general agriculture paper
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agriTRANSCRIPT
General Agriculture Paper- 2006-07
1. Apical dominance in sugarcane is suppressed by
(a)IAA (b) GA3 (c) ABA (d) CYTOKININ
2. IFOAM related to
(A)Fertilizer order (b) Agriculture marketing(c) Certification of organic produce (d) none
3. Beaufort scale is used for
(a) Earthquake (b)Wind pressure/ strength (c) Temperature (d) Tsunami
4. Highest zinc contating fertilizer
(a) ZnSO4 (B) ZnSO4.7H2O (C) ZnS (d) ZnO
5. Most widely deficient micro nutrient in indian soil is
(a) N (b) Zn (c) Mn (d) Fe
6. Crop having highest unsaturated fatty acid is
(a) Caster (b) Linseed (c) Coconut (d)Niger
7. Out of these which is herbicide
(a) DDT( ((b) ISOPROTURON (c) malathion (d) vertisols
8. Soil having highest infiltration rate comes under which group
(a) Alfisols (b) Aridisols (c) Oxisols (d)Vertisols
9. Most plant takes nitrogen in the form of
(a) NO3 (b) NO2 (c) NH4 (d) NH3
10. Which crop is known as camel crop
(a) Sorghum (b) Pearl millet (c) Maize (d)Wheat
11. Term agri-silvi-pasture includes
(a) Crop+tree+pasture/animal (b) Crop+tree (c) Crop+animal (d)Tree+pasture+animal
12. Calculate WUE in kg/m3 if yield of wheat is 6tonnes/ha and ET is 40 cm
(a) 0.15 kg/m3 (b) 1.5 kg/m3 (c)15 kg/m3 (d)150 kg/m3
13. National biodiversity board is situated at
(a) Chennai (b) New delhi (c) Bangalore (d) Hydearabad
14. Controbution of agriculture in GDP is
(a) 21% (b) 35% (c) 45% (d) 55%
15. Age of the plant is determined by
(a) Annual rings (b) O2 emission method (c) CO2 emission method (d) None
16. Which one is radio isotope
(a) P32 (b) P31 (c) N14 (d) K39
17.Carbon dating technique is used for determination of age of
(a) Fossils (b) Plants (c)Animls (d) Metals
18.Pulse polio-vaccination programme includes
(a) Killed virus vaccine (b) Living virus vaccine (c) Sub unit virus vaccine (d)Chemical drug
19. Red blood corpuscle formed in
(a) Liver (b) Heart (c) Kidney (d) Bone marrow
20. According to area requirement correct sequence is
(a) Watershed<Catchment<Basin (b) Watershed=Catchment>Basin (c)
Watershed>Catchment=Basin (d) Watershed> Catchment>Basin
21. Which one is part of combine harvetster
(a) Beater (b) Seed plates (c) Share (d)Furrow opener
22. Acetyl Salicylic acid is
(a) Pain relief (b) Preservative (c) Teargas (d)Chemical fertilizer
23. Nobel prize winner in economic in the year 2006
(a) Andrew z.Fire and Craig c Mello (b) John c. Mather (c) Roger d Kornberg (d)Edmund s
Phelps
24.Rainbow trout found in water
(a) Cold water (b) Warm water (c) Salt water (d)None
25.Which is not indo Aryan language
(a) Gujarati (b) Maarti (c) Orya (d) Tamil
26. Primary color for light are
(a) Red Blue and Green (b) Red, Yellow and Green (c) Yellow, Blue and Green (d)Yellow,
White and Green
27.According to sample survey agency, about 200 million people of world having per day
income less than
(a) Rs 12 (b)Rs. 20 (c)Rs. 25 (d)Rs. 35
28. Total medal won by Indian in dhoa asian games
(a) 45 (b) 52 (c)54 (d)56
29. In which state of India, first case of bird flue was reported
(a) Maharashtra (b) Gujarat (c) Karnataka (d)Sikkim
30. IPR stands for
(a) Intellectual property rights (b) Intellectual patent right (c) Both (a) and (b) (d)None
31. In food processing, maximum loss take place
(a) Vitamins (b) Minerals (c) Fats (d)Carbohydrates
32. Study of earth shape is known as
(a) Geology (b) Geography (c) Geodesy (d) Geophysics
33. Pashmina is obtained from
(a) Goat (b)Sheep (c)Cow (d) Buffalo
34. Vitamin c is also known as
(a) Ascorbic acid (b) Folic acid (c) Riboflavin (d) Tocopherol
35. Bordeaux paste is mixture of
(a) Cuso4 +Lime (b) Cuso4 + Naco3 (c)Cuso4 + Naso4 (d) Caso4 +Naco3
36.Credit of white revolution goes to
(a)V.KUREAN (b) M.S Swaminathan (c)B.P. Pal (d)R.S Paroda
37.Blue revolution is related with
(a) Potato (b)Aquaculture (c) Poultry (d) Fertilizer
38. Highest affinity of Haemoglobin with which gas
(a) CO (b) H2O (c) CH4 (d) O2
39. In extension inside and outside characters attitude of society is determined by
(a) Participatory appraisal method (b) Ven diagramming (c) LPP (d) None
40.FMD is
(a) Viral disease (b) Bacterial (c) Fungal (d) Algal
41. If solution having ph 5.0 diluted 100 times with distilled water, then after this what will be
the ph of solution
