi bmvo put m cit ia oaairt fjti bocpfjg m amkfcy ti fkprivo

tbofr aujdtfijfjg tojl ti wmjt ti soo prigross mjl si dmj ho hcfjl ti ovf-

lojdo tbmt tbo covoc ia dmro fs ujdbmjgfjg ir, ovoj wirso, lrippfjg. Mcsi,

amkfcfos iatoj sbiw siko fkkolfmto fkprivokojt wbfco tbo sorvfdos mro

hofjg iaaorol ir tboy mro hofjg kijftirol, hut scfp hmde wboj tbo priaos-

sfijmcs roludo dijtmdt.

Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia jogcodtauc pmrojts

\bo sidfmc stross tboiry ia mhuso fs pmrtfducmrcy rocovmjt fj ujlorstmjlfjg

jogcodt. Jogcodt fs kiro strijgcy dirrocmtol wftb pivorty tbmj mjy itbor

airk ia mhuso (Lrmeo mjl ^mjloy, =6615 Drfttojlij, =622). ^ivorty,

amkfcy sfzo, mjl hofjg m sfjgco-pmrojt amkfcy mro mcc fjtorrocmtol mjl

sfgjfafdmjtcy fjdromso tbo rfse ia jogcodt (Hriwjo mjl Cyjdb, =662).

\boroairo, tbo fkpcokojtmtfij ia tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors mgojlm sbiucl,

fa suddossauc, bmvo m sfgjfafdmjt fkpmdt ij roludfjg jogcodt.

^sydbicigfdmc amdtirs fj tbo pmrojts mcsi bmvo m rico. \boso sbiucl jit

ho sooj ms wbiccy sopmrmto arik sidfmc mjl odijikfd amdtirs — tbo dmusmcpmtb hy wbfdb tbo cmttor fkpmdt ij pmrojtfjg kmy ho vfm tbofr psydbi-

cigfdmc fkpmdt ij tbo pmrojts. Ttross, air fjstmjdo, dmj ho m dmusmc amdtir

fj kojtmc fccjoss mjl mcdibic ir suhstmjdo kfsuso.

Xosomrdb ij dbmrmdtorfstfds ia jogcodtauc pmrojts bms kmfjcy aidusol

ij kitbors, roacodtfjg tbo ducturmc hfms tiwmrls dijsflorfjg kitbors ti

bmvo prfkmry rospijsfhfcfty air hrfjgfjg up dbfclroj, kiroivor, ft fs

aiujl tbmt tboro fs m bfgbor rmto ia jogcodt fj cijo-pmrojt amkfcfos.

•

Tidfmc fsicmtfij fs dikkij — kmjy pmrojts coat tbofr dbfclbiil bikos ms siijms tboy diucl ti got mwmy arik mhusfvo ir jogcodtauc pmrojts, si tboy li jit

bmvo tbo wflor amkfcy suppirt. Diiboy (=66?) dikpmrol jogcodtauc mjl mvor-

mgo kitbors. Jogcodtauc kitbors woro aiujl ti bmvo hociw mvormgo dijtmdt

wftb tbofr iwj kitbors mjl pmrtjors, woro kiro cfeocy ti losdrfho tbofr kitbors

ms jit wmrk ir dmrfjg, ms privflfjg m coss pisftfvo rocmtfijsbfp, mjl tboy woro

coss fjtorostol fj rodofvfjg bocp arik kitbors. ^mrtjors tojlol ti bmvo

ejiwj omdb itbor air m sbirtor tfko, woro coss cfeocy ti ho cfvfjg tigotbor, mjl

bml m ciwor rmto ia dijtmdt. Jogcodtauc kitbors, ms ippisol ti jij-jogcodtauc

6=JOGCOD\



ijos, bmvo mcsi hooj aiujl ti ropirt tbmt tbofr jofgbhiurs mro coss suppirtfvo

(îcmjsey ot mc., =62?).

• \bo yiujg mgo ia tbo kitbor mt tbo tfko ia afrst progjmjdy — tbfs fs oxmdorhmtol

hy ciw hfrtbwofgbt ir prokmturfty ia tbo hmhy (Purmvfj mjl LfHcmsfi, =668).

• \boro fs ovflojdo ia ciw oludmtfijmc mdbfovokojt, ciw fjtoccfgojdo, mjl piir

prihcok-sicvfjg sefccs (Purmvfj mjl LfHcmsfi, =6685 Drfttojloj, =622).• \bo pmrojts bmvo fjmppriprfmto oxpodtmtfijs mhiut dbfcl lovocipkojt — oftbor

tii bfgb ir tii ciw dikpmrol wftb jij-jogcodtauc pmrojts (\wojtykmj mjl

^citefj, =628).

• \boro kmy ho likostfd vficojdo, kojtmc fccjoss, mjl mcdibic ir suhstmjdo

mhuso (Orfdesij mjl Ogocmjl, =661). (\boso amdtirs mro mssidfmtol wftb mcc

airks ia mhuso mjl mro jit spodfafd ti jogcodt.)

•· \boro mro sovormc suh-typos ia jogcodtfjg pmrojts0 Wfcsij, Euohcf mjl Bugbos‖s

(8>>?) stuly ia jogcodtfjg dmrogfvors flojtfafol afvo lfstfjdt pmttorjs ia kmtor-

jmc hobmvfiur wftb fkpcfdmtfijs air biw ti fjtorvojo — sfgjfafdmjtcy fkpmfrol,

kmreolcy lfsfjbfhftol, ciw-oaafdmdy, pisftfvocy rmtol mjl trmjsftfijmc.

Ttovojsij (=6620 8) cfsts aiur dikkij amdtirs fj jogcodtauc amkfcfos

ejiwj ti Tidfmc Torvfdos Lopmrtkojts fj tbo _E0

=. Kist woro fj oxtroko pivorty. Fj m aow dmsos, tbo dmuso sookol kiro

rocmtol ti okitfijmc prihcoks, sudb ms suhstmjdo mhuso, si tbmt tboy lfl

jit mttojl ti tbo jools ia tbo dbfclroj. Amkfcy dfrdukstmjdos woro iatoj

losdrfhol ms ‒dbmitfd‖ mjl dbfclroj woro ujsuporvfsol mjl ujlor-stfkucmtol.

\boy mppomrol sml mjl mjxfius, iatoj lfspcmyfjg mggrossfij mjl sidfmc

wftblrmwmc. \bo kmfj sidfmc wire dijdorj wms air tbo dbfclroj‖s wocamromjl qumcfty ia cfao hut tboro wms mj olgo ia mjxfoty mhiut tbofr pbysfdmc

smaoty (luo ti hofjg ujsuporvfsol ir tbo biuso jit bmvfjg tbo usumc smaoty

prodmutfijs wboj tboro mro yiujg dbfclroj mriujl.)

8. \bo pmrojts woro kistcy sfjgco mjl aokmco, iatoj wftb ijo ir kiro ia m rmjgo

ia prihcoks arik comrjfjg lfaafductfos, pbysfdmc ir kojtmc bomctb prihcoks,

mcdibic mhuso mjl lrug mllfdtfij. Mckist jijo wms smlfstfdmccy jogcodtauc.

4. Jomrcy mcc tbo amkfcfos bml m cijg rocmtfijsbfp wftb sidfmc wireors, siko-

tfkos ivor tbroo gojormtfijs.

<. Fj tbo kmìrfty ia dmsos, tbo pmrojtfjg wms bivorfjg ij tbo olgo ia ‒jit

giil ojiugb‖, wftb amkfcfos ‒hukpfjg mcijg tbo hittik‖ ujtfc porbmps mj

fjdflojt ia pbysfdmc mhuso trfggorol m kiro diordfvo rospijso.

Ft bms hooj smfl tbmt jogcodt fs ftsoca m jogcodtol suhòdt mjl tbo likfjmjdo

ia itbor airks ia mhuso fj tbo cftormturo homrs tbfs iut. Gfvoj tbo dbrijfdfty

ia jogcodt prihcoks mjl tbofr fkpmdt ij dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt, wby kfgbt

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ68

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



tbofr sfgjfafdmjdo ho liwjpcmyol hy dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos9 Bms tbo wmy

prmdtfdo bms hodiko fjdflojt-aidusol kmlo ft coss sojsftfvo ti lotodtfjg

cijg-tork mhuso ir jogcodt wboro tboro fs ji lrmkmtfd ovojt ti lrmw mttoj-

tfij ti tbo piir qumcfty ia dmro tbo dbfcl fs rodofvfjg9 Lios tbo lfaafducty ia

privflfjg oaaodtfvo bocp mjl soofjg mj ojlurfjg mjl suhstmjtfmc fkprivokojt

fj pmrojtfjg qumcfty coml priaossfijmcs ti hodiko lfsbomrtojol mhiut tbo

vmcuo ia fjtorvojfjg fj jogcodtauc amkfcfos9 Lios tbo dist ia privflfjg cijg-

tork bocp ti sbiro up jogcodtauc amkfcfos lotor mgojdfos arik kmefjg m dik-

kftkojt oxdopt fj oxtroko dmsos9

Aur tbor Xomlfjg

@. @IJOT MJL M. G_^\M (=662) ‒\bo dijtoxt ia lodfsfij-kmefjg fj dmsos ia dbfcljogcodt‖, Dbfcl Mhuso Xovfow, 70 67—==>.

H. KFJ\V MJL G. ^M\\FJTIJ (=66<) ‒\bo jmturo ia dbfcl jogcodt‖, Hrftfsb @iurjmc

ia Tidfmc Wire, 8<0 744—<7. Fjdculos m usoauc armkowire air rodirlfjg tbo

spodfafd ovflojdo ia jogcodt.

XOTOMXDB FJ ^XMD\FDO (8>>?) _jlorstmjlfjg mjl Wirefjg wftb Jogcodt.

Lmrcfjgtij ]umcfty ^ritodts Xosomrdb Hrfoafjg Ji. =>. Mvmfcmhco arik

www.rfp.irg.ue. M vmcumhco sukkmry ia wbmt fs durrojtcy ejiwj mhiut tbo

dmusos mjl rospijsos ti jogcodt.

I

.T\OQOJTIJ (=662)

Jogcodtol Dbfclroj0 fssuos mjl lfcokkms, Ixairl0Hcmdewocc Tdfojdo. M lotmfcol mjl dikpmssfijmto oxpcirmtfij ia mcc mspodts

ia wirefjg wftb jogcodtauc amkfcfos.

H. T\IJO (=662) ‒Dbfcl jogcodt0 prmdtftfijors‖ porspodtfvos‖, Dbfcl Mhuso

Xovfow, 70 27—61.

@. \MVCIX MJL H. LMJFOC (OLT) (8>>4) Dbfcl Jogcodt0 prmdtfdo fssuos air bomctb

mjl sidfmc dmro, Cijlij0 @ossfdm Efjgscoy. M wflo-rmjgfjg sot ia dbmptors,

divorfjg tboirotfdmc mjl prmdtfdo fssuos. Too ospodfmccy J. Tpojdor mjl

J. Hmclwfj, ‒Odijikfd, ducturmc mjl sidfmc dijtoxts ia jogcodt‖. \bfs dbmptor

privflos mj oxdoccojt, hrfoa rovfow mjl lfsdussfij ia tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo

ij tbo odijikfd, ducturmc mjl sidfmc amdtirs dirrocmtol wftb jogcodt.

L. WFCTIJ MJL W. BIXJOX (8>>?) ‒Dbrijfd dbfcl jogcodt0 joolol lovocipkojts

fj tboiry mjl prmdtfdo‖, Amkfcfos fj Tidfoty0 \bo @iurjmc ia Dijtokpirmry

Tidfmc Torvfdos, 21 (<)0 <7=—2=. www.amkfcfosfjsidfoty.irg .

64 JOGCOD\



Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo lfaaorojdo hotwooj ‒romsijmhco dbmstfsokojt‖ mjl pbysfdmc mhuso.

• \bo kmfj typos ia fjùry tbmt mrfso arik pbysfdmc mhuso.

• \bo siurdos ia ovflojdo tbmt bocp yiu kmeo m ùlgokojt tbmt pbysfdmc mhuso

bms iddurrol.

• \bo dbmrmdtorfstfds ia vfdtfks.

‒Xomsijmhco‖ pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt

^bysfdmc mhuso dmj rmjgo arik kfjir ti kmìr, ovoj amtmc, fjùry. Lodf-

lfjg tbmt siko mdtfij fs mhusfvo fs dikpcfdmtol hy tbo amdt tbmt siko

logroo ia pbysfdmc dbmstfsokojt fs cogmc mjl wflocy prmdtfsol fj tbfssidfoty. Wboj mseol ti oxpcmfj fjùrfos ij m dbfcl, kmjy pmrojts loaojl

tbofr hobmvfiur ij tbo griujls tbmt tboy woro lfsdfpcfjfjg tbofr dbfcl fj

mj mddoptmhco wmy.

\bo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>><, Todtfij ?2, sots iut tbo drftorfm air lfaaorojtf-

mtfjg ‒romsijmhco pujfsbkojt‖ arik mhuso. Dmusfjg mdtumc ir grfovius

hilfcy bmrk (MHB mjl GHB) ti m dbfcl fs drfkfjmc. Fjùrfos wbfdb mro

dijsflorol ms dikkij mssmuct wboro tbo vfdtfk fs mj mluct, wfcc ho

dbmrgol ms MHB fj tbo dmso ia dbfclroj, ‒mctbiugb prisodutirs kust homr

fj kfjl tbmt tbo loafjftfij ia dikkij mssmuct iddmsfijfjg mdtumc hilfcybmrk roqufros tbo fjùry ti ho kiro tbmj trmjsfojt mjl trfacfjg‖. \boso

fjùrfos mro ms aicciws0

• grmzos

• sdrmtdbos

• mhrmsfijs

• kfjir hrufsfjg

• swoccfjg

• suporafdfmc duts

• hcmde oyo

• rollojfjg ia tbo sefj wbfdb stmys air biurs ir lmys.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ6<

8.=>

pbysfdmc mhuso



Flojtfayfjg mhuso

\bo tbroo kmfj siurdos ia ovflojdo mro0 (=) tbo sfgjs mjl sykptiks ia

fjùry5 (8) wbmt tbo dbfcl smys mjl lios5 (4) wbmt tbo pmrojts smy mjl li.

\bo sfgjs mjl sykptiks ia fjùry

Kfjir fjùrfos mro dikkij fj dbfclbiil0 mt mjy ijo tfko, 4>—<> por dojt ia jij-mhusol

dbfclroj bmvo siko efjl ia fjùry ir m cmdormtfij mjl = por dojt bmvo m rodojt hurj.

Fjùrfos tbmt mriuso sorfius dijdorj0 hodmuso tbo aicciwfjg fjùrfos mro

ujcfeocy ti ho tbo rosuct ia mddflojts (mctbiugb iddmsfijmccy si), tboy mro

tboroairo bfgbcy suggostfvo ia mhuso0

• afjgor-tfp hrufsfjg

• mluct bukmj hfto-kmres

• dfgmrotto hurjs

• cmsb kmres

• tirj arojucuk (tbo hmjl ia tfssuo cfjefjg tbo kfllco ia tbo fjsflo tip cfp ti tbo guk)

• ujoxpcmfjol hcoolfjg fj tbo hrmfj ir tbo rotfjm.

Ij tbo wbico, tbiugb, pbysfdmc mhuso dmjjit ho flojtfafol ij tbo hmsfs ia m

sfjgco fjùry mcijo hut arik m dikhfjmtfij ia amdtirs tbmt, tmeoj tigotbor,

kmy priludo m pmttorj tbmt dmusos dijdorj. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti got m lotmfcolmddiujt hitb ia tbo jmturo ia tbo fjùry mjl ia fts dfrdukstmjdos.

^bysfdmc sfgjs tbmt kmy fjlfdmto pbysfdmc mhuso

Hrufsfjg \bo kist dikkij sfgj ia mhuso. Hmsol ij m rovfow ia tborosomrdb ovflojdo, Kmgufro ot mc. (8>>?) dijdculol tbmt hmhfos wbi mrojit kihfco li jit usumccy bmvo mjy hrufsos (aowor tbmj = por dojt), wbfco=7 por dojt ia fjamjts wbi mro stmrtfjg ti kivo mhiut, ?4 por dojt ia til-lcors mjl tbo kmìrfty ia sdbiicdbfclroj bmvo hrufsos. \boroairo, ft fs jit

usumccy tbo sfkpco prosojdo ia m hrufso tbmt dmusos dijdorj. Jij-mddflojtmchrufsos dmj ho flojtfafol hy dijsflorfjg tbo aicciwfjg amdtirs0

=Wboro fs tbo hrufso9

Mddflojtmc hrufsos tojl ti ho fj pcmdos wboro hijo fs amfrcy dciso ti

tbo sefj, o.g. airoboml, dbfj, ochiws, ejoos. \boso mro tbo pcmdos

tbmt wfcc bft tbo griujl ir liir fj mj mddflojtmc amcc.

Jij-mddflojtmc hrufsos mro kiro iatoj ij siat tfssuo sftos sudb ms

dbooes, kiutb, uppor cog ir mriujl tbo huttides ir gojftmcfm.

6? ^BVTFDMC MH_TO



8Wbmt lios tbo hrufso ciie cfeo9

Tbmpo0 lios ft sbiw wbmt typo ia ihòdt dmusol ft9 Air oxmkpco, fs

ft tbo sbmpo ia m dfgmrotto, m hoct ir hudeco, m bmjl ir m stfde9

Tovorfty0 sbiwj hy tbo sovorfty ia tbo fjùry ir tbo jukhor ia hrufsos.

Diciur0 tbo diciur ia m hrufso fjlfdmtos fts mgo mjl si dmj ho m uso-

auc dbode ij tbo pmrojts‖ mddiujt ia wbmt dmusol tbo hrufso. M riugb

guflo ti tbo diciur ia hrufsos fs0

rol/purpco — coss tbmj 8< biurs icl

purpcfsb-hcuo — =8—<2 biurs

hriwj — <2—78 biurs

yocciw — kiro tbmj 78 biurs.

Tovormc hrufsos ia lfaaorfjg diciurs fjlfdmtos sovormc lfaaorojt fjùrfos

mjl tbfs kmy ho m dmuso air dijdorj.

JH0 tbfs fs hmsol ij wbfto sefj.

Hftos Bukmj hfto-kmres mro strijg fjlfdmtirs ia mhuso. Fj fjamjts, tboytojl ti ho mriujl tbo gojftmcfm ir huttides, iatoj fjacfdtol ms pujfsb-kojt. Iclor dbfclroj bmvo hftos mssidfmtol wftb mssmuct ir soxumc mhuso5tboso mro gojormccy kuctfpco, rmjlik mjl wocc loafjol. \boy kmy ho

mssidfmtol wftb m sudefjg kmre. Viujg dbfclroj iatoj hfto omdb itbor fjmjgor, si msdortmfjfjg tbo sfzo ia tbo hfto-kmre fs fkpirtmjt.

Armdturos Lfmgjisfs ia m armdturo roqufros kolfdmc oxmkfjmtfij hut marmdturo kmy ho suspodtol wboj tboro fs pmfj, swoccfjg mjl lfsdiciurm-tfij ivor m hijo ir ìfjt. \bo dbfcl‖s mgo fs m sfgjfafdmjt amdtir fj mssoss-fjg tbo dmuso ia armdturos. Mddflojtmc armdturos mro kist dikkij fjsdbiic-mgo dbfclroj, hut 6< por dojt ia armdturos luo ti mhuso iddur fjdbfclroj ujlor 4. Kist mddflojtmc armdturos ti hmhfos mjl tillcors iddur

arik amccs. Tovormc armdturos ia vmryfjg mgos mro suggostfvo ia mhuso.

Boml fjùry \bfs fs tbo kmìr dmuso ia amtmc iutdiko fj mhuso —ostfkmtos rmjgo arik <> ti 7? por dojt ia lomtbs. Mjl ovoj fa tbo dbfcllios jit lfo, bo ir sbo kmy ho coat wftb sorfius hrmfj lmkmgo. Fj tbo afrstyomr ia cfao, 6? por dojt ia sorfius boml fjùrfos bmvo hooj ostfkmtol tiho luo ti mhuso, dmusol hy oftbor bfttfjg ir sbmefjg (ir m dikhfjmtfij).Biwovor, tbfs bypitbosfs bms diko fj air sovoro drftfdfsk rodojtcy mjltboro fs m sdbiic ia kolfdmc ipfjfij tbmt dcmfks tboro mro sovormc itbordmusos ia tbo sykptiks hosflos mhuso (Gollos mjl ^cujeott, 8>><).

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ61



Fa mj fjamjt riccs iaa m hol ir dbmjgfjg tmhco, ft fs vory rmro ti bmvo

kudb fjùry. \wojty por dojt bmvo m sfjgco dut, cukp ir hrufso mjl ijcy

mhiut = por dojt wfcc bmvo m armdturo. Mllftfijmc dijdorj fs aoct fa tboro

fs m cit ia hcoolfjg. Mj oxdoptfij ti tbfs covoc ia fjùry fs fa m dbfcl amccs

liwjstmfrs wftb m bomvy ihòdt cfeo m hfeo ir hmhy wmceor. Viu dmj usu-

mccy dbode tbfs stiry hy ciiefjg mt tbo lmkmgo lijo ti tbo stmfrdmso.

Hurjs mjl sdmcls \boso mro aiujl fj => por dojt ia mhusol dbfclroj (hutlfmgjisfs fs lfaafduct si tboy tojl ti ho ujlor-rodigjfsol). \bo pome mgo airmddflojtmc hurjs fs lurfjg tbo sodijl yomr5 tbo pome mgo air locfhormto hurjsfs tbo tbfrl yomr. Xopomtol mddflojtmc hurjs mro rmro — kist pmrojts mjldbfclroj comrj arik tbo ijo oxporfojdo hodmuso ft fs si pmfjauc.

Mjy hurj wftb m dcomr iutcfjo fs suspfdfius0 dfgmrotto hurjs5 cfjomr

hurjs suggostfvo ia hofjg bocl mgmfjst mj ocodtrfd afro5 sdmcls wftb m dcomr

cfjo wboro tbo mrk wms fj tbo wmtor (fj mddflojts, m dbfcl struggcos ti gotiut mjl tbfs dmusos spcmsb-kmres).

îfsijfjg Mddflojtmc pifsijfjg fs vory dikkij, jij-mddflojtmc pifsij-fjg fs rmro hut vory sorfius. Ijo ia tbo dikkijost airks ia mhusfvo pif-sijfjg fs smct — ft comls ti lriwsfjoss mjl sofzuros mjl sikotfkos lomtb.Tikotfkos pifsijius suhstmjdos kmy ho gfvoj ms ujirtbilix kolfdfjohut wftb giil fjtojt.

Tuaaidmtfij \bfs kistcy bmppojs ti dbfclroj ujlor m yomr icl. \boy

prosojt ms oftbor dmsos ia sulloj lomtb ir ropomtol dmsos ia acippy hmhfoswbik tbo kitbor smys bms bml siko efjl ia sofzuro mt biko. Mctbiugbtbo prodfso jukhor fs m kmttor ia dijtfjumc lfsputo, kist dit lomtbs mrojit luo ti mhuso (ostfkmtos mro hotwooj 8—=> por dojt).

Amhrfdmtol ir Fjludol Fccjoss (AFF) (provfiuscy ejiwj ms Kujdbmusoj

Tyjlriko hy ^rixy) \bfs rmro, hut iatoj sorfius airk ia mhuso fjvicvostbo pmrojt (usumccy tbo kitbor5 fj coss tbmj ? por dojt ia dmsos fs ft tboamtbor) amhrfdmtfjg ir fjludfjg fccjoss fj tbo dbfcl fj irlor ti got kol-

fdmc mttojtfij. \bo dbfcl kmy suaaor bmrk lfrodtcy arik tbo fjludolsykptiks hut mcsi fjlfrodtcy hy hofjg suhòdtol ti oxtojsfvo mjlpmfjauc fjvostfgmtfijs mjl ipormtfijs ms m rosuct. Tikotfkos tboy suaaorbmrk ir dmj ovoj bmvo tbofr cfao tbromtojol hy tbo oaairts ia tbo dmror tidromto sykptiks (ostfkmtos mro => por dojt lfo, mjl kist ia tbo rost wfccsuaaor arik cijg-tork fccjoss). \boy mcsi suaaor ujfjtojtfijmc mhuso arikkolfdmc stmaa fj tbmt tboy mro suhòdtol ti ujjodossmry fjvostfgmtfijsmjl tromtkojts ms m rosuct ia tbo kitbor‖s amcso fjairkmtfij.

\bo oxfstojdo ia dmsos ia Amhrfdmtol ir Fjludol Fccjoss bms hooj dbmc-

cojgol hy siko, hut porsumsfvo ovflojdo tbmt mt comst siko dmsos iddur

67 ^BVTFDMC MH_TO



• Xopirtol sykptiks mjl sfgjs aiujl ij oxmkfjmtfij mro jit oxpcmfjol hy mjy

kolfdmc dijlftfij arik wbfdb tbo dbfcl kmy ho suaaorfjg.

• ^bysfdmc oxmkfjmtfij mjl rosucts ia fjvostfgmtfijs li jit oxpcmfj sykptiks

ir sfgjs.

• \boro fs mj fjoxpcfdmhcy piir rospijso ti prosdrfhol kolfdmtfij mjl tromtkojt.

• Jow sykptiks mro ropirtol ij rosicutfij ia provfius ijos.• Xopirtol sykptiks mjl sfgjs mro jit ihsorvol fj tbo mhsojdo ia tbo dmror.

• \bo dbfcl‖s jirkmc, lmfcy cfao mdtfvftfos mro hofjg durtmfcol hoyijl tbmt wbfdb

kfgbt ho oxpodtol arik mjy ejiwj kolfdmc lfsirlor arik wbfdb tbo dbfcl fs

ejiwj ti suaaor.

M sfde dbfcl mriusos mjxfoty fj kist pmrojts. Lfaaorojtfmtfjg tbo mppriprfmto covoc ia mjxfoty

mjl bocp-sooefjg hobmvfiur arik tbo mhjirkmc fs prihcokmtfd. \boro mro fccjossos tbmt

lidtirs amfc ti lfmgjiso ir mro sciw ti rodigjfso. ^mrojts dmj ejiw tbofr dbfcl si wocc tbmt

tboy spit tbo afrst sfgjs ia triuhco hoairo ft fs mppmrojt ti bomctb priaossfijmcs, si tboy kmy

lfsmgroo wftb tbofr lidtir mjl ho rfgbt. Fa tbo pissfhco lfmgjisfs ia AFF fs tromtol ms dortmfj,

tboj mjy mdtfij ir dikkojt arik tbo pmrojt dmj ho fjtorprotol ti suppirt ft, pitojtfmccy

comlfjg ti griss fjùstfdo. \bo lfmgjisfs sbiucl mcwmys ho tromtol wftb dmutfij mjl itbor

oxpcmjmtfijs air tbo dbfcl‖s sykptiks ciieol air.

Wbmt tbo dbfcl smys mjl lios

\bo dbfcl‖s hobmvfiur kmy dbmjgo mjl sbiw mjy ia m rmjgo ia sfgjs ia lfstross, air oxmkpco hodikfjg wftblrmwj, mggrossfvo ir mjxfius. Biw-

ovor, tboro mro ji sfgjs ia lfstross tbmt mro spodfafd ti pbysfdmc mhuso jir

lios tbo mhsojdo ia mppmrojt lfstross ruco iut mhuso.

Gottfjg mj bijost mddiujt ia wbmt bms bmppojol arik dbfclroj dmj

ho lfaafduct hodmuso ia m dikhfjmtfij ia aomr mjl ciymcty. Fa m dbfcl

ropirts mhuso, tbfs sbiucl mcwmys ho tmeoj sorfiuscy ovoj fa tboro mro ji

cijgor mjy sfgjs ia fjùry. Tiko kmy cfo ti got tbofr pmrojts fjti triuhco

hut sudb mj oxpcmjmtfij sbiucl jit ho romlfcy mddoptol. Fa yiu mse

dbfclroj ti oxpcmfj tbofr fjùrfos fj arijt ia tbo pmrojt wbi bms mhusol

tbok, dikkij sojso toccs yiu tboy mro cfeocy ti ho sdmrol ti tocc tbo

trutb. Biwovor, ovoj tmefjg tbok ti m sopmrmto riik hoairo msefjg lios

jit gumrmjtoo m trutbauc mjswor hodmuso tboy kmy stfcc aomr wbmt kmy

bmppoj wboj cmtor coat mcijo wftb tbo pmrojt.

Ihsorvmtfij ia tbo pmrojt—dbfcl rocmtfijsbfp dmj ho fjairkmtfvo — air

oxmkpco siko mhusol dbfclroj sbiw ‒arizoj wmtdbaucjoss‖ — hut mhsojdo

ia aomr ir wmrfjoss lios jit gumrmjtoo mj mhsojdo ia mhuso.

Xokokhor tbo fkpirtmjdo ia tmcefjg ti tbo dbfcl. M rodurrojt afjlfjg

fj fjqufrfos fjti dbfcl lomtbs fs tbmt priaossfijmcs li jit tmce ti tbo

66 ^BVTFDMC MH_TO



dbfcl. Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo wms fj dijtmdt wftb kmjy lidtirs, jursos, sidfmc

wireors, hut, lurfjg tbo ofgbt kijtbs sbo wms fj Cijlij, ji ijo

ojgmgol bor fj m sfgjfafdmjt dijvorsmtfij mhiut wbmt wms bmppojfjg ti

bor ir biw bor fjùrfos bml mrfsoj.

Wbmt tbo pmrojts smy mjl li

îfjtors ti jij-mddflojtmc fjùry (arik Komliws, =667)0

=\boro fs m locmy fj sooefjg kolfdmc bocp (ir jijo fs siugbt).

8\bo stiry ia tbo ‒mddflojt‖ fs vmguo mjl kmy vmry wftb ropomtol

toccfjg.

4 \bo mddiujt fs jit dikpmtfhco wftb tbo fjùry ihsorvol.

< \bo pmrojts‖ maaodt fs mhjirkmc — jirkmc pmrojts mro aucc ia dro-

mtfvo mjxfoty air tbofr dbfcl, mhusfvo pmrojts tojl ti ho kiro pro-

iddupfol wftb tbofr iwj prihcoks, o.g. biw siij tboy dmj roturj

biko.

? \bo pmrojts‖ hobmvfiur gfvos dmuso air dijdorj — o.g. tboy hodiko bistfco, rohut mddusmtfijs tbmt bmvo jit hooj kmlo,

mvifl soofjg tbo dijsuctmjt.

1\bo dbfcl‖s mppomrmjdo mjl bfs fjtormdtfij wftb pmrojts mro

mhjirkmc, o.g. sml, wftblrmwj ir arfgbtojol. Aucc hciwj ‒arizoj

wmtdbaucjoss‖ fs m cmto stmgo5 fts mhsojdo lios jit oxdculo JMF.

7 \bo dbfcl kmy smy sikotbfjg. Mcwmys fjtorvfow dbfcl (fa icl

ojiugb) fj prfvmdy. Fa mj iut-pmtfojt, dbfcl kmy ho rocudtmjt ti

ipoj up ms s/bo fs oxpodtfjg ti ho roturjol ti tbo mhusfjg pmrojts.

Xujjfjg tboko0 wirefjg wftb pmrojts

Xokokhor tbo fkpirtmjdo ia eoopfjg koj fj tbo pfdturo0 tboro fs m cmrgo hily ia

ovflojdo tbmt sbiws biw dbfcl pritodtfij wire fs prolikfjmjtcy dmrrfol iut wftb

kitbors, wftb koj pcmyfjg m rocmtfvocy skmcc pmrt lospfto hofjg ij mvormgo kiro

vficojt tbmj wikoj (Kmttfjsij mjl Tfjdcmfr, =6275 Dirhy, =6275 Amrkor mjl Iwoj,

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=>>



=66?5 Hudecoy, 8>>4). Amtbors mjl amtbor afguros mro aroquojtcy jit fjdculol fj

fjairkmtfij-gmtborfjg sossfijs mjl mssosskojts ia tbofr pmrojtfjg mro dijsoquojtcy

iatoj piir, comlfjg ti kmìr kfstmeos fj mssossfjg tbo dbfcl‖s smaoty. Ijo romsij

air tbofr mhsojdo dmj ho tbmt tboy piso m gromtor pbysfdmc tbromt ti prmdtftfijors

tbmj wikoj li, mjl tboroairo fjtorvfowfjg tbok fs kiro lmujtfjg (Tdiurafocl,

8>>8). Mjitbor amdtir fs tbmt wikoj mro mssukol ti dmrry tbo kmìr rospijsfhfc-fty air dbfclroj mjl si, ovoj wboj tboy mro jit tbo porpotrmtirs ia mhuso, tboy mro

stfcc sooj ms tbo prfko pritodtir ia tbo dbfcl (Tdiurafocl, 8>>=).

Cijg-tork fkpmdt ia pbysfdmc mhuso

Tiko ia tbo fjùrfos fjacfdtol ij dbfclroj comvo porkmjojt lmkmgo. \bo

vficojt sbmefjg ia m hmhy fs pmrtfducmrcy lmjgorius fj tbfs rospodt, wftb

m sfgjfafdmjt rfse ia porkmjojt hrmfj lmkmgo ir lomtb (Jmtfijmc Fjstf-

tuto ia Jouricigfdmc Lfsirlors mjl Ttrieo, 8>>=).\boro mro psydbicigfdmc dijsoquojdos tii. \boro fs kudb ovflojdo ti

suggost tbmt pbysfdmccy mhusol dbfclroj mro kiro cfeocy ti lovocip mggros-

sfvo hobmvfiur prihcoks. \boy mro kiro cfeocy ti fjtorprot tbofr poors ms

bistfco, mjl ti rospijl fjmppriprfmtocy fj mj mggrossfvo kmjjor (Lilgo,

Hmtos mjl ôtft, =66>) mjl tboy mro kiro cfeocy ti ho fjvicvol fj amkfcy

mjl jij-amkfcy vficojdo (Kmcfjisey-Xukkocc mjl Bmjsoj, =664).

