general considerations
DESCRIPTION
DESIGN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Prepared by:- Er. Varinder Kaur. General Considerations. Electrical Considerations for T.L. Design: Low voltage drop Minimum power loss for high efficiency of power transmission. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DESIGN
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Prepared by:- Er. Varinder
Kaur
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General Considerations
Electrical Considerations for T.L. Design:• Low voltage drop • Minimum power loss for high efficiency of
power transmission.• The line should have sufficient current
carrying capacity so that the power can be transmitted without excessive voltage drop or overheating.
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• Conductivity of Conductor:R = ρ.L/A , orR = L/Ϭ. A
Where:L: Conductor length.A: Conductor cross sectional area.ρ: resistivityϬ: Conductivity (Ϭ= 1/ρ)
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• The conductor conductivity must be very highto reduce Conductor resistance R and hence
reduce losses
PL= 3 I2 .R
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• Heat expansion coefficient must be very small.
Rt = R0. (1 + α0 .t)
αt = α0/(1+ α0.t)
α t is the heat expansion coefficient at t.
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Mechanical Considerations for T.L. Design:
• The conductors and line supports should have sufficient mechanical strength:
- to withstand conductor weight, Conductor Tension and weather conditions (wind, ice).
- The Spans between the towers can be long.- Sag will be small.- Reducing the number and height of towers
and the number of insulators.
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Main components of Overhead lines:
(i) Conductors(ii) Supports (iii) Insulators(iv) Cross arms(v) Miscellaneous
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CONDUCTOR MATERIALS
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Properties :- (i) High electrical conductivity.(ii) High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses.(iii) Low cost so that it can be used for long distances(iv) Low specific gravity so that weight per unit volume is small.Commonly used conductor materials:- a)Copper b) Aluminium c)Steel-cored aluminium d) Galvanised steel e)Cadmium copperConductors are preferably stranded to increase flexibility.
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(a) Copper
• High electrical conductivity• Greater tensile strength• Hard drawn copper used• High current density• Smaller cross-sectional area required High cost & non availability
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All Aluminum Conductors (AAC)
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(b) Aluminium• Cheaper & light in weight, for small span• Small conductivity & tensile strength (60% of
copper)• Cross-sectional area of conductor larger than
copper(Aluminium diameter= 1.26 times of copper)• Higher tower with greater sag• Specific gravity lower than copper• Larger cross-arms required • Not suitable for long distance transmission
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2- Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR)
1- Steel strands2- Aluminum strands ACSR (26/7)
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(c) Steel cored aluminium:
• To increase stregth of aliminium conductors reinforced with a core of galvanised steel wires
• Abbreviated as ACSR(Aluminium condutor steel reinforced)
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Advantages of ACSR• High mechanical strength can be utilized by
using spans of larger lengths.• Tower of smaller height can be used• A reduction in the number of supports also
include reduction in insulators and the risk of lines outage due to flash over or faults is reduced.
• losses are reduced due to larger diameter of conductor.
• High current carrying capacity.
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(d) Galvanised steel
• Very high tensile strength • Long spans • Rural areas • Cheap• Poor conductivity & high resistance• Not suitable for transmitting large power over
a long distance
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(e) Cadmium Copper
• Addition of 1% or 2% cadmium to copper• Increased tensile strength by 50% than pure
copper• Conductivity reduced by 15% below that of
pure copper• Economical for lines of small cross-section due
to high cost of cadmium
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LINE SUPPORTS
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Properties:
• High mechanical strength to withstand weight of conductor•Light in weight•Cheap in cost•Longer life•Easy accessibility of conductor for maintenance
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TYPES OF LINE SUPPORTS:-
• Wooden poles• Steel poles• RCC poles• Lattice steel towers
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Wooden poles
• Shorter span upto 50 m• Less cost & used for distribution purpose in rural
areas• Pesticides required e.g creosote oil• Used for voltage upto 20 kv• Smaller life(20-25 years)• Less mechanical strength• Made of Sal or Chir • Moderate cross-sectional area
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Wooden Poles
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Steel Poles•Greater mechanical strength•Longer life•Larger spans•Used for distribution purpose in cities• Three types: Rail poles Tubular poles Rolled steel joints
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Steel Poles
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RCC(Reinforced concrete poles):-• Greater mechanical strength•Longer life•Longer spans•Good outlook•Little maintenance•Good insulating properties Two Types:- Single poleDouble poles
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Reinforced Concrete Poles
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Steel towers :-
• Longer life•Longer span•Greater mechanical strength•For long distance at high voltage•Tower footings are usually grounded by driving rods into the earth .This minimizes lightning troubles as each tower acts as lightning conductor.
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Types of Towers1- Suspension Tower
2- Tension Tower
3- Angle Tower
4- End Tower
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1- Suspension Tower
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2- Tension Tower
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3- Angle Tower
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4- End Tower
This type of towers exists in the beginning and at the end of the line which exposed to tension in one side.
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INSULATORS
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Properties:-
• High mechanical strength•High electrical resistance to avoid leakage currents to earth•Insulator material should be porous,free from impurities & cracks
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TYPES• Pin type :- For transmission and distribution upto 33 KV •Suspension type :- For voltage greater than 33 KV•Strain type:- For dead ends,corner or sharp curve •Shackle type:- For low voltage distribution lines & canbe used either in a horizontal or vertical position
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Bundled conductors
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