(a) 4.5 (b) 5.5 (c) 7.0 (d) 8.5
42. Ian Wilmut is associated with
(a) Creation of dolly (b)Creation of hybrid rice (c)Creation of GMO (d) None
43. Zero tillage does not change which of the following property of soil
(a) Soil organic matter (b) Moisture content of soil (c) Porosity of soil (d) Soil texture
44. Which is a single dose anti-coagulant odenticide
(a) Bromodiolone (b)Warfarin (c)Zinc phosphide (d) Dicumarin
45.Virus having DNA as a genetic material
(a) FMD (b) Pox (c) Rabies (d) None
46. DNA is constituted with
(a) Centromere (b) Chromatin (c) Cell wll (d)Vacuoles
47. Bacteria responsible for the formation of endotoxicin gall is
(a) Bacillus thiringenesis (b)Aspergillus (c)Rhizobium (d) None
48.Aflatoxin is produced by
(a) Aspergillus flavus (b) Penicillium (c) Aspergillu niger (d) none
49. Non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria is
(a) Rhizobium (b) Frankia (c) Aspergillu niger (d)None
50. Water soluble vitamins are
(a) A and B (b)B and C (c) A,D,E, and K (d) None
51.Sour taste of milk is due to conservation of lactose in
(a) Acetic acid (b) Ascorbic acid (c) Citric acid (d) Lactic acid
52. Milk is deficient in
(a) Ca (b) Fe (c) Protein (d) Vitamin
53. Net irrigated area of Indian (in million ha) is
(a) 45 (b) 55 (c) 95 (d) 145
54. Clove is obtained from
(a) Bud (b) Flower (c)Fruit (d)Stem
55. Gas having highest green house effect by unit weight basis
(a) CH4 (b) CO2 (c) CO (d) N2O
56. Which part of gynaecium first receives pollen during pollination
(a) ovary (b) stigma (c) ovule (d) stylate
General Agriculture-2005
1. Which vegetable has maximum source of vitamin A
(a)Raddish (b)Carrot (c)Turnip (d) Spinach
2.Mango hybrid “Ratna” is a cross of
(a) Dashari x Neelam (b)Neelam x Dashari (c)Neelam x Alphanso (d) Dashari x Alphanso
3. The propagation method “layering” is mainly done in
(a) Mango (b)Lemon (c) Sweet orange (d) Banana
4. The first established tractor company in India
(a) Hindustan (b)HMT (c) Eicher (d) Ford
5. The plants which have maximum water use efficiency are
(a) C4 (b) C3 (c)CAM (d)None
6. The largest living animal on earth is
(a) Elephant (b) Lion (c) Blue Whale (d) Buffalo
7. The international institute of tropical agriculture is located at
(a)Syria (b) Nigeria (c) Japan (d) India
8. Which of the following is goat breed
(a) Suri (b) Surthi (c)Lohi (d) Nagori
9. The gestation period of sheep is
(a) 165 days (b) 147 days (c) 250 days (d)300 adys
10. The world’s best quality wool is produced from sheep breed
(a)Marino (b)Gaddi (c)Chokla (d) Bikaneri
11. Discharge formula from 900 V-notch type of weir when head in cm is
(a)Q= 138 H2 5 (b) Q= 0.0138 H 2 5 (c) Q= 0.138 H 1 5 (d) Q= 0.0138 H 3 5
12.Which type of plough makes v shaped furrow is
(a) Mould board plough (b) Desi plough (c) Ridge plough (d) Disk plough
13. The multi purpose tree sps (MTPS) is
(a) Albezzia lebbek (b) Cassiea simea (c) Gliceridia spp (d) Eucalyptus
14. The fast growing tree sps.
(a) Eucalyptus (b) Banyan (c) Neem (d)Cassia
15. The agri-silvi-pastoral system has
(a)Crop +Animal (b)Crop +Tree (c)Crop + Tree + Pasture +Animal (d) None
16. The staple length of fine quality cotton fibres in micronaurie is
(a) 3.0-3.9 (b)4.0-4.9 (c)5.50-5.9 (d)none
17. The prescribed rules which traditionally approved by the society
(a)Custom (b) Beliefs (c) Rituals (d) Folk ways
18. The consciousness and purposeful action by the peoples is known as
(a) Motivation (b) Co-ordination (c) Skill (d) Education
19. The Indain economy is a type of
(a) Socialist (b) Capitalist (c) Mixed (d) None
20. The short term loan which given to farmers by the banks is also known as
(a) Soft loan (b) Crop loan (c) Term loan (d) Hard loan
21. Method used for showing the worth and value of new practice is a
(a) Result demonstration (b)Method demonstration (c)Observation plot (d) Field
demonstration
22. The institution which does not provides loan to the farmer is
(a)Commercial banks (b) Primary cooperative societies (c) RRBs (d) Primary land
development societies
23. The K-fixation is maximum in
(a)Vermiculite (b) Illite (c)Chlorite (d) Mica
24. The fertilizer nutrient which immediately fixed after application in the soil is
(a)Nitrogen (b)Phosphorus (c)Potassium (d) Calcium
25.The sex linked genes are found on the
(a) X chromosomes (b)G chromosomes (c) Z chromosomes (d) S chromosomes