\bo prosojdo ia dbfcl pbysfdmc mhuso sbiucl kmeo yiu quostfij wbotbor tboro fs mcsi

likostfd vficojdo tiwmrls m pmrtjor.

Xujjfjg tboko0 wirefjg wftb itbor priaossfijmcs

Ijdo tbo suspfdfij ia pbysfdmc mhuso bms hooj rmfsol, yiu jool itbor priaos-

sfijmcs wbi mro fj dijtmdt wftb tbo dbfcl ti ho mcort ti mjy aurtbor ovflojdo ia

fjùry mjl pmss tbo fjairkmtfij ij ti tbo eoy wireor si tbmt ft dmj ho mddurmtocy diccmtol. Mhusfvo pmrojts dmj gi ti gromt cojgtbs ti dijdomc sfgjs ia fjùry, sudb

ms tmefjg tbo dbfcl ti m lfaaorojt Mddflojt mjl Okorgojdy Lopmrtkojt si tbmt tbo

cfje wftb provfius fjùrfos fs bmrlor ti spit, ir eoopfjg tbo dbfcl mwmy arik sdbiic

ujtfc tbo vfsfhco sfgjs bmvo amlol.

Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia tbo vfdtfks

Mgo0 tbo yiujgor m dbfcl, tbo kiro cfeocy fs sorfius fjùry ir lomtb.

M hmhy dmj suaaor porkmjojt hrmfj lmkmgo arik hofjg sbmeoj fj mjgor,

=>=^BVTFDMC MH_TO



wbfco mj iclor dbfcl dmj survfvo ujbmrkol. \boro fs ovflojdo tbmt tbo

jukhor ia dmsos ia pbysfdmc mhuso ejiwj ti dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos

lodcfjos wftb tbo mgo ia tbo dbfcl (_T LBBT, =662). Biwovor, soca-

ropirts ia mhuso fjlfdmto ji lodromso ms dbfclroj got iclor (Ttrmuss ot mc.,

=662). Ijo pissfhco oxpcmjmtfij air tbfs lfsdropmjdy fs tbmt dmsos fjvicv-

fjg kiro sorfius fj`ury mro roaorrol ti dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos mjl

tboso iddur prolikfjmjtcy fj yiujgor dbfclroj.

Gojlor 0 hiys sook ti ho mt scfgbtcy bfgbor rfse tbmj gfrcs (Wicajor mjl

Goccos, =664).

Lfsmhfcfty 0 dbfclroj wftb lfsmhfcftfos mro kiro vucjormhco ti mcc airks

ia mhuso tbmj itbors. \bo Jmtfijmc Dojtor ij Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt‖s

stuly ostfkmtol tbmt dbfclroj wftb lfsmhfcftfos woro =.7 tfkos kiro cfeocy

ti ho mhusol (_T LBBT, =664).

Wboj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>>< wms gifjg tbriugb ^mrcfmkojt, tboro wms m km`ir

dmkpmfgj ti fjdculo m hmj ij mjy airk ia pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt air dbfclroj. Ft

wms mrguol tbmt dbfclroj sbiucl ho gfvoj tbo smko pritodtfij fj cmw ms mlucts

mjl tbmt porkfttfjg pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt wms mj fjarfjgokojt ia tbofr bukmj

rfgbts. Mjitbor mrgukojt wms tbmt m sidfoty tbmt dijlijos tbo uso ia pbysfdmc

kotbils ia dbmstfsokojt fjdromsos tbo cfeocfbiil ia fjlfvflumc pmrojts gifjgtii amr mjl mhusfjg tbofr dbfclroj. Wbmt fs tbo dmso air smyfjg tbmt m hmj wiucl

dijtrfhuto ti tbo roludtfij ia sorfius pbysfdmc mhuso9 Fs sidfoty‖s ticormjdo ia

siko logroo ia pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt m dijtrfhutiry amdtir ti tbo kiro lmjgor-

ius covocs ia mhuso9 Wbmt dmj wo comrj arik tbo ovflojdo arik diujtrfos sudb

ms Twoloj tbmt bmvo hmjjol mcc pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt9

Aur tbor Xomlfjg

DBFCL MH_TO MJL JOGCOD\ (8>>8) (Tpodfmc olftfij ij Kujdbmusoj hy ^rixy

Tyjlriko), 81 (?) \bfs sot ia mrtfdcos divors m rmjgo ia fssuos fj loafjfjg,

flojtfayfjg mjl lomcfjg wftb KTH^, ejiwj fj tbo _E ms AFF.

H. DIXHV (8>>>) Dbfcl Mhuso0 tiwmrls m ejiwcolgo hmso, 8jl olj, Hudefjgbmk0

Ipoj _jfvorsfty ^ross. Iaaors m wflo-rmjgfjg lfsdussfij ia rosomrdb, tboi-

rfos mjl prmdtfdo fj dbfcl pritodtfij.

LO^MX\KOJ\ IA BOMC\B (8>>8) Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj fj Wbik Fccjoss fs Amhrf-

dmtol ir Fjludol, Cijlij0 BKTI, ir www.lib.giv.ue. M eoy roaorojdo,

iaaorfjg iaafdfmc guflmjdo ij lomcfjg wftb dmsos ia AFF.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=>8

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



T. KMG_FXO, K. KMJJ, @. TFHOX\. MJL M. EOK^ (8>>?) ‒Mro tboro pmttorjs ia hrufsfjg

fj dbfclbiil wbfdb mro lfmgjistfd ir suggostfvo ia mhuso9 M systokmtfd

rovfow‖, Mrdbfvos ia Lfsomsos fj Dbfclbiil, 6>0 =28—1.

X. KOMLIWT (OL.) (=667) MHD ia Dbfcl Mhuso, Cijlij0 HK@ ^uhcfsbfjg. M kol-

fdmccy irfojtol hiie, hut wftb rocmtfvocy cfttco todbjfdmc cmjgumgo, privflfjg

usoauc sukkmrfos ia eoy fssuos fj lomcfjg wftb mhuso.

E. WFCTIJ MJL M. @MKOT (8>>8) \bo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Bmjlhiie, 8jl olj,

Olfjhurgb0 Hmfccforo \fjlmcc. Dbmptor ?, ‒\bo oaaodts ia dbfcl mhuso0 sfgjs mjl

sykptiks‖ dijtmfjs m lfsdussfij ia tbo sfgjs mjl dijsoquojdos ia pbysf-

dmc mhuso.

=>4 TOR_MC MH_TO

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• Wby sidfoty fs jiw kiro dijdorjol mhiut soxumc mhuso.

• \bo tbroo kmfj siurdos ia ovflojdo.

• Wbmt fs ejiwj mhiut wbfdb dbfclroj mro cfeocy ti ho vfdtfks.

• Wbmt fs ejiwj mhiut wbi soxumccy mhusos dbfclroj.

• Wbmt tbo cijg-tork fkpmdt fs ij tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojt.

Loafjftfijs

\boro mro aiur dikpijojts fj kist mttokpts ti loafjo sox mhuso0

=\boy mro hriml ojiugb ti fjdculo mhuso fjsflo mjl iutsflo tbo

amkfcy.

8

\boy fjdculo soxumc oxporfojdos wftb m dbfcl tbmt fjvicvo hitb

pbysfdmc mjl jij-dijtmdt mdtfvftfos.

8.==

soxumc mhuso



4 \boy okpbmsfso tbo oxp ci ftmt fij ia tbo dbfcl hy mluc t mutbirf ty mjl

piwor ti mdbfovo tbo mluct‖s soxumc jools, wftb mj fkpcfdf t mssukp-

t fij tbmt m dbfcl dmjjit gf vo fjairkol dijsojt hodmuso bo ir sbo lios

jit auccy ujlorstmjl wbmt fs gifjg ij mjl bms si kudb coss piwor.

<\bo porpotrmtir bms mj mgo mlvmjtmgo ivor tbo dbf cl — mjl mctbiugb

jit jodossmrf cy mj mluc t, bo ir sbo wf cc ho i clor, h fggor ir strijgor.

Griwfjg sidfmc mwmrojoss mjl dijlokjmtfij

ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso

Tidfoty fs kudb kiro mwmro ia tbo fjdflojdo ia soxumc mhuso mjl tboro

fs m strijg dijsojsus tbmt ft fs wrijg. Amdtirs tbmt bmvo fjacuojdol tbfs

dbmjgo mro0

• Fjdromsol ejiwcolgo ia biw dikkij ft fs.

• Fjdromsol ujlorstmjlfjg ia biw kudb sbirt- mjl cijg-tork bmrk ft lios ti m

dbfcl — mj fkpirtmjt pifjt wboj lifjg m jools mssosskojt.

• Fjdromsol dijdorj air tbo rfgbts ia dbfclroj.

• Dbmccojgos ti tbo pmtrfmrdbmc sidfoty tbmt smw wikoj mjl dbfclroj ms tbo

priporty ia koj. \bo fjdromsol stmtus ia wikoj mjl dbfclroj bms col ti

gromtor dijlokjmtfij ia vficojdo tiwmrls tbok. Fj tbo =67>s mjl =62>s, ft

wms mddiujts arik aokfjfst vfdtfks ia mhuso tbmt bocpol ti sbfat puhcfd ipfj-

fij ij hitb fts provmcojdo mjl fts lmkmgfjg oaaodts. \bo lfsdivory ia soxumc

mhuso lfaaorol arik tbmt ia pbysfdmc mhuso, fj tbmt ft wms kmfjcy mlucts toccfjgia dbfclbiil oxporfojdos, jit mlucts flojtfayfjg dbfclroj ms hofjg durrojtcy

mhusol. \boroairo, tbo vfdtfks woro mhco ti ho kudb kiro mdtfvo fj lohmtfjg

wby ft bmppojol mjl wbmt oaaodt ft bml. Aokfjfsts mrguo tbmt ujcoss yiu dij-

sflor tbo pmtrfmrdbmc jmturo ia iur sidfoty, yiu dmjjit oxpcmfj wby sox mhuso

fs kistcy kmcos mhusfjg aokmcos, jir dmj yiu oxpcmfj wby ft ijcy dmko ti

puhcfd mttojtfij ms m sorfius prihcok ijdo tboro wms m strijg aokfjfst kivo-

kojt ti spome up air tbo aokmco vfdtfks.

Flojtfayfjg soxumc mhuso

\bo tbroo kmfj dmtogirfos ia ovflojdo mro pbysfdmc sfgjs, hobmvfiurmc/

psydbicigfdmc sfgjs, mjl lfsdcisuro hy tbo vfdtfk.

^bysfdmc sfgjs

Tikotfkos tboro mro pbysfdmc sfgjs sudb ms progjmjdy, fjaodtfij, gojftmc

hcoolfjg ir fj`ury ti tbo gojftmc mrom tbmt privo ir strijgcy suggost tbmt

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=><



siko soxumc mdtfvfty bms iddurrol hut, kiro iatoj, mjy pbysfdmc sfgjs mro

mkhfguius. Fj tbo =62>s, siko pmolfmtrfdfmjs tbiugbt tboy bml aiujl

m rocfmhco fjlfdmtir ia soxumc mhuso fj tbo mjmc lfcmtmtfij tost hut tbfs fs

jiw gojormccy sooj ms fjlfdmtfvo hut jit dijdcusfvo (Lopmrtkojt ia

Bomctb, =622). Ovoj wboj tboro fs strijg pbysfdmc ovflojdo, fjvostfgm-

tirs kmy tboj amdo fjsupormhco lfaafductfos fj ostmhcfsbfjg wbi tbo

porpotrmtir wms.

Hobmvfiurmc/psydbicigfdmc sfgjs

\boso tojl ti ho fjlotorkfjmto. Kmjy vfdtfks sbiw ji hobmvfiurmc ir

psydbicigfdmc sfgjs mt tbo tfko ia tbo mhuso (Kijtocoijo mjl Hrilour,

=6620 p. =<4). Hut tboro mro m jukhor ia sfgjs wbfdb rovomc tbo pissf-

hfcfty ia mhuso, tbo kist piworauc hofjg mgo-fjmppriprfmto ejiwcolgo ia sox. Biwovor, kist dbmjgos fj m dbfcl‖s hobmvfiur ir kojtmc stmto mro

jij-spodfafd ti dbfcl soxumc mhuso mjl kmy ho sooj fj m dbfcl ujlor mjy-

airk ia stross0 mjxfoty, jfgbtkmros, bistfcfty/mjgor, loprossfij, rujjfjg

mwmy arik biko, mttokptfjg sufdflo, lrug mllfdtfij, fjvicvokojt fj

pristftutfij mjl `uvojfco locfjquojdy. Fa m dbfcl lovocips prihcokmtfd

hobmvfiur, soxumc mhuso kfgbt ho tbo dmuso, hut fjlopojlojt ovflojdo

fs joolol ti suppirt ft.

Lfsdcisuro hy tbo vfdtfk

\bo kmfj siurdo ia fjairkmtfij fs lfsdcisuro hy tbo vfdtfk. Biwovor, air

m vmrfoty ia romsijs, kmjy vfdtfks aooc ujmhco ti tmce mhiut tbo mhuso

wbfco ft fs bmppojfjg mjl wbfco, ms dbfclroj, tboy mro stfcc vucjormhco.

\boy kmy lfsdciso kmjy yomrs cmtor ms mlucts hut tboy mro usumccy tboj

lomct wftb hy tbo drfkfjmc `ustfdo systok, jit m dbfcl pritodtfij mgojdy.

Wboj dbfclroj hogfj ti lfsdciso, tbo pridoss fs iatoj lfaafduct mjl

pritrmdtol mjl sefcc fs joolol fj fjtorvfowfjg tbok (Mclrflgo mjl Wiil,=6625 Kfcjo mjl Hucc, =666).

\bo Biko Iaafdo guflmjdo Mdbfovfjg Host Ovflojdo fj Drfkfjmc

^ridoolfjgs (8>>=) fs bfgbcy rocovmjt wboj fjtorvfowfjg dbfcl vfdtfks.

Qfloiol fjtorvfows mro dijludtol — usumccy ijcy hy sidfmc wireors ir

picfdo iaafdors wbi bmvo ujlorgijo tbo rocovmjt trmfjfjg — wftb tbo twi

mfks ia kfjfkfsfjg trmukm air tbo dbfcl hy rokivfjg tbo jool air tbo

ovflojdo ti ho ropomtol, mjl ia ihtmfjfjg ovflojdo tbmt koots tbo rucos

ia ovflojdo mjl si dmj ho usol fj m drfkfjmc prisodutfij.

=>? TOR_MC MH_TO



Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia vfdtfks

Gojlor 0 gfrcs iutjukhor hiys ms vfdtfks ia soxumc mhuso5 lfaaorojt stulfos

ostfkmto tbmt tboy mro hotwooj twi mjl tbroo tfkos kiro vucjormhco

(Afjeocbir, =664). Biwovor, tbfs afjlfjg kmy ujlor-ostfkmto tbo

jukhor ia kmco vfdtfks sfjdo ft kmy roacodt kmco rocudtmjdo ti ropirt

mhuso (Afjeocbir, =62=). \bo rmto ia kmco vfdtfks fs bfgbor fj soca-ropirt

survoys tbmj fj stulfos ia iaafdfmccy ejiwj dmsos.

Mgo0 dmsos mro aiujl fj mcc mgo griups hut tbo kist vucjormhco porfil

air ropirtol dmsos fs arik mgo 7 ti =8 yomrs (Afjeocbir, =664). Ft fs prih-

mhco, biwovor, tbmt mhuso ia yiujgor dbfclroj gios ujlotodtol hodmuso

tboy mro ujmhco ti tocc mjyijo (Bowftt, =662).

Tidfmc amdtirs0 bmvfjg m kitbor wbi wires iutsflo tbo biko, ir wbi fs

fcc ir lfsmhcol, mro mssidfmtol wftb m bfgbor rfse. Itbor rfse amdtirs mro pmr-

ojts wftb m dijacfdtol rocmtfijsbfp, ir wftb mcdibic ir suhstmjdo kfsusoprihcoks (Hriwj ot mc., =662). Ft bms hooj suggostol tbmt tbo cfje hotwooj

tboso rfse amdtirs mjl soxumc mhuso fs tbmt, fj vmrfius wmys, tboy oxpiso

dbfclroj ti rfse ms m rosuct ia cfkftol pmrojtmc dmro, suporvfsfij mjl pri-

todtfij (Aorgussij mjl Kuccoj, =666). Ciw amkfcy fjdiko mjl sidfmc

stmtus mro jit mssidfmtol wftb mjy fjdromsol rfse ia soxumc mhuso (fhfl.).

Lfsmhfcfty 0 tbo fjdflojdo ia soxumc mhuso ia dbfclroj wftb lfsmhfcftfos

bms hooj ostfkmtol ti ho =.7? tfkos tbo mvormgo rmto (_T LBBT, =664).

ôrsijmc amdtirs0 tboro fs siko ovflojdo tbmt dbfclroj wbi mro pbysf-

dmccy mttrmdtfvo, skmcc, mjl fjjidojt mjl trustfjg mro kiro cfeocy ti hotmrgotol hy porpotrmtirs, ms mro dbfclroj wbi mppomr vucjormhco fj siko

wmy, sudb ms hofjg pmssfvo, yiujg, ujbmppy fj mppomrmjdo, ir jooly.

Aorgussij mjl Kuccoj (=666) dijdculo tbmt dbfclroj arik amkfcfos tbmt

sbiw ovflojdo ia porvmsfvo sfgjs ia lysaujdtfij mjl lfaafducty mro mt

bfgbor tbmj mvormgo rfse ia hofjg vfdtfks ia soxumc mhuso.

ôrbmps mcc tbmt dmj ho dijdculol wftb mjy dijaflojdo arik tbo

rosomrdb fs tbmt dbfcl soxumc mhuso fs wflosproml, mjl tbmt ji pmrtfducmr

suh-griup fj sidfoty fs fkkujo ti ft.

Dbmrmdtorfstfds ia porpotrmtirs

Mgo0 vory vmrfol. \bo jukhor ia ùvojfco porpotrmtirs kmy ho ujlor-

ostfkmtol (Hmrhmroo, Kmrsbmcc mjl Bulsij, =664) mjl stulfos suggost

tbmt kist soxumc iaaojlors lovocip lovfmjt soxumc fjtorosts prfir ti mgo

=2 (Mhoc mjl Xiucomu, =66>).

Gojlor 0 kist mro kmco — tbroo-qumrtors ir kiro fj siko stulfos (_T

LBBT, =662). \boro fs ovflojdo tbmt m sfgjfafdmjt kfjirfty ia tbo kmco

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=>1



pipucmtfij bms dikkfttol m soxumc iaaojdo mgmfjst m dbfcl. Afjeocbir

mjl Cowfs (=622), fj mj Mkorfdmj jmtfijwflo, rmjlik smkpco survoy,

aiujl tbmt hotwooj < por dojt mjl =7 por dojt ia koj mlkfttol ti

kicostfjg m dbfcl. Hrforo mjl Xujtz (=626) aiujl tbmt 8= por dojt ia

kmco ujlorgrmlumtos ropirtol bmvfjg oxporfojdol soxumc mttrmdtfij ti

dbfclroj, mjl 7 por dojt fjlfdmtol tboy kfgbt dijsflor bmvfjg sox wftb

m dbfcl fa tboy ejow tboy diucl mvifl lotodtfij mjl pujfsbkojt. Ft

wiucl ho fjtorostfjg ti ropomt tboso stulfos jiw mjl soo fa tbo smko

afjlfjgs mro ihtmfjol ir wbotbor tbo fjdromsol sidfmc mwmrojoss mjl

dijlokjmtfij ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso fs mctorfjg koj‖s pordoptfijs.

Wikoj porpotrmtirs kmy ho ujlor-ostfkmtol air ducturmc romsijs —

siko ia tbofr mhusfvo hobmvfiur kmy ho cmhoccol fjmppriprfmto maaodtfij

rmtbor tbmj mhuso. \boy mppomr kiro cfeocy ti tmrgot hiys tbmj gfrcs

(Aorgussij mjl Kuccoj, =666).

ôrpotrmtirs‖ oxporfojdo ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso0 stulfos fjlfdmto tbmt 8>—4>por dojt ia porpotrmtirs woro tboksocvos vfdtfks ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso5

biwovor, tbo kmìrfty ia porpotrmtirs woro jit tboksocvos mhusol ms

dbfclroj (Aorgussij mjl Kuccoj, =666).

Xocmtfijsbfp ti vfdtfk0 tbo ovflojdo suggosts tbmt tbo porpotrmtir fs

sikoijo amkfcfmr ti tbo dbfcl fj tbo kmìrfty ia dmsos, wftb hiys kiro

vucjormhco ti mhuso hy m strmjgor. Fj m cmrgo-sdmco dikkujfty survoy ia

mlucts ropirtfjg dbfcl mhuso (Afjeocbir ot mc., =66>), tbo afjlfjgs woro,

air aokmco mjl kmco rospodtfvocy0

Amkfcy kokhor 86 por dojt mjl == por dojt

Arfojl ir mdqumfjtmjdo <= por dojt mjl << por dojt

Ttrmjgor 8= por dojt mjl <> por dojt

Griikfjg0 biw mhuso dmj iddur

M vory piworauc fkmgo ia soxumc mhuso fs tbmt ia m dbfcl hofjg mhludtol hy

m strmjgor, rmpol ir soxumccy mssmuctol, mjl tboj efccol. Fjlool, sudb trmgfd

ovojts li iddur hut tboy mro rocmtfvocy rmro. Fj tbo kmìrfty ia dmsos, mhuso

iddurs wftbfj m rocmtfijsbfp tbmt bms hooj sciwcy hufct up wftb tbo vfdtfk

(Horcfjor mjl Dijto, =66>). Ijdo m vfdtfk fs flojtfafol, tbo porpotrmtir

kmy losojsftfso tbo dbfcl ti soxumc mdtfvfty tbriugb m griikfjg pridoss

tbmt fjvicvos m prigrossfij arik jij-soxumc ti soxumc tiudb fj tbo dij-

toxt ia m grmlumccy lovocipfjg rocmtfijsbfp. \bfs typfdmccy stmrts wftb mj

mppmrojtcy mddflojtmc tiudb mjl sciwcy prigrossos ti kiro mdtfvo mhuso.

_jtfc rodojtcy, sox mhuso wms gojormccy dijsflorol jij-vficojt, wftb kist

oxports ostfkmtfjg tbmt vficojdo mddikpmjfol ft fj ijcy 8> por dojt ia

=>7 TOR_MC MH_TO



dmsos, hut jiw tbo uso ia vficojdo mjl tbromts ia vficojdo mro rodigjfsol

ms kudb kiro dikkij, wftb m rmjgo ia diordfvo tmdtfds hofjg usol0

sopmrmtfjg tbo dbfcl arik itbor pritodtfvo mlucts, dijlftfijfjg dbfclroj

tbriugb rowmrls mjl pujfsbkojt, airdfjg dbfclroj ti ihsorvo vficojdo

mgmfjst tbofr kitbor, ir usfjg pbysfdmc airdo ir tbromtojfjg gosturos. \bo

mhuso fs kmfjtmfjol hy dijvfjdfjg tbo dbfcl ft kust ho eopt sodrot. Ttulfos

ia vfdtfks sbiw tboy li jit lfsdciso tbofr mhuso fkkolfmtocy, mjl siko-

tfkos jit air kmjy yomrs, fa mt mcc.

Hitb porpotrmtirs mjl vfdtfks bmvo suppirtol tbfs mddiujt. Dbfclroj

mcsi smy tbo porpotrmtirs try ti `ustfay tbo soxumc dijtmdt hy smyfjg ft fs

jit romccy soxumc, ir `ust ciiefjg, ir tomdbfjg tbok mhiut sox, tbmt fs,

tboy lojy tbo bmrkauc fkpmdt ia wbmt tboy mro lifjg.

Fjtorjot mhuso

\bo fjtorjot mjl itbor lovocipkojts fj FD\ sudb ms kihfco pbijos

bmvo privflol jow kodbmjfsks air mhusfjg dbfclroj. \bo kmfj siurdos

ia lmjgor mro0

• tbo priludtfij mjl uso ia dbfcl pirjigrmpby5

• ijcfjo sicfdftmtfij ir ‒griikfjg‖5

• oxpisuro ti kmtorfmcs tbmt dmj dmuso psydbicigfdmc bmrk5

• bmrmsskojt, fjtfkflmtfij, mjl huccyfjg. (OD^M\ Fjtorjmtfijmc, 8>>?)

\bo Biko Iaafdo bms priludol guflmjdo ij biw ti bocp dbfclroj uso

tbo Fjtorjot smaocy (Biko Iaafdo, 8>>?).

Xftumc mjl irgmjfsol mhuso

Toxumc mhuso dmj ho dmrrfol iut hy m jukhor ia mhusors mdtfjg fj mj

irgmjfsol wmy. Fj tbo jotwire, mlucts pcmj mjl lovocip sidfmc dijtmdts

wftb dbfclroj air tbo purpiso ia gmfjfjg mddoss ti tbok ti mhuso tbok.Tikotfkos, tbo jotwire kmy bmvo mj fjstftutfijmc hmso, sudb ms hofjg

dojtrol ij m rosflojtfmc biko. Tikotfkos, ft fs dojtrol ij mj oxtojlol

amkfcy jotwire wboro tboro kmy ho m bfstiry ia mhuso gifjg hmde air

gojormtfijs. Tpodfmc guflmjdo bms hooj privflol air lomcfjg wftb sudb

dikpcox dmsos (Biko Iaafdo mjl Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb, 8>>8).

Fj rftumc mhuso, ft fs dcmfkol tbmt dbfclroj mro mhusol ms pmrt ia m rfto,

sudb ms wirsbfppfjg tbo lovfc. Mccogmtfijs ia tbo oxfstojdo ia rftumc

mhuso bmvo hooj kmlo air lodmlos hut, ti lmto, tboro fs ji dijafrkol

fjdflojt fj tbo _E (Cm Aijtmfjo, =662).

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=>2



Mccogol dmsos ia rftumc mhuso bmvo priludol siko ia tbo wirst kfsdmrrfmgos ia ùstfdo fj

tbo _E, ms fj Xidblmco, Jittfjgbmk mjl Irejoy. Fa tbo fjvostfgmtfij fs mpprimdbol wftb

mj mhsicuto dijvfdtfij tbmt rftumc mhuso bms iddurrol, ft sooks siko priaossfijmcs mro

mhco ti fjtorprot sookfjgcy fjjidojt ovflojdo ti suppirt tbo hocfoa.

Cijg-tork fkpmdt

Toxumc mhuso tbmt fjvicvos pojotrmtfij dmj rosuct fj mduto, fkkolfmto

fjùrfos sudb ms gojftmc lmkmgo, progjmjdy mjl soxumccy trmjskfttol lfs-

omsos. \boro mro mcsi sorfius psydbicigfdmc ropordussfijs. Turvfvirs iatoj

aooc sbmko mjl gufct (Hriwjo mjl Afjeocbir, =621). \boy bmvo mcsi hooj

aiujl ti ho coss trustfjg mjl bmvo m tojlojdy ti soo m soxumc ir oxpciftm-tfvo kitfvmtfij fj itbor‖s hobmvfiur (Dirhy, 8>>>). Dirhy mcsi ropirts tbmt

survfvirs dmj oxbfhft ujusumc mjl fjmppriprfmto soxumc hobmvfiur, sudb ms

fjdromsol soxumc durfisfty mjl aroquojt oxpisuro ia gojftmcs, mjl sfku-

cmtol sox mdts wftb sfhcfjgs mjl arfojls (Kfmj, Kmrtij mjl CoHmrij, =661).

Dbfclbiil soxumc mhuso bms mcsi hooj cfjeol ti lfaafductfos fj mluct

rocmtfijsbfps mjl fjtfkmdy, wftb ciw rmtos ia kmrrfmgo, fjdromsol rmtos ia

rocmtfijsbfp hromeliwj, kuctfpco soxumc pmrtjors, gromtor rfse ia soxu-

mccy trmjskfttol lfsomsos, mjl fjdromsol rmtos ia soxumc rovfdtfkfsmtfij fj

mluctbiil (Kuccoj mjl Acokfjg, =662).

Xujjfjg tboko0 mjtf-lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo

\boro fs dijsflormhco vmrfmtfij fj tbo wmy tbmt amkfcfos oxpross tbofr ma aodtfij fj

pbysfdmc wmys, fj tbo mkiujt ia prfvmdy hotwooj amkfcy kokhors mjl fj tbo ipoj-

joss wftb wbfdb soxumcfty fs kojtfijol. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti mssoss tbo amkfcy dij-

toxt wboj ùlgfjg tbo komjfjg ia hobmvfiur.


^riaossfijmcs jool ti ùlgo tbo ovicvfjg dmpmdftfos ia tbo dbfcl. Mrtfdco =8 ia tbo

Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl stmtos tbmt mcc dbfclroj dmpmhco ia oxpross-

fjg m vfow bmvo tbo rfgbt ti oxpross tbmt vfow aroocy mjl ti bmvo ft tmeoj sorfiuscy

fj mddirlmjdo wftb tbofr mgo mjl kmturfty. \bo ‒ovicvfjg dmpmdftfos ia tbo dbfcl‖

=>6 TOR_MC MH_TO



dmpturos tbo romcfty tbmt dbfclroj‖s mhfcfty ti ujlorstmjl fssuos mjl airk m vfow

ij tbok fs jit mj oftbor/ir sftumtfij hut ijo ia m sciwcy lovocipfjg dikpotojdo.

^rmdtftfijors tboroairo jool ti ho mhco ti gmugo tbo dbfcl‖s covoc ia lovocipkojt

mjl bocp tbok pmrtfdfpmto fj pcmjjfjg tbofr dmro. Xosomrdb pmfjts m lfaaorojt

pfdturo, sbiwfjg biw bmrl ft fs ti put prfjdfpcos fjti prmdtfdo. Tbokkfjgs‖ (8>>>)

rosomrdb aiujl tbmt priaossfijmcs tojlol ti lfdbitikfso dbfclroj fjti tbiso wbiworo dikpotojt ti pmrtfdfpmto mjl tbiso wbi woro jit, wftb cfttco sojsftfvfty ti

tbo ovicvfjg dmpmdftfos ia tbo fjlfvflumc dbfcl.

Tiko vfdtfks bmvo ropirtol tbmt tboy cmtor rogrot lfsdcisfjg tbo mhuso

hodmuso tboy aiujl tbo rospijso ia tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok si lfstross-

fjg mjl lfsruptfvo. Tiko priaossfijmcs bmvo mrguol tbmt dbfclroj kmy jool

tbo gumrmjtoo ia dijaflojtfmcfty fj irlor ti lfsdciso (soo ^mrtij mjl Wmttmk,

=6660 dbmptors 8 mjl <). Biw dmj tbfs ho rodijdfcol wftb tbo stmjlmrl prmd-

tfdo guflmjdo fj Wirefjg \igotbor ti Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj air priaossfijmcs ti

sbmro fjairkmtfij wboj tboy bmvo romsij ti hocfovo tbmt m dbfcl fs suaaorfjg

ir fs mt rfse ia suaaorfjg sfgjfafdmjt bmrk9 Wby fs dijaflojtfmcfty si fkpirtmjt

fj bocpfjg rocmtfijsbfps9 Fa tbo priaossfijmc rokmfjs sfcojt, fs tboro m lmjgor

ia pcmdfjg tii kudb rospijsfhfcfty ij tbo vfdtfk air mllrossfjg tbo prihcok9

Biw kfgbt tbo systok rospijl wftb kiro sojsftfvfty hy, air oxmkpco, mcciw-

fjg m porfil air roacodtfij, jogitfmtfij ir lfmciguo si tbmt priaossfijmcs tmeomddiujt ia biw tbo dbfcl wmjts tbo sftumtfij lomct wftb, fjstoml ia rusbfjg fj

wftb m stmjlmrl rospijso.

Aur tbor Xomlfjg

OD^M\ FJ\OXJM\FIJMC (8>>?) Qficojdo mgmfjst Dbfclroj fj Dyhorspmdo, Hmjgeie0

OD^M\ Fjtorjmtfijmc. M dikprobojsfvo rovfow ia tbo lmjgors ti wbfdb

dbfclroj mro oxpisol fj dyhorspmdo mjl m sukkmry ia rocovmjt rosomrdb.

L. AOXG_TIJ MJL . K_CCOJ (=666) Dbfclbiil Toxumc Mhuso0 mj ovflojdo hmsol

porspodtfvo, \biusmjl Imes, DM0 Tmgo ^uhcfdmtfijs. ^rivflos m lotmfcol

sukkmry mjl lfsdussfij ia tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo.

\. A_XJFT (=66=) \bo Kuctf-^riaossfijmc Bmjlhiie ia Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso,

Cijlij0 Xiutcolgo.

BIKO IAAFDO (8>>?) Giil ^rmdtfdo Guflmjdo air Tomrdb Torvfdo ^rivflors mjl

Mlvfdo ti tbo ^uhcfd ij Biw ti Tomrdb Tmaocy, Cijlij0 Biko Iaafdo. M uso-

auc guflo ti bocp dbfclroj uso tbo Fjtorjot smaocy5 Mppojlfx M cfsts wohsftos

dijtmfjfjg gojormc dbfcl smaoty guflmjdo rocovmjt ti Fjtorjot uso.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ==>

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



L. @IJOT MJL . XMJDBMJLMJF (=666) Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso, Ixairl0 Xmldcfaao. M

rovfow ia tbo rosomrdb ovflojdo.

@. CM AIJ\MFJO (=66>) Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso, Dmkhrflgo0 ^icfty ^ross. M stuly ia

dbfcl soxumc mhuso arik m sidficigfdmc porspodtfvo.

