gender equality and political representation · h1: there is a positive relationship between a...

Gender Equality and

Political Representation:

A Global Study

Haja Mohamed Nafe

April 1, 2020

Content

▪ Research Question

▪ Background Information

▪ Motivation for Research

▪ Methodology

▪ Variables

▪ Hypothesis

▪ Analysis

▪ Conclusion

Research Question

What kinds of nations have greater gender equality in

political roles?

Background

▪ Gender equality in political participation is required to achieve

democracy (UN)

▪ Males always rank the top in politics

▪ Cultural and social roles of each gender

▪ Males are more interested in politics

▪ Females have less confidence

Motivation for Research

▪ Gender disparity as an obstacle to development

▪ Finding concrete reasons to this issue

▪ Informing the public and politicians

▪ Guiding policymakers

▪ Clarifying stereotypes

Research Methodology

▪ Type of Study: Quantitative, Empirical, Comparative,

Secondary Analysis

▪ Source: MicroCase (2013) Global File

▪ Type of Data: Aggregate data

▪ No. of Cases: 172

▪ Period: 1990 – 2006

▪ Stat. Sig: p < 0.05

▪ Measures of Association: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r)

and Eta Squared

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Political

Factors

Social

Factors

Economic

Factors

- Political Engagement

- War

- Political Stability

- Voter Turnout

- Region

- Education

- Freedom of the press

- Migration

- Economic Freedom

- Poverty

- Gender Equality

- Female as Ministers

H1: There is a positive relationship between a country’s political engagement and its levels

of gender equality / percentage of female ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.497 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.507 (strong)

Hypothesis supported Hypothesis supported

N = 61 N = 53

Missing = 111 Missing = 119

0

1

GENDER EQ

0 70G L O B A L : P O L

Line Equation Y = 0.661 + 0.004 X

r = 0.497** Prob. = 0.000 N = 61 Missing = 111

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

0 70G L O B A L : P O L


r = 0.507** Prob. = 0.000 N = 53 Missing = 119

India

Austria

Iran

France

H2: Countries that have not experienced any type of wars from 1990 to 2002 have higher

levels of gender equality / higher percentage of female ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, Eta² = 0.185 (weak) Prob. = 0.020, Eta² = 0.091 (weak)

Hypothesis weakly supported Hypothesis is not supported

N = 143 N = 126


Ov erall

Mean

0.692

0

1

GENDER EQ

None

Interstate

Civ il War

Indepndnce

Multi-ty peW A R

Ov erall

Mean

15.764

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

None

Interstate

Civ il War

Indepndnce

Multi-ty peW A R

H3: There is a positive relationship between political stability and gender equality levels /

the percentage of female ministers.


Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis supported

N = 143 N = 126


0

1

GENDER EQ

0 110P O L . S T B : 0 4


r = 0.658** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

0 110P O L . S T B : 0 4


r = 0.401** Prob. = 0.000 N = 126 Missing = 46

Israel

Israel

H4: There is a positive relationship between voter turnout and gender equality levels / the

percentage of female ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.470 (strong) Prob. = 0.036, r = 0.169 (weak)

Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis not supported

N = 133 N = 115


0

1

GENDER EQ

20 100% T U R N O U T


r = 0.470** Prob. = 0.000 N = 133 Missing = 39

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

20 100% T U R N O U T

r = 0.169* Prob. = 0.036 N = 115 Missing = 57

US

Mali

MaliUS

H5: There is a positive relationship between education among adults and gender equality /

the percentage of female ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.913 (strong) Prob. = 0.002, r = 0.262 (weak)

Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis not supported

N = 143 N = 125


0

1

GENDER EQ

0 1E D U C A T I O N


r = 0.913** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

0 1E D U C A T I O N

r = 0.262** Prob. = 0.002 N = 125 Missing = 47

SK

SK

H6: The Western hemisphere has higher levels of gender equality / higher percentage of female

ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, Eta² = 0.659 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, Eta² = 0.212 (moderate)

Hypothesis is not supported Hypothesis is moderately supported

N = 143 N = 126


Ov erall

Mean

0.692

0

1

GENDER EQ

SUB-SAHARA

ARAB

ASIA/PACIF

WEST.HEMI.