26.The chromosomes which are either differs in numbers or morphology in the male and female
are called
(a) Sex chromosomes (b) Autosomes (c) Euploidy (d)Accessory chromosomes
27. The mitigating stress with high degree of tolerance is called
(a) Drought escape (b) Drought tolerance (c) Drought resistance (d)Drought avoiding
28. The sugars present in DNA and RNA are
(a) Glucose and Mannose (b)Lactose and Sucrose (c) Deoxyribose and Ribose (d)Glucose and
Maltose
29. The longest phase in mitosis is
(a) Prophase (b) Telophase (c)Anaphase (d) Metaphase
30. The unsaturated fatty acid is determined by
(a) Saponification no.(b) Iodine no (c) Both (d)None
31.The suitable wheat species for restricted irrigation is
(a) Triticum aestivum (b) Triticum durum (c)Triticum dicoccum (d) Triticum vulgare
32. The casparian strip is present in
(a) Epidermis (b) Endodermis (c)Cortex (d)Root hair
33. The green house effect is cause due to
(a) Increase in concetrantion of CO2 in atmosphere
(b)Incoming UV rays on the earth
(c)Depletion of ozone layer
(d) Absorption of out going long wage radiation
34. The acid rain is mainly due to the presence of atmospheric gas
(a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) NO2 (d)SO2 and NO2
35. The most suitable crop for late onset of monsson to reduced the risk of crop failure is
(a) Tur/arhar (b)Soybean (c)Sunflower (d)Rice
36. Fruits are generally
(a) Acidic (b) Alkaline (c)Neutral (d) None
37. The freezing point depression of a chemical solution is measured by
(a) Calorie meter (b) Viscometer (c) Osmometer (d) None
38. The chemical used for preventing the fruit drop in grape fruits is
(a)NAA 20 ppm (b) GA3 50ppm (c)NAA 100 ppm (d) none
39. The computer soft ware used for soil management strategy and natural occurrence is
(a) GOSSYM (b)Comex (c) Wofex (d) None
40. Arrowing is occurs in
(a)Sugarcane (b)Rice (c) Gram (d)Wheat
41. The insect pest which cause huge destruction in sugarcane at maharastra recently was
(a) Pyrilla (b) Wolly aphid (c) Stem borer (d) Top borer
42. The nitrogen use efficiency I irrigated condition can be enhanced by application of fertilizer
(a) Deep placement (b) Split dose (c) Fertigation (d) None
43. The safe storage moisture percent for wheat is
(a) 2-5% (b)5-10% (c)10-14% (d)14-16%
44. Most effective instrument for measuring soil water content in situ is
(a) Tenssiometer (b) Neutron probe (c)TDR (d) Gypsum block
45. Rice gene bank is situated in
(a)Philippines (b) Japan (c) China (d) India
46. Rainfed area in India is about
(a) 57 mha (b) 30 mha (c)65 mha (d)40 mha
47. The National Research Centre is locate dat
(a) Junagarh (b) Bikaner (c) Delhi (d) Jabalpur
King Boudouin developemental prize award
(world best institute ) in 1988.
- 4.2%, land- 2.3%
sity: 136%
Most worst drought year : 2002
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
-officio president of ICAR.
-78)
- 100%
TOT(Transfer Of Technology): first line extension system
-1999 changed to NAIP in 2006 externally funded project and also agriculture human
resource development (AHRD)
High production and productivity 212.3 MT and 1734 kg/ha in 2001-02
inant irrigation system: Tube Wells(major, 34%), Canals and Wells
Agrobiodiversity:
ical diversity-1998
- 7.5% of the identified biological species or nearly 2.55 of
the global land mass
r the ½ of the world’s aquatic floral diversity
Neolithic wheat- refered to be T. shperococcum discovered from the Bihar
otal land area in country under protected areas
citrus gene
sanctuaries in the Nocrek biosphere region in Meghalaya
biodiversity
- 1989
-1993. first legal mechanism dealing with
biodiversity
- 2002
- 2001
-generis legislation
under the Indian law (GURT)
The head quarter of control of geographical indication- Chennai
- Chennai
Bioinformatics:
Economic survey-2010
GDP
and contributed approximately 10.2 percent of total exports during 2008-09.
General agriculture-2009
1. TERI stands for
(a) Tata energy research institute
(b)Tata environmental research institute (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
2. NREG means
(a) Employment programmes for the people below poverty line
(b)Non- rural employment programme (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) National rural employment programme for above poverty line
