gender, sheep and trees in zan coulibaly, mali: methodological approaches
TRANSCRIPT
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WORLD CONGRESS OF AGROFORESTRY
Trees for life: accelerating the impact of agroforestryFebruary 2014
The gender dimensions of applying agroforestry innovation
GENDER, SHEEP AND TREES IN ZAN COULIBALY, MALI:METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Marie France Labrecque, Andréanne Lavoie, Nancy Gélinas, Jean Bonneville et Alain Olivier
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Multidisciplinary action research project
• Sheep herding in Mali
– Key economic activity
– Socially and culturally important
• Availability and costs of fodder = major constraint
• Project objectives:
– Improving incomes of rural women
– Investigating the contribution of tree fodder
Integrating agroforestry and sheep feed in Mali
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Gender issue in sheep herding• Gender – more than a comparison between male and
female
• Interest is in women implication in decision making process
• Need to understand the situation to:
– Improve their capacities
– Provide opportunities to improve their well-being
All that without overloading women tasks and responsibilities!
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Gender issue in sheep herding
• Our challenge:
– Deconstruct the assumption about clear cut sexual division of labour in sheep herding
– Assumptions
• Raising sheep is typically a female activity
• Tree harvesting is typically a male activity (with exceptions like shea)
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Gender issue in sheep herding
• To address this challenge: Gender mainstreaming
– Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels (UN ECOSOS 1997)
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Study and work region
• Commune of Zan Coulibaly• 90 km east from Bamako, Mali
• Area of 387 km2
• Composition: 51 localities, including 9 villages
• Women (9255) & Men (9235) (RGPH
2009)
18,490
2,847
1,597 concessions
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Gender consideration in agroforestry project
• Objectives
• Take into account a methodological commitment toward gender mainstreaming
• Achieve an adequate representation of women in the different aspects of the project
• Methodological strategies
• Develop a participatory process with the community
• Build equal gender samples
• Consider gender in different aspects of social inquiries
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Conceptual approach3 levels to gender mainstreaming
• Macro: Role of States
• Meso: Role of Institutions
• Micro: Role of citizens
MesoCoordination,
resources allocation, network ..
MicroLife
conditions, activities
MacroPolicy, law, …
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
At the Meso level - Give place to women
• Organisational and institution level
• Women expertise is different
• Different thoughts about sheep herding
Focus on the integration of rural women in organizations Field team for the inquiry
8
14
Team project gender repartition
Women
Men
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
At the Micro level• Participatory process to select sheep herders
• Seek representativeness of the gender in minority (women or men)
• Building inquiry samples:
CategoriesBased on gender
Few0 to 3
Mean4 to 8
Many> 8
Men 3 3 3
Women 6 6 6
Based on on the number of sheep owned
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
Women perception of labour involvement in sheep herding
Men perception of labour involvement in sheep herding
Herself39%
Girls of the household
3%
Boys of the household
21%
Other women of the
household2%
Man of the household
26%
Others persons of the
concession9%
Himself43%
Girls of the household
1%
Boys of the household
24%
Women of the
household16%
Other man of the
household0%
Others persons of
the concession
16%
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
Women and men perceptions of labour involvement in few tasks related to sheep herding
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
w m w m w m w m w m
Managing the herd
Feeding Watering Killing Selling
Other men of the concession
Other women of the concession
Boys of the household
Girls of the household
Husband or other men of the household
Women or other women of the household
Person herself
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
• But the gender concept is more than a comparison between sexes!
• Need to look at
– Intern characteristics for each gender
– Complexity of tasks division
Purposive sampling based on contrasted characteristics – Establishment of profiles
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep farming in Mali
• Create categories more specific
Women categoriesBased on their family situation
Few0 to 3
Mean4 to 8
Many> 8
Muso singadenYoung married women living with their stepmother
2 2 2
Muso gakelaMarried women having their own household and all the responsibilities
2 2 2
Muso bolobolenMarried women retired from household responsibilities and working for themselves
2 2 2
Based on the number of sheep owned
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
Gender and generational division of labour is finally not that clear!
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Sin
gad
en
Gak
ela
Bo
lob
ole
n
Sin
gad
en
Gak
ela
Bo
lob
ole
n
Sin
gad
en
Gak
ela
Bo
lob
ole
n
Sin
gad
en
Gak
ela
Bo
lob
ole
n
Sin
gad
en
Gak
ela
Bo
lob
ole
n
Managing the herd Feeding Watering Killing Selling
Other men of the concession
Other women of the concession
Boys of the household
Girls of the household
Husband or other men of the householdOther women of the household
Woman herself
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How to consider gender…
• Analysis perspective at Micro-level
• Consider• Women and men contributions in
production, reproduction and collective activities in terms of money and time invested
• Women and men knowledge about sheep herding and fattening
• Determine gender access to production factor, their use and control
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
• Land is considered a collective familial good
• Therefore, women, in theory, have access to land when herding
• However, half of them have to ask for permission
yes
no
do not apply
no answer
Need to ask a permission to use the land ?
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How to consider gender …Illustration from sheep herding in Mali
• Access to grass fodder does not seem a problem as long as one asks permission
• As regards to fodder trees, women and men do know and use the same species to feed their sheep
• However, availability of products varies according to season
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Discussion
• Difficulties raised by women gave us some clues:
– Research is needed about fodder availability and their nutritional value for sheep
– Need for dissemination of new techniques
– Grouping women to promote collective sheep herding and fattening efficiency (improved techniques )
• Is it enough?
– See our poster communication about financial aspect!
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Conclusion/recommendations
• Study and integration of specificities related to gender, generation and domestic life show that
– Labour division is much more complex than expected
– Need a specific methodology to capture this complexity
• To promote change in gender relations, need to empower women by strengthening
– Their knowledge on the subject
– Their access to financial resources, production factors and market
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References
• UN ESCOSOS.1997. Report of the economic and social council. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs
• RGPH. 2013. Résultats définitif. 4e répertoire des villages.
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Acknowledgements
This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, www.idrc.ca, and with financial support from the Government of Canada, provided through Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
Canada (DFATD), www.international.gc.ca
Special acknowledgements to all our collaborators and partners