gender inequality and internet use among undergraduates in nigeria

Email: [email protected] Awoleye et al, 2009

Gender Inequality and Internet Use among Gender Inequality and Internet Use among Undergraduates in Nigeria: Undergraduates in Nigeria:

An Approach of Modified TechnologyAn Approach of Modified TechnologyAcceptance Model.Acceptance Model.

Awoleye O.M*., Siyanbola W.O.* Hassan O.M.*,, Awoleye A.E.**Awoleye O.M*., Siyanbola W.O.* Hassan O.M.*,, Awoleye A.E.**National Centre for Technology Management,National Centre for Technology Management, Federal Ministry of Science and TechnologyFederal Ministry of Science and Technology,,

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-IfeObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

**Department of Education, Foundations & Counselling, **Department of Education, Foundations & Counselling, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-IfeObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

Being a paper Presented at theBeing a paper Presented at the22ndnd Biennial Conference between 4-7 May, 2009 Biennial Conference between 4-7 May, 2009


OUTLINESOUTLINES• Title pageTitle page• OutlinesOutlines• OverviewOverview• Research QuestionsResearch Questions• ObjectivesObjectives• MethodologyMethodology• About TAMAbout TAM• FindingsFindings• ConclusionConclusion• RecommendationsRecommendations


• Advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are intertwined. – The Internet, mobile phones,

fax machines, email services and other ICT facilities have accelerated globalization concept. (Nwagu, 2006; Awoleye & Siyanbola, 2006)


Telephone Penetration in Nigeria

y = 0.1199e0.6745x

R2 = 0.9807

05

1015202530

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Tele

lden

sity

Teledensity

Expon. (Teledensity)

*The exponetial equation appears to be a best fit, but it predicts atotal teledensity by now, 2009 .

*A Linear fit rather best predicts a more realistic teledensity, which gives a teledensity of 87 by the year 2020.


– Internet AdoptionInternet Adoption

Region Density World 18.9%Asia 12.4%Indonesia 8.9%NigeriaNigeria 5.7%5.7% (8m

users/140mpop)

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW


• Is there any difference in the usage pattern of the Internet between Male and Female undergraduates.

• To what extent do Female undergraduates lag their Male counterparts with respect to using the Internet?

• What are the motivations towards effective use of the Internet by both sexes?

RESEARCH QUESTIONSRESEARCH QUESTIONS


This research: (i) investigates differences in Internet

adoption between male and female undergraduates.

(ii) It also underscores the differences within the concept of TAM.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES


•Sample size and coverage:300 students span 10 faculties, 40 departments including science and non-science based disciplines.

•Sampling technique: Simple Random

•Return Rate: 288 (96%)

MethodologyMethodology


External Variables

Perceived usefulness

Attitude Towards

Perceived ease of use

Behavioral Intention to use

Actual System Use

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)


Perceived Usefulness (Perceived Usefulness (PUPU):):TThe he degree of performance for a person who degree of performance for a person who uses a particular system. The person uses a particular system. The person believes that his/her performance is believes that his/her performance is enhanced by using the system. enhanced by using the system.

Perceived Ease of Use (Perceived Ease of Use (PEOUPEOU)):: T The he extent to which an individual believes extent to which an individual believes that using the system will be free of that using the system will be free of effort.effort.TAM is applied in various fields and widely TAM is applied in various fields and widely

used by the researchers in order to make a used by the researchers in order to make a better understanding of adoptionbetter understanding of adoption and use of and use of

technologytechnology

TAMTAM


TAM TAM categorizationcategorization

CriteriaCriteria MaleMale(%)(%)

FemaleFemale(%)(%)

Ave.Ave. DifferenceDifference

Demographic data Demographic data GenderGender 42.742.7 57.357.3 5050 -14.7-14.7

Age (< 22years)Age (< 22years) 33.033.0 51.751.7 42.442.4 -18.7-18.7

Science & Engineering Science & Engineering course enrolmentcourse enrolment

47.347.3 35.835.8 41.641.6 11.511.5

Ownership & Ownership & AccessAccess

PC OwnershipPC Ownership 37.437.4 17.717.7 27.627.6 19.519.5

PC AccessPC Access 86.286.2 88.588.5 87.487.4 -2.3-2.3

Internet accessInternet access 90.290.2 93.393.3 91.891.8 -3.1-3.1

ResultsResults




FemaleFemale(%)(%)

Ave.Ave. DifferenceDifference

Perceived Perceived usefulnessusefulness

Positive effect on academic Positive effect on academic performanceperformance

78.078.0 93.593.5 85.885.8 -15.5-15.5

Easy global communication Easy global communication 86.686.6 87.687.6 87.187.1 -1.0-1.0

As solution to assignmentsAs solution to assignments 88.088.0 64.064.0 76.076.0 24.024.0

Perceived ease Perceived ease of useof use

Easy process of using the Easy process of using the InternetInternet

85.285.2 72.372.3 78.878.8 12.912.9

Easy process of using search Easy process of using search enginesengines

90.590.5 82.382.3 86.486.4 8.28.2

Easy process of using emailEasy process of using email 80.780.7 81.481.4 81.181.1 -0.7-0.7




FemaleFemale(%)(%)

Ave.Ave. Diff.Diff.

Actual use Actual use Cyber café use 89.9 92.1 91.0 -2.2

Email use 81.5 82.5 82.0 -1.0

Average e-mail sent (>20 mails per month

21.3 10.9 16.1 10.4

Average e-mail received (>20 mails per month

24.8 12.8 18.8 12.0

Yahoo mail users 62.5 44.3 53.4 18.2

Online time spent (>6hrs per week)

19.7 6.5 13.1 13.2

Information searching 18.5 14.3 16.4 4.2

Google users (search engine)

78.3 58.3 68.3 20.0

Frequent Internet users 69.8 47.5 58.7 22.3

Experience Internet Users (over 4yrs)

58.9 62.1 60.5 -3.2


• The research unveils that Internet adoption among female students is affected by perceived perceived ease of useease of use; while their male counterparts were affected by perceived usefulness. perceived usefulness. (Consistent with Wahid, 2007).

• Internet adoption among women is slightly lower than their male counterparts. The research found that the male student are frequent usersfrequent users and spend more time onlinetime online.

ConclusionConclusion


The University Management should:The University Management should:Establish and encourage a computer culture that Establish and encourage a computer culture that permeates all activities at all levels in the permeates all activities at all levels in the university;university;

equip the university with tele-centres with close equip the university with tele-centres with close proximity to the students (Computer + Internet);proximity to the students (Computer + Internet);

conduct research and develop hardware, firmware, conduct research and develop hardware, firmware, software and courseware to enable Nigeria to software and courseware to enable Nigeria to generate its own modern computer technology generate its own modern computer technology capability.capability.

Policy SuggestionsPolicy Suggestions


•THANK THANK YOU FOR YOU FOR YOUR YOUR ATTENTIOATTENTIONN


? Time? Time• How…• Where…• What’s…etc

gender inequality and internet use among undergraduates in nigeria

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