3. Which is not a eukaryotic organism?
(a) Fungi (b) Bacteria (c) Algae (d) Viruses
4. Study of fungi is known as
(a) Pathology (b) Mycology (c) Nematology (d) Phycology
5. Animal disease which is completely eradicated from India is
(a) Black quarter (b) FMD (c) Anthrax (d) Rinder pest
6. Food grain production of India in 2007-08
(a)212 mt (b)219 mt (c)230 mt (d)94 mt
7. Decreasing order of cereal production in India is
(a) Wheat-Rice-Sorghum
(b) Rice-Wheat-Maize
(c) Rice-Wheat-Sorghum
(d) Wheat-Maize-Rice
8. Highest soybean producing state (have 5.0 mha area is )
(a) U.P (b) M.P. (c)Rajastan (d) Maharastra
9. The female goat is known as
(a) Nanny (b)Doe (c)Buck (d)Crone
10. Tilapia mozambica is a
(a) Exotic (Chinese fish) (b)Italian fish (c) Indigenous fish (d) Breed of goat
11. National bureau of agriculturally important micro organism (NBAIM) is located at
(a)New Delhi (b) Mau-bahjanath (c)Lucknow (d)Hyderabad
12. Coastline length of India is about
(a) 200 km (b) 6000 km (c)12000 km (d)17000 km
13. Origin of Godavari is
(a) Eastern ghats (b) Himalaya (c)Western ghats (d)Vindhyan
14. Important cropping system of indo-gangatic plain is
(a) Rice-Rice (b)Maize-Wheat (c)Soybean-Wheat (d)Rice-Wheat
15. Tomato ketch up is preserved by
(a) Benzoic Acid (b) Ascorbic Acid (c)Acetic Acid (d)KMS
16. Cow milk is deficient in
(a)Iron (b)Ca (c)Vitamins (d)Sugar
17. Yellow color of cow milk is due to presence of
(a)Xanthophylls (b)Anthocyanins (c)Carotene (d) Pigments
18. Lysozyme is present in the milk of
(a) Cow (b)Camel (c) Buffalo (d) Goat
19. Gall bladder is absent in
(a)Cow (b)Goat (c)Buffalo (d) Horse
20. Which one is not a cattle breed in India is
(a) Ongole (b) Kankrej (c)Gir (d)Bhadawari
21. Which is not a bio-agent
(a) Helicoverpa armigera (b) Trichograma (c)Tricoderma (d)Neochitena
22. Which one is a green gas house
(a)O2 (b) CH4 (c) N2 (d)NO2
23. Bacteria applied for n fixation in sugarcane is
(a) Rhizobium (b)Azospirillum (c) Bacillus (d) Acetobacter diazotrophicus
24. Which one is not considered in the certification of organic farming?
(a) Fertigation with urea (b)Herbicide use (c) Insecticide use (d)Seed treatment with
chemicals
25. Extra chromosomal material in microorganism is
(a)Viriod (b)Rhizozyme (c)Plasmid (d) None of these
26. Taxon with highest homologous genes are found in
(a)Genus (b) Order (c)Class (d) Species
27. N.E.Borlaug received Nobel prize(1970) in the field of
(a) Agriculture (b)Economics (c)Plant Pathology (d)Peace
28. Operation flood II related with
(a) Flood control in India (b)Food production (c)Milk production (d) Fish production
29. Unlimited resources are
(a)Plant (b)Soil (c)Water (d)Climate with solar energy
30. Climate change refers to
(a)Increase in atmospheric temperature (b)Increase in turbidity (c)Decrease in temperature
(d)Increase in rainfall
31.Sea- horse is
(a)Bonny fish (b)Mammals (c)Species of horse (d) Insect
32. Protection of plant varieties and farmers right authority (PPV ans FR) is located at
(a) Chennai (b)Hyderabad (c)Lucknow (d)New Delhi
33. By product produced during paneer making is known as
(a) Butter milk (b) Whey (c) Ghee (d)Khoa
34. Fish oil contain high amount of
(a) Protein (b)Vitamins (c)Steroids (d)Carbohydrates
35. Olericulture is the study of
(a) Flowers (b)Vegetables (c)Fruits (d) Post harvest technology
36. Transgenic crop recently permitted in India is
(a) Cotton (b) Maize (c) Soybean (d) Brinjal
37. The mean of 8 values is 64 and of 4 values is 32 then the combined mean of 12 values is
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c)20 (d)32
38. Meterological observations are taken at different times throughout the country because of
(a) Latitudes (b) Longitudes (c) Altitudes (d) GST
39. The development of embryo from egg cell without the act of fertilization is known as
(a) Apomixis (b)Parthenogenesis (c)Vegetative propagation (d) Ovulation
40. Cellulose is
(a) Monosaccharide (b) Disaccharides (c) Polysaccharides (d) None of these
41. Which one is most suitable tree for growing in wet lands
(a)Poplar (b)Neem (c)Bottle brush (d) Eucalyptus
42. Mycorrhiza increases the availability of
(a) N (b)K (c) P(d)Ca
43. Which is not a parasite on fish?
(a) Plasmodium (b)Learnea (c)Argules (d)I. Multifilis
44. Which one is most suited for increasing fish production with healthy competiton in fish
pond?
(a) Ornamental fishes (b)Indigenous fish (c)Exotic fish (d)All of these
45. Correlation coefficient measures
(a) Non-linear relationship (b)Linear relationship (c)Dependent relationship (d)All of these
46. Pusa basmati is a variety of
(a) Wheat (b) Rice (c)Sorghum (d)Maize
47. The botanical name of khejri is
(a) Albizzia lebbeck (b)Prosopis cineraria (c)Prospis julifora (d) Dalbergia sisso
48. Which is not a pulse crop in India?
(a)Vigna radiate (b)Cajanus cajan (c)Cicer arienium (d)Arachis hypogea
49. If the net sown area is 141mha and double cropped area is 47 mha, then cropping intensity
will be
(a)133% (b)33% (c)183% (d)200%
50. Farm machinery includes
(a) Hand tools (b)Tractor drawn plough (c)Animal drawn plough (d)All of these
51. Cytokinins mostly synthesis in
(a) Seed only (b)Actively growing tips (c) Leaf tips only (d)Root tips only
52. Chilka laggon lake is located at
(a) Bihar (b)Orissa (c)A.P (d)Maharastra
53. Family of Gourd is
(a)Crucifera (b)Cucurbitaceae (c)Solanaceae (d)Malvaceae
54. The synthesis of protein from mRNA is referred as
(a) Transcription (b)Translation (c)Transduction (d)Trasnfection
General Agriculture
(world best institute ) in 1988.
- 4.2%, land- 2.3%
itute 65% of the net cultivated area
tober 2004 under chairmanship of
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
-officio president of ICAR.
-78)
- 100%
-1999 changed to NAIP in 2006 externally funded project and also agriculture human
resource development (AHRD)
-02
d Wells
Agrobiodiversity :
-1998
ty- 7.5% of the identified biological species or nearly 2.55 of
the global land mass
ding to the ICAR 20 distinct agroecological regions
- refered to be T. shperococcum discovered from the Bihar
irst in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity started with the establishment of citrus gene
sanctuaries in the Nocrek biosphere region in Meghalaya
ndian national gene bank largest in the world 1 million seed samples
- 1989
-1993. First legal mechanism dealing with
biodiversity
- 2002
transfer agreement adapted in India under the sign of single window exchange
- 2001
-generis legislation
under the Indian law (GURT)
- Chennai
- Chennai
Bioinformatics :
Paulien Hogeweg (1979)
form of DNA and protein sequences in various biological databases.
