GENDER, WATER AND LIVELIHOOD: A CASE STUDY ONKOVALAM VILLAGE

PRESENTED BYZARIN SUBAH

DEEPE NEUPANERABEYA SULTANA LEYA

J. SIVARANJANIS.D.N.M.SENADEERA

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“Fishing on the sea is only the men’s JOB”

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Outline of the Presentation

Introduction

Literature Review

Objectives

Research Question

Methodology

Analysis

Conclusion

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Locality Name : Kovalam ( க ோவளம் )Block Name : ThiruporurDistrict : Kanchipuram

State : Tamil NaduLanguage : Tamil And English

Elevation / Altitude: 36 meters. Above Seal level

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Introduction

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Review of related literature

In many regions of coastal Southeast Asia, fishing livelihoods are frequently marked by both processes of capital intensification, and increasing levels of environmental degradation (BFAR 2004; Eder 2008; Fougerès 2005;Gaynor 2005; Salayo et al. 2008).

Asia is an important region in terms of fish trade supplying nearly 60% of global fish production. The region’s coastal fisheries play a critical role in ensuring food security and providing livelihoods, particularly for poorer sections of the community,(Ilona,2006).

Fishing communities are often perceived as highly specialized and dependent on a single source of food and income: water (either fresh or marine), (Brugere et al, 2008).

Review of related literature

• Local fishermen are often compelled to go out fishing despite pending typhoon orstorm surge to sustain the daily needs of their family. To reduce people’svulnerability and enhance capacities to face coastal hazards the study fostersCommunity-Based Disaster Risk Reduction with special emphasis to sustainablelivelihoods, (Gaillard, 2009).

Primary Objective of Study

• To explore the intersection between gender and water within diverse livelihood practices.

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Research Questions

1. What are the different occupation perused by the women and men in the village?

2. What are the livelihood strategies adopted by different men and women in the village?

3. How the availability and accessibility of water is having gendered influence on the livelihood?

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

.

H

F

N

P

SInfluence

PoliciesInstitutions

Process

Livelihood strategies

Livelihood outcomes

KeyH- Human; N- Natural; F- Financial; P- Physical; S- Social

Livelihood assets

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Source: Adopted and modified from DFID 2002

Research Methodology- Understanding of Conceptual Framework

Livelihood Assets Livelihood StrategiesAssets Indicators

Human Assets Skills, Education, Experience

Physical Assets Building, Car, TV, Boat

Financial Assets Cash, Jewelry

Social Assets Social connections

Natural Assets Land, Forests

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Multiple occupation (fishing and non-fishing)Alternative sitesJoint family – Multiple earning member from different occupation

Research Methods and Tools

.

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MIXED METHOD

QUANTITATIVE METHOD QUALITATIVE METHOD

QuestionnaireTime Use

SurveyIn Depth Interview

Focus Group Discussion

Key Personnel Interview

Methodology

Questionnaire survey 20

FGD 1

Social mapping 3

KPI 2

In- depth interview 3

Research Methods- Sampling Techniques

Business

Fishing

Sea water Back water

Natural based activities Non Nature Based Activities

Tourism

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Analysis of Occupation Structure in Kovalam Village

Fishing

Fishing Related Activities

Small Business

Services

Labor

Others

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Occupation diversity

Institutional factors affecting livelihoods: A case of Fishing Livelihoods (FGD with Fishermen)

Government norms for gill

nets

Traditional roles of women

in fishing

Market changes –improper cost

benefits

Fisherman cooperative

Government loans for boats

Urban market demand

Fishing livelihood

Government provision of technology

15

16

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

120.0%

Fishing fishing related activities Small Business Services Houshold Activities

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f In

volv

em

en

t

Occupation

Sexwise Occupation Difference

Male Female

17

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

Fishing fishing related activities Small Business Services Houshold Activities

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f In

volv

em

en

t

Occupation

Education wise Occupation

Illeterate and Primary Higher Secondary & Secondary Graduate & above

18

19

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Fishing fishing related activities Small Business Services Houshold Activities

Perc

enta

ge o

f In

volv

emen

t

Occupation

Agewise Occupation Difference

15 - 30 years 31 - 60 years 61 years and above

.

