general anaesthesia by zach lafleur and thomas ehret
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
General AnaesthesiaBy Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret
![Page 2: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Inhalational (Gas): , Cyclopropane, XenonIntravenous (Needle): Thiopentone sodium, Methohexitone sodium, Propofol, Etomidate
• Generic names – all of the above
• Trade name – general anaesthetics (GA)
• General anaesthetics are usually given to a patient through inhalation or injection
• General class: analgesic
• GA targets the ion channels of a neuron through the GABA pathway.
![Page 3: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GA
• This drug is not available to the general public through prescription/over the counter and is only used in hospitals by certified anaesthetists
• GA is used during operational procedures to sedate the patient (Can be used to help treat disease/disorder/illness/trait but does not directly treat)
• Costs are not available to the public because shipments are ordered directly to the hospitals (operational costs vary depending on procedure)
![Page 4: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Side Effects
Affects Cardiovascular system by:
• Decreasing cardiac muscle contraction
• Reducing cardiac output
• Promoting Hypotension
• Promoting Arrhythmias
• Increasing sensitivity to catecholamines
![Page 5: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
More Side Effects
Affects respiratory system by:
• Decreasing ventilation (hypoventilation)
• Promoting laryngospasm
• Obstructing respiratory tract (pathway to lungs)
![Page 6: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Even More Side Effects
Affects the central nervous system by:
• Increasing cerebral blood flow
• Increasing intracranial blood pressure
• Increasing the risk of epilepsy (strokes)
• Reducing the cerebral metabolic rate
![Page 7: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Just A Few More
• Decreases the blood flow in renal veins and arteries
• Can cause nausea and vomiting
• Etc. There are many more minor adverse effects…
![Page 8: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mechanism
![Page 9: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stages of GA
Stage 1: Analgesia
• Lasts until consciousness is lost (then Stage 2)
• Pain is supressed to an extent
• In a dream-like state
• Does not last long
• Used for women in labour, incisions, and minor operations
![Page 10: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stages of GA
Stage 2: Delirium
• Begins at loss of consciousness and ends at the return of regular respiration
• Irregular breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
• Vomiting, nausea, and defecation may occur
• Patients may hold their breath
• No operative procedures are carried out during this stage
![Page 11: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stages of GA
Stage 3: Surgical Anaesthesia (4 planes)
• Begins once regular respiration returns, ends at cessation of breathing
• Plane 1 – roving eye balls
• Plane 2 - loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes
• Plane 3 – pupils are dilated, light reflex is lost
• Plane 4 - intercostal paralysis, small breathes as a result
![Page 12: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stages of GA
Stage 4: Medullary and Respiratory Paralysis
• Cessation of breathing
• Leads to death
![Page 13: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stages of GA
![Page 14: General Anaesthesia By Zach Lafleur and Thomas Ehret](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f5fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Procedure