Genbank in
USA, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, largest nucleotide database) in
Japan and DDBJ (DNA Data Bank) in Japan.
proper order based on their overlaps. It results in collection of correctly ordered big genome
stretches.
ap, TIGR Assembler, Celera Assembler,
Phusion, Atlas
quence data: Nucleotide sequences, Protein sequences 2) Image data:
Gene expression data 3) Structural data: NMR data, X-ray crystallography data 4) Metabolic
data: metabolic networks, metabolites, activators, inhibitors
1) Primary databases: Repositories of sequence data Ex: Genbank, EMBL,
Swissport (Protein sequence database)
2) Secondary databases: contain data derived from the data of primary databases
Ex: dbEST, dbSTS, PRITS, BLOCKS etc
databases are:
1) Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases
2) oryza sativa genome databases
Sequence Alignment: is the process of finding maximum similarity between two or more
than two protein or DNA sequences by their mutual arrangement.
Three types:
1) Global Alignment: if alignment is performed over the entire sequence length then it is
global alignment
2) Local Alignment: if the alignment when performed over some particular segments of the
sequences then it is called as local alignment
3) Multiple Sequence Alignment: alignment performed among three or more
than three sequences. It is generally performed for searching conserved regions
among the sequences
Similarity searches software:
For amino acid substitution matrices:
1) Point Accepted Mutation Matrices (PAM): Given by Dayhoff and her
associates
2) Block Substitution Matrices (BLOSUM): Henikoff and Henikoff
For Nucleotide and Protein codes:
1) BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): is one of the most important
software (Altchul et al) for performing database search by using either nucleic acids or protein
sequence
2) FASTA (FAST-ALL): Developed by William Parsonin 1997
Different blast options
are: Programme
Compare a query sequence Against database
Blastn Nucleotide sequence Nucleotide sequence
Blastp Amino acid Protein sequence
Blastx A nucleotide sequence translated
In all reading frames
Protein sequence
Tblastn Protein sequence A nucleotide sequence
database dynamically
translated in all reading
frames
Tblastx The six frame translations of a
nucleotide sequence
Six frame translations of a
nucleotide sequence database
Multiple sequence alignment:
Different methods used are:
1) Dynamic programming algorithm
2) Center star method
Phylogenetic analysis: The study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of
organisms.
c analysis:
1) Distance based methods
2) Maximum Parsimony
3) Maximum likelihood
Softwares for Phylogenetic Analysis:
1) Winboot 2) Phylip 3) Mega 4) Treecon
Gene Prediction and Annotations: Gene prediction is the process of prediction of possible
genes in a given DNA sequence by a computer programme
Gene prediction method are:
1) Content -based methods
2) site- based methods
3) comparative methods
Different bioinformatics tools for gene prediction are:
1) G RAIL( The Gene recognition and Analysis Inter Link)- first technique developed for gene
prediction
2) FGENESH/ FGENES
3) GENE ID
4) GEENPARSPER
5) HMM GENE
6) MZEF
7) GENSCAN
Gene annotation :
1) Structural Gene Annotation: In structural gene annotation, one can look for the number of
ORFs and size, intrinsic regions, presence of regulatory regions and size as well as GC contents
of the genes etc
2) Functional Gene Annotation: Here biological functions of the genes will be determined.
Gene annotations is basically performed by using BLAST tool
Gene annotations standards used in
large genome sequencing project:
Gene category
Description of the match
Known gene Sequence with 100% identity at the amino acid level
to known proteins
Putative genes Sequence with less than 100% identity but with
significant homology to known proteins
Unknown genes Sequence with homology to unknown ESTs
Hypothetical genes Sequence predicted by multiple geen prediction
programs with no homologu to an EST
- 2004
-92 to
102.77 mha
-06 to 128. 6 kg in
2008-09
new scheme, the National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility
(NPMSF) has been introduced in 2008-09 with a view to setting up of 500 new soil testing
laboratories (STLs) and 250 mobile soil testing laboratories (MSLs) and strengthening of the
exiting state STLs for micronutrient analysis
-06
General agriculture
1. National bureau of fish genetic resources is located at
(a) kochi (b) Chennai (c) lucknow (d) Mumbai
2. Wheat procurement by FCI in the year 2008-2009
(a)22.9 mt (b)51.9 mt (c) 10.9 mt (d) 12.9 mt
3. Currently, contribution of agriculture in GDP (economic survey, 2008-09) is
(a) 10% (b) 12% (c) 17.1% (d)25%
4. Farming system includes
(a) organic faming (b) cropping system (c) crop rotation (d) all agricultural activities
5. IVLP stands for
(a) intensive village linkage programme (b) intensive village livestock programme
(c) Indian village linkage programme (d) all of the above
6. Crop having highest percent irrigated area
(a) wheat (b) rice(c)maize (d) sorghum
7. Cotton belongs to the family
(a) solanaceae (b) graminaceae (c) crucifere (d) malvaceae
8. CIMMYT institutes deals with
(a) wheat and maize (b) wheat and barley (c) maize and sorghum (d) rice and wheat