J. ^MX\IJ MJL D. WM\\MK (OLT) (=666) Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso0 rospijlfjg ti tbo

oxporfojdos ia dbfclroj, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy. Tots iut m dbfcl-dojtrol

mpprimdb ti lomcfjg wftb dbfcl soxumc mhuso, gfvos m giil ivorvfow ia tbo

prihcoks oxporfojdol hy dbfclroj fj ropirtfjg mhuso, mjl bms kmjy bocpauc

dbmptors ij spodfafd prmdtfdo fssuos.

===WBM\ DMJ HO LIJO \I KMEO DBFCLXOJ TMAOX9

Comrjfjg iutdikos


• \bo lfaaorojt covocs mt wbfdb provojtfij strmtogfos dmj ho fkpcokojtol.

• \bo rmjgo ia ujfvorsmc mjl tmrgotol sorvfdos tbmt dijtrfhuto ti roludfjg

mhuso mjl jogcodt.

• \bo ovflojdo ij eoy fjtorvojtfij strmtogfos air provojtfjg tbo rodurrojdo ia

mhuso mjl jogcodt.

• \bo ovflojdo ij tbo oaaodtfvojoss ia tbormpfos air bocpfjg vfdtfks.

Covocs ia provojtfij

\boro mro aiur sfgjfafdmjtcy lfaaorojt stmgos mt wbfdb provojtfvo strmto-

gfos kmy ho fkpcokojtol.

Covoc =0 ^rovojtfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt arik iddurrfjg.

Covoc 80 ^rovojtfjg ciw-covoc prihcoks, fjdculfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt, arik gottfjg

wirso.

8.=8

wbmt dmj ho lijo ti kmeo

dbfclroj smaor9



Covoc 40 ^rovojtfjg dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt arik rodurrfjg.

Covoc <0 ^rovojtfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt arik dmusfjg cijg-tork bmrk.

Fj tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors picfdy ia sbfatfjg arik m romdtfvo ti m provoj-

tfvo mpprimdb, tbo mfk fs ti strojgtboj covocs = mjl 8 si tbmt aowor

dbfclroj romdb covocs 4 mjl <. Biwovor, sfjdo tbfs hiie fs ij dbfcl pri-

todtfij, tbfs dbmptor wfcc dijdojtrmto ij covocs 4 mjl <, tbo amkfcfos

ejiwj ti tbo dbfcl pritodtfij systok, wftb ijcy m hrfoa ciie mt tbo prf-

kmry mjl sodijlmry covocs ia provojtfij.

\bo Ovflojdo Hmsol ^rmdtfdo kivokojt bms col ti m gromtor fjtorost fj

ropirtfjg rosomrdb mjl flojtfayfjg fts prmdtfdo fkpcfdmtfijs (Dbmaafj mjl

Arfolrfdb, 8>><), wftb tbo kmjy wohsftos, cfstol ij p. ?7 iaaorfjg m griw-

fjg cfst ia rosomrdb sukkmrfos. Ovmcumtfvo stulfos, biwovor, mro stfcc rocm-

tfvocy sdmrdo mjl kmjy sbiw ijcy kilost suddoss mt host. \boy li iaaor

siko vmcumhco guflmjdo, tbiugb, ms wocc ms okpbmsfsfjg tbo jool air rfg-irius ovmcumtfij mjl air dijtfjufjg ti ciie air tbormpoutfd floms. \bo

suh`odt fs tii hfg ti porkft m dikprobojsfvo rovfow si tbo aidus fj tbfs

sodtfij wfcc ho ij tbo fjtorvojtfijs kist dikkijcy usol fj tbo _E. Air

itbor fjtorvojtfijs ir kiro up-ti-lmto afjlfjgs, romlors sbiucl dijsuct

tbo rosomrdb wohsftos.

Covoc = ^rovojtfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt arik iddurrfjg

^rovojtfjg dbfclroj arik hofjg bmrkol mt mcc hy mhuso ir jogcodt fs

dcomrcy proaormhco ti stippfjg ft bmppojfjg mgmfj. ^rfkmry provojtfij

strmtogfos mro typfdmccy mfkol mt dbfclroj‖s wocc-hofjg fj gojormc. Mhuso

mjl jogcodt mro ijcy twi ia tbo kmjy amdtirs tbmt dmj bmvo mj mlvorso

fkpmdt ij dbfclroj‖s bomctb mjl lovocipkojt mjl kmjy ia tbo amdtirs

tbmt kmeo mhuso mjl jogcodt kiro cfeocy, sudb ms odijikfd mjl sidfmc

strossos, ir piir bomctb fj tbo pmrojts, dmj mcsi bmvo m lfrodtcy bmrkauc

oaaodt ij dbfclroj. \boroairo, strmtogfos ti roludo tboso amdtirs wfcc bmvo

m ejide-ij oaaodt ij roludfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt.^rfkmry provojtfij strmtogfos dmj ho ujfvorsmc ir tmrgotol. Fj tbo _E,

tboro mro m jukhor ia ujfvorsmc sorvfdos — bomctb, oludmtfij, biusfjg,

fjdiko suppirt — tbmt mro losfgjol ti bocp mcc kokhors ia sidfoty koot

tbofr jools. \bo mloqumdy ia tboso sorvfdos maaodts tbo logroo ia prfkmry

provojtfij mdbfovol. Dbmjgos fj tbo Tidfmc Todurfty systok fj tbo

=62>s, air oxmkpco, dijtrfhutol ti tbo stoop fjdromso fj dbfclroj cfvfjg

fj pivorty (rfsfjg arik => por dojt fj =676 ti 44 por dojt fj =667) mjl

tbfs wfcc bmvo bml mj mlvorso fkpmdt ij kmjy dbfclroj. \bo durrojt

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ==8



givorjkojt mfk fs ti ojsuro tbmt ji dbfcl fs hriugbt up fj pivorty mjl,

fa suddossauc, tbfs sbiucl ho m vmcumhco provojtfvo strmtogy.

Kmjy ia tbo durrojt provojtfvo strmtogfos mro tmrgotol mt griups ir

jofgbhiurbiils dijsflorol ti ho mt bfgbor tbmj mvormgo rfse ia piir

iutdikos. Xfse-mssosskojt fjstrukojts, sudb ms Ijsot mjl Xyigojs, mro

hofjg usol ti flojtfay dbfclroj dijsflorol mt rfse ia `uvojfco iaaojlfjg

ir mjtf-sidfmc hobmvfiur si tbmt sorvfdos dmj ho tmrgotol ij tbok.

Fj rocmtfij ti mhuso mjl jogcodt, TuroTtmrt fs tbo kist rocovmjt sorvfdo.

\bfs hogmj fj tbo jofgbhiurbiils flojtfafol ms bmvfjg bfgb covocs ia

loprfvmtfij mjl mfks ti ojbmjdo sorvfdo privfsfij air mcc amkfcfos fj tbo

mrom, tborohy fkprivfjg dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt. \i lmto, tbo ovmcum-

tfijs ia TuroTtmrt bmvo priludol lfsmppifjtfjg rosucts, wftb siko skmcc

sfgjs ia fkprivokojt hut mcsi siko fjlfdmtfijs tbmt suh-griups, sudb

ms dbfclroj ia toojmgo kitbors, mro amrfjg wirso fj TuroTtmrt mroms

(TuroTtmrt, 8>>?). Ft bms hooj mrguol tbmt tbo sdbokos jool kiro tfkoti lokijstrmto tbofr oaaodtfvojoss.

Covoc 8 ^rovojtfjg ciw-covoc prihcoks arik gottfjg wirso

Fj tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors mgojlm, dbfclroj wftb ciw-covoc prihcoks mro

dcmssol ms bmvfjg ‒mllftfijmc jools‖5 tboy mro dijsflorol mt bfgbor tbmj

mvormgo rfse ia lovocipfjg kiro sorfius prihcoks fa bocp fs jit privflol.

Hy fjtriludfjg tbo Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire mjl ojdiurmgfjgm kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry mpprimdb, tbo givorjkojt mfks ti fkprivo omrcy

mssosskojt mjl rospijso ti jool. \bo strmtogfos air bocpfjg tboso dbfclroj

mro lfvorso, wftb mcc sorvfdos oxpodtol ti pcmy siko pmrt fj privfsfij. Ft fs

tii omrcy ti ovmcumto tbo ivormcc fkpmdt ia tbfs picfdy dbmjgo ir ovoj ti

flojtfay wbmt typos ia fjtorvojtfij mro hofjg dikkijcy usol.

Covoc 4 ^rovojtfjg dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt arik rodurrfjg

\bo ovflojdo fjlfdmtos cfkftol suddoss fj provojtfjg aurtbor mhuso ir

jogcodt. Amrkor mjl Iwoj‖s (=66?) stuly aiujl tbmt 8? por dojt ia

dbfclroj pcmdol ij tbo dbfcl pritodtfij rogfstor bml hooj ro-mhusol hy

tbo tfko ia tbo aicciw-up fjtorvfow mt 8> kijtbs. Occmwmy ot mc. (8>><)

aicciwol up, air tbroo yomrs, m dibirt ia 16 hmhfos ujlor = yomr icl mator

m dbfcl pritodtfij fjvostfgmtfij bml dijdculol tbmt pbysfdmc mhuso bml

tmeoj pcmdo. Airty-jfjo ia tbo hmhfos woro roturjol biko mjl, ia tboso,

=? woro aurtbor mhusol, m rmto ia 4= por dojt. \bo ro-mhuso wms jit `ust

==4 WBM\ DMJ HO LIJO \I KMEO DBFCLXOJ TMAOX9



pbysfdmc hut fjdculol jogcodt. Kiroivor, jit ijcy woro tboy mt rfse, hut

si tii woro tbofr sfhcfjgs. Ia tbo titmc dibirt, tboro woro dbfcl pritod-

tfij dijdorjs mhiut sfhcfjgs fj <6 por dojt ia tbo dmsos.

_sfjg mssosskojts ti pcmj fjtorvojtfijs

Amkfcfos wbi mhuso ir jogcodt tbofr dbfclroj mro m bfgbcy lfvorso griup mjl

ft fs ujcfeocy tbmt mjy ijo fjtorvojtfij wfcc ho usoauc fj mcc dmsos. Bocp

jools ti ho tmfcirol ti tbo mssossol jools ia tbo amkfcy, mjl tbo hottor tbo

mssosskojt tbo kiro ft wfcc gojormto spodfafd floms mhiut biw ti fkprivo

tbo dbfclroj‖s smaoty mjl wocc-hofjg. Gifjg hoyijl tbo suramdo prosojtm-

tfij ia prihcoks mjl tryfjg ti ujlorstmjl tbofr loopor dmusos wfcc coml ti

kiro prodfso fjtorvojtfij pcmjs. ^icfdy okpbmsfsos tbo fkpirtmjdo ia

mssossfjg jit `ust tbo dbfcl‖s smaoty hut mcsi tbofr wflor lovocipkojtmc

jools mjl tbo pmrojtfjg dmpmdfty fj tbo amkfcy mjl ojvfrijkojt. \boMssosskojt Armkowire mjl tbo vmrfius airks fj tbo Fjtogrmtol Dbfclroj‖s

Tystok mro losfgjol ti ojdiurmgo sudb m bicfstfd mjl tbiriugb mssosskojt.

M tbiriugb ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo amkfcy‖s bfstiry fs drudfmc fj flojtfayfjg

pmttorjs ia hobmvfiur mjl likfjmjt pifjts ia stross wboro lmfcy bmsscos

kmy osdmcmto fjti kiro sorfius mhuso. Kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry mssosskojt fs cfeocy

ti ho kiro sojsftfvo ti tbo rmjgo ia prihcoks fj m amkfcy, iaaorfjg m kiro

oxport ivormcc mssosskojt tbmj mjy ijo priaossfijmc diucl privflo.


Xosomrdb ij tbo uso ia tbo Mssosskojt Armkowire sbiws tbmt sidfmc wire prmd-

tfdo dijtfjuos ti oxdculo dbfclroj arik auccy pmrtfdfpmtfjg fj lodfsfijs tbmt mro

cfeocy ti maaodt tbok (Dcomvor, Wmceor wftb Komliws, 8>><0 8<2). Wboj mseol

biw tbfjgs diucl ho fkprivol, dbfclroj fj tbfs stuly roftormtol tbo fssuos aiujl

fj omrcfor rosomrdb. \boy wmjtol priaossfijmcs ti0

•

tmeo tfko ti oxpcmfj ti tbok wbmt fs bmppojfjg mjl wby • cfstoj ti mjl rospodt tbofr vfows mjl oxporfojdos

• hocfovo wbmt tboy smfl

• tmce ti tbo poipco tboy tbfje mro fkpirtmjt

• privflo tbok wftb sikotbfjg ti rokfjl tbok ia wbmt wms lodflol.

Biko vfsftmtfij prigrmkkos

Fj tbo _E, bomctb vfsftirs bmvo cijg bml m provojtfvo rico fj iaaorfjg mlvfdo

mjl suppirt ti amkfcfos. Mctbiugb m ujfvorsmc sorvfdo, tboy tojl ti tmrgot

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ==<



amkfcfos tbmt mppomr vucjormhco. \boro fs giil ovflojdo ia tbofr oaaodtfvojoss

fj prfkmry provojtfij ia mhuso mjl jogcodt (KmdKfccmj ot mc., =66<) hut tboy

mppomr ti ho coss oaaodtfvo fj provojtfjg rodurrojdo. KmdKfccmj ot mc. (8>>?)

dijludtol m rmjlik dijtriccol trfmc ij =14 amkfcfos wftb m bfstiry ia ijo

dbfcl hofjg oxpisol ti pbysfdmc mhuso ir jogcodt, fj wbfdb tbo oxporfkojtmc

griup rodofvol biko vfsftmtfij fj mllftfij ti tbo stmjlmrl rospijso. M

bfgbor rmto ia mhuso wms rodirlol fj tbo oxporfkojtmc griup. \bfs lfsmp-

pifjtfjg rosuct kmy ho luo ti tbo ‒survofccmjdo oaaodt‖ — tbofr gromtor vfsfhfc-

fty ti priaossfijmcs comlfjg ti kiro fjdflojts ia mhuso hofjg jitol.

^mrojtfjg dcmssos

\boso dmj ho usol mt mcc covocs ia provojtfij, fjdculfjg mator mhuso ir jogcodt

bmvo iddurrol. Kmdlijmcl (8>>=0 =?8) sukkmrfsos tbofr rmjgo ia mfks0

• ^rivflfjg fjairkmtfij mhiut dbfcl lovocipkojt, bomctb, bygfojo, smaoty, otd.

• Bocpfjg pmrojts rodijsflor mjl roarmko ‒mgo-fjmppriprfmto‖ oxpodtmtfijs mjl

kfsmttrfhutfijs.

• Ojbmjdfjg tbo qumcfty ia dbfcl—pmrojt rocmtfijsbfps hy, air oxmkpco, tomdbfjg

pcmy sefccs, strudturfjg tbo lmy si tbmt tboy sot msflo siko tfko air tbok-

socvos mjl tbofr dbfcl(roj).

• Lovocipfjg pmrojts‖ mhfcfty ti kijftir mjl trmde tbofr dbfclroj‖s hobmvfiur mjl

rospijl mppriprfmtocy, fjdculfjg tbo kmjmgokojt ia dbmccojgfjg hobmvfiur.

• Fjdromsfjg suppirt jotwires.

Xokokhor tbo fkpirtmjdo ia cfjefjg yiur mssosskojt mjl yiur pcmj. Fa yiu lodflo ti

iaaor pmrojtfjg dcmssos ti pmrojts, yiu sbiucl ho mhco ti flojtfay wbfdb ia tbo mhivo

mfks yiu mro bipfjg ti mdbfovo mjl wby.

Hosflos bmvfjg lfvorso mfks, prigrmkkos uso m rmjgo ia kotbils, si ft

fs jit pissfhco ti romdb m sfjgco `ulgokojt mhiut pmrojtfjg dcmssos.

Hmrciw (=667) rovfowol tbo mvmfcmhco ovflojdo mjl dijdculol0

• Griup-hmsol prigrmkkos gojormccy priludol hottor rosucts tbmj fjlfvflumcprigrmkkos.

• Hobmvfiurmc prigrmkkos priludol hottor rosucts tbmj rocmtfijsbfp-hmsol

(Mlcorfmj) ir ^O\ (^mrojt Oaaodtfvojoss \rmfjfjg) ^rigrmkkos.

• Ijo stuly sbiwol tbmt m hobmvfiurmc prigrmkko priludol sfgjfafdmjt

dbmjgos fj dbfcl hobmvfiur frrospodtfvo ia tbo kotbil usol — sudb ms griup

ir fjlfvflumc, pbijo ir biko vfsfts.

M cmtor rovfow, ciiefjg spodfafdmccy mt pmrojtfjg dcmssos air toojmgo

pmrojts, romdbol m dmutfius hut scfgbtcy iptfkfstfd dijdcusfij0

==? WBM\ DMJ HO LIJO \I KMEO DBFCLXOJ TMAOX9



\bo afjlfjgs ia tbo rovfow mro hmsol ij m skmcc jukhor ia stulfos, mjl mro

tboroairo cfkftol. \bo rosucts suggost, biwovor, tbmt pmrojtfjg prigrmkkos

kmy ho oaaodtfvo fj fkprivfjg m rmjgo ia psydbisidfmc mjl lovocipkojtmc iut-

dikos air toojmgo kitbors mjl tbofr dbfclroj. Aurtbor rosomrdb fs joolol, pmr-

tfducmrcy tbmt wbfdb fjdculos cijg-tork aicciw-up ia tbo dbfclroj ia tooj

pmrojts mjl tbo rico ia yiujg amtbors ms wocc ms yiujg kitbors. (Diroj mjlHmrciw, 8>>8)

Tukkmrfsfjg ovflojdo ij wbi fs jit cfeocy ti rodofvo suaafdfojt bocp arik

pmrojtfjg dcmssos, Kmdlijmcl (8>>=0 =??) cfsts tbo aicciwfjg amdtirs, mcc

ia wbfdb mro aroquojtcy aiujl fj tbo amkfcfos ejiwj ti tbo dbfcl pri-

todtfij systok0

• îir pmrojtmc mlùstkojt, pmrtfducmrcy kmtorjmc loprossfij

• Kmtorjmc stross mjl ciw sidfi-odijikfd stmtus

• Tidfmc fsicmtfij ia kitbor• Xocmtfijsbfp prihcoks

• Oxtrmamkfcfmc dijacfdt

• \bo prihcoks mro sovoro mjl/ir cijg-stmjlfjg

• ^mrojtmc kfspordoptfij ia tbo lovfmjdo ia tbofr dbfclroj‖s hobmvfiur.

^mrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfij tbormpy

M hobmvfiurmc prigrmkko air pbysfdmccy mhusfvo pmrojts bms sbiwj ovf-

lojdo ia suddoss wftb m sfgjfafdmjtcy roludol rmto ia auturo pbysfdmc

mhuso (Dbmaafj ot mc., 8>><5 Dbmkhcoss mjl Iccojlfde, 8>>=).

Amkfcy tbormpy

\boro mro twi kmfj airks0 (m) hobmvfiurmc amkfcy tbormpy, hmsol ij

sidfmc comrjfjg tboiry, wbfdb usos strudturol, hobmvfiurmc oxdbmjgo pri-

grmkkos ti fjdromso pisftfvo hobmvfiurs mjl dikkujfdmtfij

mjl prihcok-sicvfjg5 (h) amkfcy systoks tbormpy, divorfjg m rmjgo ia lfa-

aorojt kotbils hut wftb m dikkij mssukptfij tbmt tbo amkfcy fs m ruco-

givorjol systok, jit ùst m griup ia fjlfvflumcs (Bmzocrfgg, Diipor

mjl Hiurlufj, =627). Gfvoj tbo lfvorsfty fj spodfafd airks ia tbormpymjl tbo sdmrdfty ia stulfos, ft fs bmrl ti romdb mjy gojormc ovmcumtfij, hut

tbo hobmvfiurmc mpprimdbos bmvo kiro suppirt tbmj tbo systoks ijos

(Kmdlijmcl, 8>>=0 =77).

Amkfcy griup dijaorojdos

\boso irfgfjmtol fj Jow Pomcmjl mjl mro hodikfjg fjdromsfjgcy dik-

kij fj tbo _E (soo Amkfcy Xfgbts Griup, 8>>8, air m hrfoa guflo). \bo

diro flom fs tbmt tbo amkfcy fs hriugbt tigotbor ti afjl tbo host pcmj air

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ==1



tmdecfjg tbofr prihcoks mjl privflfjg giil dmro air tbo dbfclroj. Mt tbo

dijaorojdo, tbo lodfsfij kmeors mro tbo amkfcy kokhors, jit tbo priaos-

sfijmcs. \boy mppomc ti kmjy hodmuso ia tbo wmy tbmt tboy okpiwor tbo

amkfcy. Biwovor, tboro mro aow ovmcumtfvo stulfos mvmfcmhco. Ijo tbroo-yomr

trfmc fj Twoloj aiujl tbmt dbfclroj lomct wftb tbriugb amkfcy griup dij-

aorojdos bml bfgbor rmtos ia ro-roaorrmc air mhuso tbmj tbiso wbi rodofvol

tbo stmjlmrl mpprimdb hut tojlol ti got coss fjtrusfvo suppirt arik tbo

dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos (Tujlocc mjl Qfjjorcùjg, 8>><).

Kuctfsystokfd tbormpy

\boso prigrmkkos iaaorfjg fjtojsfvo suppirt ti amkfcfos wboro mhuso ir

jogcodt bmvo iddurrol bmvo hodiko pipucmr fj tbo _TM. Biwovor, tbo

ovflojdo ij oaaodtfvojoss fs, ms yot, cmdefjg. Cfttocc, îpm mjl Airsytbo

(8>>?0 <) rovfowol tbo mvmfcmhco stulfos mjl dijdculol0

Xosucts ia ofgbt rmjlikfsol dijtriccol trfmcs ia Kuctfsystokfd \bormpy (KT\)

dijludtol fj tbo _TM, Dmjmlm, mjl Jirwmy fjlfdmto tbmt ft fs prokmturo ti

lrmw dijdcusfijs mhiut tbo oaaodtfvojoss ia KT\ dikpmrol wftb itbor sorvfdos.

Xosucts mro fjdijsfstojt mdriss stulfos tbmt vmry fj qumcfty mjl dijtoxt. \boro fs

ji fjairkmtfij mhiut tbo oaaodts ia KT\ dikpmrol wftb ji tromtkojt. \boro fs

ji ovflojdo tbmt KT\ bms bmrkauc oaaodts.

^mrojts‖ prihcoks

Ijo strmtogy air fkprivfjg dbfclroj‖s dmro mjl smaoty fs ti ojsuro tbmt tbo

pmrojts rodofvo bocp air kmìr prihcoks. \bo Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb

strossos tbfs pifjt fj fts guflmjdo ij tbo Mssosskojt Armkowire (8>>>0

pmrm. <.?)0

Fj kist sftumtfijs, kootfjg dbfclroj‖s jools wfcc mckist mcwmys fjvicvo

rospijlfjg mcsi ti tbo jools ia amkfcy kokhors. \bo twi mro dcisocy dij-

jodtol mjl ft fs rmrocy pissfhco ti prikito tbo wocamro ia dbfclroj wftbiut pri-

kitfjg tbo wocamro ia sfgjfafdmjt mlucts fj tbofr cfvos.

\bo tbroo tbmt mro kist dikkijcy aiujl fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire, mjl

mro ejiwj ti bmvo mj mlvorso fkpmdt ij pmrojtfjg (Dcomvor, _jocc

mjl Mclgmto, =666) mro mcdibic mjl suhstmjdo kfsuso, likostfd vficojdo,

mjl kojtmc fccjoss.

Mcdibic mjl suhstmjdo kfsuso TDFO (8>>1) privflo m rosomrdb hrfoafjgtbmt sukkmrfsos biw pmrojtfjg dmpmdfty dmj ho maaodtol hy pmrojtmcsuhstmjdo kfsuso mjl biw tbfs kfgbt ho kmjmgol. Ft jitos tbmt priaos-sfijmcs iatoj amfc ti ovmcumto tbo fkpmdt ia suhstmjdo kfsuso ij pmrojtfjg




Covoc < ^rovojtfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt arik dmusfjg cijg-tork bmrk

Gfvoj tbo ovflojdo ij tbo cijg-tork bmrk dmusol hy mhuso mjl jogcodt,

fjtorvojtfijs ti kfjfkfso tbmt fkpmdt mro ti ho wocdikol. Biwovor, ft

fs mj mrom ia wire tbmt, fj prmdtfdo, tojls ti got cfttco mttojtfij fj fts iwj

rfgbt, wftb kist priaossfijmc oaairt gifjg fjti fkprivfjg dbfclroj‖s

durrojt smaoty mjl covoc ia dmro ujtfc sudb tfko ms tbo bmrk sbiws up fj

prihcokmtfd hobmvfiur. M jukhor ia tbormpoutfd mpprimdbos mro mvmfc-

mhco hut tboro mro aow ovmcumtfvo stulfos ia tbok.

IQD (8>><) privflos tbo cmrgost rovfow ti lmto ia kojtmc bomctb fjtor-

vojtfijs air dbfclroj wbi woro vfdtfks ia mhuso. Aujlol hy tbo _T

Iaafdo air Qfdtfks ia Drfko, ft divors 8< fjtorvojtfijs air dbfclroj, pmr-

ojts, tbo pmrojt—dbfcl rocmtfijsbfp, mjl iaaojlors. Ft dcmssfafos tbok ij

tboirotfdmc hmsfs, dcfjfdmc/mjodlitmc cftormturo, mddoptmjdo/uso fj prmd-

tfdo, pitojtfmc air bmrk, mjl logroo ia okpfrfdmc suppirt. \bo cmttor fsrmtol ij m sfx-pifjt sdmco0

= ; wocc-suppirtol, oaafdmdfius tromtkojt

8 ; suppirtol mjl prihmhcy oaafdmdfius tromtkojt

4 ; suppirtol mjl mddoptmhco tromtkojt

< ; prikfsfjg mjl mddoptmhco tromtkojt

? ; fjjivmtfvo ir jivoc tromtkojt

1 ; dijdorjfjg tromtkojt.

Ijcy ijo kotbil — trmukm-aidusol digjftfvo-hobmvfiurmc tbormpy kor-

ftol m rmtfjg ia wocc-suppirtol mjl oaafdmdfius (Diboj mjl Kmjjmrfji,

=667). Ijo tromtkojt — mttmdbkojt tbormpy — wms rmtol ms dijdorjfjg

wftb m sfgjfafdmjt pitojtfmc air bmrk. Aucc lotmfcs mro mvmfcmhco arik

www.kusd.olu/dvd/.

Xoturjfjg dbfclroj biko

Ijdo dbfclroj bmvo hooj rokivol arik tbofr hfrtb pmrojts hodmuso ia mhuso ir jogcodt, priaossfijmcs mro amdol wftb tbo lodfsfij ia wbotbor

mjl wboj tboy dmj smaocy roturj biko. Hfobmc (8>>10 =) privflos m vmcu-

mhco sukkmry ia tbo rocovmjt rosomrdb afjlfjgs fj tbo _E mjl tbo _TM,

fjdculfjg0

• Kmjy dbfclroj roturj biko qufto qufdecy hut tbo prihmhfcfty ia roturj

lodcfjos sbmrpcy mator sfx kijtbs. \fko fj dmro mppomrs ti ho rocmtol ti m

vmrfoty ia itbor amdtirs wbfdb kmeo roturj coss prihmhco.

• Dbfclroj pcmdol hodmuso ia pbysfdmc ir soxumc mhuso mro kiro cfeocy ti

roturj biko tbmj tbiso pcmdol luo ti jogcodt.




• Ovflojdo arik m skmcc jukhor ia _E stulfos suggosts tbmt hotwooj

ijo-tbfrl mjl ijo-bmca ia dbfclroj wbi roturj biko kmy suhsoquojtcy ro-

ojtor dmro.

• \boro bms hooj cfttco rosomrdb ij tbo iutdikos ia roujfij, hut tbo ovflojdo

suggosts tbmt siko dbfclroj wbi roturj oxporfojdo ro-mhuso ir jogcodt.

•

\bo cfkftol ovflojdo ij psydbisidfmc iutdikos ia roujfij suggosts tbmtroujftol dbfclroj kmy bmvo kiro sorfius okitfijmc mjl hobmvfiurmc prih-

coks tbmj tbiso wbi rokmfj ciieol mator fj dmro.

Xosomrdb ij oaaodtfvo wirefjg rocmtfijsbfps

Xogmrlcoss ia tbo fjtorvojtfij dbisoj, tboro fs ovflojdo tbmt oaaodtfvo

fjtorporsijmc sefccs dmj fjdromso tbo cfeocfbiil ia ostmhcfsbfjg rmppirt

wftb sorvfdo usors, gmfjfjg tbofr di-ipormtfij, mjl mviflfjg lrip-iut

(o.g., ^mttorsij mjl Airgmtdb, =62?). ‒Bocpors wbi mro dicl, dcisol liwj,mjl `ulgokojtmc mro jit ms cfeocy ti fjvicvo dcfojts ms diccmhirmtirs ms mro

tbiso wbi mro wmrk, suppirtfvo, mjl okpmtbfd‖ (Gmkhrfcc, 8>>10 <>6).

Tefccs flojtfafol ms dijtrfhutfjg ti rocmtfijsbfp-hufclfjg mjl pisftfvo iut-

dikos fjdculo0

tbormpfst drolfhfcfty

okpmtbfd ujlorstmjlfjg mjl maafrkmtfij ia tbo sorvfdo usor

sefcc fj ojgmgfjg tbo usor

m aidus ij tbo usor‖s dijdorjs

sefcc fj lfrodtfjg tbo usor‖s mttojtfij ti tbo usor‖s okitfijmc oxporfojdos.

Lmco‖s (8>><) qumcftmtfvo stuly ia =2 amkfcfos privflos siko vfvfl fccus-

trmtfij ia pmrojts‖ giil mjl hml oxporfojdos ia wirefjg rocmtfijsbfps.

\bo pisftfvo afjlfjgs odbiol tbiso cfstol mhivo0 air oxmkpco, ijo

pmrojt vmcuol ‒oyo-ti-oyo dijtmdt — hofjg mhco ti tmce ti omdb itbor — smy

mjytbfjg wo wmjt ti omdb itbor‖. Jogmtfvo dikkojts roacodtol tbo

ippisfto qumcftfos ia bocpors — ia hofjg ‒ujfjtorostol, fjoaaodtfvo, ujsup-

pirtfvo, ujrocfmhco mjl ujmvmfcmhco‖ (8>><0 =?4).

Fj sidfmc wire, tboro fs m cijg bfstiry ia bistfcfty ir fjlfaaorojdo ti digjftfvo-

hobmvfiurmc kotbils ia wirefjg yot tboso bmvo priludol tbo strijgost

ovflojdo ia oaaodtfvojoss wftb m rmjgo ia prihcoks aiujl fj dbfcl pritodtfij

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=8>

\mefjgft A_X\BOX



wire (Kmdlijmcl, 8>>=). \bfs rmfsos tbo quostfij ia biw kudb aroolik

priaossfijmcs sbiucl bmvo fj dbiisfjg fjtorvojtfijs. Fs ft loaojsfhco air tbok

ti lfsrogmrl mppmrojtcy oaaodtfvo fjtorvojtfijs tbmt, air siko romsij, tboy

tboksocvos li jit wfsb ti uso9 \bo digjftfvo-hobmvfiurmc mpprimdb bms hooj

drftfdfsol air lomcfjg ijcy wftb suramdo fssuos mjl jit gottfjg ti tbo loopor

dmusos ia prihcok hobmvfiur. Itbors mrguo tbmt fa tbo suramdo fssuos tbmt ft

sicvos mro pbysfdmc mssmucts ij dbfclroj, tbfs fs mj iutdiko wirtb mdbfovfjg.

Aur tbor roml fjg

\bo wohsftos cfstol ij p. ?7 mro tbo host rosiurdo air ihtmfjfjg tbo kist

up-ti-lmto fjairkmtfij ij ovmcumtfvo stulfos.

G. KMDLIJMCL (8>>=) Oaaodtfvo Fjtorvojtfijs air Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt,

Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy. ^rivflos m wocc-rosomrdbol mjl wflo-rmjgfjg rovfow ia

ovmcumtfvo rosomrdb, wftb giil lfsdussfij ia tbo fssuos fj dijludtfjg rfgir-

ius stulfos.

JM\FIJMC DBFCLXOJ‖T H_XOM_ (8>><) ‒Griup-hmsol pmrojtfjg prigrmkkos mjl

roludfjg dbfclroj‖s hobmvfiur prihcoks‖, Bfgbcfgbt Ji. 8== mvmfcmhco ti

kokhors arik www.jdh.irg.ue. M hrfoa sukkmry ia tbo ovflojdo ij pmr-

ojtfjg prigrmkkos.

Ij tbo fkpmdt ia pmrojtmc prihcoks ij dbfcldmro0

B. DCOMQOX, F. _JOCC MJL @. MCLGM\O (=666) Dbfclroj‖s Jools — ^mrojtfjg

Dmpmdfty0 tbo fkpmdt ia pmrojtmc kojtmc fccjoss, prihcok mcdibic mjl lrug

uso, mjl likostfd vficojdo ij dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt, Cijlij0 BKTI.

TIDFMC DMXO FJT\F\_\O AIX ORDOCCOJDO (8>>1) ‒Xosomrdb Hrfoafjg 10 pmrojtfjg

dmpmdfty mjl suhstmjdo kfsuso‖, Cijlij, TDFO. Mvmfcmhco arik www.

sdfo.irg.ue.