EUROPER E G I O N

Ov erall

Mean

15.764

-10

60

%FEM.HEADS

SUB-SAHARA

ARAB

ASIA/PACIF

WEST.HEMI.

EUROPER E G I O N

H7: There is a positive relationship between the freedom of the press and gender equality / and



Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is supported

N = 143 N = 126


0

1

GENDER EQ

0 180F R E E . P R E S S


r = 0.560** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

0 180F R E E . P R E S S


r = 0.455** Prob. = 0.000 N = 126 Missing = 46

Japan

Kuwait

Kuwait

Japan

H8: There is a positive relationship between the net migration and gender equality / the


Prob.= 0.016, r = 0.179 (weak) Prob. = 0.013, r = 0.199 (weak)

Hypothesis is not supported Hypothesis is not supported

N = 143 N = 126


0

1

GENDER EQ

-2000010 6200010N E T M I G R T

r = 0.179* Prob. = 0.016 N = 143 Missing = 29

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

-2000010 6200010N E T M I G R T

r = 0.199* Prob. = 0.013 N = 126 Missing = 46

USCanada

Sudan

Colombia

H9: There is a positive relationship between the economic freedom and gender equality / the


Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.678 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.391 (moderate)

Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is supported

N = 136 N = 117


0

1

GENDER EQ

0 160F R E E . E C O 1


r = 0.678** Prob. = 0.000 N = 136 Missing = 36

0

60

%FEM.HEADS

0 160F R E E . E C O 1

r = 0.391** Prob. = 0.000 N = 117 Missing = 55

Singapore

Singapore

China

China

H10: There is a negative relationship between poverty and gender equality / the percentage of

female ministers.

Prob.= 0.000, r = -0.813 (strong) Prob. = 0.228, r = 0.090 (weak)

Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is not supported

N = 89 N = 71


0

1

GENDER EQ

0 80P O P < 1 $ D A Y

Line Equation Y = 0.778 + -0.007 X

r = -0.813** Prob. = 0.000 N = 89 Missing = 83

0

50

%FEM.HEADS

0 80P O P < 1 $ D A Y

r = 0.090 Prob. = 0.228 N = 71 Missing = 101

Portugal

Portugal

Findings and AnalysisGender Equality

Variables M.O.A Relationship

Strength

Education r = 0.913 Strong

Poverty r = -0.813 Strong negative

Economic Freedom r = 0.678 Strong

Region Eta² = 0.659 Strong

Political Stability r = 0.658 Strong

The Press r = 0.560 Strong

Political Engagement r = 0.497 Strong

Voting r = 0.470 Strong

War Eta² = 0.185 Weak

Migration r = 0.179 Weak

Most influencing

factors

Least influencing

factors

Findings and Analysis Female Ministers

Variables M.O.A Relationship

Strength

Political Engagement r = 0.507 Strong

The Press r = 0.455 Strong

Political Stability r = 0.401 Strong

Economic Freedom r = 0.391 Moderate

Region Eta² = 0.212 Moderate

Education r = 0.262 weak

Migration r = 0.199 Weak

Voting r = 0.169 Weak

War Eta² = 0.091 Weak

Poverty r = 0.090 Weak

Most influencing

factors

Moderate

influence

Leas influencing

factors

Conclusion

▪ Nations with free economy, less poverty, high education levels,

tend to have greater gender equality .

▪ Migration and wars have the least impact on gender equality

▪ Nations with more political engagement and free press have

the highest percentage of female ministers.

▪ Voting and poverty have the least impact on female political

representation

▪ Female political representation is not an indicator of gender

equality

Implications

▪ Political actors will have a clearer picture on where these two

qualities are found.

▪ Policymakers can improve the factors that increase gender

equality and female political representation.

▪ Nations will have a specific model nations to follow in

achieving gender equality and female political representation

▪ This study is replicable which allows researchers to look at the

changes in the issue over time

Questions ?

gender equality and political representation · h1: there is a positive relationship between a...

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