20

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

4AM -

5AM

5AM -

6AM

6AM -

7AM

7AM -

8AM

8AM -

9AM

9AM -

10AM

10AM -

11AM

11AM -

12PM

12PM -

1PM

1PM -

2PM

2PM -

3PM

3PM -

4PM

4PM -

5PM

5PM -

6PM

6PM -

7PM

7PM -

8PM

8PM -

9PM

9PM -10PM

10PM -11PM

11PM -12AM

12AM -

1AM

1AM -

2AM

2AM -

3AM

3AM -

4AM

Freq

uenc

y/No

.of h

ouse

hold

s

Time

SNA Activities among Men and Women

Male SNA activity Female SNA acitivity

Livelihood Strategies

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All activities (for female respondents)

.

Economic Non-Economic

SNA NON - SNA

1. Selling grocery items2. Catching fishes3. Collecting fishes4. Processing fishes5. Selling fishes (both raw and

cooked fishes)6. Selling dry fishes7. Collecting raw materials for

making fishing blades8. Making fishing blades9. Tailoring

1. Packing food for children

2. Cooking meals

3. Making tea and snacks

4. Cleaning clothes and

utensils

5. Fetching water for home

6. Preparing children for

school

7. Dropping children to

tuition

1. Sleeping

2. Waking up

3. Having breakfast

4. Having lunch

5. Taking rest

6. Watching TV

7. Spending time with friends

8. Having dinner

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All activities (for male respondents)

.

Economic Non-Economic

SNA NON - SNA

1. Room boy in hotel2. Catching fishes3. Collecting fishes4. Segregating fishes5. Repairing fishing nets6. Going and coming back from work7. Making strategy for fishing8. Making fishing blades9. Working on construction sites10. Working as cable operator11. Collecting fuel woods

1. Attends classes in college2. Grocery shopping3. Drops children to school

1. Sleeping2. Waking up3. Going to mosque4. Having breakfast5. Having lunch6. Taking rest7. Watching TV8. Spending time with friends9. Having dinner10. Playing games

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24

25

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WATERGENDER LIVELIHOOD

Fetching water

No time

Livelihood Burdens

WATER AND LIVELIHOOD

• Women from fish market said thatfetching water hamper theirbusinesses and cause losses.

• Can water increases their dailyexpenditure.

• Absence of proper drainage networksystem cause severe health problemsand water born diseases.

• In flood and monsoon period, candelivery person can’t come tohouseholds.

GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD

• Being college graduate girls are confined with in household chores.

• When compared to men, women have many secondary non economic activities.

• Fishing on sea is termed as only men's job.

• During off seasons, borrowing money for daily consumption add burden on women livelihood.

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29Men - back water site

Women - back water site

Men locate TajHotel at the

begining

Women tend to focus on temple, dargas and wells

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Fishermen – Near seashore

Fisherman are so much into the sea

shore line, highway and major social

services

They mention their schools at the beginning

of drawing

Fishermen identify areas resources

beyond the village interior

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H

F

N

P

S Livelihood assets

Policy and Institutions

Traditional gender roles

Family typeYouth

aspirationAlternative employment

availability

Livelihood strategies

Access to water

Livelihood Outcomes

Expenditure Time Physical (fetching water)

Outcome Framework

Limitation Of Study

• Shortage of time.

• Respondent busy with their daily works/chores.

• Language barrier.

• Difficulty in identifying key persons.

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References

• BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources) (2004). In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries CoastalResource Management Project, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture, Cebu City.

• Eder, J. F. (2008). Migrants to the Coasts: Livelihood, Resource Management, and Global Change in the Philippines. CengageLearning, Wadsworth.

• Fougerès, D. (2005). Aquarian Capitalism and Transition in Indonesia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of California Berkeley.

• Gaynor, J. (2005). The Decline of Small-Scale Fishing and the Reorganization of Livelihood Practices Among Sama People in Eastern Indonesia. Michigan Discussions in Anthropology 15(1): 90–149.

• Salayo, N., Garces, L., Pido, M., Viswanathan, K., Pomeroy, R., Ahmed, M., Siason, I., Sengh, K., and Masaei, A. (2008). Managing Excess Capacity in Small-Scale Fisheries: Perspectives from Stakeholders in Three Southeast Asian Countries. Marine Policy 32: 692–700.

Thank You!!

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