9. CIPHET institute is located at
(a) ludhiana (b) new delhi (c) benagaluru (c) Hyderabad
10. Three fold increase in milk production in India is the result of
(a) operation yellow (b) operation milk (c) operation flood (d) operation kurien
11. Wheat Triticum aestivum cultivated in all ovr India and the other one is
(a) T.dicoccum (b) T. DURUM (c) T. spelta (d) T.spherococcum
12. The progeny of breeder seed s
(a) nucleus seed (b) registered seed (c) foundation seed (d) certified seed
13. Bordeaux mixture is
(a) herbicide (b) fungicide (c) insecticide (d) pesticide
14. The rain, forest and fog activities occur in ------- layer of atmosphere
(a) stratosphere (b) mesosphere (c) ionosphere (d) troposphere
15. Which one is complex fertilizer
(a) SSP (b) CAN (c) urea (d) ammonium phosphate sulphate
16. Which one is not a abilogical control agent?
(a) trocoderma viridae (b) bacillus thurigenesis (c) pseudomonas florescence (d) xanthomonas
17. Which element is essential for bio- synthesis of tryptophan
(a) Mo (b) Zn (c) Copper (d) Fe
18. Which soil has more than 15 ESP
(a) alkali (b) saline (c) saline-alkali (d) none
19. Which implement is useful for turnring the soil
(a) harrow (b) plough (c) mould board plough (d) cultivator
20. Which one is CO2 acceptor in C3 plants during photosynthesis process
(a) RuBP (rubisco) (b) pyruvate (c) PEP carboxylase (d) OAA
21. Which is the most critical irrigation stage of wheat, if farmer wants to give one irrigation to
whet crop
(a) CRI (b) tillering (c) dough stage (d) seedling stage
22. The disease confined to the particular area or country is called
(a) epidemic (b) endemic (c) pandemic (d) sporadic
23. Which plant growth regulator is anti- gibberlins in its action?
(a) ethylene (b) cytokinins (c) auxins (d) ABA
24. FORMALIN IS USED IN TH TREATMENTS OF
(a) seed treatment (b) soil treatment (c) sterilization (d) all of these
25. Gall formation I the plants are carried out
(a) insects (b)diseases (c) infection (d) parasites
26. Currently announced price (at harvesting) for wheat is
(a) MSP (b)Procurement price (c) levy price (d) statutory price
27. Which is commonly absorbed by phloem?
(a) NH3 (b) NO2 (c) NO3 (d) NO
28. Endo-cytokinins is derivative of
(a) adenine (b) pyrimidine (c) tryptophan (d) both purine and pyrimidine
Leading states Area under Irrigation
Punjab (97.7%)>Haryana (87.2%)>UP (73.2%)
All India (46.3%)
-Hiware Bazar Gram Panchayat,Ahamadnagar,Maharastra
on system in India (2008-09):3.88 Mha.
-09)1,42 Mha(Highest area Maharastra)
-09):2.45 Mha(Highest in Haryana)
-constituted in 2006
-2007
-Roorkee,Uttarkhand.
-held at New Delhi
Some Facts
1. Total production of milk In 2007-08 is 104.8 mt and per capity availability is 252 g /day
In 2008-09 is 108.5 and per capity availability is 258 g /day
2. Total production of coffee in 2008-09 was 2.62 lakh tones and consumption was 0.94 lakh
tones.
4. Production of natural rubber in 2006-07 was 852.89 thousand tones and consumption was
820.3 thousand tones and productivity was 1879 kg/ha.
5. Total egg production --In 2006-07 is 50653 million Nos.
In 2007-08 is 53532 million Nos. 6
6. Total fish production in 2008-09 is 7.6 million tonnes
(India is 3rd largest producer of fish and 2nd largest producer of inland fishes)
7. Total wool production in 2008-09 is 42.7 million kg
8. Total meat production in 20008-09 is 3.8 million tonnes
International comparisons of
yield of selected commodities
Wheat Maize Sugarcane
(Metric tones/hectare) Rice
Egypt UK USA Guatemala
USA France Italy Cuba
china Egypt Egypt Australia
Some important facts about agriculture
54.5% in 1950-51 and is
reduced to 15.7 % in 2008-09.
65-70% of the total population. The sector provides
employment to 52% of countries work force.
10.23 % of the total export.
2.74 % of the total import.
CACP
(Commission for Agriculture costs & prices).
(1) Meeting the prescribed minimum buffer stock norms for food security.
(2) For monthly release of food grains for supply through PDS.
(3)For market intervention to augment supply so as to help moderate the open market Prices.
a peak of 64.7 million tones in June 2002 .But due to drought it reduced
to 18.5 million tones in 2006, against buffer norms of 20 million tonnes. Present stock position
of food grains as on Jan,1st 2008 is 19.2 mt
nic farming „has been taken up in October 2004.
328.7 million hectares .But statistical information
regarding land classification available for only about 305 million hectares.
136%
Land reforms programmes in India include --
te surplus land among landless
people.
- Operative Marketing Development Federation Of India Ltd.)
established in 1987.
- Operative Marketing Federation Of India).
al Co-operative Development & warehousing Board started in 1956.
Orissa, and Rajasthan.
According to 2000-01 data
62.3% of the total operational holdings were of size Less than 1 hectare – marginal
holdings.(75408 number of holdings)
19.0% of size between 1-2 hectares-small holdings.(22695 number of holdings)
11.8% of size between 2-4 hectare- semi medium holdings.(14021 number of holdings)
5.5% of size between 4-10 hectare- medium holdings(6577 number of holdings)
1% of size more than 10 hectares-large holdings.(1230 number of holdings)
National Agriculture Policy-2000
Union government has announced new national agriculture policy in July 28 -2000.
The salient features of this policy are:
ide insurance for crops to farmers.