=8=WBM\ DMJ HO LIJO \I KMEO DBFCLXOJ TMAOX9



pmrt tbroo*

stuly, wrftfjg mjl rovfsfij sefccs

* fj dic cmhirmt fij wf tb Lmvfl KdF c riy



=8? BIW \I GO\ \BO KIT\ I_\ IA VI_X COD\_XOT

Wbmt tbfs sodtfij wfcc gfvo yiu0 biw ti —

• kmeo tbo kist ia yiur codturo jitos

• propmro yiur kfjl air jow torks

• lovocip mj fjlopojlojt mpprimdb ti comrjfjg

•

wrfto oaafdfojt sukkmry jitos arik codturos• tmeo tbo fjftfmtfvo fj hufclfjg ij yiur codturos.

Eoopfjg fj dijtoxt

Mddirlfjg ti bfgbor oludmtfijmc dikkojtmtirs mjl mlvfsirs, host-

qumcfty comrjfjg fs amdfcftmtol wboj ft fs sot wftbfj mj ivormcc comrjfjg

dijtoxt. Ft sbiucl ho tbo rospijsfhfcfty ia yiur tutirs ti privflo m dij-

toxt air yiu ti comrj fj, hut ft fs yiur rospijsfhfcfty ti soo tbfs ivormcc

dijtoxt, mjl yiu dmj li tbfs ovoj hoairo yiur afrst codturo hogfjs. Tudbm pmjirmkfd vfow dmj ho mdbfovol hy hodikfjg amkfcfmr wftb tbo iut-

cfjo dijtojt ia hitb m gfvoj suh`odt mjl tbo ojtfro stuly prigrmkko.

Hoairo yiu gi fjti omdb codturo yiu sbiucl hrfoacy rokfjl yiursoca ia

wboro ft afts fjti tbo ivormcc sdboko ia tbfjgs. \bfje, air oxmkpco, ia

biw kiro dijaflojt yiu aooc wboj yiu kivo fjti m jow dfty (air oxmk-

pco ti mttojl ujfvorsfty) ijdo yiu hodiko amkfcfmr wftb yiur homrfjgs —

tbmt fs, wboro yiu cfvo fj rocmtfij ti diccogo, sbips, stiros, husos, trmfjs,

pcmdos ia ojtortmfjkojt, otd.

\bo smko prfjdfpco mppcfos ti yiur diurso — afjl yiur wmy mriujl yiur stuly

prigrmkko mjl cidmto tbo pisftfij ia omdb codturo wftbfj tbfs ivormcc armkowire.

_so ia codturo jitos

Ft fs mcwmys hojoafdfmc ti li siko procfkfjmry romlfjg hoairo yiu ojtor

m codturo. Fa codturo jitos mro privflol fj mlvmjdo (o.g. ocodtrijfdmccy),

4.8

biw ti got tbo kist iut ia

yiur codturos



tboj prfjt tboso iut, roml ivor tbok mjl hrfjg tbok wftb yiu ti tbo

codturo. Viu dmj fjsort quostfij kmres ij fssuos wboro yiu wfcc jool aur-

tbor dcmrfafdmtfij. Tiko codturors proaor ti privflo aucc jitos, siko pro-

aor ti kmeo seocotij iutcfjos mvmfcmhco mjl siko proaor ti fssuo ji jitos

mt mcc! Fa jitos mro privflol, tmeo aucc mlvmjtmgo mjl suppcokojt tboso

wftb yiur iwj jitos ms yiu cfstoj. Fj m cmtor sodtfij ij kokiry todb-

jfquos yiu wfcc soo tbmt bukmjs pissoss mhfcfty air ‒ro-comrjfjg smvfjgs‖ —

f.o. ft fs omsfor ti comrj kmtorfmc tbo sodijl tfko riujl, ms ft fs ovflojt

tbmt wo bmvo m dmpmdfty ti bicl rosflumc kokiry lopisfts. Ti siko hmsfd

propmrmtfij wfcc oqufp yiu wftb m gromt mlvmjtmgo — yiu wfcc ho mhco ti

‒tujo fj‖ mjl tbfje kiro dcomrcy mhiut tbo codturo tbmj yiu wiucl bmvo

lijo wftbiut tbo procfkfjmry wire.

Fa yiu sot yiursoca tii kmjy tolfius tmses mt tbo omrcy stmgos ia yiur mdmlokfd pri-

grmkko yiu kmy ciso siko kitfvmtfij mjl kikojtuk. M sorfos ia sbirt, sfkpco,

mdbfovmhco tmses dmj gfvo yiur kfjl tbo ‒cuhrfdmtfij‖ yiu jool. Air oxmkpco, yiu mro

kiro cfeocy ti kmfjtmfj procfkfjmry romlfjg air m codturo fa yiu sot kilost tmrgots.

Kmstorfjg todbjfdmc torks

Cot us mssuko tbmt fj mj omrcy codturo yiu mro fjtriludol ti m sorfos ia jowtorks sudb ms ‒mjtf-lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo‖, ‒odicigfdmc‖ mjl ‒gojigrmk‖.

Jow wirls dmj ho tbromtojfjg, ospodfmccy fa yiu bmvo ti amdo m strfjg ia

tbok fj ijo codturo. \bo ujdortmfjty mhiut tbo jow torks kmy fkpmfr yiur

mhfcfty ti hojoaft auccy arik tbo codturo mjl tboroairo bfjlor tbo qumcfty ia

yiur comrjfjg. Tiko suh`odts roqufro todbjfdmc torks mjl tbo uso ia tbok

fs ujmviflmhco. Biwovor, wboj yiu bmvo bomrl m tork m jukhor ia tfkos

ft wfcc jit sook ms lmujtfjg ms ft fjftfmccy wms. Ft fs dcmfkol tbmt fjlfvflumcs

kmy bmvo pmrtfducmr strojgtbs fj tbo sdipo ia tbofr vidmhucmry. Tiko

poipco kmy bmvo m giil rodigjftfij vidmhucmry — tboy fkkolfmtocy ejiwwbmt m wirl komjs wboj tboy roml ft ir bomr ft fj dijtoxt. Itbors bmvo m

giil dikkmjl ia cmjgumgo wboj tboy spome — tboy bmvo mj mhfcfty ti

rodmcc wirls aroocy. Ttfcc itbors mro kiro acuojt fj rodmcc wboj tboy wrfto —

wirls sook ti aciw rmpflcy air tbok wboj tboy ojgmgo fj tbo lyjmkfds ia

wrftfjg. Viu dmj wire mt lovocipfjg mcc tbroo mpprimdbos fj yiur diurso,

mjl tbo dbodecfst hociw kmy ho ia siko bocp fj kmstorfjg mjl kmrsbmccfjg

tbo torks yiu bomr fj codturos.

Fj torks ia comrjfjg jow wirls, ft wfcc ho vory usoauc fa yiu dmj afrst try

ti wire iut wbmt tboy komj arik tbofr dijtoxt wboj yiu afrst ojdiujtor

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=81



tbok. Viu kfgbt ho kudb hottor mt tbfs tbmj yiu fkmgfjo, ospodfmccy fa tboro

fs ijcy ijo wirl fj tbo sojtojdo tbmt yiu li jit ujlorstmjl.

Dbodecfst0 Kmstorfjg torks usol fj yiur codturos

Xoml codturo jitos hoairo tbo codturos mjl cfst mjy ujamkfcfmr torks.

Xoml ivor tbo cfstol torks ujtfc yiu mro amkfcfmr wftb tbofr siujl.

\ry ti wire iut komjfjgs ia torks arik tbofr dijtoxt.

Li jit suspojl comrjfjg tbo komjfjg ia m tork fjloafjftocy.

Wrfto iut m sojtojdo tbmt fjdculos tbo jow wirl (li tbfs air omdb wirl).

Koot wftb itbor stulojts mjl tost omdb itbor wftb tbo todbjfdmc torks.

@it liwj jow wirls yiu bomr fj codturos mjl dbode iut tbo komjfjg siij

matorwmrls.

Viur dijaflojdo wfcc gromtcy fjdromso wboj yiu hogfj ti aicciw tbo aciw ia mrgukojts

tbmt dijtmfj todbjfdmc torks, mjl kiro ospodfmccy wboj yiu dmj aroocy uso tbo torks

yiursoca fj spomefjg mjl wrftfjg.

Lovocipfjg fjlopojlojt stuly

Fj tbo durrojt oludmtfijmc otbis tboro mro tbo twfj mfks ia ductfvmtfjg

tomkwire/griup mdtfvftfos mjl fjlopojlojt comrjfjg. \boro fs jit jod-

ossmrfcy m dijacfdt hotwooj tbo twi, ms tboy sbiucl dikpcokojt omdb

itbor. Air oxmkpco, fa yiu mro dikkfttol ti fjlopojlojt comrjfjg yiu

bmvo kiro ti iaaor itbor stulojts wboj yiu wire fj skmcc griups, mjl

yiu wfcc mcsi ho prikptol ti aicciw up ij tbo comls gfvoj hy tbok.

Aurtborkiro, tbo guflocfjos gfvoj ti yiu fj codturos mro losfgjol ti coml

yiu fjti loopor fjlopojlojt stuly. \bo fssuos rmfsol fj codturos mropifjtors ti privflo lfrodtfij mjl strudturo air yiur oxtojlol porsijmc

pursuft. Viur mfk sbiucl fjvmrfmhcy ho ti hufcl ij wbmt yiu mro gfvoj,

mjl yiu sbiucl jovor tbfje ia korocy roturjfjg tbo hmro hijos ia tbo

codturo kmtorfmc fj m diursowire ossmy ir oxmk.

Ft fs mcwmys vory roarosbfjg ti m kmreor ti ho gfvoj wire arik m stulojt tbmt dijtmfjs

rodojt stulfos tbmt tbo oxmkfjor bml jit provfiuscy ojdiujtorol.

=87 BIW \I GO\ \BO KIT\ I_\ IA VI_X COD\_XOT



Jito-tmefjg strmtogy

Jito-tmefjg fj codturos fs mj mrt tbmt yiu wfcc ijcy poraodt wftb prmdtfdo

mjl hy trfmc mjl orrir. Omdb stulojt sbiucl afjl tbo airkucm tbmt wires

host air bfk ir bor. Wbmt wires air ijo, kmy jit wire air tbo itbor.

Tiko stulojts dmj wrfto kiro qufdecy tbmj itbors, siko mro hottor

mt sbirtduts tbmj itbors mjl siko mro hottor mt lodfpborfjg tbofr iwj

sdrmwc! \bo prihcok wfcc mcwmys ho ti try ti afjl m hmcmjdo hotwooj dij-

dojtrmtfjg hojoafdfmccy ij wbmt yiu bomr, mjl kmefjg suaafdfojt jitos

tbmt wfcc ojmhco yiu ti dikprobojl cmtor wbmt yiu bmvo bomrl. Viu

sbiucl jit biwovor hodiko arustrmtol hy tbo amdt tbmt yiu wfcc jit

fkkolfmtocy ujlorstmjl ir rokokhor ovorytbfjg yiu bmvo bomrl.

Guflocfjos air jito-tmefjg fj codturos

• Lovocip tbo jito-tmefjg strmtogy tbmt wires host air yiu.

• Wire mt afjlfjg m hmcmjdo hotwooj cfstojfjg mjl wrftfjg.

• Kmeo siko uso ia iptfkmc sbirtduts (o.g. m aow eoy wirls kmy sukkmrfso m

stiry).

• \ii kudb wrftfjg kmy fkpmfr tbo aciw ia tbo codturo air yiu.

• \ii kudb wrftfjg kmy fkpmfr tbo qumcfty ia yiur jitos.

• Tiko cfkftol jitos mro hottor tbmj jijo.

• Giil jito-tmefjg kmy amdfcftmto loopor pridossfjg ia fjairkmtfij.

• Ft fs ossojtfmc ti ‒tfly up‖ jitos ms siij ms pissfhco mator m codturo.

• Xomlfjg ivor jitos siij mator codturos wfcc dijsicflmto yiur comrjfjg.

Lovocipfjg tbo codturo

Tiko oludmtfijmcfsts bmvo drftfdfsol tbo vmcuo ia codturos hodmuso tboy

mccogo tbmt tboso mro m kilo ia korocy ‒pmssfvo comrjfjg‖. \bfs dmj dor-

tmfjcy ho mj mddurmto dijdcusfij ti mrrfvo mt (tbmt fs, fa stulojts

mpprimdb codturos fj tbo wrijg wmy) mjl codturors dmj wire ti lovfso

wmys ia kmefjg m codturo kiro fjtormdtfvo. Air oxmkpco, tboy dmj kmeouso ia bmjliuts tbmt fjdculo quostfijs ir hy pisfjg quostfijs lurfjg

tbo codturo mjl gfvfjg tfko iut air stulojts ti roacodt ij tboso. Itbor

pissfhfcftfos mro sbirt lfsdussfijs mt gfvoj `ujdturos fj tbo codturo ir uso

ia skmcc griups wftbfj tbo sossfij. Ms m stulojt yiu li jit bmvo ti ojtor

m codturo fj pmssfvo kilo, mjl yiu dmj ojsuro tbmt yiu mro jit korocy m

pmssfvo rodfpfojt ia fjairkmtfij hy tmefjg stops ti lovocip tbo codturo

yiursoca. M cfst ia suggostfijs fs prosojtol hociw ti bocp yiu tmeo tbo

fjftfmtfvo fj lovocipfjg tbo codturo dijtojt.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=82



Dbodecfst ti ojsuro tbmt tbo codturo fs jit korocy m pmssfvo oxporfojdo

\ry ti fjtormdt wftb tbo codturo kmtorfmc hy msefjg quostfijs.

Bfgbcfgbt pifjts tbmt yiu wiucl cfeo ti lovocip fj porsijmc stuly.

\rmdo dijjodtfijs hotwooj tbo codturo mjl itbor pmrts ia yiur stuly prigrmkko.

Hrfjg tigotbor jitos arik tbo codturo mjl itbor siurdos.

Xostrudturo tbo codturo iutcfjo fjti yiur iwj proaorrol airkmt.

\bfje ia wmys fj wbfdb mspodts ia tbo codturo kmtorfmc dmj ho mppcfol.

Losfgj wmys fj wbfdb mspodts ia tbo codturo kmtorfmc dmj ho fccustrmtol.

Fa tbo codturor fjvftos quostfijs, kmeo m jito ia mcc tbo quostfijs mseol.

Aicciw up ij fssuos ia fjtorost tbmt bmvo mrfsoj iut ia tbo codturo.

=86 BIW \I KMEO \BO KIT\ IA TOKFJMXT


• ho mwmro ia tbo vmcuo ia sokfjmrs

• aidus ij cfjes ti comrjfjg

• rodigjfso qumcftfos yiu dmj uso ropomtolcy

• kmjmgo pitojtfmc prihcoks fj sokfjmrs

• propmro yiursoca mloqumtocy air sokfjmrs.

Jit ti ho ujlor-ostfkmtol

Tokfjmrs mro iatoj iptfijmc fj m logroo prigrmkko mjl sikotfkos

piircy mttojlol hodmuso tboy mro ujlor-ostfkmtol. Tiko stulojts kmy

ho dijvfjdol tbmt tbo codturo fs tbo trucy mutbirftmtfvo wmy ti rodofvo

qumcfty fjairkmtfij. _jliuhtolcy, codturos pcmy mj fkpirtmjt rico fj mj

mdmlokfd prigrmkko, hut sokfjmrs bmvo m ujfquo dijtrfhutfij ti

comrjfjg tbmt wfcc dikpcokojt codturos.

4.4

biw ti kmeo tbo kist ia sokfjmrs



Ij m sidfmc wire diurso, sokfjmrs mro iatoj tbo pcmdo wboro stulojts

mro bocpol ti kmeo cfjes hotwooj tboiry mjl prmdtfdo, ti mppcy tbofr

comrjfjg ti dmso kmtorfmc mjl tbfje tbriugb biw tbo twi ocokojts ia

tbo diurso dmj ho fjtogrmtol.

Dbodecfst0 Tiko usoauc aomturos ia sokfjmrs

Dmj flojtfay prihcoks tbmt yiu bml jit tbiugbt ia.

Dmj dcomr up dijausfjg fssuos.

Mcciws yiu ti mse quostfijs mjl kmeo dikkojts.

Dmj cfje tboiry mjl prmdtfdo.

Dmj bocp yiu lovocip arfojlsbfps mjl tomkwire.

Ojmhcos yiu ti roarosb mjl dijsicflmto yiur ejiwcolgo.

Dmj bocp yiu sbmrpoj kitfvmtfij mjl rolfrodt stuly oaairts.

Mj mssot ti dikpcokojt itbor comrjfjg mdtfvftfos

Fj bfgbor oludmtfij mt tbo prosojt tfko tboro fs okpbmsfs ij vmrfoty —

vmrfoty fj locfvory, comrjfjg oxporfojdo, comrjfjg stycos mjl mssosskojt

kotbils. \bo sokfjmr fs lookol ti bicl mj fkpirtmjt pcmdo wftbfj

tbo ivormcc sdboko ia tomdbfjg, comrjfjg mjl mssosskojt. Fj siko pri-grmkkos tbo sokfjmrs mro lfrodtcy cfjeol ti tbo mssosskojt tmse.

Wbotbor ir jit tboy bmvo sudb m pcmdo fj yiur diurso, tboy wfcc privflo

yiu wftb m ujfquo ippirtujfty ti comrj mjl lovocip.

Fj m sokfjmr yiu wfcc bomr m vmrfoty ia dijtrfhutfijs, mjl lfaaorojt por-

spodtfvos mjl okpbmsos. Viu wfcc bmvo tbo dbmjdo ti fjtorrupt mjl tbo oxpo-

rfojdo ia hofjg fjtorruptol! Viu wfcc mcsi comrj tbmt yiu dmj got tbfjgs wrijg

mjl stfcc survfvo! Ft fs iatoj tbo dmso tbmt wboj ijo stulojt mlkfts tbmt tboy

lfl jit ejiw siko fkpirtmjt pfodo ia fjairkmtfij, itbor stulojts qufdecy

aicciw wftb tbo smko mlkfssfij. Fa yiu dmj comrj ti mse quostfijs mjl jitaooc stupfl, tboj sokfjmrs wfcc gfvo yiu mj mssot air comrjfjg mjl m cfao-cijg

oludmtfijmc sefcc. M sokfjmr dmj privflo m vmcumhco kiloc air dmso lfsdussfij

fj cmtor prmdtfdo, privflfjg m smao pcmdo fj wbfdb yiu dmj mdejiwcolgo yiur

ujdortmfjty mjl ciie drftfdmccy mt yiur wire fj m suppirtfvo mtkispboro.

Dromtfjg tbo rfgbt dcfkmto fj sokfjmrs

Ft bms hooj smfl tbmt wo bmvo hooj gfvoj ijcy ijo kiutb ti tmce, hut

twi omrs ti cfstoj. Ijo pitojtfmc prihcok wftb sokfjmrs fs tbmt siko

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=4>



stulojts kmy tmeo m wbfco ti comrj tbfs cossij, mjl itbor stulojts

kmy bmvo ti bocp bmstoj tbok ij tbo wmy (grmdfiuscy hut afrkcy!). Fj

codturos yiur kmfj rico fs ti cfstoj mjl tmeo jitos, hut fj sokfjmrs

tboro fs tbo dbmccojgo ia strfefjg tbo hmcmjdo hotwooj cfstojfjg mjl

spomefjg. Ft fs fkpirtmjt ti kmeo m hogfjjfjg fj spomefjg, ovoj fa ft

fs `ust ti ropomt sikotbfjg tbmt yiu mgroo wftb. Viu dmj mcsi comrj ti

lfsmgroo fj mj mgroomhco wmy. Air oxmkpco, yiu dmj quostfij wbmt

sikoijo ocso bms smfl hut piso tbfs fj m giil tijo, air oxmkpco, ‒Fa

tbmt fs tbo dmso, lios tbmt jit komj tbmt … 9‖ Fj mllftfij, ft fs por-

aodtcy pissfhco ti lfsmgroo wftb itbors hy mviflfjg porsijmc mttmdes

sudb ms0 ‒\bmt wms m romccy stupfl tbfjg ti smy‖, ir ‒F tbiugbt yiu

ejow hottor tbmj tbmt‖, ir ‒F‖k surprfsol tbmt yiu lij‖t ejiw tbmt hy

jiw.‖ Oludmtfijmcfsts smy tbmt ft fs fkpirtmjt ti bmvo tbo rfgbt dcfkmto

ti comrj fj, mjl tbo mviflmjdo ia ujjodossmry dijacfdt wfcc aistor sudb

m dcfkmto.Tiko strmtogfos tbmt tomdbors kmy uso mro0 mppifjt sikoijo ti guflo mjl

dijtric tbo lfsdussfij, fjvfto fjlfvflumcs ti propmro fj mlvmjdo ti kmeo m dij-

trfhutfij, bmjl iut mgrool lfsdussfij quostfijs mt siko pifjt prfir ti tbo sok-

fjmr, stross mt tbo hogfjjfjg tbmt ji ijo sbiucl kijipicfso tbo lfsdussfij, mjl

okpbmsfso tbmt tboro kust ho ji porsijmc mttmdes ij mjy fjlfvflumc (stmto

dcomrcy wbmt tbfs komjs). Mcsi yiu diucl fjvfto mjl ojdiurmgo qufotor stulojts

ti pmrtfdfpmto mjl mssuro omdb porsij tbmt tbofr dijtrfhutfij fs vmcuol.

\bo sefccs joolol ti dromto tbo rfgbt dcfkmto fj m sokfjmr mro mcsi joolol fj m dbfcl

pritodtfij dijaorojdo fa ft fs ti mdbfovo fts purpiso ia ojmhcfjg m sbmrfjg ia fjairkmtfij,

mj mpprmfsmc ia m amkfcy‖s strojgtbs mjl jools, mjl m pcmj air bocpfjg tbok.

Cfjes fj comrjfjg mjl trmjsaormhco sefccs

Mj fkpirtmjt prfjdfpco fj comrjfjg ti prigross arik sbmcciw ti

loop comrjfjg fs lovocipfjg tbo dmpmdfty ti kmeo dijjodtfjg cfjes

hotwooj tbokos ir tipfds mjl mdriss suh`odts. \bfs mcsi mppcfos ti tbo

vmrfius comrjfjg mdtfvftfos sudb ms codturos, sokfjmrs, afoclwire, dik-

putor somrdbos mjl prfvmto stuly. Mjitbor quostfij ti mse fs0 ‒Wbmt

sefccs dmj F lovocip, ir fkprivo ij, arik sokfjmrs, tbmt F dmj uso mdriss

ky stuly prigrmkko9‖ M diupco ia oxmkpcos ia eoy sefccs mro tbo mhfc-

fty ti dikkujfdmto mjl tbo dmpmdfty ti wire wftbfj m tomk. \boso mro

sefccs tbmt yiu wfcc ho mhco ti uso mt vmrfius pifjts fj yiur diurso

(trmjsaormhco), hut yiu mro jit cfeocy ti lovocip tbok wftbfj tbo air-

kmc sottfjg ia m codturo.

=4=BIW \I KMEO \BO KIT\ IA TOKFJMXT



M eoy quostfij tbmt yiu sbiucl hrfjg ti ovory sokfjmr — ‒Biw lios tbfs sokfjmr

dijjodt wftb ky itbor comrjfjg mdtfvftfos mjl ky mssosskojts9‖

Mj ippirtujfty ti dijtrfhuto

Fa yiu bmvo jovor kmlo m dijtrfhutfij ti m sokfjmr hoairo, yiu kmy jool

sikotbfjg ti uso ms mj ‒fdo hromeor‖. Ft lios jit kmttor fa yiur afrst dijtrf-

hutfij fs ijcy m sojtojdo ir twi — tbo fkpirtmjt tbfjg fs ti kmeo m stmrt.

Ijo wmy ti li tbfs fs ti kmeo hrfoa jitos ms itbors dijtrfhuto, mjl wbfco

lifjg tbfs, m quostfij ir twi kfgbt mrfso fj yiur kfjl. Fa yiur afrst dijtrf-

hutfij fs m quostfij, tbmt fs m giil stmrt. Ir ft kmy ho tbmt yiu wfcc ho mhcoti pifjt iut siko dijjodtfij hotwooj wbmt itbors bmvo smfl, ir flojtfay

dijacfdtfjg ipfjfijs tbmt jool ti ho rosicvol. Fa yiu bmvo mcromly hoguj

kmefjg dijtrfhutfijs, ft fs fkpirtmjt tbmt yiu eoop tbo kikojtuk gifjg,

mjl li jit mcciw yiursoca ti cmpso hmde fjti tbo smao didiij ia sbyjoss.

OROXDFTO

Too fa yiu dmj suggost biw yiu kfgbt rosicvo siko ia tbo aicciwfjg prihcoks tbmt

kfgbt bfjlor yiu arik kmefjg m dijtrfhutfij ti sokfjmrs.

Ijo stulojt wbi likfjmtos mjl kijipicfsos tbo lfsdussfij.

Tikoijo ocso bms mcromly smfl wbmt yiu romccy wmjt ti smy.

Aomr tbmt sikoijo ocso wfcc dirrodt yiu mjl kmeo yiu aooc stupfl.

Aooc tbmt yiur dijtrfhutfij kfgbt ho sooj ms sbirt mjl sbmcciw.

M provfius jogmtfvo oxporfojdo puts yiu iaa kmefjg mjy kiro dijtrfhutfijs.

Ttrmtogfos air hojoaftfjg arik yiur sokfjmr oxporfojdo

Fa yiu mro roqufrol ti hrfjg m prosojtmtfij ti yiur sokfjmr, yiu kfgbt

wmjt ti dijsuct m aucc dbmptor ij prosojtmtfijs fj m dikpcokojtmry

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=48



stuly guflo (KdFcriy, 8>>4). Mctorjmtfvocy, yiu kmy ho dijtojt wftb tbo

sukkmry huccot pifjts hociw.

Dbodecfst0 Biw ti hojoaft arik sokfjmrs

Li siko propmrmtiry romlfjg.

Amkfcfmrfso yiursoca wftb tbo kmfj floms ti ho mllrossol.

Kmeo jitos lurfjg tbo sokfjmr.

Kmeo siko vorhmc dijtrfhutfij, ovoj m quostfij.

Xokfjl yiursoca ia tbo sefccs yiu dmj lovocip.

\rmdo comrjfjg cfjes arik tbo sokfjmr ti itbor suh`odts/tipfds ij yiur

prigrmkko.

Kmeo hrfoa huccot pifjts air wbmt yiu sbiucl aicciw up ij.

Xoml ivor yiur jitos ms siij ms pissfhco mator tbo sokfjmr.

Dijtfjuo lfsdussfij wftb aocciw stulojts mator tbo sokfjmr bms ojlol.

Fa roqufrol ti gfvo m prosojtmtfij —

• Bmvo m prmdtfdo ruj wftb arfojls.

• Fa usfjg vfsumcs, li jit ihstrudt tbok.

• Dbode iut hoairobmjl tbmt mcc oqufpkojt wires.

• Tpmdo iut pifjts dcomrcy ij vfsumcs (cmrgo mjl cogfhco).

• \fko tmce hy vfsumcs (o.g. afvo scflos hy =?-kfjuto tmce ; 4 kfjutos por scflo).

• Kmeo suro yiur tmce syjdbrijfsos wftb tbo scflo ij vfow mt mjy gfvoj pifjt.

• ^ri`odt yiur vifdo si tbmt mcc fj tbo riik dmj bomr.

• Fjacodt yiur vifdo mjl li jit stmjl kitfijcoss.

• Tproml oyo dijtmdt mriujl yiur mulfojdo.• Mvifl twfj oxtrokos ia afxol gmzo mt fjlfvflumcs mjl jovor ciiefjg mt mjyijo.

• Hottor ti amcc m cfttco sbirt ia tfko mccidmtfij tbmj ruj ivor ft.

• Ho socodtfvo fj wbmt yiu dbiiso ti prosojt.

• Kmp iut wboro yiu mro gifjg mjl sukkmrfso kmfj pifjts mt tbo ojl.

=44 BIW \I KMEO \BO KIT\ IA TOKFJMXT




• qufdecy ojgmgo wftb tbo kmfj mrgukojts

• dbmjjoc yiur pmssfijs dijstrudtfvocy

• jito yiur kmfj mrgukojts fj mj iutcfjo

• afjl mjl aidus ij yiur dojtrmc tipfd quostfijs

• womvo quitmtfijs fjti yiur ossmy.

Gottfjg fjti tbo aciw

Fj ossmy wrftfjg ijo ia yiur afrst mfks sbiucl ho ti got yiur kfjl mdtfvo

mjl ojgmgol wftb yiur suhòdt. \ojjfs pcmyors cfeo ti gi iut ijti tbo

diurt mjl bft tbo hmcc hmde mjl airtb ùst hoairo tbo dikpotftfvo kmtdb

hogfjs. \bfs mcciws tbok ti ùlgo tbo hiujdo ia tbo hmcc, aooc fts wofgbt

mgmfjst tbofr rmdeot, got usol ti tbo bofgbt ia tbo jot, tbo pmrmkotors ia

tbo diurt mjl itbor amdtirs sudb ms tokpormturo, cfgbt, suj mjl tbo

driwl. Fj tbo smko wmy yiu dmj ‒wmrk up‖ air yiur ossmy hy tissfjg tbo

floms ti mjl ari wftbfj yiur boml hoairo yiu hogfj ti wrfto. \bfs wfcc

mcciw yiu ti tbfje wftbfj tbo armkowire ia yiur tipfd, mjl tbfs wfcc ho

ospodfmccy fkpirtmjt fa yiu mro dikfjg ti tbo suhòdt air tbo afrst tfko.

\bo trfhutmry prfjdfpco

M trfhutmry fs m stromk tbmt rujs fjti m kmfj rfvor ms ft wojls fts wmy ti

tbo som. Tfkfcmrcy, fj mj ossmy yiu sbiucl ojsuro tbmt ovory flom yiu fjtri-ludo fs kivfjg tiwmrl tbo ivormcc tboko yiu mro mllrossfjg. Viur flom

kfgbt ia diurso ho rocovmjt ti m suh-bomlfjg tbmt fs fj turj rocovmjt ti m

kmfj bomlfjg. Ovory flom yiu fjtriludo fs ti ho m ‒aoolor‖ fjti tbo aciw-

fjg tboko. Fj mllftfij ti trfhutmrfos, tboro dmj mcsi ho ‒lfstrfhutmrfos‖,

wbfdb mro stromks tbmt aciw mwmy arik tbo rfvor. Fj mj ossmy tboso wiucl

roprosojt tbo floms tbmt ruj mwmy arik tbo kmfj stromk ia tbiugbt mjl

comvo tbo romlor tryfjg ti wire iut wbmt tbofr rocovmjdo kfgbt bmvo hooj.

Ft fs ijo tbfjg ti bmvo grmspol yiur suhòdt tbiriugbcy, hut qufto mjitbor

ti dijvfjdo yiur romlor tbmt tbfs fs tbo dmso. Viur mfk sbiucl ho ti hufcl

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=4<

4.<

ossmy-wrftfjg tfps



Mj mlvorsmrfmc systok

Fj bfgbor oludmtfij stulojts mro roqufrol ti kmeo tbo trmjsftfij arik

losdrfptfvo ti drftfdmc wrftfjg. Fa yiu dmj, tbfje ia tbo drftfdmc mpprimdb

ms cfeo m cmw dmso tbmt fs hofjg dijludtol wboro tboro fs hitb m prisodu-

tfij mjl m loaojdo. Viur dijdorj sbiucl ho air ihòdtfvfty, trmjspmrojdy

mjl amfrjoss. Ji kmttor biw pmssfijmtocy yiu kmy aooc mhiut m gfvoj

dmuso yiu kust jit mcciw fjairkmtfij ti ho afctorol iut hodmuso ia yiur

porsijmc proùlfdo. Mj ossmy fs jit ti hodiko m drusmlo air m dmuso fj

wbfdb tbo dijtrmry mrgukojts mro jit mllrossol fj mj ovoj-bmjlol

kmjjor. \bfs komjs tbmt yiu sbiucl sbiw mwmrojoss tbmt ippisfto

vfows mro bocl mjl yiu sbiucl mt comst roprosojt tboso ms mddurmtocy ms

pissfhco.

Mcc ia tboso pifjts mppcy wftb oqumc airdo fj yiur priaossfijmc prmdtfdo.

Viu kust jit mcciw yiur mssosskojt ia m amkfcy ti hodiko m drusmlo tidijvfjdo itbors ia yiur ipfjfij. Fjùstfdo mjl kfstmeos mrfso wboj pri-

aossfijmcs mdt cfeo hmrrfstors, prosojtfjg mjl loaojlfjg ijo pifjt ia vfow

ijcy mjl amfcfjg ti gfvo luo dijsflormtfij mjl rospodt ti tbo itbor sflo‖s

vorsfij. Viu sbiucl soo yiursoca kiro ms m lotodtfvo wbi fs somrdbfjg air

tbo trutb, mjl rokmfj ipoj ti jow fjairkmtfij mjl jow fjtorprotmtfijs

ia tbo ovflojdo yiu bmvo.

Ttfrrfjg up pmssfijs

\bo mhivo pifjts li jit ia diurso komj tbmt yiu mro jit ojtftcol ti m

porsijmc porsumsfij ir ti aooc pmssfijmtocy mhiut yiur suhòdt. Ij tbo

dijtrmry, sudb aoocfjgs kmy wocc ho m kmreol mlvmjtmgo fa yiu dmj hrfjg

tbok ujlor dijtric mjl dbmjjoc tbok fjti hmcmjdol, oaaodtfvo wrftfjg

(soo oxmkpco hociw). Tiko stulojts kmy ho struggcfjg mt tbo itbor ojl

ia tbo spodtruk — hofjg roqufrol ti wrfto ij m tipfd mhiut wbfdb tboy

aooc qufto fjlfaaorojt. Ms yiu ojgmgo wftb yiur tipfd mjl tiss tbo floms

mriujl fj yiur kfjl, yiu kmy afjl tbmt yiur fjtorost fs stfkucmtol, fa ijcy mt mj fjtoccodtumc covoc fjftfmccy. Biw strijgcy yiu aooc mhiut m

tipfd, ir biw kudb yiu mro fjtorostol fj ft, kmy lopojl ij wbotbor

yiu dbiiso tbo tipfd yiursoca ir wbotbor ft bms hooj gfvoj ti yiu ms mj

ihcfgmtiry mssfgjkojt.

Ft fs fkpirtmjt tbmt fj m cmrgo priòdt (sudb ms m lfssortmtfij) yiu dbiiso m tipfd air

wbfdb yiu dmj kmfjtmfj yiur kitfvmtfij, kikojtuk mjl ojtbusfmsk.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=41



Ttrudturfjg mj iutcfjo

Wbojovor yiu sojso m aciw ia fjspfrmtfij ti wrfto ij m gfvoj suhòdt, ft

fs ossojtfmc tbmt yiu put tbfs fjti m strudturo tbmt wfcc mcciw yiur fjspf-

rmtfij ti ho dikkujfdmtol dcomrcy. Ft fs m hmsfd prfjdfpco fj mcc wmces ia

cfao tbmt strudturo mjl irlor amdfcftmto giil dikkujfdmtfij. \boroairo,

wboj yiu bmvo tbo aciw ia fjspfrmtfij fj yiur ossmy yiu kust got tbfs

fjti m strudturo tbmt wfcc mcciw tbo kmreor ti rodigjfso tbo truo qumcfty

ia yiur wire. Air oxmkpco yiu kfgbt pcmj air mj fjtriludtfij, aicciwol

hy tbroo kmfj bomlfjgs, omdb wftb sovormc suh-bomlfjgs (soo oxmkpco

hociw), mjl riujlol iaa wftb m dijdcusfij. Kiroivor, yiu kmy lodflo

jit ti fjdculo yiur bomlfjgs fj yiur afjmc prosojtmtfij — tbmt fs, ùst uso

tbok fjftfmccy ti strudturo mjl hmcmjdo yiur mrgukojts. Ijdo yiu bmvo

lrmatol tbfs iutcfjo yiu dmj tboj omsfcy seotdb mj fjtriludtfij, mjl yiu

wfcc bmvo hooj wocc propmrol air tbo dijdcusfij wboj yiu mrrfvo mt tbmtpifjt.

– Wrfto mj ossmy tbmt mssossos wbotbor tbo jow Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors

picfdy wfcc mdbfovo fts gimcs.‛= \bo gimcs ia tbo Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors picfdy

(m) ti fkprivo lotodtfij ia sorfius dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt (rospijso tiDcfkhfo ropirt)

(h) ti diujtor fjoqumcftfos, ojsurfjg mcc dbfclroj aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc

(d) ti roludo kmìr prihcoks0 yiutb iaaojlfjg, toojmgo progjmjdy, piir

oludmtfijmc mdbfovokojt.

8 Biw mro tboy ti ho mdbfovol9

(m) fkprivfjg flojtfafdmtfij mjl omrcy mssosskojt ia jool si prihcoks li

jit got wirso(h) fkprivfjg rospijso tbriugb hottor fjtor-mgojdy wirefjg

(d) fkprivfjg privfsfij.

4 îssfhco cfkftmtfijs

(m) cfkftol ejiwcolgo mhiut prolfdtfjg wbfdb dbfclroj wfcc bmvo prihcoks

(h) cfkftol oaaodtfvojoss ia provojtfvo fjtorvojtfijs

(d) dbrijfd prihcoks ia fjtor-mgojdy diccmhirmtfij kmy dijtfjuo

(l) fjmloqumto rosiurdos ti koot fjdromsol mkiujt ia mssossol jool.

=47 OTTMV-WXF\FJG \F^T



Afjlfjg kmìr quostfijs

Wboj yiu mro dijstrudtfjg m lrmat iutcfjo air mj ossmy ir priòdt, yiu

sbiucl mse wbmt fs tbo kmìr quostfij ir quostfijs yiu wfsb ti mllross.

Ft wiucl ho usoauc ti kmeo m cfst ia mcc tbo fssuos tbmt sprfjg ti kfjl tbmt

yiu kfgbt wfsb ti tmdeco. \bo mhfcfty ti losfgj m giil quostfij fs m sefcc

tbmt sbiucl ho ductfvmtol, mjl sudb quostfijs wfcc mcciw yiu ti fkpross

yiur mssossir wftb tbo qumcfty ia yiur tbfjefjg.

Fa yiu dijstrudt yiur floms mriujl eoy quostfijs, tbfs wfcc bocp yiu aidus yiur kfjl

mjl ojgmgo oaaodtfvocy wftb yiur suhòdt. Viur rico wfcc ho cfeo tbmt ia m lotodtfvo —

oxpcirfjg tbo ovflojdo mjl fjvostfgmtfjg tbo afjlfjgs.

Xost yiur dmso

Ft sbiucl ho yiur mfk ti gfvo tbo dcomr fkprossfij tbmt yiur mrgukojts

mro jit hmsol ojtfrocy ij bujdbos, hfms, aoocfjgs ir fjtuftfij. Fj oxmks

mjl ossmy quostfijs ft fs usumccy mssukol (ovoj fa jit lfrodtcy spodfafol)

tbmt yiu wfcc mppomc ti ovflojdo ti suppirt yiur dcmfks. \boroairo, wboj

yiu wrfto yiur ossmy yiu sbiucl ojsuro tbmt ft fs cfhormccy sprfjecol wftb

dftmtfijs mjl ovflojdo. Hy tbo tfko tbo mssossir romdbos tbo ojl ia yiur

wire, bo ir sbo sbiucl ho dijvfjdol tbmt yiur dijdcusfijs mro ovflojdo-hmsol. M amtmc acmw ti ho mviflol fs ti kmeo dcmfks air wbfdb yiu bmvo

privflol ji mutbirftmtfvo siurdo.

Tiko oxmkpcos ia biw yiu kfgbt fjtriludo yiur ovflojdo mjl siurdos

mro privflol hociw0

Mddirlfjg ti Hocc (=666) …

Birwmtb (8>>4) bms dijdculol tbmt …

Ft bms hooj dcmfkol hy Tdiurafocl (8>>8) tbmt …

Dirhy (8>>>) mssortol tbmt …

M rovfow ia tbo ovflojdo hy Kmdlijmcl (8>>=) suggosts tbmt …Afjlfjgs arik m kotm-mjmcysfs prosojtol hy Diroj mjl Hmrciw (8>>8) wiucl

fjlfdmto tbmt …

Ft fs sojsfhco ti vmry tbo oxprossfijs usol si tbmt yiu mro jit kijiti-

jius mjl ropotftfvo, mjl ft mcsi mfls vmrfoty ti fjtriludo rosomrdbors‖

jmkos mt vmrfius pcmdos fj tbo sojtojdo (jit mcwmys mt tbo hogfjjfjg). Ft

fs mlvfsmhco ti dbiiso tbo oxprossfij tbmt fs kist mppriprfmto — air

oxmkpco yiu dmj kmeo m strijgor stmtokojt mhiut rovfows tbmt bmvo

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=42



flojtfafol rodurrojt mjl prolikfjmjt trojls fj afjlfjgs, ms ippisol ti

ijo stuly tbmt mppomrs ti ruj dijtrmry ti mcc tbo rost.

Dmroauc uso ia quitmtfijs

Mctbiugb ft fs losfrmhco ti prosojt m giil rmjgo ia dftol siurdos, ft fs jit

`ulfdfius ti prosojt tboso ms m ‒pmtdbwire qufct‖ — tbmt fs, yiu `ust pmsto

tigotbor wbmt itbors bmvo smfl wftb cfttco tbiugbt air fjtorprotmtfvo

dikkojt ir diborojt strudturo. Ft fs m giil gojormc pifjt ti mfk ti

mvifl vory cojgtby quitos — sbirt ijos dmj ho vory oaaodtfvo. Mfk mt

hcojlfjg tbo quitmtfijs ms jmturmccy ms pissfhco fjti tbo aciw ia yiur

sojtojdos. Kiroivor, ft fs giil ti vmry yiur prmdtfdos — sikotfkos uso

sbirt, lfrodt, hrfoa quitos (dfto pmgo jukhor ms wocc ms mutbir mjl yomr),

mjl mt tfkos yiu dmj sukkmrfso tbo gfst ia m quito fj yiur iwj wirls.Fj tbfs dmso yiu sbiucl dfto tbo mutbir‖s jmko mjl yomr ia puhcfdmtfij

hut comvo iut quitmtfij kmres mjl pmgo jukhor.

Fj torks ia roaorojdfjg, prmdtfdo kmy vmry arik ijo lfsdfpcfjo ti tbo

joxt, hut siko gojormc pifjts tbmt wfcc gi m cijg wmy fj dijtrfhutfjg ti

giil prmdtfdo mro0

• Fa m roaorojdo fs dftol fj tbo toxt, ft kust ho fj tbo cfst mt tbo ojl (mjl vfdo vorsm).

• Jmkos mjl lmtos fj tbo toxt sbiucl dirrospijl oxmdtcy wftb tbo cfst fj tbo

Xoaorojdos ir Hfhcfigrmpby.• Cfst ia Xoaorojdos mjl Hfhcfigrmpby sbiucl ho fj mcpbmhotfdmc irlor hy tbo

surjmko (jit tbo fjftfmcs) ia tbo mutbir ir afrst mutbir.

• Mjy roaorojdo yiu kmeo fj tbo toxt sbiucl ho trmdomhco hy tbo romlor (tboy

sbiucl dcomrcy ho mhco ti flojtfay mjl trmdo tbo siurdo).

• Ovory fjstftutfij wfcc bmvo guflocfjos ij roaorojdfjg wbfdb sbiucl ho aicciwol.

M dcomrcy loafjol fjtriludtfij

Fj mj fjtriludtfij ti mj ossmy yiu bmvo tbo ippirtujfty ti loafjo tboprihcok ir fssuo tbmt fs hofjg mllrossol mjl ti sot ft wftbfj dijtoxt.

Xosfst tbo tokptmtfij ti ocmhirmto ij mjy fssuo mt tbo fjtriludtiry stmgo.

Air oxmkpco, tbfje ia m kusfd dikpisor wbi tbriws iut bfjts mjl

suggostfijs ia tbo kitfas tbmt tbo irdbostrm wfcc cmtor lovocip. Wbmt bo

ir sbo lios fj tbo fjtriludtfij fs ti privflo cfttco tmstors ia wbmt wfcc

aicciw fj irlor ti wbot tbo mulfojdo‖s mppotfto. Fa yiu gi hmde ti tbo mjmc-

igy ia tbo gmko ia tojjfs, yiu dmj tbfje ia tbo fjtriludtfij ms kmrefjg

iut tbo hiujlmrfos ia tbo diurt fj wbfdb tbo gmko fs ti ho pcmyol.

=46 OTTMV-WXF\FJG \F^T



Fa yiu comvo tbo fjtriludtfij mjl loafjftfij ia yiur prihcok ujtfc tbo ojl ia yiur wrftfjg,

yiu wfcc ho hottor pcmdol ti kmp iut tbo lfrodtfijs tbmt wfcc ho tmeoj.

Dijdcusfij — mllfjg tbo afjfsbfjg tiudbos

Fj tbo dijdcusfij yiu sbiucl mfk ti tfo yiur ossmy tigotbor fj m dcomr

mjl diborojt kmjjor. Ft fs yiur cmst dbmjdo ti comvo mj ivormcc fkpros-

sfij fj yiur romlor‖s kfjl. \boroairo, yiu wfcc mt tbfs stmgo wmjt ti li

ùstfdo ti yiur oaairts mjl jit socc yiursoca sbirt. \bfs fs yiur ippirtu-

jfty ti flojtfay wboro tbo strijgost ovflojdo pifjts ir wboro tbo hmc-

mjdo ia prihmhfcfty cfos. \bo dijdcusfij ti mj oxmk quostfij iatoj bmsti ho wrfttoj burrfolcy ujlor prossuro ia tfko, hut wftb mj ossmy (diurso-

wire) yiu bmvo tfko ti roacodt ij, roafjo mjl mlùst tbo dijtojt ti yiur

smtfsamdtfij. Ft sbiucl ho yiur gimc ti kmeo tbo dijdcusfij m skiitb

afjfsb tbmt lios ùstfdo ti tbo rmjgo ia dijtojt fj sukkmry mjl suddfjdt

airk. Li jit ujlor-ostfkmto tbo vmcuo ia mj oaaodtfvo dijdcusfij. ‒Tfgj

iaa‖ yiur ossmy fj m kmjjor tbmt hrfjgs dcisuro ti tbo tromtkojt ia yiur

suhòdt.

\bo dijdcusfij gfvos us tbo dbmjdo ti lokijstrmto wboro tbo afjlfjgs bmvo hriugbt us

ti lmto, ti bfgbcfgbt tbo fssuos tbmt rokmfj ujrosicvol mjl ti pifjt ti wboro auturo

rosomrdb sbiucl tmeo us.

\ip-liwj mjl hittik-up dcmrfty

Mj ossmy gfvos yiu tbo ippirtujfty ti roafjo omdb sojtojdo mjl pmrm-

grmpb ij yiur wirl-pridossir. Omdb sojtojdo fs cfeo m trfhutmry tbmtcomls fjti tbo stromk ia tbo pmrmgrmpb tbmt fj turj comls fjti tbo kmfj

stromk ia tbo ossmy. Arik m ‒tip-liwj‖ porspodtfvo (tbmt fs, stmrtfjg

mt tbo tip wftb yiur kmìr iutcfjo pifjts), dcmrfty dmj ho fkprivol hy

tbo strudturo yiu lrmat fj yiur iutcfjo. Viu dmj ojsuro tbmt tbo suh-

bomlfjgs mro mppriprfmtocy pcmdol ujlor tbo kist rocovmjt kmfj boml-

fjg, mjl tbmt hitb suh- mjl kmfj bomlfjgs mro mrrmjgol fj cigfdmc

soquojdo. Arik m ‒hittik-up‖ porspodtfvo (tbmt fs, hufclfjg up tbo

lotmfcs tbmt ‒acosb iut‖ yiur kmfj pifjts), yiu sbiucl dbode tbmt omdb

sojtojdo fs m ‒aoolor‖ air tbo prolikfjmjt dijdopt fj m gfvoj pmrmgrmpb.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=<>



Fa yiu mro ti dmpftmcfso ij yiur rovfsfij porfil, tboj yiu kust bmvo yiur kmtorfmcs

mrrmjgol mjl mt bmjl air tbo tfko wboj yiu mro romly ti kmeo yiur ‒roturj ìurjoy‖

tbriugb yiur jitos.

Ttmrt mt tbo hogfjjfjg

Ttrmtogy air rovfsfij sbiucl ho ij yiur kfjl arik yiur afrst codturo mt tbo

hogfjjfjg ia yiur mdmlokfd tork ir sokostor. Viu sbiucl ho cfeo tbo squfr-

roc tbmt stiros up juts air tbo wfjtor. Li jit wmsto mjy codturo, tutirfmc, sok-

fjmr, griup lfsdussfij, otd., hy cottfjg tbo kmtorfmc ovmpirmto fjti tbfj mfr.

Got fjti tbo bmhft ia kmefjg m aow guflocfjos air rovfsfij mator omdb comrj-fjg mdtfvfty. Eoop m aiclor, ir afco, ir cfttco jitohiie tbmt fs rosorvol air rovf-

sfij mjl wrfto iut tbo kmìr pifjts tbmt yiu bmvo comrjol. Hy ostmhcfsbfjg

tbfs rogucmr prmdtfdo yiu wfcc afjl tbmt wbmt yiu bmvo comrjol hodikos dij-

sicflmtol fj yiur kfjl, mjl yiu wfcc mcsi ho fj m hottor pisftfij ti ‒fkpirt‖

mjl ‒oxpirt‖ yiur kmtorfmc hitb wftbfj mjl mdriss suhòdts.

Fa yiu li tbfs rogucmrcy, mjl li jit kmeo tbo tmse tii tolfius, yiu wfcc ho mkmzol

mt biw kudb usoauc sukkmry kmtorfmc yiu bmvo mddukucmtol wboj rovfsfij tfko dikos.

Dikpfco sukkmry jitos

Ft wiucl ho usoauc mjl dijvojfojt ti bmvo m cfttco jitohiie ir dmrls ij

wbfdb yiu dmj wrfto iutcfjo sukkmrfos tbmt privflo yiu wftb mj ivorvfow

ia yiur suhòdt mt m gcmjdo. Viu diucl mcsi uso tromsury tmgs ti bicl lfaaor-

ojt hmtdbos ia dmrls tigotbor wbfco stfcc mcciwfjg air fjsorts mjl ro-sirtfjg.Tudb prmdtfdmc rosiurdos dmj omsfcy ho scfppol fjti yiur pideot ir hmg mjl

priludol wboj yiu mro ij tbo hus ir trmfj ir sfttfjg fj m trmaafd `mk. \boy

wiucl mcsi ho usoauc fa yiu mro stmjlfjg fj m quouo ir wmftfjg air sikoijo

wbi fs jit fj m rusb! M gcmjdo ivor yiur jitos wfcc dijsicflmto yiur comrj-

fjg mjl wfcc mcsi mdtfvmto yiur kfjl ti tbfje aurtbor mhiut yiur suhòdt.

\boroairo ft wiucl mcsi ho usoauc ti kmeo m jito ia tbo quostfijs tbmt yiu

wiucl cfeo ti tbfje mhiut fj gromtor loptb. Viur prfkmry tmse fs ti got fjti

tbo bmhft ia dijstrudtfjg iutcfjo jitos tbmt wfcc ho usoauc air rovfsfij, mjl

m wireol oxmkpco fs privflol hociw.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=<8



qumcftfos bmvo jit hooj ductfvmtol. Ijo fkpirtmjt tmdtfd fs ti eoop m aiclor

air omdb suhòdt mjl lfvflo tbfs tipfd-hy-tipfd. Viu dmj eoop yiur tipfds fj

tbo smko irlor fj wbfdb tboy mro prosojtol fj yiur diurso codturos. Hfjl

tbok tigotbor fj m rfjg hfjlor ir aiclor mjl uso suhòdt lfvflors ti eoop

tbok mpmrt. Kmeo m jukhorol cfst ia tbo dijtojts mt tbo hogfjjfjg ia tbo

aiclor, mjl cfst omdb tipfd dcomrcy ms ft kmres m jow sodtfij fj yiur aiclor.

Mjitbor fkpirtmjt prmdtfdo fs ti pcmdo mcc yiur jitos ij m gfvoj tipfd

wftbfj tbo mppriprfmto sodtfij strmfgbt mwmy, wftbiut puttfjg ft iaa. Jitos

kmy diko arik codturos, sokfjmrs, tutirfmcs, Fjtorjot somrdbos, porsijmc

jitos, otd. Ft fs mcsi ossojtfmc tbmt wboj yiu rokivo tboso air dijsuctmtfij

yiu roturj tbok ti tbofr ‒biko‖ fkkolfmtocy mator uso.

Mdmlokfd suddoss bms ms kudb ti li wftb giil irgmjfsmtfij mjl pcmjjfjg ms ft bms ti li wftb mhfcfty. \bo vmcuo ia tbo qumcfty kmtorfmc yiu bmvo mddukucmtol ij yiur mdmlokfd

prigrmkko kmy ho lfkfjfsbol hodmuso yiu bmvo jit irgmjfsol ft fjti mj omsfcy

rotrfovmhco airk.

_so pmst pmpors

Xovfsfij wfcc ho vory cfkftol fa ft fs dijafjol ti kokiry wire. Viu

sbiucl hy mcc komjs roml ivor yiur rovfsfij dmrls ir jitohiie mjl eooptbo pfdturo ia tbo kmìr amdts fj arijt ia yiur kfjl‖s oyo. Ft fs mcsi, biw-

ovor, ossojtfmc tbmt yiu hodiko amkfcfmr wftb provfius oxmk pmpors si

tbmt yiu wfcc bmvo siko flom ia biw tbo quostfijs mro cfeocy ti ho

armkol. \boroairo, hufcl up m giil rmjgo ia pmst oxmk pmpors (ospodfmccy

rodojt ijos) mjl mll tboso ti yiur aiclor.

Fa yiu tbfje ivor provfius oxmk quostfijs, tbfs wfcc bocp yiu jit ijcy ti rodmcc wbmt yiu

bmvo lopisftol fj yiur kokiry, hut mcsi ti lovocip yiur ujlorstmjlfjg ia tbo fssuos.\bo quostfijs arik pmst oxmk pmpors, mjl aurtbor quostfijs tbmt yiu bmvo lovocipol

yiursoca, wfcc mcciw yiu ti ‒dbow tbo dul‖.

Okpciy oaaodtfvo kjokijfds (kokiry mfls)

‒Kjokijfds‖ dmj ho sfkpcy loafjol ms mfls ti kokiry — lovfdos tbmt

wfcc bocp yiu rodmcc fjairkmtfij tbmt kfgbt itborwfso ho lfaafduct ti

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=<<



wboj wo dijsflor tbmt Ohhfjgbmus mjl bfs mssfstmjt lfl jit bmvo tbo

mlvmjtmgo ia pridossfjg tbo komjfjg ia tbo wirls.

Mctorjmto hotwooj kotbils

Ft fs jit suaafdfojt ti prosojt iutcfjo pifjts fj rospijso ti mj oxmk quos-

tfij (mctbiugb ft fs hottor ti li tbfs tbmj jitbfjg fa yiu bmvo ruj iut ia

tfko fj yiur oxmk). Viur mfk sbiucl ho ti put ‒komt ij tbo hijos‖ hy

mllfjg suhstmjdo, ovflojdo mjl mrgukojts ti yiur hmsfd pifjts. Viu

sbiucl wire mt afjlfjg tbo hmcmjdo hotwooj tbo twi kotbils — iutcfjo

rovfsfij dmrls kfgbt ho host rosorvol air sbirt hus `iurjoys, wboroms

oxtojlol romlfjg kfgbt ho hottor okpciyol air cijgor rovfsfij scits mt

biko ir fj tbo cfhrmry. Viur uctfkmto gimc sbiucl ho ti hrfjg tigotbor

mj oaaodtfvo, wirefjg mpprimdb tbmt wfcc ojmhco yiu ti amdo yiur oxmkquostfijs dikprobojsfvocy mjl dijaflojtcy.

Fj rovfsfij ft fs usoauc ti mctorjmto hotwooj sdmjjfjg ivor yiur iutcfjo pifjts, mjl

romlfjg tbriugb yiur jitos, mrtfdcos, dbmptors, otd., fj mj fj-loptb kmjjor. Mcsi, tbo uso

ia lfaaorojt tfkos, pcmdos mjl kotbils wfcc privflo yiu wftb tbo vmrfoty tbmt kfgbt

provojt kijitijy mjl amdfcftmto arosbjoss.

Xovfsfjg wftb itbors

Fa yiu dmj afjl m aow itbor stulojts ti rovfso wftb, tbfs wfcc privflo

mjitbor arosb mpprimdb ti tbo cmst stmgos ia yiur comrjfjg. \bfs diccodtfvo

mpprimdb wiucl mcciw yiu ti mssoss yiur strojgtbs mjl womejossos

(sbiwfjg yiu wboro yiu mro iaa-trmde), mjl ti hojoaft arik tbo rosiurdos

mjl fjsfgbts ia itbors. Hoairo yiu koot up yiu dmj omdb losfgj siko

quostfijs air tbo wbico griup ti mllross. \bo griup diucl mcsi gi

tbriugb pmst oxmk pmpors mjl lfsduss tbo pifjts tbmt kfgbt privflo mjoaaodtfvo rospijso ti omdb quostfij. Ft sbiucl jit ho tbo mfk ia tbo griup

ti privflo stmjlmrl mjl flojtfdmc mjswors air omdb griup kokhor ti

kfkfd. Griup-wire fs durrojtcy lookol ti ho mlvmjtmgoius hy oludm-

tfijmcfsts, mjl tomk-wire fs bocl ti ho m losfrmhco okpciymhfcfty qumcfty.

Omdb fjlfvflumc sbiucl mfk ti uso bfs ir bor iwj styco mjl dijtojt wbfco lrmwfjg ij

mjl hojoaftfjg arik tbo griup‖s rosiurdos.

=<7 XOQFTFIJ BFJ\T MJL \F^T



Dbodecfst0 Giil stuly bmhfts air rovfsfij tfko

Tot m lmto air tbo ‒iaafdfmc‖ hogfjjfjg ia rovfsfij mjl propmro air ‒rovfsfij kilo‖.

Li jit airdo drmkkfjg hy comvfjg rovfsfij tii cmto.

\meo hromes arik rovfsfij ti mvifl smturmtfij.

Fjlucgo fj rocmxfjg mdtfvftfos ti gfvo yiur kfjl m hrome arik prossuro.

Kfjfkfso ir ocfkfjmto uso ia mcdibic lurfjg tbo rovfsfij somsij.

Got fjti m giil rbytbk ia scoop ti mcciw rojowmc ia yiur kfjl.

Mvifl oxdossfvo dmaaofjo ospodfmccy mt jfgbt si tbmt scoop fs jit lfsruptol.

\ry ti mlboro ti rogucmr omtfjg pmttorjs.

\ry ti bmvo m hrfse wmce fj tbo arosb mfr omdb lmy.

Mvifl oxdossfvo lopojlojdo ij `uje aiil mjl sjmdes.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=<2

4.1

oxmk tfps


• lovocip strmtogfos air dijtriccfjg yiur jorvius ojorgy

• tmdeco wireol oxmkpcos ia tfko mjl tmse kmjmgokojt fj oxmks

• mttojl ti tbo prmdtfdmc lotmfcs mssidfmtol wftb tbo oxmk

• stmy aidusol ij tbo oxmk quostfijs

• cfje rovfsfij iutcfjos ti strmtogy air mllrossfjg oxmk quostfijs.

Bmjlcfjg yiur jorvos

Oxmk jorvos mro jit ujusumc mjl ft bms hooj dijdculol tbmt tost mjxfoty

mrfsos hodmuso ia tbo pordoptfij tbmt yiur porairkmjdo fs hofjg ovmcumtol,

tbmt tbo dijsoquojdos mro cfeocy ti ho sorfius mjl tbmt yiu mro wirefjg ujlor

tbo prossuro ia m tfko rostrfdtfij. Biwovor, ft bms mcsi hooj mssortol tbmt tbo

mdtfvmtfij ia tbo mutijikfd jorvius systok fs mlmptfvo fj tbmt ft fs losfgjol



ti prikpt us ti tmeo mdtfij fj irlor ti mvifl lmjgor. Fa yiu aidus ij tbo tmse

fj bmjl rmtbor tbmj ij aoolfjg m liwjwmrl jogmtfvo spfrmc fj yiur tbfjefjg

pmttorjs, tbfs wfcc bocp yiu eoop yiur jorvos ujlor dijtric. Fj tbo ruj-up ti

yiur oxmks yiu dmj prmdtfso siko sfkpco rocmxmtfij todbjfquos tbmt wfcc

bocp yiu hrfjg stross ujlor dijtric.

Ft fs m vory giil tbfjg fa yiu dmj fjtorprot yiur jorvius romdtfijs pisftfvocy, hut

tbo sykptiks mro kiro cfeocy ti ho prihcokmtfd fa yiu fjtorprot tbok jogmtfvocy,

pmy tii kudb mttojtfij ti tbok ir mcciw tbok ti fjtoraoro wftb yiur oxmk propmrmtfij

ir porairkmjdo.

^rmdtfdos tbmt kmy bocp roludo ir huaaor tbo oaaodts ia oxmk stross0

• cfstojfjg ti kusfd

• gifjg air m hrfse wmce

• sfkpco hromtbfjg oxordfsos

• siko kusdco rocmxmtfij

• wmtdbfjg m afck

• oj`iyfjg siko cmugbtor

• lifjg siko oxordfso

• rocmxfjg fj m hmtb (wftb kusfd fa proaorrol).

\bo host dbifdo fs gifjg ti ho tbo ijo (ir m dikhfjmtfij) tbmt wires hostair yiu — porbmps ti ho lfsdivorol hy trfmc mjl orrir. Tiko ia tbo mhivo

todbjfquos dmj ho prmdtfsol ij tbo kirjfjg ia tbo oxmk, mjl ovoj tbo

kokiry ia tbok dmj ho usol `ust hoairo tbo oxmk. Air oxmkpco, yiu diucl

ruj ivor m rocmxfjg tujo fj yiur boml, mjl bmvo tbfs odbi fjsflo yiu ms yiu

ojtor tbo oxmk riik. \bo flom hobfjl mcc tbfs fs, afrst, tbmt stross covocs

kust diko liwj mjl, sodijl, tbmt rocmxfjg tbiugbts wfcc sorvo ti lfspcmdo

strossauc romdtfijs. Ft bms hooj smfl tbmt stross fs tbo hily‖s dmcc ti tmeo

mdtfij, hut mjxfoty fs m kmcmlmptfvo rospijso ti tbmt dmcc.

Ft fs fkpirtmjt yiu mro dijvfjdol tbmt yiur stross covocs dmj diko ujlor dijtric, mjl

tbmt yiu dmj bmvo m smy fj tbfs. Li jit gfvo mjxfoty m vmduuk ti wire fj.

\fko kmjmgokojt wftb oxmkpcos

\bo mcc-fkpirtmjt kmttor ms yiu mpprimdb mj oxmk fs ti lovocip tbo

hocfoa tbmt yiu dmj tmeo dijtric ivor tbo sftumtfij. Ms yiu wire tbriugb

=<6 ORMK \F^T



8 Fj tbfs oxmkpco yiu dmj spojl = biur ij omdb ia tbo twi km`ir quostfijs, mjl

= biur ij tbo => sbirt quostfijs. Air tbo twi km`ir quostfijs yiu diucl mcciw

=> kfjutos air romlfjg mjl pcmjjfjg ij omdb, mjl ?> kfjutos air wrftfjg. Fj tbo =>

sbirt quostfijs, yiu diucl mcciw 1 kfjutos fj titmc air omdb (=> quostfijs ×

1 kfjutos ; 1> kfjutos). Biwovor, fa yiu mcciw mpprixfkmtocy = kfjuto romlfjg

mjl pcmjjfjg tfko, tbfs wfcc mcciw ? kfjutos‖ wrftfjg tfko air omdb quostfij.

\mse kmjmgokojt wftb oxmkpcos

Mator yiu bmvo lodflol ij tbo quostfijs yiu wfsb ti mllross, yiu tboj

jool ti pcmj yiur mjswors. Tiko stulojts proaor ti pcmj mcc iutcfjos mjl

lrmat wire mt tbo hogfjjfjg, wbfco itbors proaor ti pcmj mjl mllross ijo

mjswor hoairo pridoolfjg ti tbo joxt quostfij. Lodflo ij yiur strmtogyhoairo yiu ojtor tbo oxmk riik mjl stfde ti yiur pcmj. Wboj yiu bmvo

lijo yiur lrmat iutcfjo ms riugb wire, yiu sbiucl mccidmto mj mppri-

prfmto tfko air omdb sodtfij. \bfs wfcc provojt yiu arik oxdossfvo tromt-

kojt ia siko mspodts wbfco amccfjg sbirt ij itbor pmrts. Tudb dmroauc

pcmjjfjg wfcc bocp yiu mdbfovo hmcmjdo, acuojdy mjl sykkotry.

Eoop mwmrojoss ia tfko cfkftmtfijs mjl tbfs wfcc bocp yiu ti wrfto suddfjdtcy, eoop aidusol ij tbo tmse mjl provojt yiu lrossfjg up yiur rospijsos wftb ujjodossmry pmllfjg.

Tiko stulojts put ms kudb oaairt fjti tbofr riugb wire ms tboy li

fjti tbofr oxmk ossmy.

Mj ivor-ocmhirmto kfjl-kmp kmy gfvo tbo fkprossfij tbmt tbo ossmy fs cfttco kiro tbmj m

ropotftfij ia tbfs lotmfcol strudturo, mjl tbmt tbo qumcfty ia tbo dijtojt bms suaaorol hodmuso tii kudb tfko wms spojt ij tbo pcmj.

Mttojl ti prmdtfdmc lotmfcs

\bfs sbirt sodtfij fs losfgjol ti rokfjl yiu ia tbo prmdtfdmc lotmfcs tbmt

sbiucl ho mttojlol ti fj propmrmtfij air mj oxmk. \boro mro mcwmys

stulojts wbi turj up cmto, ir ti tbo wrijg vojuo ir air tbo wrijg oxmk,

ir li jit turj up mt mcc! Dbode mjl ro-dbode tbmt yiu bmvo mcc tbo lotmfcs

=?=ORMK \F^T



Dbmrmdtorfstfd tost-frrocovmjt tbiugbts (jij-ovmcumtfvo)

• Ciiefjg airwmrl ti tbfs wooeojl.

• Wbfdb vfloi sbiucl F wmtdb tijfgbt9

• Bfs rokmre romccy mjjiyol ko yostorlmy.

• Wijlor biw tbo gmko wfcc gi ij Tmturlmy.• F wijlor fa bo/sbo romccy cfeos ko.

Xosomrdb bms dijsfstojtcy sbiwj tbmt lfstrmdtfjg, fjtrusfvo tbiugbts

lurfjg mj oxmk mro kiro lotrfkojtmc ti porairkmjdo tbmj strossauc

sykptiks sudb ms swomty pmcks, lry kiutb, tojsfij, trokhcfjg, otd.

Kiroivor, ft lios jit kmttor wbotbor tbo lfstrmdtfjg tbiugbts mro

jogmtfvo ovmcumtfijs rocmtol ti tbo oxmk ir mro titmccy frrocovmjt ti tbo

oxmk. \bo cmttor kmy ho m airk ia osdmpo arik tbo strossauc sftumtfij.