New agriculture policy has been described as “Rainbow Revolution” which Includes following
revolutions
Green – food grain production
White – milk
Yellow – oil seeds
Blue - fisheries
Red – meat/tomato
Golden – fruits-apple
Grey – fertilizers
Black/ brown – Non conventional energy sources
Silver - Eggs
Round – potato
Pink – shrimp/onion
1958 for the first time wheat production increased from 120 lakh tonnes to 170 lakh
tonnes. Scientist William Gaud termed it as green revolution.
“Second green revolution” strategy Adapted in 11th FYP.Some of the salient features are:
1. Doubling the rate of growth of irrigated area.
2. Promoting animal husbandry and fishery.
3. Providing easy access to credit at affordable rates.
4. Improving incentive structure and functioning of the market.
‟s largest integrated dairy development Operation programme.
30% of the countries agricultural out put.
population.
was introduced in 1998- 1999 to facilitate access to credit from
commercial Banks and regional Rural banks.
India’s basic objectives in the ongoing negotiations on WTO agreement are:
h meaningful market
access in developed countries.
Fertilizer consumption states wise (2006-07)
1. 1st is Punjab – 212 kg/ ha ,
2. 2nd is Andhra Pradesh – 204 kg/ ha,
3. 3rd is Tamil Nadu – 184kg/ ha,
4. 4th is Haryana -170kg/ha
5. all India average is 113.25 kg/ha.
irrigation is 1st wheat, 2nd rice.
rbon area less than 2100 cal/day
Per capita availability of food grains per day in India (As on 27-07-2009)
– 374.6 g/day
- 48 g/day
-175.4g/day
-145.1g/day
cereals-54.1g/day
-10.6g/day
-436.0g/day
3.7% total outlay for the agriculture in 11th FYP.
Institutional credit flow to agriculture:
o Commercial banks-62%
o Co-op bank-28%
o RRBs-10%
India ranks 1st in
1. Milk production
2. Tea production and consumption
3. Cashew production and export
4. Mango , Banana, lime, Black pepper, Turmeric
5. Cauliflower production
6. Grapes productivity
India ranks 2nd in: Fruits and vegetables production
India ranks 3rd in : Fertilizer production and Egg production
SOME IMPORTANT PROGRAMMES
command area development and water management →1974 -05
Bharath Nirman → 2005-06
-99
-2000
–Promote agricultural exports in fruits vegetables and
flowers
research and development in agriculture and to create skilled scientific human resource )
SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT INDIA
1. Largest state in area -Rajasthan
2. Largest state in population –UP
3. Smallest state in area –Goa
4. Smallest state in population – Sikkim
5. India is 7th largest country in area
6. 2nd largest in population
7. 10th largest economy in terms of GDP
8. 10 in world plant biodiversity (4th in Asia)
9. 128h position in human development index (0.69)
10. India has two biodiversity hotspots – a)Western Ghats b) Eastern Himalayas
World has 25 biodiversity hotspots.
12) First in irrigated area (57 mha ) in the world
13) India is in 4th position in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity).
14) Horticulture in INDIA
COCONUT: kerala>Karnataka>TN (area)
Kerala>TN>Karnataka (production)
CASHEW: kerala>MH>TN (area)
MH>Kerala>AP (production)
TRACTORS: India in 4th position (highest in UP)
Transgenic crops
1. Final approval committee on release of transgenic in India – is GEAC(Genetic Engineering
Approval Committee)
2. Leading countries in transgenic use -USA>Argentina >Canada>Brazil
3. Leading transgenic crops -Soybean >Maize >cotton > canola
4. Leading traits -Herbicide resistance >insect resistance > both HR and IR combined
5. First transgenic developed is Tobacco
6. First transgenic commercialized is Tomato(Flavr sour), using Anti-sense RNA technology
released for commercial cultivation in 1994 by Calgene(Compony)
7. Area under transgenic plants in India(2008)-125Mha.
8. India 4.th position in Transgenic plants cultivation(USA>Mexico>Argentina)
9. Area under Bt- cotton:7.5 Mha(2008),8.4 Mha (2009)
10. First genetic Engineering compony est.Genentech
1) FAO Established on Oct 16 1945 head quarter located at Rome (Italiy)
2) DG of FAO – Jacques Diouf
3) Oct 16 is called as world food day
4) WTO Established on Jan 1 1995
5) Head quarter of WTO- Geneva Its DG –Pascal Lamy
6) India is founder member of WTO
in to force on Feb, 16 ,2005
Nanotechnology in Agriculture
–Nario Taniguichi(1974),at Univ.of Tokyo,Japan
-100 nm.
-Halloysite
Particles used for reclamation of heavy particles-Amphiphylic Polyurethane,
Zeravalent Iron (nZVI), and nano sized Zeolite.
INDIANS WHO SECURED WORLD FOOD PRIZES
- Dr MS Swaminathan → architect of india‟s “ green revolution”
– Dr. verghese Kurien → Milk cooperatives
– Mr B R Barwale →Founder of MAHYCO
- Dr surinder k vassal → Developed quality protein maize
– Modaduga v gupta → For Aquaculture
2006-Edson Lobato, Dr.A.Collins Mc clung and H.E.Alysson- Pioneering work in soil science
and policy implementation that opened the vast Cerrado region of Brazil to agricultural and
food production
2007-Phillip E.Nelson- Revolutionizing food processing, packaging, transportation, and
distribution by perfecting bulk aseptic packaging technology and spreading the technology
worldwide
2008-Robert Dole and George McGovern- Contributions in the production of sorghum,
one of the world’s five principal grains
Total member countries of UNO-192
ICAR-Milestones:
-India Co-ordinated Research Project on maize in 1957.
anthnagar in 1960.