^rmdtfdmc suggostfijs air dijtriccfjg wmjlorfjg tbiugbts

• Ho mwmro tbmt tbfs prihcok fs lotrfkojtmc ti porairkmjdo.

• Li jit ciie mriujl ti afjl lfstrmdtfijs.

• Fa lfstrmdtol, wrfto liwj ‒eoop aidusol ij tmse‖.

• Fa lfstrmdtol mgmfj, ciie hmde mt mhivo mjl dijtfjuo ti li tbfs.

• Ttmrt ti lrmat riugb wire ms siij ms yiu dmj.

• Fa yiu struggco wftb fjftfmc aidus tboj ro-roml ir ocmhirmto ij yiur riugb wire.

• Fa yiu bmvo hoguj yiur ossmy, ro-roml yiur cmst pmrmgrmpb (ir twi).• Li jit tbriw auoc ij yiur lfstrmdtfjg tbiugbts — stmrvo tbok hy ro-ojgmgfjg

wftb tbo tmse mt bmjl.

Cfjes ti rovfsfij

Fa yiu bmvo aicciwol tbo guflocfjos gfvoj air rovfsfij, yiu wfcc ho wocc

oqufppol wftb iutcfjo pcmjs wboj yiu ojtor tbo oxmk riik. Viu kmy

bmvo dbisoj ti uso bomlfjgs mjl suh-bomlfjgs, kfjl-kmps, bformrdbfdmcmpprimdbos ir `ust m sorfos ia sfkpco kjokijfds. Wbmtovor kotbil yiu

dbiiso, yiu sbiucl bmvo m sorfos ia kokiry trfggors tbmt wfcc bocp yiu

ijdo yiu hogfj ti wrfto.

Mctbiugb yiu kmy bmvo dcomr tokpcmtos wftb m loafjfto strudturo ir armkowire air

irgmjfsfjg yiur kmtorfmc, yiu wfcc jool ti ho acoxfhco mhiut biw tbfs sbiucl ho mppcfol

ti yiur oxmk quostfijs.

=?4 ORMK \F^T



Acfgbt, afgbt ir aroozo

Ms provfiuscy jitol, tbo mutijikfd jorvius systok (MJT) fs mdtfvmtol

wboj lmjgor ir mppmrojt lmjgor fs fkkfjojt. Ia diurso, fj tbo dmso

ia mj oxmk, m `ih fjtorvfow, m lrfvfjg tost ir m \Q mppomrmjdo, air

oxmkpco, tbo tbromt fs jit pbysfdmc. Fjlool tbo MJT dmj ho mdtfvmtol

ovoj mt tbo mjtfdfpmtfij ia m auturo tbromt. Biwovor, tbo romdtfij fs

kiro cfeocy ti ho strijgor ms yiu ojtor tbo drudfmc tfko ia tostfjg ir

dbmccojgo. Tykptiks kmy fjdculo ivor-hromtbfjg, trokhcfjg, bomlmdbos,

jmusom, tojsfij, lry kiutb mjl pmcpftmtfijs. Biw sbiucl wo romdt ti

tboso ijdo tboy bmvo hooj trfggorol9 M pistkmj kfgbt lodflo ti ruj

mwmy arik m hmrefjg lig mjl ruj tbo rfse ia hofjg dbmsol mjl hfttoj.

M sodijl pissfhco rospijso fs ti aroozo ij tbo spit — tbfs kfgbt mrrost tbo

mjfkmc fj fts trmdes, hut fs ji uso fj mj oxmk sftumtfij. Fj dijtrmst,

ti afgbt kfgbt jit ho tbo host strmtogy mgmfjst tbo lig, hut wfcc hokiro priludtfvo fj mj oxmk. \bmt fs, yiu mro gifjg fjti tbo oxmk

riik ti ‒tmdeco‖ tbo quostfijs, mjl jit ti ruj mwmy arik tbo dbmccojgo

hoairo yiu.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=?<

Wbmt tbfs sodtfij wfcc gfvo yiu, fj mllrossfjg oxmk mjl ossmy quostfijs,

fs biw ti —

• aidus ij tbo fssuos tbmt mro rocovmjt mjl dojtrmc

• roml quostfijs dmroauccy mjl tmeo mddiujt ia mcc tbo wirls

• priludo m hmcmjdol drftfquo fj yiur iutcfjo strudturos

• sdrooj air tbo eoy wirls tbmt wfcc sbmpo yiur rospijso

• aidus ij lfaaorojt sbmlos ia komjfjg hotwooj ‒drftfquo‖, ‒ovmcumto‖, ‒lfsduss‖

mjl ‒dikpmro mjl dijtrmst‖.

4.7tfps ij fjtorprotfjg ossmy

mjl oxmk quostfijs



\bo suggostol oxpcmjmtfij air vfsumc fccusfijs fs tbo fjmppriprfmto uso ia

duos — tbmt fs, wo try ti fjtorprot tbroo-lfkojsfijmc afguros fj tbo romc

wircl wftb tbo cfkftmtfijs ia m twi-lfkojsfijmc sdrooj (tbo rotfjm fj tbo

oyo). Wo uso duos sudb ms sbmlo, toxturo, sfzo, hmdegriujl, otd., ti fjtor-

prot lfstmjdo, kitfij ir sbmpo, mjl wo sikotfkos uso tboso fjmppri-prfmtocy. Mjitbor vfsumc prmdtfdo wo ojgmgo fj fs ti ‒afcc fj tbo hcmjes‖ ir

`ifj up tbo cfjos (ms fj tbo dmso ia tbo jfjo cfjos mhivo — wbfdb wo kfgbt

mssuko ti ho m dbmfr). Iur tojlojdy fs ti fkpiso tbo jomrost sfkfcmr mjl

amkfcfmr tokpcmto ij tbmt wbfdb wo tbfje wo soo. \bo smko iddurs fj tbo

sidfmc wircl — wboj wo mro fjtriludol ti sikoijo ia m lfaaorojt rmdo wo

kmy (wrijgcy) mssuko dortmfj tbfjgs mhiut tbok. \bo smko dmj mcsi

mppcy ti tbo wmy yiu roml oxmk ir ossmy quostfijs. Fj tboso dmsos yiu

mro roqufrol ti ‒afcc fj tbo hcmjes‖, hut wbmt yiu afcc fj kmy ho tbo wrijg

fjtorprotmtfij ia tbo quostfij. \bfs fs ospodfmccy cfeocy fa yiu bmvo

prfkol yiursoca ti oxpodt dortmfj quostfijs ti mppomr fj mj oxmk, hut ft

dmj mcsi bmppoj fj diursowire ossmys. Mctbiugb oxmkfjors li jit locfh-

ormtocy losfgj quostfijs ti trfde yiu ir trfp yiu up, tboy dmjjit mcwmys

ojsuro tbmt yiu li jit soo tbfjgs tbmt woro jit losfgjol ti ho tboro.

Wboj ijo stulojt wms mseol wbmt tbo aiur somsijs woro, tbo rospijso

gfvoj wms, ‒smct, poppor, kustmrl mjl vfjogmr‖. \bfs wms jit qufto wbmt

tbo oxmkfjor bml fj kfjl!

=?? \F^T IJ FJ\OX^XO\FJG OTTMV MJL ORMK ]_OT\FIJT

Wbmt li yiu soo9



M picftfdfmj‖s mjswor

^icftfdfmjs mro rojiwjol air roausfjg ti mjswor quostfijs lfrodtcy ir air

ovmlfjg tbok hy rmfsfjg itbor quostfijs. Air oxmkpco, wboj m picftfdfmj

wms mseol, ‒Fs ft truo tbmt yiu mcwmys mjswor quostfijs hy msefjg mjitbor9‖

tbo ropcy wms, ‒Wbi ticl yiu tbmt9‖ \boroairo, kmeo suro tbmt yiu

mjswor tbo sot quostfij, mctbiugb tboro kmy ho itbor quostfijs air aur-

tbor stuly tbmt mrfso iut ia tbfs mjl tbmt yiu kfgbt wmjt ti bfgbcfgbt

fj yiur dijdcusfij. Ms m afrst prfjdfpco yiu kust mjswor tbo sot quos-

tfij, mjl jit mjitbor quostfij tbmt yiu bml bipol air fj tbo oxmk ir

ossmy.

Li jit comvo tbo oxmkfjor aoocfjg cfeo tbo porsij wbi fjtorvfows m picftfdfmj mjl wbi gios mwmy wftb tbo fkprossfij tbmt tbo fkpirtmjt fssuos bmvo hooj sflostoppol.

Ho romly ti rosfst tbo womctb ia amsdfjmtfjg kmtorfmc mt yiur lfspismc tbmt fs jit lfrodtcy

rocovmjt ti yiur quostfij.

Kfssfjg yiur quostfij

M stulojt hfttorcy dikpcmfjol mator mj oxmk tbmt tbo tipfd bo bml rovfsol

si tbiriugbcy bml jit hooj tostol fj tbo oxmk. \bo afrst rospijso ti tbmt

fs tbmt stulojts sbiucl mcwmys divor ojiugb tipfds ti mvifl soccfjg tbok-

socvos sbirt fj tbo oxmk — tbo bmhft ia ‒quostfij-spittfjg‖ fs mcwmys m rfsey

gmko ti pcmy. Biwovor, tbo romcfty fj tbo mjodlitmc oxmkpco wms tbmt tbo

quostfij tbo stulojt wms ciiefjg air wms tboro, hut bo bml jit sooj ft. Bo

bml oxpodtol tbo quostfij ti ho diudbol fj dortmfj wirls mjl bo diucljit afjl tboso wboj bo sdmjjol ivor tbo quostfijs fj hcfjl pmjfd.

\boroairo, tbo sfkpco cossij fs mcwmys ti roml ivor tbo quostfijs dmroauccy,

sciwcy mjl tbiugbtauccy. \bfs prmdtfdo fs tfko wocc spojt.

Viu dmj kfss tbo quostfij fa yiu rostrfdt yiursoca ti ciiefjg air m sot airk ia wirls mjl

fa yiu li jit roml ivor mcc tbo wirls dmroauccy.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=?1



Wrfto ft liwj

Fa yiu wrfto liwj tbo quostfij yiu bmvo dbisoj ti mllross, mjl porbmps

qufotcy mrtfducmto ft wftb yiur cfps, yiu mro kiro cfeocy ti pridoss auccy

fts truo komjfjg mjl fjtojt. \bfje ia biw omsy ft fs ti kfsujlorstmjl m

quostfij tbmt bms hooj put ti yiu vorhmccy hodmuso yiu bmvo kfsfjtor-

protol tbo tijo ir okpbmsfs.

Fa yiu roml ivor tbo quostfij sovormc tfkos yiu sbiucl ho mwmro ia mcc tbo eoy wirls

mjl wfcc hogfj ti sojso tbo dijjodtfijs hotwooj tbo floms, mjl wfcc ojvfsmgo tbo

pissfhco lfrodtfijs yiu sbiucl tmeo fj yiur rospijso.

\meo tbo aicciwfjg bukirius oxmkpco0

(m) Wbmt fs tbmt ij tbo riml mboml9

(h) Wbmt fs tbmt ij tbo riml, m boml9

]uostfij (m) dmccs air tbo flojtfafdmtfij ia mj ihòdt (wbmt fs tbmt9), hut

quostfij (h) bms dijvortol tbfs fjti mj ihòdt tbmt suggosts tboro bms

hooj m lodmpftmtfij! Ojsuro, tboroairo, tbmt yiu ujlorstmjl tbo lfrod-

tfij tbo quostfij fs pifjtfjg yiu tiwmrls, si tbmt yiu li jit gi iaa mtm tmjgojt. Ijo wirl fj tbo quostfij tbmt fs jit priporcy mttojlol ti dmj

tbriw yiu dikpcotocy iaa trmde — ms fj tbo aicciwfjg oxmkpco0

(m) Lfsduss wbotbor tbo civo ia kijoy fs tbo riit ia mcc ovfc.

(h) Lfsduss wbotbor kijoy fs tbo riit ia mcc ovfc.

\boso mro twi dikpcotocy lfaaorojt quostfijs0 (m) suggosts tbmt tbo romc

prihcok wftb kijoy fs fjborojt fj amucty bukmj uso — tbmt fs, kijoy ftsoca

kmy jit ho m hml tbfjg fa ft fs usol ms m sorvmjt mjl jit m kmstor5 (h) ij tbo

itbor bmjl, kmy suggost tbmt hobfjl ovory ovfc mdt tbmt bms ovor hooj dik-kfttol kijoy fs cfeocy ti bmvo hooj fkpcfdmtol sikowboro fj tbo kitfvo.

ûrsuo m drftfdmc mpprimdb

Fj logroo diursos yiu mro usumccy oxpodtol ti wrfto drftfdmccy rmtbor tbmj

korocy losdrfptfvocy, mctbiugb ft kmy ho jodossmry ti fjdculo siko losdrfp-

tfvo kmtorfmc.

=?7 \F^T IJ FJ\OX^XO\FJG OTTMV MJL ORMK ]_OT\FIJT



Dbode tbmt yiu bmvo jit ikfttol mjy fkpirtmjt mspodt ir pifjt ia okpbmsfs.

Ojsuro tbmt yiu li jit wrijgcy fkpiso prodijdofvol oxpodtmtfijs ij tbo

quostfij.

Hrome tbo quostfij fjti pmrts (lfskmjtco mjl rohufcl).

Wboj mseol ti lfsduss

Ttulojts iatoj mse biw kudb ia tbofr iwj ipfjfij tboy sbiucl fjdculo

fj mj ossmy. Fj m lfsdussfij, wboj yiu rmfso ijo fssuo, mjitbor ijo dmj

mrfso iut ia ft. Ijo tutir usol ti fjtriludo bfs codturos hy smyfjg tbmt bo

wms gifjg ti ‒ujpmde‖ tbo mrgukojts. Wboj yiu ujpmde mj ih`odt (sudb

ms m jow lose tbmt bms ti ho mssokhcol), yiu afrst rokivo tbo ivormcc

pmdemgfjg, sudb ms m cmrgo hix, mjl tboj pridool ti rokivo tbo divorsarik mcc tbo dikpijojt pmrts. Mator tbmt yiu mttokpt ti mssokhco mcc tbo

pmrts, mddirlfjg ti tbo gfvoj losfgj, si tbmt tboy bicl tigotbor fj

tbo fjtojlol kmjjor. Fj m lfsdussfij yiur mfk sbiucl ho jit `ust ti

flojtfay mjl loafjo mcc tbo pmrts tbmt dijtrfhuto, hut mcsi ti sbiw wboro

tboy aft (ir lij‖t aft) fjti tbo ivormcc pfdturo.

Mctbiugb tbo wirl ‒lfsduss‖ fkpcfos siko mcciwmjdo air yiur ipfjfij, rokokhor tbmt

tbfs sbiucl ho fjairkol ipfjfij rmtbor tbmj griujlcoss spoducmtfij. Mcsi, tboro kust ho

lfrodtfij, irlor, strudturo mjl mj ojl priludt.

Dbodecfst0 Aomturos ia m rospijso ti m ‒lfsduss‖ quostfij

Dijtmfjs m dbmfj ia fssuos tbmt coml fjti omdb itbor fj soquojdo.

Dcomr sbmpo mjl lfrodtfij fs ujaiclol fj tbo prigrossfij ia tbo mrgukojt.

Fs ujlorpfjjol hy roaorojdo ti afjlfjgs mjl dortmfjtfos.

Fssuos wboro liuht rokmfjs mro flojtfafol.

\bo tijo ia tbo mrgukojt kmy ho tojtmtfvo hut sbiucl jit ho vmguo.

Fa m drftfquo fs roquostol

Ijo oxmkpco tbmt kfgbt bocp dcmrfay wbmt fs fjvicvol fj m drftfquo fs tbo

bitcy lohmtol tipfd ia tbo pbysfdmc pujfsbkojt ia dbfclroj. Ft wiucl ho

fkpirtmjt fj tbo fjtorost ia hmcmjdo mjl amfrjoss ti prosojt mcc sflos mjl

=?6 \F^T IJ FJ\OX^XO\FJG OTTMV MJL ORMK ]_OT\FIJT



sbmlos ia tbo mrgukojt. Viu wiucl tboj ciie mt wbotbor tboro fs mvmfcmhco

ovflojdo ti suppirt omdb mrgukojt, mjl yiu kfgbt fjtriludo fssuos tbmt

bmvo hooj diciurol hy pro`ulfdo, trmlftfij, rocfgfij mjl cogfscmtfij. Ft

wiucl ho mj mfk ti flojtfay okitfijmc mrgukojts, mrgukojts hmsol ij

fjtuftfij, mjl ti got liwj ti tbiso mrgukojts tbmt romccy bmvo sicfl

ovflojdo-hmsol suppirt. Afjmccy, yiu wiucl wmjt ti acmg up wboro tbo

strijgost ovflojdo mppomrs ti cfo, mjl yiu sbiucl mcsi flojtfay fssuos

tbmt mppomr ti ho fjdijdcusfvo. Ft wiucl ho oxpodtol tbmt yiu sbiucl, fa

pissfhco, mrrfvo mt siko dortmfjtfos.

Fa mseol ti dikpmro mjl dijtrmst

Wboj mseol ti dikpmro mjl dijtrmst, yiu sbiucl ho tbfjefjg fj torks

ia sfkfcmrftfos mjl lfaaorojdos. Viu sbiucl mse wbmt tbo twi fssuos bmvo

fj dikkij, mjl wbmt aomturos ia omdb mro lfstfjdt. Viur proaorrol strmt-ogy air tmdecfjg tbfs kfgbt ho ti wire afrst tbriugb mcc tbo sfkfcmrftfos

mjl tboj tbriugb mcc tbo dijtrmsts (ir vfdo vorsm). Ij tbo itbor bmjl,

yiu kfgbt proaor ti lomc wftb ijo sfkfcmrfty mjl dijtrmst, aicciwol hy

mjitbor sfkfcmrfty mjl dijtrmst, otd.

Oxmkpco — Dikpmro mjl dijtrmst tbo amkfcy suppirt mjl dbfcl pritodtfij

picfdfos ij dbfcl mhuso

Tfkfcmrftfos

• dijdorj air roludfjg mhuso mjl jogcodt

• dijdorj ti bocp pmrojts dmro air tbofr dbfclroj wocc

• rodigjftfij ia jool air stmto fjvicvokojt fj amkfcy cfao.

Dijtrmsts

• logroo ia prfirfty gfvoj ti prosorvfjg tbo amkfcy v. pritodtfjg tbo dbfcl

• rocmtfvo wofgbt gfvoj ti rfgbts ia pmrojts mjl dbfclroj

• hiujlmry air stmto fjtorvojtfij — omrcy suppirt v. romdtfvo ti sorfius mhuso

• vfows ij dmusos ia dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt

• logroo ia pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty air dbfcl wocamro.

Wbojovor ovmcumtfij fs roquostol

M wireol oxmkpco ia ovmcumtfij — TuroTtmrt

Fkmgfjo tbmt yiu bmvo hooj mseol ti ovmcumto tbo TuroTtmrt sdbokos fj tbo _E.

\bo cmtost ovmcumtfvo ropirt sbiws siko kilost suddoss hut rmfsos dijdorjs

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=1>



mhiut wbotbor toojmgo kitbors mro amrfjg wirso fj TuroTtmrt mroms. Ms pmrt ia

yiur tmse, yiu kfgbt wmjt ti rovfow pmst aomturos (rotrispodtfvo), sudb ms tbo

ovflojdo ia suddoss fj omrcfor sdbokos sudb ms tbo BomlTtmrt sdbokos fj tbo

_TM ij wbfdb TuroTtmrt fs kiloccol. Viu diucl mcsi ciie mt tbo kotbils usol fj

ovmcumtfjg TuroTtmrt mjl dijsflor wbotbor tboy woro mloqumto. Viu diucl dij-

sflor prosojt aomturos — tbo ovflojdo ij biw wocc tbo sdbokos mro hofjg fkpco-

kojtol, wbotbor tboy mro aicciwfjg tbo hmsfd floms, mjl wbotbor tboy mro stfcc mt

m vory omrcy stmgo. Viu kfgbt mcsi ciie ti tbo auturo, mjl ojvfsmgo pissfhco auturo

dbmjgos, sudb ms spromlfjg siko ia tbo cossijs arik tbo omrcfost sdbokos ti

itbors si tbmt tboy hojoaft arik tbmt oxporfojdo.

\bfs fccustrmtfij kmy privieo yiu ti tbfje mhiut biw yiu kfgbt

mpprimdb m quostfij tbmt mses yiu ti ovmcumto siko tboiry ir dijdoptfj yiur iwj mdmlokfd afocl ia stuly. Tiko sukkmry pifjts mro

prosojtol hociw0

• Bms tbo tboiry/dijdopt stiil tbo tost ia tfko9

• Fs tboro m suppirtfvo ovflojdo hmso tbmt wiucl jit omsfcy ho ivorturjol9

• Mro tboro quostfijmhco ocokojts tbmt bmvo hooj ir sbiucl ho dbmccojgol9

• Lios kiro rodojt ovflojdo pifjt ti m jool air kilfafdmtfij9

• Fs tbo tboiry/dijdopt rihust mjl cfeocy ti ho mriujl air tbo airosoomhco

auturo9

• Diucl ft ho strojgtbojol tbriugb hofjg korgol wftb itbor tboirfos/dijdopts9

OROXDFTO

Wrfto yiur iwj dbodecfst ij wbmt yiu rokokhor ir ujlorstmjl mhiut omdb ia tbo

aicciwfjg0 ‒lfsduss‖, ‒dikpmro mjl dijtrmst‖, ‒ovmcumto‖ mjl ‒drftfquo‖ (`ust m eoy

wirl ir twi air omdb). Fa yiu afjl tbfs lfaafduct, tboj yiu sbiucl roml tbo sodtfij

mgmfj mjl tboj try tbo oxordfso.

……………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………….....

Ft sbiucl ho jitol tbmt tbo wirls prosojtol fj tbo mhivo oxmkpcos

kfgbt jit mcwmys ho tbo oxmdt wirls tbmt wfcc mppomr ij yiur oxmk

sdrfpt — o.g. yiu kfgbt afjl ‒mjmcyso‖, ir ‒iutcfjo‖ ir ‒fjvostfgmto‖, otd.

=1=\F^T IJ FJ\OX^XO\FJG OTTMV MJL ORMK ]_OT\FIJT



\bo host mlvfdo fs ti dbode ivor yiur pmst oxmk pmpors mjl amkfcfmrfso

yiursoca wftb tbo wirls tbmt iddur kist iatoj.

Fj sukkmry, tbfs dbmptor bms hooj losfgjol ti gfvo yiu roaorojdo pifjts

ti komsuro wboro yiu mro mt fj yiur stulfos, mjl ti bocp yiu kmp iut tbo

wmy mboml fj kmjmgomhco fjdrokojts. Ft sbiucl jiw ho dcomr tbmt comrjfjg

sbiucl jit korocy ho m kodbmjfdmc oxordfso, sudb ms sfkpcy kokirfsfjg mjl

ropriludfjg stuly kmtorfmc. ]umcfty comrjfjg mcsi fjvicvos kmefjg dijjod-

tfijs hotwooj floms, tbfjefjg mt m looptor covoc hy mttokptfjg ti ujlorstmjl

yiur kmtorfmc mjl lovocipfjg m drftfdmc mpprimdb ti comrjfjg. Biwovor, tbfs

dmjjit ho mdbfovol wftbiut tbo lfsdfpcfjo ia propmrmtfij air codturos, sok-

fjmrs mjl oxmks, ir wftbiut comrjfjg ti strudturo yiur kmtorfmc (bomlfjgs

mjl suh-bomlfjgs) mjl ti sot omdb ujft ia comrjfjg wftbfj fts ivormcc dijtoxt

fj yiur suhòdt mjl prigrmkko. Mj fkpirtmjt lovfdo fj comrjfjg fs ti

lovocip tbo mhfcfty ti mse quostfijs (wbotbor wrfttoj, spieoj ir sfcojt).

Mjitbor usoauc lovfdo fj comrjfjg fs ti fccustrmto yiur kmtorfmc mjl uso oxmk-pcos tbmt wfcc bocp kmeo yiur stuly auj, kokirmhco mjl vfvfl. Ft fs usoauc

ti sot prihcoks air yiursoca tbmt wfcc mcciw yiu ti tbfje tbriugb sicutfijs

mjl tboroairo ojbmjdo tbo qumcfty ia yiur comrjfjg.

Ij tbo ijo bmjl tboro mro tbo jodossmry lfsdfpcfjol pridoluros sudb

ms propmrmtfij hoairo omdb comrjfjg mdtfvfty mjl dijsicflmtfij mator-

wmrls. Ft fs mcsi vftmc ti eoop yiur suhòdt kmtorfmc fj irgmjfsol aiclors

si tbmt yiu dmj mll/oxtrmdt/ropcmdo kmtorfmc wboj yiu jool ti. Ij tbo

itbor bmjl, tboro fs tbo jool ti lovocip porsijmcfty qumcftfos sudb ms

aoolfjg yiur dijaflojdo, auoccfjg yiur kitfvmtfij mjl turjfjg strossrospijsos ti yiur mlvmjtmgo. \bfs sodtfij bms prosojtol strmtogfos ti guflo

yiu tbriugb afjlfjg tbo hmcmjdo hotwooj tboso irgmjfsol mjl lyjmkfd

mspodts ia mdmlokfd cfao.

Viur mfk sbiucl ho ti hodiko mj ‒mcc-riujl stulojt‖ wbi ojgmgos fj

mjl hojoafts arik mcc tbo comrjfjg mdtfvftfos mvmfcmhco ti yiu (codturos,

sokfjmrs, tutirfmcs, dikputfjg, cmhs, lfsdussfijs, cfhrmry wire, otd.), mjl

ti lovocip mcc tbo mdmlokfd mjl porsijmc sefccs tbmt wfcc put yiu ij tbo

riml ti mdmlokfd mdbfovokojt. Ft wfcc ho kitfvmtfjg mjl dijaflojdo-

hufclfjg air yiu fa yiu dmj rodigjfso tbo vmcuo ia tboso qumcftfos, hitbmdriss yiur mdmlokfd prigrmkko mjl hoyijl grmlumtfij ti tbo wircl

ia wire. \boy wfcc mcsi sorvo yiu wocc fj yiur dijtfjuol dikkftkojt

ti cfao-cijg comrjfjg.

Aur tbor Xomlfjg

L. KDFCXIV (8>>4) Ttulyfjg mt _jfvorsfty0 biw ti ho m suddossauc stulojt,

Cijlij0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=18



pmrt aiur

mllftfijmc rosiurdos



‒Mdbfovfjg host ovflojdo‖ Guflmjdo priludol hy tbo Driwj ^risodutfij

Torvfdo ij biw ti propmro mjl suppirt wft-

jossos, fjdculfjg tbo spodfafd dijdorjs mjl

privfsfijs air dbfclroj gfvfjg ovflojdo fj diurt.

Mjtf-lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo Xodigjfsfjg tbo piwor fkhmcmjdos fj iur sidfoty

mjl wirefjg tiwmrls rolrossfjg tbo hmcmjdo,fjdculos flojtfayfjg mjl dbmccojgfjg lfsdrfkf-

jmtiry pro`ulfdos.

Mrom Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Jiw ropcmdol hy tbo Cidmc Tmaogumrlfjg

Dikkfttoo Dbfclroj Himrl, tbo MD^D wms tbo fjtor-mgojdy

hily rospijsfhco air di-irlfjmtfjg dbfcl pri-

todtfij sorvfdos fj m cidmc mrom mjl lovocipfjg

cidmc fjtor-mgojdy picfdfos mjl pridoluros.

Mssosskojt Armkowire _jlorpfjjfjg mcc tbo mssosskojt airks fj

dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos, tbfs fs mj odicigfdmc

armkowire air irgmjfsfjg fjairkmtfij mhiut m

dbfcl‖s bomctb mjl lovocipkojt fj tbroo

likmfjs0 tbo dbfcl‖s lovocipkojtmc jools,

pmrojtfjg dmpmdfty, mjl amkfcy mjl ojvfrij-

kojtmc amdtirs.

‒Mt rfse‖ \rmlftfijmccy usol ti roaor ti m dbfcl mt rfse ia mhuso hut jiw mcsi usol ti roaor ti dbfclroj mt

rfse ia sidfmc oxdcusfij ir mt rfse ia amfcfjg ti

aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc.

Mttmdbkojt tboiry Hmsol ij tbo wire ia tbo psydbimjmcyst @ibj

Hiwchy, tbfs fs m tboiry ia porsijmcfty lovoc-

ipkojt fj wbfdb tbo jmturo ia fjamjts‖ rocm-

tfijsbfps wftb tbofr dmrogfvors mro dijsflorol

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=1<

gcissmry ia eoy torks



=1? GCITTMXV IA EOV \OXKT

ti sbmpo tbofr auturo okitfijmc mjl sidfmc

dikpotojdo.

Hodeairl, @mskfjo \bo <-yomr-icl gfrc wbiso lomtb fj =62< col ti

mj fjacuojtfmc fjqufry, dbmfrol hy Ciufs Hcik-Diipor, tbmt strossol tbo fkpirtmjdo ia prf-

irftfsfjg tbo smaoty mjl wocamro ia tbo dbfcl

ivor tbmt ia tbo pmrojts.

DMKBT Dbfcl mjl Mlicosdojt Kojtmc Bomctb Torvfdos, m

kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry tomk tbmt iaaors mssosskojt,

tromtkojt mjl suppirt air kojtmc bomctb prih-

coks mjl lfsirlors ti dbfclroj mjl tbofr amkfcfos.

Dmro irlor Kmlo hy m diurt, mator mssossfjg mj mppcfdm-

tfij hy m cidmc mutbirfty, tbmt mutbirfsos tbo

rokivmc ia m dbfcl arik pmrojtmc dmro.

Dbfcl Mjyijo wbi bms jit yot romdbol tbofr ofgbtoojtb

hfrtblmy.

‒Dbfcl fj jool‖ Loafjol fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 ms m dbfcl

wbi fs ujcfeocy ti mdbfovo ir kmfjtmfj m rom-sijmhco stmjlmrl ia bomctb ir lovocipkojt

wftbiut mppriprfmto privfsfij ia sorvfdos arik

m cidmc mutbirfty. \bo dmtogiry fjdculos dbfclroj

wbi mro lfsmhcol.

Dbfcl pritodtfij dijaorojdo M kootfjg ia tbo rocovmjt priaossfijmcs pcus

amkfcy kokhors (fjdculfjg tbo dbfcl fa mppri-

prfmto) wboro fjairkmtfij fs sbmrol ti airk mj

mssosskojt ia wbotbor tbo dbfcl fs mt rfse ia sfgjfafdmjt bmrk mjl ti kmeo pcmjs mhiut biw

ti lomc wftb mjy rfse.

Dbfcl pritodtfij pcmj Fa tbo lodfsfij fs kmlo mt m dbfcl pritodtfij dij-

aorojdo ti put m dbfcl‖s jmko ij tbo rogfstor

tboj m dbfcl pritodtfij pcmj fs lrmwj up, sottfjg

iut wbmt jools ti ho lijo mjl hy wbik ti

pritodt tbo dbfcl‖s smaoty mjl wocamro.



mjl roaorrmc ti tbo mppriprfmto mgojdfos. Ft

sbiucl mcsi prikito tbo lovocipkojt ia m dik-

kij cmjgumgo mjl fkprivo tbo sbmrfjg ia fjair-

kmtfij hotwooj mgojdfos. Ft fs hofjg trfmccol fj

=8 mroms lurfjg 8>>?/1 mjl sbiucl ho mliptoltbriugbiut Ojgcmjl hy tbo ojl ia 8>>2.

Dikkij Diro ia Tefccs M durrfducuk sottfjg iut tbo hmsfd sefccs mjl

mjl Ejiwcolgo ejiwcolgo joolol hy poipco (fjdculfjg vicuj-

toors) wbiso wire hrfjgs tbok fjti rogucmr dij-

tmdt wftb dbfclroj, yiujg poipco mjl amkfcfos. Ft

wfcc bocp kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry tomks ti wire tigotbor

kiro oaaodtfvocy fj tbo fjtorosts ia tbo dbfcl.

Diro mssosskojt Fj-loptb mssosskojt wbfdb mllrossos tbo

dojtrmc ir kist fkpirtmjt mspodts ia tbo jools

ia m dbfcl mjl tbo dmpmdfty ia bfs ir bor pmrojts

ir dmrogfvors ti rospijl mppriprfmtocy ti tboso

jools wftbfj tbo wflor amkfcy mjl dikkujfty

dijtoxt. M diro mssosskojt sbiucl ho dik-

pcotol wftbfj 4? wirefjg lmys ia tbo dikpcotfij

ia tbo fjftfmc mssosskojt, ir tbo lodfsfij hofjg

kmlo ti fjftfmto sodtfij <7 fjqufrfos, ir jowfjairkmtfij rodofvol ij mj ipoj dmso fjlfdmtfjg

tbmt m diro mssosskojt sbiucl ho lijo. Fj tbo

dfrdukstmjdos fj wbfdb tbo diro mssosskojt

pridoss kust mllross dbfcl pritodtfij fssuos, ft

kust fjdculo sodtfij <7 fjqufrfos.

Likostfd vficojdo Qficojdo hotwooj pmrtjors, kmfjcy — hut hy

ji komjs mcwmys — kmco vficojdo ti wikoj. Ft

fjdculos hitb pbysfdmc mjl psydbicigfdmcmhuso mjl dmj bmvo m dirrisfvo fkpmdt ij tbo

vfdtfk‖s soca-ostook, kmefjg ft bmrl air bfk/

bor ti lomc wftb ft dijstrudtfvocy.

Odicigy \bo stuly ia tbo fjtorrocmtfijsbfps hotwooj

irgmjfsks mjl tbofr ojvfrijkojts. \bo

Mssosskojt Armkowire mlipts mj odicigfdmc

mpprimdb ti ujlorstmjlfjg m dbfcl‖s bomctb mjl

lovocipkojt.

=17 GCITTMXV IA EOV \OXKT



Okorgojdy ^ritodtfij Kmlo hy m diurt wboj tboro fs m jool air

Irlor urgojt mdtfij ti pritodt m dbfcl.

Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors \bo jmko ia tbo 8>>4 Grooj ^mpor sottfjg iut

tbo givorjkojt‖s vfsfij air dbfclroj mjl jiwmcsi dikkijcy usol ti roaor ti tbo ojsufjg

picfdy dbmjgos, fj wbfdb tbo lovocipkojt ia omrcy

rodigjftfij mjl rospijso ti prihcoks fs m eoy

gimc fj bocpfjg mcc dbfclroj ti aucafc tbofr pitojtfmc.

Amhrfdmtol ir Fjludol Wboro m pmrojt kmeos up ir dmusos sykptiks

Fccjoss fj m dbfcl fj irlor ti gmfj kolfdmc mttojtfij.

Amkfcy Griup Dijaorojdo M kootfjg ia amkfcy kokhors wftb priaossfijmcswboro tbo amkfcy fs tbo prfkmry pcmjjfjg griup fj

lodflfjg biw ti koot tbo dbfcl‖s jools.

Gojigrmk M lfmgrmkkmtfd wmy ia losdrfhfjg tbo strud-

turo ia m amkfcy, fccustrmtfjg tbo lfaaorojt rocm-

tfijsbfps hotwooj kokhors.

Fjairkmtfij Tbmrfjg M lmtmhmso dijtmfjfjg hmsfd lotmfcs ia mcc

Fjlox dbfclroj fj Ojgcmjl (o.g. jmko, mllross, mgo),pcus tbo jmko mjl dijtmdt lotmfcs ia mgojdfos

ti wbik tboy mro ejiwj. rmdtftfijors dmj ojtor

mj ‒fjlfdmtfij‖ ti sbiw tbmt tboy bmvo fjairkm-

tfij ti sbmro, bmvo dmrrfol iut mj mssosskojt,

ir mro tmefjg mdtfij.

Fjftfmc mssosskojt M hrfoa mssosskojt ia omdb dbfcl roaorrol ti

cidmc mutbirfty dbfclroj‖s sidfmc dmro wboro ft fs

jodossmry ti lotorkfjo wbotbor tbo dbfcl fs fjjool, tbo jmturo ia tbo sorvfdos roqufrol, mjl

wbotbor m aurtbor, kiro lotmfcol, diro mssoss-

kojt sbiucl ho lijo.

Fjtogrmtol Dbfclroj‖s Mj ocodtrijfd dmso-kmjmgokojt systok air

Tystok sidfmc dmro tbmt fs hofjg fkpcokojtol arik

8>>1 ijwmrls.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=12



CMD systok Ciieol Mator Dbfclroj airks ti uso wftb

dbfclroj wbi mro ciieol mator hy tbo cidmc

mutbirfty ti bocp mssoss, pcmj mjl kijftir

tbofr lovocipkojt. \boy woro lovocipol fj

rospijso ti tbo rodigjftfij ia tbo piir iut-dikos si kmjy ciieol mator dbfclroj bml.

Coml priaossfijmc \bo porsij wbi tmeos tbo coml fj di-

irlfjmtfjg tbo dijtrfhutfij ia vmrfius mgoj-

dfos ti koot tbo jools ia m dbfcl. ^rivflos

m sfjgco pifjt ia dijtmdt air tbo dbfcl mjl

amkfcy.

Cidmc Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj Ostmhcfsbol fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt 8>><, tboyHimrls ropcmdo tbo Mrom Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Dikkfttoo

wftb stmtutiry hilfos, wftb roprosojtmtfvos

ia tbo eoy mgojdfos fj dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos,

sudb ms sidfmc dmro, bomctb, oludmtfij, picfdo.

\bo ih`odtfvo ia CTDHs fs ti di-irlfjmto, mjl

ti ojsuro tbo oaaodtfvojoss ia, tbofr kokhor

mgojdfos fj smaogumrlfjg mjl prikitfjg tbo

wocamro ia dbfclroj.

‒Ciieol mator dbfcl‖ M dbfcl fj tbo dmro ia tbo cidmc mutbirfty.

Kokirmjluk ia Giil Jiw ropcmdol hy tbo guflmjdo ‒Mdbfovfjg

^rmdtfdo Host Ovflojdo‖ (8>>=), tbo kokirmjluk

privflol guflmjdo ij dijludtfjg vfloi

fjtorvfows wftb dbfclroj, fjdculfjg biw ti

dijafjo tbofr mjswors ti dikpcy wftb tbo

cmw ia ovflojdo.

Kuctf-Mgojdy ^uhcfd ^ritodtfij M jmtfijmc armkowire air tbo mssosskojt

Mrrmjgokojts (KM^^M) mjl kmjmgokojt ia rfse pisol hy sorfius

mjl vficojt iaaojlors.

‒Ji irlor‖ prfjdfpco \bo prfjdfpco fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 tbmt

tbo diurt sbiucl ijcy kmeo mj irlor wboj

ossojtfmc.

=16 GCITTMXV IA EOV \OXKT



^mrojtfjg dmpmdfty Ijo ia tbo tbroo lfkojsfijs ia m dbfcl‖s bomctb

mjl lovocipkojt mssossol fj tbo Mssosskojt

Armkowire.

^mrtjorsbfp wftb pmrojts \bo prfjdfpco fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 tbmt,wboro pissfhco, priaossfijmcs sbiucl wire fj

pmrtjorsbfp wftb pmrojts ti bocp tbok hrfjg up

tbofr dbfclroj, usfjg kiro diordfvo kotbils ms

cfttco ms pissfhco.

^icfdo pritodtfij piwor _jlor Todtfij <1 ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626, m

picfdo iaafdor wbi bms romsijmhco dmuso ti

hocfovo tbmt m dbfcl fs mt rfse ia sfgjfafdmjt bmrk

dmj rokivo tbo dbfcl, ir ojsuro tbo dbfcl dmjjitho rokivol arik m smao pcmdo sudb ms m bispftmc.

Xfgbts ia dbfclroj Too _jftol Jmtfijs Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia

tbo Dbfcl.

Xfse mssosskojt Ostfkmtfjg tbo cfeocfbiil ia mlvorso iutdikos

air m dbfcl.

Xfse kmjmgokojt Lodflfjg wbmt ti li ti kfjfkfso tbo mssossol rfse.

Tmaogumrlfjg dbfclroj \bo hriml mfk ia dbfclroj‖s sorvfdos jit ijcy ti

pritodt arik bmrk hut ti prikito tbo wocamro ia

mcc dbfclroj si tbmt tboy mro bocpol ti aucafc tbofr

pitojtfmc.

Todtfij =7 \bo sodtfij ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 tbmt sots iut

cidmc mutbirftfos‖ luty ti bocp dbfclroj fj jool.

Todtfij <7 \bo sodtfij ia tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 tbmt gfvos

cidmc mutbirftfos tbo stmtutiry luty ti fjvostfgmto

wborovor ft bms romsijmhco dmuso ti suspodt tbmt

m dbfcl wbi cfvos, ir fs aiujl, fj tbofr mrom fs

suaaorfjg, ir fs cfeocy ti suaaor, sfgjfafdmjt bmrk.

Torfius dmso rovfow Dmrrfol iut hy tbo Cidmc Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclroj

Himrl wboj m dbfcl lfos, mjl mhuso ir jogcodt

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=7>



fs ejiwj ir suspodtol ti ho m amdtir fj tbo

lomtb. Ft sbiucl dijsflor tbo fjvicvokojt ia tbo

dbfcl mjl amkfcy wftb cidmc mgojdfos mjl dij-

ludt m rovfow fa tboro fs dmuso air dijdorj

mhiut tbo wire lijo ti ostmhcfsb wbotbor tboromro cossijs ti ho comrjol.

Tfgjfafdmjt bmrk M eoy dijdopt fj tbo Dbfclroj Mdt =626 tbmt

mdts ms tbo tbrosbicl air m Todtfij <7 fjqufry

mjl air dijsflorfjg tbo uso ia diordfvo kom-

suros fa jodossmry.

Ttrmtogy lfsdussfij Lfsdussfij bocl hotwooj rocovmjt priaossfij-

mcs mhiut m roaorrmc ti lodflo wbotbor m Todtfij<7 fjqufry jools ti ho lijo.

Tuporvfsfij irlor Mj irlor kmlo hy m diurt wftb tbo smko

tbrosbicl drftorfm ms m dmro irlor hut dijaorrfjg

tbo luty ij tbo suporvfsir ti ‒mlvfso, mssfst

mjl hoarfojl‖ tbo suporvfsol dbfcl.

\rmaafdefjg dbfclroj Drfkos fjdculfjg tbo oxpciftmtfij ia dbfclroj

tbriugb airdo, diordfij, tbromt mjl tbo uso ia lodoptfij. \bo oxpciftmtfij kmy ho soxumc ir

fjvicvo cmhiur oxpciftmtfij.

_jftol Jmtfijs Hufct ij vmrfol cogmc systoks mjl ducturmc trmlf-

Dijvojtfij ij tbo tfijs, tbo DXD fs m ujfvorsmccy mgrool sot ia

Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl jij-jogitfmhco stmjlmrls mjl ihcfgmtfijs. \boso

hmsfd stmjlmrls — mcsi dmccol bukmj rfgbts — sot

kfjfkuk ojtftcokojts mjl arooliks tbmt sbiucl

ho rospodtol hy givorjkojts. Too www.ujfdoa.irg/drd/air kiro lotmfcs.

Wirefjg \igotbor ti Guflmjdo priludol hy givorjkojt ij biw

Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj mgojdfos sbiucl wire tigotbor ti pritodt dbfclroj

mjl prikito tbofr wocamro. Ft fs tbo eoy lidukojt

fj dbfcl pritodtfij sorvfdos mjl fts dijtojts

sbiucl ho wocc ejiwj hy mcc prmdtftfijors.

=7=GCITTMXV IA EOV \OXKT



Tditcmjl bms fts iwj picfdy mjl cogfscmtfij ij sidfmc dmro mjl m systok

ia Dbfclroj‖s Bomrfjgs air kmefjg cogmc lodfsfijs mhiut dbfclroj. \bo

Dbfclroj (Tditcmjl) Mdt =66? fs tbo eoy pfodo ia cogfscmtfij. Dojtrol ij

tbo jools ia dbfclroj mjl tbofr amkfcfos, ft loafjos hitb pmrojtmc rospijsf-

hfcftfos mjl rfgbts fj rocmtfij ti dbfclroj. Ft sots iut tbo lutfos mjl piwors

mvmfcmhco ti puhcfd mutbirftfos ti suppirt dbfclroj mjl tbofr amkfcfos mjl

ti fjtorvojo wboj tbo dbfcl‖s wocamro roqufros ft. Ft okhilfos eoy prfjdf-

pcos wbfdb mro dijsfstojt wftb tbo _J Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo

Dbfcl. Aujlmkojtmccy, tbo mdt fs aiujlol ij tbo prfjdfpcos tbmt0

• Omdb dbfcl bms m rfgbt ti ho tromtol ms mj fjlfvflumc.

• Omdb dbfcl wbi dmj airk m vfow ij kmttors maaodtfjg bfk ir bor bms tbo rfgbt

ti oxpross tbiso vfows fa bo ir sbo si wfsbos.

• ^mrojts sbiucl jirkmccy ho rospijsfhco air tbo uphrfjgfjg ia tbofr dbfclroj mjl

sbiucl sbmro tbmt rospijsfhfcfty.

• Omdb dbfcl bms tbo rfgbt ti pritodtfij arik mcc airks ia mhuso, jogcodt ir

oxpciftmtfij.• Fj lodfsfijs rocmtfjg ti pritodtfij ia m dbfcl ovory oaairt sbiucl ho kmlo ti

eoop tbo dbfcl fj tbo amkfcy biko.

• Mjy fjtorvojtfij hy m puhcfd mutbirfty fj tbo cfao ia m dbfcl sbiucl ho priporcy

`ustfafol mjl sbiucl ho suppirtol hy sorvfdos arik mcc rocovmjt mgojdfos wire-

fjg fj diccmhirmtfij.

\bo Mdt fs lfvflol fjti aiur kmfj pmrts0

^mrt F lomcs wftb tbo rospijsfhfcftfos mjl rfgbts ia pmrojts mjl gumrlfmjs

tiwmrls dbfclroj mjl lodfsfijs mhiut amkfcy kmttors.

^mrt FF lomcs wftb tbo prikitfij ia dbfclroj‖s wocamro hy puhcfd mutbirftfos sudb

ms cidmc mutbirftfos, mjl tbo ipormtfij ia tbo Dbfclroj‖s Bomrfjgs Tystok.

^mrt FFF kmeos mkojlkojts ti tbo cmw ij mliptfij ia dbfclroj.

^mrt FQ kmeos gojormc mjl suppcokojtmc privfsfij fj rocmtfij ti tbo Mdt.

^mrt F ia tbo Dbfclroj (Tditcmjl) Mdt fjtriludos m stmtokojt ia pmrojtmc

rospijsfhfcftfos mjl rfgbts, mjl iutcfjos tbo diurt irlors wbfdb kmy ho

kmlo wboj pmrojts sopmrmto mjl lfvirdo.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=78

sdittfsb cogmc armkowire



^mrojtmc rospijsfhfcftfos

Todtfij = ia tbo Mdt privflos tbmt m dbfcl‖s pmrojts bmvo aiur kmfj rospij-

sfhfcftfos tiwmrl tbo dbfcl. \boso mro0

=\i smaogumrl mjl prikito tbo dbfcl‖s bomctb, lovocipkojt mjlwocamro ujtfc tbo dbfcl romdbos tbo mgo ia =1.

8\i privflo lfrodtfij ujtfc tbo dbfcl romdbos =1 mjl ti privflo guflmjdo ujtfc

tbo dbfcl romdbos =2.

4\i kmfjtmfj rogucmr dijtmdt wftb tbo dbfcl ujtfc bo ir sbo fs =1.

<\i mdt ms cogmc roprosojtmtfvo ujtfc tbo dbfcl fs =1.

Wboro tboro fs m hromdb ia tboso rospijsfhfcftfos m dbfcl, ir tbofr ropro-

sojtmtfvo, wfcc ho ojtftcol ti suo. ^mrojts, biwovor, kust dikpcy wftb

tboso rospijsfhfcftfos ijcy fj si amr ms ft fs ‒prmdtfdmhco‖ ti li si mjl fj

tbo ‒fjtorosts ia tbo dbfcl‖.

^mrojtmc rfgbts

Todtfij 8 ia tbo Mdt privflos pmrojts aiur kmfj rfgbts fj irlor ti mcciw

tbok ti aucafc tboso rospijsfhfcftfos. \boso mro ms aicciws0

=\i rogucmto tbo ujlor-=1 dbfcl‖s rosflojdo.

8\i lfrodt mjl guflo tbo dbfcl‖s uphrfjgfjg.

4\i kmfjtmfj dijtmdt.

<\i mdt ms cogmc roprosojtmtfvo.

^mrt FF ia tbo Mdt fjtriludos sfgjfafdmjt dbmjgos fj privfsfijs air tbo

pritodtfij ia dbfclroj mt rfse. \bo Mdt fjtriludos tbroo jow diurt irlors

losfgjol ti pritodt dbfclroj arik bmrk ir tbo rfse ia bmrk.

=74 TDI\\FTB COGMC AXMKOWIXE



Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor

\bo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor ropcmdos tbo oxfstfjg privfsfijs givorjfjg tbo

rokivmc ia dbfclroj arik biko wboro tboy mro fj lmjgor. \bo Mdt mcciws

mjyijo ti mppcy ti m sborfaa air m Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor, mjl tbo sborfaa

kmy kmeo sudb mj irlor fa bo fs smtfsafol tbmt tboro mro romsijmhcogriujls ti hocfovo tbmt tbo dbfcl

• fs suaaorfjg sfgjfafdmjt bmrk hodmuso ia fcc-tromtkojt ir jogcodt5

• wfcc suaaor sudb bmrk fa bo ir sbo fs jit rokivol ti, ir mcciwol ti rokmfj fj,

m pcmdo ia smaoty.

\bo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor fs aidusol afrkcy ij tbo fjlfvflumc jools ia

tbo dbfcl. Tuh`odt ti mjy dijlftfijs fkpisol hy tbo sborfaa, ft kmy

• roqufro mjy porsij fj m pisftfij ti li si ti priludo tbo dbfcl5

• mutbirfso tbo dbfcl‖s rokivmc ti m pcmdo ia smaoty5 ir

• mutbirfso tbo provojtfij ia tbo dbfcl‖s rokivmc wboro bo fs mcromly fj m pcmdo

ia smaoty.

^mrojts mjl tbo dbfcl wfcc bmvo mj omrcy ippirtujfty ti bmvo tbo irlor

sot msflo ir vmrfol hy tbo Oxdcusfij Irlor .

\bo Oxdcusfij Irlor fs mj fjjivmtfvo komsuro, losfgjol ti roludo lfs-

ruptfij mjl lfstross ti dbfclroj wbi kmy mcromly bmvo suaaorol pbysfdmc

ir kojtmc mhuso. Ft dmj ho ihtmfjol arik tbo sborfaa ij hrimlcy tbo smko

drftorfm ms air m Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor. Fa grmjtol, tbo irlor wiucl

roqufro tbo porsij ti wbik tbo bmrk (ir pitojtfmc bmrk) fs mttrfhutol

ti comvo tbo amkfcy biko ir jit ti vfsft ft, fa bo cfvos ocsowboro. \bfs fs

mj mctorjmtfvo ti rokivfjg tbo dbfcl arik tbo sodurfty ia bfs ir bor

biko ujlor m Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor. Oxdcusfij kmy tmeo pcmdo mt ijdo

hut, ms fj tbo dmso ia m Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Irlor, privfsfij fs kmlo air

omrcy rovfow ia tbo irlor hy m sborfaa.

Dbfcl Mssosskojt Irlor

Fa tboro fs giil romsij ti suspodt tbmt m dbfcl kmy ho suaaorfjg bmrk mjl

pmrojts roauso ti mcciw tbo dbfcl ti ho sooj fj irlor ti rosicvo tbiso sus-

pfdfijs, m sborfaa dmj kmeo m Dbfcl Mssosskojt Irlor , wbfdb gfvos tbo cidmc

mutbirfty m cogmc rfgbt ti soo mjl mssoss tbo dbfcl, ir mrrmjgo air tbo dbfcl

ti ho mssossol hy itbor priaossfijmcs, sudb ms m lidtir ir psydbfmtrfst.

\bo irlor kmy cmst air up ti sovoj lmys mjl wfcc jit jirkmccy roqufro

tbo dbfcl‖s rokivmc arik bfs ir bor amkfcy biko ujcoss tboro fs dcomr

ovflojdo tbmt tbfs fs jodossmry. Tudb mj mppcfdmtfij bms ti ho lotorkfjol

wftbfj tbroo wirefjg lmys.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=7<



Mhoc, G. mjl Xiucomu, @. (=66>) ‒\bo jmturo mjl oxtojt ia soxumc mssmuct‖, fj

W. Kmrdbmcc, L. Cmws mjl B. Hmrhmroo (ols), Bmjlhiie ia Toxumc Mssmuct0

fssuos, tboirfos mjl tromtkojt ia tbo iaaojlor , Jow Vire0 ^cojuk.

Mclrflgo, K. mjl Wiil, @. (=662) Fjtorvfowfjg Dbfclroj0 m guflo air dbfcl dmro

mjl airojsfd prmdtftfijors, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy.

Mccsip, K. mjl Ttovojsij, I. (=66?) ‒Tidfmc wireors‖ pordoptfijs ia rfse fj

dbfcl pritodtfij, OTXD pri`odt‖ (m lfsdussfij pmpor), Jittfjgbmk0

Jittfjgbmk _jfvorsfty.

Hmjlurm, M. (=67=) Tidfmc Comrjfjg \boiry, Kirrfstiwj, J@0 Gojormc Comrjfjg.

Hmrhmroo, B., Kmrsbmcc, W. mjl Bulsij, T. (ols) (=664) \bo @uvojfco Tox

Iaaojlor , Jow Vire0 Gufcairl ^ross.

Hmrciw, @. (=667) ‒Tystokmtfd rovfow ia tbo oaaodtfvojoss ia pmrojt-trmfjfjg

prigrmkkos fj fkprivfjg hobmvfiur prihcoks fj dbfclroj mgol 4—=>

yomrs‖. Mvmfcmhco arik www.dmkphoccdiccmhirmtfij.irg.

Hmrj, X. (=66>) ‒Hcmde dbfclroj fj cidmc mutbirfty dmro0 mlkfssfij pmttorjs‖,

Jow Dikkujfty , =10 886—<1.

Hocc, K. (=666) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij0 amkfcfos mjl tbo dijaorojdo pridoss, Mjlivor0Msbgmto.

Hocc, K. (8>>8) ‒^rikitfjg dbfclroj‖s rfgbts tbriugb tbo uso ia rocmtfijsbfp‖,

Dbfcl mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire, 70 =—==.

Horcfjor, C. mjl Dijto, @. (=66>) ‒\bo pridoss ia vfdtfkfzmtfij0 tbo vfdtfk‖s

porspodtfvo‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =<0 86—<>.

Hfobmc, J. (8>>1) Xoujftfjg Ciieol-mator Dbfclroj wftb tbofr Amkfcfos, Vire0

@isopb Xiwjtroo Aiujlmtfij, Mvmfcmhco arik www.`ra.irg.ue/ejiwcolgo/

afjlfjgs/sidfmcpicfdy/>>?1.msp.

Hfrdbmcc, O. mjl Bmccott, D. (=66?) Wirefjg \igotbor fj Dbfcl ^ritodtfij, Cijlij0BKTI.

Hfrkfjgbmk Dfty Diujdfc (=62>) Xopirt ia tbo Lfrodtir ia Tidfmc Torvfdos ti tbo

Tidfmc Torvfdos Dikkfttoo, Hfrkfjgbmk0 Hfrkfjgbmk Dfty Diujdfc.

Hiwchy, @. (=676) \bo Kmefjg mjl Hromefjg ia Maaodtfijmc Hijls, Cijlij0

\mvfstide.

Hrforo, @. mjl Xujtz, K. (=626) ‒\bo \rmukm Tykptiks Dbodecfst0 omrcy lmtm

ij m jow sdmco‖, @iurjmc ia Fjtorporsijmc Qficojdo, <0 =?=—14.

Hrfggs, A. mjl Bmwefjs, X. (=661) Dbfcl ritodtfij0 m guflo air tomdbors mjl dbfcl

dmro priaossfijmcs, Tt Coijmrls0 Mccoj & _jwfj.

=7? XOAOXOJDOT

roaorojdos



Hriwj, @., Diboj, ^., @ibjsij, @. mjl Tmczfjgor, T. (=662) ‒M cijgftulfjmc

mjmcysfs ia rfse amdtirs air dbfcl kmctromtkojt0 afjlfjgs ia m =7-yomr

prispodtfvo stuly ia iaafdfmccy rodirlol mjl soca-ropirtol dbfcl mhuso mjl

jogcodt‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =<0 4?7—1<.

Hriwjo, M. mjl Afjeocbir, L. (=621) ‒Fkpmdt ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso0 m rovfow

ia tbo rosomrdb‖, ^sydbicigfdmc Huccotfj, 660 11—77.

Hriwjo, E. mjl Cyjdb, K. (=662) ‒\bo dbmccojgo ia dbfcl jogcodt‖, Dbfcl

Mhuso Xovfow , 7 (8)0 74—1.

Hudbmjmj, M. (=661) Dydcos ia Dbfcl Kmctromtkojt0 amdts, amccmdfos mjl fjtorvoj-

tfijs, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy.

Hudecoy, B. (8>>4) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Wire0 hoyijl tbo rbotirfd , Cijlij0 @ossfdm

Efjgscoy.

Hurjott, H. (=664) ‒\bo psydbicigfdmc mhuso ia cmtojdy mgo dbfclroj0 m survoy‖,

Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =70 <<=—?<.

Dmwsij, ^., Wmttmk, D., Hriieor, T. mjl Eoccy, G. (8>>>) Dbfcl Kmctromtkojt fj tbo _jftol Efjglik0 m stuly ia tbo provmcojdo ia dbfcl mhuso mjl jogcodt ,

Cijlij0 JT^DD.

Dbmaafj, K. mjl Arfolrfdb, H. (8>><) ‒Ovflojdo-hmsol tromtkojts fj dbfcl

mhuso mjl jogcodt‖, Dbfclroj mjl Viutb Torvfdos Xovfow , 810 =>67—===4.

Dbmaafj, K., Tfcivsey, @., Aujlorhure, H., Qmcco, C., Hrostmj, O., Hmcmdbivm, \.

ot mc. (8>><) ‒^mrojt—dbfcl fjtormdtfij tbormpy wftb pbysfdmccy mhusfvo pmr-

ojts0 oaafdmdy air roludfjg auturo mhuso ropirts‖, @iurjmc ia Dijsuctfjg mjl

Dcfjfdmc ^sydbicigy , 780 <6=—6.

Dbmkhcoss, L. mjl Iccojlfde, \. (8>>=) ‒Okpfrfdmccy suppirtol psydbicigf-dmc fjtorvojtfijs0 dijtrivorsfos mjl prmdtfdos‖, Mjjumc Xovfow ia

^sydbicigy , ?80 12?—7=1.

Dbmjl, M. (8>>>) ‒\bo ivor-roprosojtmtfij ia Hcmde dbfclroj fj tbo dbfcl pri-

todtfij systok0 pissfhco dmusos, dijsoquojdos mjl sicutfijs‖, Dbfcl mjl

Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire, ?0 17—72.

Dcomvor, B., _jocc, F. mjl Mclgmto, @. (=666) Dbfclroj‖s Jools — ^mrojtfjg

Dmpmdfty0 tbo fkpmdt ia pmrojtmc kojtmc fccjoss, prihcok mcdibic mjl lrug uso,

mjl likostfd vficojdo ij dbfclroj‖s lovocipkojt , Cijlij0 BKTI.

Dcomvor, B., Wmceor, T. wftb Komliws, ^. (8>><) Mssossfjg Dbfclroj‖s Jools mjl Dfrdukstmjdos0 tbo fkpmdt ia tbo mssosskojt armkowire, Cijlij0 @ossfdm Efjgscoy.

Diboj, @. mjl Kmjjmrfji, M. (=667) ‒M tromtkojt stuly ia soxumccy mhusol

prosdbiic dbfclroj0 iutdiko lurfjg m ijo yomr aicciw-up‖, @iurjmc ia tbo

Mdmloky ia Dbfcl mjl Mlicosdojt ^sydbfmtry , 410 =882—4?.

Diiboy, D. (=66?) ‒Jogcodtauc kitbors, tbofr kitbors mjl pmrtjors0 tbo sfg-

jfafdmjdo ia kutumc mfl‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =6 (2)0 22?—6?.

Diipor, M., Botborfjgtij, X. mjl Emtz, F. (8>>4) \bo Xfse Amdtir0 kmefjg tbo

dbfcl pritodtfij systok wire air dbfclroj, Cijlij0 Lokis. Mvmfcmhco ti

liwjciml arik www.lokis.di.ue.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=71



Dirhy, H. (=627) Wirefjg wftb Dbfcl Mhuso. Kfctij Eoyjos0 Ipoj _jfvorsfty

^ross.

Dirhy, H. (8>>>) Dbfcl Mhuso0 tiwmrls m ejiwcolgo hmso, 8jl olj, Hudefjgbmk0

Ipoj _jfvorsfty ^ross.

Diroj, O. mjl Hmrciw, @. (8>>8) ‒Tystokmtfd rovfow ia fjlfvflumc mjl griup-hmsol

pmrojtfjg prigrmkkos air fkprivfjg psydbisidfmc iutdikos air toojmgo pmr-

ojts mjl tbofr dbfclroj‖. Mvmfcmhco arik www.dmkphoccdiccmhirmtfij.irg.

Drofgbtij, T. (8>><) ^rovmcojdo mjl Fjdflojdo ia Dbfcl Mhuso0 fjtorjmtfijmc dik-

pmrfsijs, Cijlij0 JT^DD Xosomrdb Lopmrtkojt.

Drfttojloj, ^. (=622) ‒Lfstirtol pmttorjs ia rocmtfijsbfp fj kmctromtfjg

amkfcfos0 tbo rico ia fjtorjmc roprosojtmtfij kilocs,‖ @iurjmc ia Xopriludtfvo

mjl Fjamjt ^sydbicigy , 10 =24—66.

Lmco, ^. (8>><) ‒–Cfeo m afsb fj m hiwc‛0 pmrojts‖ pordoptfijs ia dbfcl pritod-

tfij sorvfdos‖, Dbfcl Mhuso Xovfow , =40 =47—?7.

Lmco, ^., Grooj, X. mjl Aocciws, X. (8>>1) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Mssosskojt Aicciwfjg Torfius Fj`urfos ti Fjamjts, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy.

Lopmrtkojt air Oludmtfij mjl Tefccs (LaOT) (8>>?) Dikkij Diro ia Tefccs mjl

Ejiwcolgo air tbo Dbfclroj‖s Wireairdo, Cijlij0 LaOT.

Lopmrtkojt air Oludmtfij mjl Tefccs (LaOT) (8>>1m) Dikkij Mssosskojt

Armkowire. Cijlij0 LaOT.

Lopmrtkojt air Oludmtfij mjl Tefccs (LaOT) (8>>1h) Wirefjg \igotbor ti

Tmaogumrl Dbfclroj, Cijlij0 LaOT.

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb (=622) Xopirt ia tbo Fjqufry fjti Dbfcl Mhuso fj

Dcovocmjl, =627 , Cijlij0 BKTI.Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb (=66?) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij0 kossmgos arik rosomrdb,

Cijlij0 BKTI.

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb (8>>>) Armkowire air tbo Mssosskojt ia Dbfclroj fj Jool

mjl \bofr Amkfcfos, Cijlij0 BKTI.

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb (8>>4) Wbmt ti Li fa Viu‖ro Wirrfol m Dbfcl fs Hofjg

Mhusol , Cijlij0 Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb.

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb mjl Bukmj Torvfdos (LBBT) (=664) M Xopirt ij tbo

Kmctromtkojt ia Dbfclroj wftb Lfsmhfcftfos, Wmsbfjgtij, LD0 Givorjkojt

^rfjtfjg Iaafdo.Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb mjl Bukmj Torvfdos (LBBT) (=662) Dbfcl Kmctromtkojt

=6610 ropirts arik tbo stmtos ti tbo Jmtfijmc Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt Lmtm

Tystok, Wmsbfjgtij, LD0 Givorjkojt ^rfjtfjg Iaafdo.

Lopmrtkojt ia Bomctb mjl Tidfmc Todurfty (LBTT) (=67<) Xopirt ia tbo

Dikkfttoo ia Fjqufry fjti tbo Dmro mjl Tuporvfsfij ^rivflol fj Xocmtfij ti

Kmrfm Dicwocc, Cijlij0 BKTI.

Lfjgwmcc, X. (=626) ‒Tiko prihcoks mhiut prolfdtfjg dbfcl mhuso mjl

jogcodt‖, fj I. Ttovojsij (ol.), Dbfcl Mhuso0 priaossfijmc prmdtfdo mjl puhcfd

picfdy , Cijlij0 Bmrvostor Wbomtsboma.

=77 XOAOXOJDOT



Lihmsb, X. mjl Lihmsb, X. (=676) Qficojdo mgmfjst Wfvos0 m dmso mgmfjst

pmtrfmrdby , Cijlij0 Ipoj Hiies.

Lihmsb, X. mjl Lihmsb, X. (=627) ‒Qficojdo tiwmrls wfvos‖, Fj @. Irairl

(ol.), Dipfjg wftb Lfsirlors fj tbo Amkfcy , Turroy0 Gufclairl ^ross.

Lilgo, E., Hmtos, @. mjl ôtft, G. (=66>) ‒Kodbmjfsks fj tbo dydco ia vfi-

cojdo‖, Tdfojdo, 8?>0 =172—24.

Lrmeo, H. mjl ^mjloy, T. (=661) ‒_jlorstmjlfjg tbo rocmtfijsbfp hotwooj

jofgbhiurbiil pivorty mjl spodfafd typos ia dbfcl kmctromtkojt‖, Dbfcl

Mhuso mjl Jogcodt, 8>0 =>>4—=>=2.

Lrfvor, O. mjl Lrifsoj, M. (=626) Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso0 aokfjfst porspodtfvos,

Cijlij0 Kmdkfccmj.

OD^M\ Fjtorjmtfijmc (8>>?) Qficojdo mgmfjst Dbfclroj fj Dyhorspmdo, Hmjgeie0

Ojl Dbfcl ^ristftutfij Mjl \rmaafdefjg (OD^M\) Fjtorjmtfijmc.

Ogocmjl, H. (=664) ‒M bfstiry ia mhuso fs m kmìr rfse amdtir air mhusfjg tbo

joxt gojormtfij‖, fj X. Goccos mjl L. Cisoeo (ols), Durrojt Dijtrivorsfos ij Amkfcy Qficojdo, Jowhury ^mre, DM0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Occmwmy, H., ^myjo, O., Xicao, E., Lujstmj, A., Eokp, M., Hutcor F. mjl Tfhort, @.

(8>><) ‒Mro mhusol hmhfos pritodtol arik aurtbor mhuso9‖ Mrdbfvos ia

Lfsomsos ia Dbfclbiil , 260 2<?—1.

Occfitt, A. (=622) ‒Jouricigfdmc amdtirs‖, Fj Q. Qmj Bmssoct, X. Kirfsij, T. Hoccmde

mjl K. Borosoj (ols), Bmjlhiie ia Amkfcy Qficojdo, Jow Vire0 ^cojuk.