Agriculture in 1973.
(ARS) and Agricultural Scientists
Recruitment Board (ASRB) IN 1975.
(NARP) IN 1979
-Village Linkage Programme (IVLP) IN 1995.
of National Gene Bank at New Delhi in 1996.
in ushering in the Green Revolution. Again awarded King Baudouin Award in 2004 for
research and development efforts made under partnership in Rice Wheat Consortium.
Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) in July 2006 with 3 components.
Organizational Setup of ICAR :( Present scenarios-2009-10)
-office President of the ICAR society. (President-
Sharad Pawar)
of India &Director General ,ICAR-the Principal Executive Officer of the Council.
Present- Dr.S.Ayyappan
-Dr.C.D.Mayee (Plant Pathologist)
-General(8)
ancial Advisor
-General (24).
-25(with upgradation of 12 NRCs).
-6 (New-NBAII,Bengaluru and NBAIM,Mau,UP).
-6(New-NAARM, Hyderabad and NIASM, Malegaon,
Maharashtra).
-45.
-17.
-61
-6
-49
in Agriculture-Bhuweneshwar,Orissa
-New Delhi.
-New Delhi
-Bikaner
-Vegetables, Varanasi
residues, New Delhi
-Hydrabad
-M.S.Ahuliwalia.
- Dr.M.S.Swaminathan
GENERAL AGRICULTURE
1. Record production of 233.88 million tons of food grains in year 2008-09.
2. Contribution to growth rate in GDP-4.7%(2007-08), in 2008-09 it is 1.6%.
3. Contribution to GDP -16.4% in (2007-08), 15.7% in (2008-09).
4. Share to total imports -2.95% in(2007-08),2.74% (2008-09).
5. Contribution to total employment 52%(2007-08).
6. MSP increase in 2008-09 over last year
-
7. India shraes (of world‟s);
- - - -1.5%.
8. Total geographical area (TGA)-329 Mha.
9. Potential for biological production-265 Mha.
10. Per capita Land availability-0.37ha (1991-92).
11. Per-capita agriculture land availability-0.16ha (1991-92).
12. Net cultivated area -143 Mha.
13. Total irrigated area -56.3 Mha.
14. Total Irrigation potential in India-102.77Mha by March-2007.
15. All India avg. fertilizer consumption -116.5 Kg/ha.
16. Highest avg. fertilizer consumption-Punjab (212 Kg/ha).
17. Nutrient consumption ratio (NPK)-5.5:2.1:1.
18. Total Number of soil testing laboratories (STL‟s) in India -750(2008-09).
19. Kharif food grain Production-98,83 Mt
20. Total Kharif production of coarse cereals-22.76 Mt.
21. Total Kharif production of pulses-4.42 Mt.
22. Total Kharif production of nine oilseeds-15.233 Mt.
Some Important National Programmes
–National Rain-fed Area Authority, Since 03-11-2006.
-Rain-Fed Area Development Programme, since 20-03-2008.
-National Project on management of Soil Health and fertilizers in2008-09.
-Integrate Scheme of Oil Seeds, Pulses, oil-palm and maize started since 01st april-
2004.
-The Macro Management of Agriculture Scheme was formulated in 2000-01.
-National Bamboo Mission started in 2006-07.
-National Food Security mission has been launched for the rabi 2007-08 to enhancing
the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2million tons respectively by the end of
the 11th plan.
- Kisan Credit Card Scheme was started in August 1998.
-Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana launched in August 1998.
-National committee plasticulture Application in Horticulture.
-The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority, established in
November- 2005 at New Delhi.
-Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme started since 1996-97.
-National Agricultural co-Operative Marketing Federation of India Limited.
-Cotton Cooperation of India.
-Agricultural Marketing Information Network.
-national Agricultural Drought Advisory and Management System.
-“Indian Agricultural On-line”, was submitted to ministry of Agriculture to
establish Indian Agriculture on-line and revised in 2009.
-Resourse Information System.
-Animal Production and Health Informatics Network.
-Agricultural Credit Informatics Networks.
-Virtual Extension, research and communication Network developed by FAO, in
2001.
-Information and Communication Technology.
-Agriculture Research Information System.
India’s position in World Agriculture Rank
-
Milestones in Agricultural Development
and White revoluti
World Green Revolution
-Mexico, the international maize and wheat improvement centre.
yield 10 times more than that of the traditional wheat.
-Norman Ernest Borlaug (Birth March 25th 1914 & death
September 12th 2009, age 95 years) dallas, Texas (USA). An American Agronomist and Nobel
Laureate. He received his Ph.D in Plant Pathology and Genetics.
-Dr. M.S. Swaminathan (Mankombu Sambasivan
Swaminathan),born on August 7th 1925 in Kumbakonam,Tamilnadu.
Revolution.
– IARI, New Delhi.
- IR-8 a semi- dwarf rice Variety developed by IRRI, Cuttack.
Crossed between Indonesian Variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee-geo-
woo-gen”.
General Agriculture by Muniraj Singh
-New Delhi
-sorghum
-Agrobacterium tumefacience
-goats
-Sheford
-chilli
-iridaceae
-Phylips Nelson
,2008-R.dole&George McGovern
–Phosphorus
-1500 mm
–Bray
-Buckwheat
ist of ICAR –J W Leather
-Rajma
-60%
- Dr. E. A.SIDDIQI
-new varieties of rice capable of withstanding drought
f rice-Swarna-Sub 1, can survive for 14 days under water
of wheat stem rust –Ug99.DBW 17,PBW 550,Lok 1 and Turraja identified.
iety Kufri Frysona developed for making French Fries.