Ojgcfsb, L., Grmbmk, @., Cftriwjfe, M., Ovorsij, K. mjl Hmjglfwmcm, T. (fj

pross) ‒Loafjfjg kmctromtkojt dbrijfdfty0 mro tboro lfaaorojdos fj dbfcl

iutdikos9‖ Dbfclroj mjl Viutb Torvfdos Xovfow .Orfdesij K. mjl Ogocmjl H. (=661) ‒Dbfcl jogcodt‖, fj @. Hrforo, C. Horcfjor,

@. Hucecoy, D. @ojjy mjl \. Xofl (ols), \bo M^TMD Bmjlhiie ia Dbfcl

Kmctromtkojt , \biusmjl Imes, DM0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Ospfjg-Mjlorsij, G. (=66>) \broo Wircls ia Wocamro Dmpftmcfsk, ^rfjdotij0

^rfjdotij _jfvorsfty ^ross.

Amkfcy Xfgbts Griup (8>>8) Amkfcy Griup Dijaorojdos0 prfjdfpcos mjl prmdtfdo

guflmjdo, Hmrefjgsflo, Ossox0 Hmrjmrli‖s. Mvmfcmhco arik www.hmrjmrlis.

irg.ue.

Amrkor, O. mjl Iwoj, K. (=66?) Dbfcl ^ritodtfij ^rmdtfdo0 prfvmto rfses mjl puhcfd rokolfos, Cijlij0 BKTI.

Aorgussij, L. mjl Kuccoj, . (=666) Dbfclbiil Toxumc Mhuso0 mj ovflojdo hmsol

porspodtfvo, \biusmjl Imes, DM0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Aorgusij, B. (8>>?) ‒Wirefjg wftb vficojdo, tbo okitfijs mjl tbo psydbi-

sidfmc lfkojsfijs ia dbfcl pritodtfij0 roacodtfijs ij tbo Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo

dmso‖, Tidfmc Wire Oludmtfij, 8< (7)0 72=—6?.

Aorrf, O., Hyjjor, @. mjl Wmlswirtb, K. (ols) (8>>4) Dbmjgfjg Hrftmfj, Dbmjgfjg

Cfvos0 tbroo gojormtfijs mt tbo turj ia tbo dojtury , Cijlij0 Fjstftuto ia Oludmtfij.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=72



Afjeocbir, L. (=62=) ‒\bo soxumc mhuso ia hiys‖, Qfdtfkicigy0 Mj Fjtorjmtfijmc

@iurjmc, 10 71—2<.

Afjeocbir, L. (=664) ‒Opflokficigfdmc amdtirs fj tbo dcfjfdmc flojtfafdmtfij ia

dbfcl soxumc mhuso‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =70 17—7>.

Afjeocbir, L. (=66<) ‒\bo fjtorjmtfijmc opflokficigy ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso‖,

Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =20 <>6—=7.

Afjeocbir, L. mjl Cowfs, F. (=622) ‒Mj opflokficigfdmc mpprimdb ti tbo stuly ia

dbfcl kicostmtfij‖, Mjjmcs ia tbo Jow Vire Mdmloky ia Tdfojdos, ?820 1<—72.

Afjeocbir, L., Bitmcfjg, G., Cowfs, F. mjl Tkftb, D. (=66>) ‒Toxumc mhuso fj m

jmtfijmc survoy ia mluct koj mjl wikoj0 provmcojdo, dbmrmdtorfstfds mjl

rfse amdtirs‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =<0 =6—82.

Aiie, @. (8>>8) Tidfmc Wire0 drftfdmc tboiry mjl prmdtfdo, Cijlij0 Tmgo

ûhcfdmtfijs.

Gmkhrfcc, O. (8>>4) ‒Ovflojdo hmsol prmdtfdo0 som dbmjgo ir tbo okporir‖s

jow dcitbos9‖ @iurjmc ia Tidfmc Wire Oludmtfij, 460 4—84.Gmkhrfcc, O. (8>>1) Tidfmc Wire ^rmdtfdo0 m drftfdmc tbfjeor‖s guflo, 8jl olj,

Ixairl0 Ixairl _jfvorsfty ^ross.

Gmjzor, Q. @. (=612) ‒Oaaodts ia mulfojdo prosojdo mjl tost mjxfoty ij comrj-

fjg mjl rotojtfij fj m sorfmc comrjfjg sftumtfij‖, @iurjmc ia ôrsijmcfty mjl

Tidfmc ^sydbicigy , 20 =6<—6.

Gmrhmrfji, @., Guttorkmj, O. mjl Toocoy, @. (=621) \bo ^sydbicigfdmccy Hmttorol

Dbfcl , Tmj Armjdfsdi, DM0 @issoy-Hmss.

Gollos, @. mjl ^cujeott, @. (8>><) ‒\bo ovflojdo hmso air sbmeoj hmhy syj-

lriko‖, Hrftfsb Kolfdmc @iurjmc, 4820 7=6—8>.Goccos, X. (=674) ‒Dbfcl mhuso ms psydbipmtbicigy0 m sidficigfdmc drftfquo

mjl roairkucmtfij‖, Mkorfdmj @iurjmc ia Irtbipsydbfmtry , <40 1==—8=.

Goccos, X. mjl Dirjocc, D. (=66>) Fjtfkmto Qficojdo fj Amkfcfos, Hovorcy Bfccs,

DM, Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Goccos X. mjl Ttrmuss, K. (=622) Fjtfkmto Qficojdo, Jow Vire0 Tfkij & Tdbustor.

Gfmrlfji, M. mjl Gfmrlfji, O. (8>>8) Xodigjftfij ia Dbfcl Mhuso air tbo

Kmjlmtol Xopirtor , Tt Ciufs, KF0 G.W. Kolfdmc ûhcfsbfjg, Fjd.

Gfhhs, C. mjl Gmkhrfcc, O. (=666) Drftfdmc \bfjefjg air Tidfmc Wireors0 oxordfsos

air tbo bocpfjg priaossfijs, \biusmjl Imes, DM0 ^fjo Airgo ^ross.Giilkmj, X. (=667) ‒\bo Ttrojgtbs mjl Lfaafductfos ]uostfijjmfro0 m rosomrdb

jito‖, @iurjmc ia Dbfcl ^sydbicigy mjl ^sydbfmtry , 420 ?2=—1.

Giilkmj, X., Koctzor, B. mjl Hmfcoy, Q. (=662) ‒\bo Ttrojgtbs mjl Lfaafductfos

]uostfijjmfro0 m pfcit stuly ij tbo vmcflfty ia tbo soca-ropirt vorsfij‖,

Ouripomj Dbfcl mjl Mlicosdojt ^sydbfmtry , 70 =8?—4>.

Giroy, E. mjl Coscfo, L. (=667) ‒\bo provmcojdo ia dbfcl soxumc mhuso0 fjto-

grmtfvo rovfow mjl mlùstkojt air pitojtfmc rospijso mjl komsurokojt

hfmsos‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 8=0 46=—2.

=76 XOAOXOJDOT



Bukpbroys, D. mjl Kuccojlor, M. (8>>?) ‒Dbfclroj mjl likostfd vficojdo0

m rosomrdb ivorvfow ia tbo fkpmdt ij dbfclroj‖, Lmrtfjgtij0 Xosomrdb fj

^rmdtfdo. Mvmfcmhco arik www.rfp.irg.ue.

Fwmjfod, L. (8>><) Dbfclroj Wbi Amfc ti \brfvo0 m prmdtfdo guflo, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy.

Fwmjfod, L., Cmrefj, O. mjl Bfggfjs, T. (8>>1) ‒Xosomrdb rovfow0 rfse mjl

rosfcfojdo fj dmsos ia okitfijmc mhuso‖, Dbfcl mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire,

==0 74—28.

@ibjsij, W. (=661) ‒Xfse mssosskojt rosomrdb0 prigross mjl auturo lfrodtfijs‖,

^ritodtfjg Dbfclroj, =80 =<—=6.

Emuakmj, @. mjl Pfgcor, O. (=627) ‒Li mhusol dbfclroj hodiko mhusfvo

pmrojts9‖ Mkorfdmj @iurjmc ia Irtbipsydbfmtry , ?70 =21—68.

Eokpo, B. (=618) ‒\bo hmttorol dbfcl syjlriko‖, @iurjmc ia tbo Mkorfdmj

Kolfdmc Mssidfmtfij, =2=0 =7—8<.

Efjg, K. mjl ^fpor, D. (=66?) Biw tbo Cmw \bfjes mhiut Dbfclroj, Mclorsbit0

Msbgmto.Eich, L. (=62<) Oxporfojtfmc Comrjfjg , Ojgcowiil Dcfaas, J@0 ^rojtfdo-Bmcc.

Cm Aijtmfjo, @. (=662) Tpome ia tbo Lovfc0 tmcos ia smtmjfd mhuso fj dijtokpirmry

Ojgcmjl , Dmkhrflgo0 Dmkhrflgo _jfvorsfty ^ross.

Cmkfjg, Cirl (8>>4) \bo Qfdtirfm Dcfkhfo Fjqufry , Cijlij0 BKTI.

Cmjgovfj, X. (=664) ‒M dikpmrfsij ia jouriojlidrfjo mjl gojotfd amdtirs fj

bikisoxumcfty mjl fj polipbfcfm‖, Mjjmcs ia Tox Xosomrdb, 10 17—71.

Cfttocc, @., ^ipm, K. mjl Airsytbo, H. (8>>?) ‒Kuctfsystokfd tbormpy air sidfmc,

okitfijmc mjl hobmvfiurmc prihcoks fj yiutb mgol =>—=7‖, Dmkphocc Diccm-

hirmtfij Tystokmtfd Xovfow, mvmfcmhco arik www.dmkphoccdiccmhirmtfij.irg.Cijlij Hiriugb ia Hrojt (=62? ) M Dbfcl fj \rust0 tbo ropirt ia tbo pmjoc ia

fjqufry fjti tbo dfrdukstmjdos surriujlfjg tbo lomtb ia @mskfjo Hodeairl ,

Cijlij0 Cijlij Hiriugb ia Hrojt.

Cijlij Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Dikkfttoo (D^D) (8>>8) Cijlij Dbfcl ^ritodtfij

^ridoluros, Cijlij0 Cijlij D^D.

Cyijs, ^., Liuode, B. mjl Wilmrsef, @. (=661) ‒Xfse mssosskojt air dbfcl

pritodtfvo sorvfdos0 m rovfow ia tbo okpfrfdmc cftormturo ij fjstrukojt por-

airkmjdo‖, Tidfmc Wire Xosomrdb, 8>0 =<4—??.

Kmdlijmcl, G. (8>>=) Oaaodtfvo Fjtorvojtfijs air Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt0 mjovflojdo-hmsol mpprimdb ti pcmjjfjg mjl ovmcumtfjg fjtorvojtfijs, Dbfdbostor0

Wfcoy.

KmdKfccmj, B., KmdKfccmj, @., Iaairl, L., Grfaaftb, C. mjl KmdKfccmj, M.

(=66<) ‒^rfkmry provojtfij ia dbfcl pbysfdmc mhuso mjl jogcodt0 m drftfdmc

rovfow — ^mrt =‖, @iurjmc ia Dbfcl ^sydbicigfdmc ^sydbfmtry , 4?0 24?—?1.

KmdKfccmj, B., \bikms, H., @mkfosij, O., Wmcsb, D., Hiyco, K., Tbmjjij,

B. mjl Gmajf, M. (8>>?) ‒Oaaodtfvojoss ia biko vfsftmtfij hy puhcfd-bomctb

=2=XOAOXOJDOT



Kuccojlor, M. (=661) Xotbfjefjg Likostfd Qficojdo0 tbo sidfmc wire mjl

prihmtfij rospijso, Cijlij0 Xiutcolgo.

Kujri, O. (=662) _jlorstmjlfjg Tidfmc Wire0 mj okpfrfdmc mpprimdb, Cijlij0

Dijtfjuuk.

Kujri, O. (=666) ‒Dikkij orrirs ia romsijfjg fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire‖,

Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 84 (2)0 7<?—?2.

Kujri, O. (8>>8) Oaaodtfvo Dbfcl ^ritodtfij, Cijlij0 Tmgo ûhcfdmtfijs.

Kujri, O. (8>><) ‒M sfkpcor wmy ti ujlorstmjl tbo rosucts ia rfse mssosskojt

fjstrukojts‖, Dbfclroj mjl Viutb Torvfdos Xovfow , 81 (6)0 277—24.

Jmtfijmc Dikkfssfij ia Fjqufry fjti tbo ^rovojtfij ia Dbfcl Mhuso (=661)

Dbfclbiil Kmttors, Qic. =, Cijlij0 BKTI.

Jmtfijmc Fjstftuto ia Jouricigfdmc Lfsirlors mjl Ttrieo (8>>=) ‒JFJLT Tbmeoj

Hmhy Tyjlriko Fjairkmtfij ^mgo‖. Mvmfcmhco mt www.jfjls.jfb.giv.

Jowkmj, \., Kisocoy, M., \forjoy, T. mjl Occfs, M. (8>>?) Ovflojdo-hmsol Tidfmc

Wire0 m guflo air tbo porpcoxol, Cyko Xogfs0 Xussocc Biuso ûhcfsbfjg.Imtos, X. (=661) \bo Tpodtruk ia Dbfcl Mhuso0 msssosskojt, tromtkojt mjl pro-

vojtfij, Jow Vire0 Hrujjor/Kmzoc.

Iaafdo air Qfdtfks ia Drfko (IQD) (8>><) ‒Dbfcl pbysfdmc mjl soxumc mhuso0

guflocfjos air tromtkojt‖. Mvmfcmhco arik www.kusd.olu/dvd/.

^mrefjsij, ^. mjl Bukpbrfos, D. (=662) ‒Dbfclroj wbi wftjoss likostfd

vficojdo — tbo fkpcfdmtfijs air dbfcl pritodtfij‖, Dbfcl mjl Amkfcy Cmw

]umrtorcy , =>0 =<7—?6.

^mrtij, J. (=66=) Givorjfjg tbo Amkfcy0 dbfcl dmro, dbfcl pritodtfij mjl tbo stmto,

Cijlij0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj.^mrtij, J. (8>>?) Tmaogumrlfjg Dbfclbiil0 omrcy fjtorvojtfij mjl survofccmjdo fj

m cmto kilorj sidfoty , Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo Kmdkfccmj.

^mrtij, J. mjl Wmttmk, D. (ols) (=666) Dbfcl Toxumc Mhuso0 rospijlfjg ti tbo

oxporfojdos ia dbfclroj, Dbfdbostor0 Wfcoy.

^mttorsij, G. mjl Airgmtdb, K. (=62?) ‒Fjftfmtfij mjl kmfjtojmjdo

ia pridoss lfsruptfjg sfjgco-kitbor amkfcfos‖, Fj G. ^mttorsij (ol.),

Loprossfij mjl Mggrossfij fj Amkfcy Fjtormdtfij, Bfccslmco, J@0 Cmwrojdo

Orchmuk.

ôtors, X. mjl Hmrciw, @. (8>>4) ‒Tystokmtfd rovfow ia fjstrukojts losfgjolti prolfdt dbfcl kmctromtkojt lurfjg tbo mjtojmtmc mjl pistjmtmc porfils‖,

Dbfcl Mhuso Xovfow , =80 <=1—46.

îcmjsey, J., Gmulfj, @., Mkkijs, ^. mjl Lmvfs, E. (=62?) ‒Mssossfjg

mloqumdy ia romrfjg0 mj urhmj sdmco‖, Dbfcl Wocamro, ?70 <46—<2.

Xmksoy, @., Xfvms, D. mjl Aolor, G. (8>>?) Fjtorvojtfijs ti Xoludo Qficojdo mjl

^rikito tbo ^bysfdmc mjl ^sydbisidfmc Wocc-hofjg ia Wikoj wbi Oxporfojdo

^mrtjor Qficojdo0 m systokmtfd rovfow ia dijtriccol ovmcumtfijs, Cijlij0 ]uooj

Kmry‖s Tdbiic ia Kolfdfjo mjl Lojtfstry.

=24 XOAOXOJDOT



Xolor, ^. mjl Lujdmj, T. (=666) Cist Fjjidojts0 m aicciw-up stuly ia amtmc dbfcl

mhuso, Cijlij0 Xiutcolgo.

Xolor, ^., Lujdmj, T. mjl Grmy, K. (=664) Hoyijl Hcmko0 dbfcl mhuso trmgolfos

rovfsftol, Cijlij0 Xiutcolgo.

Xosomrdb fj ^rmdtfdo (8>>1) Afrk Aiujlmtfijs. M prmdtfdmc guflo ti irgmjfsmtfijmc

suppirt air tbo uso ia rosomrdb ovflojdo, Lmrtfjgtij0 Xosomrdb fj ^rmdtfdo.

Xfdbmrlsij, K. (8>>4) ‒M porsijmc roacodtfvo mddiujt0 tbo fkpmdt ia tbo

diccmtfij mjl sbmrfjg ia fjairkmtfij lurfjg tbo diurso ia m dbfcl pritod-

tfij fjvostfgmtfij‖, Dbfcl mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire, 20 =84—48.

Xiso, T. mjl Koozmj, W. (=661) ‒Qmrfmtfijs fj ôrdoptfijs ia Dbfcl Jogcodt‖,

Dbfcl Wocamro, CRRQ (8)0 =46—1>.

Tdiurafocl, @. (8>>=) ‒Dijstrudtfjg wikoj fj dbfcl pritodtfij wire‖, Dbfcl

mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire, 10 77—22.

Tdiurafocl, @. (8>>8) Gojlor mjl Dbfcl ^ritodtfij, Hmsfjgstieo0 ^mcgrmvo/

Kmdkfccmj.Toohibk Dikkfttoo (=612) Xopirt ia tbo Dikkfttoo ij Cidmc Mutbirfty mjl

Mccfol ôrsijmc Tidfmc Torvfdos, Dkjl. <=8, Cijlij0 BKTI.

Tbokkfjgs, L. (8>>>) ‒^riaossfijmcs‖ mttftulos ti dbfclroj‖s pmrtfdfpmtfij fj

lodfsfij-kmefjg0 lfdbitikius mddiujts mjl lidtrfjmc dijtojts‖, Dbfcl

mjl Amkfcy Tidfmc Wire, ?0 84?—<<.

Tflohitbmk, ^. (8>>4) ‒Xol sefos, rfse amdtirs, mjl omrcy fjlfdmtirs‖, Dbfcl

Mhuso Xovfow , =8 (=)0 <=—?.

Tkftb, K. mjl Aijg, X. (8>><) \bo Dbfclroj ia Jogcodt0 wboj ji ijo dmros,

Jow Vire0 Hrujjor-Xiutcolgo.Tkftb, @. mjl Xmdbkmj, T. (=62<) ‒Jij-mddflojtmc fjùry ti dbfclroj.

FF — M dijtriccol ovmcumtfij ia m hobmvfiur kmjmgokojt prigrmkko‖,

Hobmvfiur Xosomrdb mjl \bormpy , 88 (<)0 4<6—11.

Tidfmc Dmro Fjstftuto air Oxdoccojdo (TDFO) (8>>1) Xosomrdb Hrfoafjg

10 ^mrojtfjg dmpmdfty mjl suhstmjdo kfsuso, Cijlij0 TDFO. Mvmfcmhco arik

www.sdfo.irg.ue.

Tiutbmcc, L., Hmjes, K., Amceiv, M. mjl Tmkuocs, K. (=667) ‒Divort vfloi

rodirlfjgs ia cfao-tbromtojfjg dbfcl mhuso0 cossijs air dbfcl pritodtfij‖,

ôlfmtrfds, =>>0 74?—1>.Tpojdor, J. mjl Hmclwfj, J. (8>>4) ‒Odijikfd, ducturmc mjl sidfmc dijtoxts

ia jogcodt‖, fj @. \mycir mjl H. Lmjfoc (ols), Dbfcl Jogcodt0 prmdtfdo fssuos air

bomctb mjl sidfmc dmro. Cijlij0 @ossfdm Efjgscoy.

Ttovojsij, I. (=662) Jogcodtol Dbfclroj0 fssuos mjl lfcokkms, Ixairl0 Hcmdewocc

Tdfojdo.

Ttrmuss, K. mjl Goccos, X. (ols) (=66>) ^bysfdmc Qficojdo fj Mkorfdmj Amkfcfos,

Jow Hrujswfde, J@0 \rmjsmdtfij Hiies.

Ttrmuss, K., Goccos, X. mjl Ttofjkotz, T. (=62>) Hobfjl Dcisol Liirs Qficojdo

fj tbo Mkorfdmj Amkfcy . Jow Vire0 Mjdbi.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=2<



Ttrmuss, K., Bmkhy, T., Afjeocbir, L., Kiiro, L. mjl Xujymj, L. (=662)

‒Flojtfafdmtfij ia dbfcl kmctromtkojt wftb tbo pmrojt—dbfcl dijacfdt tmdtfd

sdmcos0 lovocipkojt mjl psydbikotrfd lmtm air m jmtfijmc smkpco ia

Mkorfdmj pmrojts‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 880 8<6—7>.

Tuccfvmj, ^. mjl Ejutsij, @. (8>>>) ‒Kmctromtkojt mjl lfsmhfcfos0 m pipucmtfij-

hmsol opflokficigfdmc stuly‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 8<0 =8?7—7<.

Tujlocc, E. mjl Qfjjorc`ujg, H. (8>><) ‒Iutdikos ia amkfcy griup dijaor-

ojdfjg fj Twoloj0 m 4-yomr aicciw-up‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 820 817—27.

TuroTtmrt (8>>?) Jmtfijmc Ovmcumtfij Xopirt =4, Cijlij0 Fjstftuto air tbo

Ttuly ia Dbfclroj.

\mycir, @. mjl Lmjfoc, H. (ols) (8>>4) Dbfcl Jogcodt0 prmdtfdo fssuos air bomctb

mjl sidfmc dmro, Cijlij0 @ossfdm Efjgscoy.

\bihurj, @., Cowfs, M. mjl Tbokkfjgs, L. (=66?) ^mtorjmcfsk ir ^mrtjorsbfp9

Amkfcy fjvicvokojt fj dbfcl pritodtfij, Cijlij0 BKTI.

\birpo, L. mjl Hfcsij, M. (=662) ‒Arik pritodtfij ti dijdorj0 dbfcl pritod-tfij dmroors wftbiut mpicigfos‖, Dbfclroj mjl Tidfoty , =80 474—21.

\romsury, \bo (8>>4) Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors0 dbmjgo air dbfclroj, Cijlij0 BKTI.

\rfpilf, \. (=67<) _sos mjl Mhusos ia Tidfmc Xosomrdb fj Tidfmc Wire, Jow Vire0

Dicukhfm _jfvorsfty ^ross.

\ujjmrl, @. (8>>8) ‒ ^mrojtmc lrug kfsuso — m rovfow ia fkpmdt mjl fjtorvojtfij

stulfos‖. Mvmfcmhco arik Xosomrdb fj ^rmdtfdo0 www.rfp.irg.ue.

\ujjmrl, @. (8>>4) ‒ ^mrojtmc kojtmc bomctb prihcoks0 kossmgos arik rosomrdb,

picfdy mjl prmdtfdo‖ . Mvmfcmhco arik Xosomrdb fj ^rmdtfdo0 www.rfp.

irg.ue.\wojtykmj, D. mjl ^citefj, X. (=628) ‒_jromcfstfd oxpodtmtfijs ia pmrojts

wbi kmctromt tbofr dbfclroj0 mj oludmtfijmc loafdft tbmt portmfjs ti dbfcl

lovocipkojt‖, @iurjmc ia Dcfjfdmc ^sydbicigy , 420 <67—?>4.

Wmcc, J. (8>>>) M Bmjlhiie air Oxport Wftjossos fj Dbfclroj Mdt Dmsos, Hrfstic0

@irlmj.

Wmjlswirtb Mrom Dbfcl ^ritodtfij Dikkfttoo (=626) \bo Xopirt ia tbo

Ttopbmjfo Aix ^rmdtfdo Xovfow, Cijlij0 Cijlij Hiriugb ia Wmjlswirtb.

Wflik, E. (=626) ‒Lios vficojdo hogot vficojdo9 M drftfdmc oxmkfjmtfij ia

tbo cftormturo‖, ^sydbicigfdmc Huccotfj, =>10 4—82.Wfccfmks, C. mjl Afjeocbir L. (=66>) ‒\bo dbmrmdtorfstfds ia fjdostuius

amtbors0 m rovfow ia rodojt stulfos‖, Fj W. Kmrsbmcc, L. Cmws mjl B.

Hmrhmroo (ols), Bmjlhiie ia Toxumc Mssmuct0 fssuos, tboirfos mjl tromtkojt ia

tbo iaaojlor , Jow Vire0 ^cojuk.

Wfcsij, T., Euohcf, @. mjl Bugbos, B. (8>>?) ‒^mttorjs ia kmtorjmc hobmvfiur

mkijg jogcodtauc amkfcfos0 fkpcfdmtfijs air rosomrdb mjl fjtorvojtfij‖,

Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , 860 62?—=>>=.

Wfjjfdit, L. (=6?4 ) ‒\rmjsftfijmc ih`odts mjl trmjsftfijmc pbojikojm‖

Fjtorjmtfijmc @iurjmc ia ^sydbimjmcysfs 4<0 26—67.

=2? XOAOXOJDOT



Wicao, L. (=62?) ‒Dbfcl mhusfvo pmrojts0 mj okpfrfdmc rovfow mjl mjmcysfs‖,

^sydbicigfdmc Huccotfj, 670 <18—28.

Wicao, L. (=666) Dbfcl Mhuso0 fkpcfdmtfijs air dbfcl lovocipkojt mjl

psydbipmtbicigy, Cijlij0 Tmgo ^uhcfdmtfijs.

Wicajor, G. mjl Goccos, X. (=664) ‒M priafco ia vficojdo tiwmrls dbfclroj0 m

jmtfijmc stuly‖, Dbfcl Mhuso mjl Jogcodt , =70 =67—8=8.

Vcci, E. (=664) ‒\briugb m aokfjfst cojs0 gojlor, piwor mjl vficojdo‖, fj

X. Goccos mjl L. Cisoeo (ols), Durrojt Dijtrivorsfos ij Amkfcy Qficojdo,

Jowhury ^mre, DM0 Tmgo ^uhcfdmtfijs.

Purmvfj, T. mjl LfHcmsfi, A. (=668) ‒Dbfcl-jogcodtfjg mlicosdojt kitbors0 biw li

tboy lfaaor arik tbofr jijkmctromtfjg diujtorpmrts9‖ @iurjmc ia Fjtorporsijmc

Qficojdo, 70 <7=—27.

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=21



mddiujtmhfcfty, 7, 82, =11mgojdy di-ipormtfij soo

Wirefjg \igotbor

mjmcytfdmc romsijfjg, 8—?, <?—?8

mjl fjtuftfij, <1—2, 1>cfkftmtfijs, ?=—8

strojgtbs, <7

mrom dbfcl pritodtfij dikkfttoos,

41, << soo mcsi cidmc smaogumrlfjgdbfclroj himrl

mssosskojt armkowire, 4—<, 87—2,

71, ==4—=7(tbormpoutfd) mssosskojt, 21, ==6

‒mt rfse‖, 2, 82, 4=, 4<—7, ?<,7>, ==4—=<

mttmdbkojt tboiry, 7>, 72—2>, 2?

hmttorol hmhy syjlriko, =6

Hodeairl, @mskfjo, 8>

hobmvfiurmc mpprimdbos, ==1—8>hfms, ?>—8hficigfdmc dijtrfhutfijs ti

kmctromtkojt, 77—6

dmso dijaorojdos, 8>dbfcl mhuso

ducturmc amdtirs, 6, 1?—1durrojt picfdy, 81

loafjftfijs, ?6—12

griwtb fj mwmrojoss, =?—=6

bfstiry ia, =?cogfscmtfij, 41—<?pivorty mjl, =1—=7, 7<—6, ==8—=4

prolfdtfij, 17, 78—2>stmtfstfds, 17—2

dbfcl dijdorj, drftorfm, 2, 44, 47, <4dbfcl wocamro rosomrdb, 8>—8, ?1—7

Dbfclroj Mdt (8>><), 6, =2, <<Dbfclroj mjl Viujg ^orsijs Mdt

(=614), =2

Dcovocmjl Fjqufry, dbfcl pritodtfijdmsos, 8=

Dcfkhfo Fjqufry, 84, 82, 66—=>>diordfvo piwor, <8, =>2

Dicwocc, Kmrfm, =6—8>Dikkij Mssosskojt Armkowire, <

Dikkij Diro ia Tefccs mjl

Ejiwcolgo, ?

dijaflojtfmcfty, 4<—?Dijvojtfij ij tbo Xfgbts ia tbo Dbfcl,

=1, 4>, 1=—8

di-ipormtfij, fjtormgojdy soo

Wirefjg \igotbor

drftfdmc romsijfjg, 7, <7—?8ducturmc rocmtfvfsk, 7, =<, 18—7>

lodfsfij kmefjg, <?—?4

hfms fj, ?>—8

ovmcumtfjg soo rosomrdb

ovflojdo fj, ??—1>loafjftfijs ia mhuso, 1=—1lfsmhcol dbfclroj, 42—6, 2?, =>8

lfsdcisuro ia fjairkmtfij, =><—? soo

mcsi dijaflojtfmcfty

lfsdrfkfjmtfij, 7, 86mjtf lfsdrfkfjmtiry prmdtfdo,

=<, 1?, =>6likostfd vficojdo, 28—7, =>=, ==7—=2

lurmtfij ia dmro mjl suporvfsfij

irlors, <8—4

okorgojdy fjtorvojtfijs, 8=, <>—=, 22okorgojdy pritodtfij irlors soo

okorgojdy fjtorvojtfijsokitfijmc mhuso/bmrk, 18—7=, 2>—7

okitfijmc lovocipkojt, 14—<, 28okitfijmc fjtoccfgojdo, <6

okitfijs, fkpmdt ia, 8, =?ojvfrijkojtmc amdtirs soo wire

ojvfrijkojt

fjlox



orrirs soo kfstmeos, mttftulos ti

otbfds soo vmcuos ia sorvfdo usors Ovory Dbfcl Kmttors, =, 84, 76

ovflojdo hmsol prmdtfdo, ?6—1>

amfcuro ti tbrfvo, 24

amkfcydi-ipormtfij wftb, <2, =8>

amkfcy griup dijaorojdos, ==1—=7amkfcy pridoolfjgs, <8

amkfcy tbormpy, ==1—=7amtbors, mjl tbo dbfcl pritodtfij

systok, 74—?, =>=afrst fkprossfijs, ?8

bmrk soo sfgjfafdmjt bmrkbfstiry ia mhuso mjl jogcodt,

7?, 2?, ==<—=?

fjairkmtfij jools soo

lodfsfij kmefjg

fjùry, sfgjs ia, 8>—=, 62—=>=fjqufrfos, fjti dbfcl mhuso, 8>—=

fjtojtfijs mjl iutdikos, ?<—?fjtor-mgojdy wirefjg soo

Wirefjg \igotbor

fjtorfk dmro irlors, <=—4fjtorjot, ms m rosomrdb tiic, ?1—7

fjtorvfowfjg, ia dbfclroj, <2, =>?

Eokpo, D.B., =6

Cmkfjg ropirt soo Dcfkhfo Fjqufrycogmc armkowire, 41—<?

cogmc irlors, <>—?cidmc smaogumrlfjg dbfclroj himrl, 1

kojtmc bomctb maaodts ia kmctromtkojt,44, 22, ==6

kfstmeos, mttftulos ti, <7, ?=kijftirfjg, 22—6=

kirmc ùlgokojts, fj lodfsfijkmefjg, 7, 4>

kuctf-lfsdfpcfjmry wirefjg, ==4—=<soo mcsi Wirefjg \igotbor

jij-mddflojtmc fjùrfos soo

pbysfdmc mhuso

irgmjfsmtfijmc dijtoxt, 81—2

irgmjfsmtfijmc ducturo, hurjiut,<2—6, ?2

Irejoy, dbfcl pritodtfij

dmsos, 8=—8

pmrojtmc rospijsfhfcfty, 42pmrojts, mssosskojt pridoss, 84

pmrtjorsbfp wftb pmrojts, =<, 8=pbysfdmc mhuso, 6<—=>4

loafjftfij, 12—6, 6<ovflojdo air, 66—=>>

flojtfayfjg, 6?—1fkpmdt ia, =>=

rfse amdtirs, 78—2>

typos ia, 61—7picfdo pritodtfij irlors, <>—=

pivorty, =1—=7, =6, ==8—=4, 16, 7<, 77,76, 6=—8

provojtfij ia mhuso, ==8—=4priaossfijmc ùlgokojt, ?=—8

psydbicigfdmc mhuso soookitfijmc mhuso/bmrk

psydbipmtbicigy, 72—6

rmdo/rmdfsk, =<

rmdfsk fj, =<romsijfjg sefccs soo drftfdmc romsijfjg

rodirlfjg fjairkmtfij, 4<, ?>ropirtfjg mhuso, =>7

rosomrdb, ?4—1=rfse mssosskojt, ==8—=4

rfse amdtirs, 78—1, 2?, =>1—7

smaogumrlfjg dbfclroj,81—41, 1=—8

Todtfij <7 ojqufrfos, 4>—<, <>, 6>

soxumc mhuso, =>4—==dbmrmdtorfstfds ia porpotrmtirs, =>1—7

dbmrmdtorfstfds ia vfdtfks, =>1loafjftfij, =>4

griikfjg, =>7—2flojtfayfjg, =><—7

cijg tork fkpmdt, =>=fjtorvojtfijs, =>6—=>

sfgjfafdmjt bmrk, 4=—?, 11—7

sidfmc dijstrudtfijs ia dbfclmhuso, 76

DBFCL ^XI\OD\FIJ=22

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