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65
The present study was aimed to validate the construct of temperament
as given by Buss (from 1957 to 1992). For achieving this objective
correlational analysis and t-tests were employed. Firstly, descriptive statistics
(Mean and standard deviation) for data of both sexes were computed. Owing to
diversity and heterogeneity of scaling of measures, the whole data were
therefore converted into T-score for the purpose of the normalization of the
data, so that, the multivariate analysis could be possible. T-score are standard
scores with its mean as 50 and standard deviation as 10 (Guilford and Fruchter,
1981). Scale transformation was monotonic for all the variables, hence the
variance remained same. Significance of differences between means were
verified on original scores.
GENDER DIFFERENCES
The question of gender differences in temperament is arguably one of
the most fundamental questions in gender differences research in the areas of
personality and social behaviour. Temperament reflects biologically based
emotional and behavioural consistencies that appear early in life and predict-
often in conjunction with other factor-pattern and outcomes in numerous other
domains such as psychopathology and personality. Modem child temperament
theories have espoused various views about potential gender differences in
temperament, but the testing of these views has been inconclusive. Most agree
that temperamental traits have biological subtrates and are heritable; there is
also agreement that temperamental expression is influenced by environmental
or contextual factors. Yet, opinions regarding the specific roles of biological
and environmental factors are diverse including gender differences and that too
at the level of adult temperament.
66
Table 4.1 MALE (1) <FEMALE (2) Mean, SD and t-values for nine variables, where females exceed (df=198)
Vai'iables Name Fear (Buss & Plomin)
Distress (Buss & Plomin))
Pulse rate in normal state
Pulse rate in fear state
Time to get anger
Pulse rate in anger state
Pulse rate after doing physical activity Sociability-Unsociability (Laboratoiy) Time to distress
Sex 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 I 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Mean 11.5534 13.2784 10.5437 11.7526 79.7282 84,2165 79.6214 87.2990 192.1068 231.3402 80.3689 84.5155 80.8447 86.2062 1.2524 1.4227 223.5049 269.0206
S.D. 3.2289 3.7714 3.2382 2.9156 12.0759 14.2670 10.9974 14.1393 87.4352 101.8105 10.3998 11.1898 10.5985 12.1458 .4365 .4966 107.7945 154.3311
't' value -3.481
-2.769
-2.406
-4.3
-2.929
-2.716
-3.331
-2.579
-2.429
P< 001
006
017
.000
.004
.007
.001
.011
.016
Mean differences were tested through t-test between male and female
subjects for 49 variables. It revealed significant difference with less than 0.05
level of probability for nine variables (Table 4.1) where females were found to
be significantly higher than males on different psychological and physiological
variables. Females were significantly higher on psychometric measure of fear
and distress. Females were significantly high in basal pulse rate (in normal
state) than males (84/minute v/s 79/minute), they too had significantly higher
pulse rate after inducing fear, anger and activity. Females took more time to
express anger and distress than males by showing more resistance to emotional
behaviour. When given option, females did not prefer more to be in the
company of others than waiting alone in comparison to males thereby
exhibiting poor sociability (here, higher mean represent low sociability). Thus,
though females were temperamentally emotional being more fearful and
distressed yet they bore emotionally loaded situation longer as they took more
67
time to be angry and distressed and express through higher heart rate (pulse
rate).
Table 4.2 Male (1)> Female (2)
Mean, SD and t-values for variables where males were significantly higher (df=198)
VARIABLE NAME
Aggression (EPP)*
Anxiety (EPP)*
B.P (systolic) in normal state
B.P (diastolic) in normal state
B.P (systolic) in fear state
B.P (diastolic) in anger state
B.P (systolic) in anger state
B.P (diastolic) in distressed state B.P (systolic) in distressed state
B.P (diastolic) in distressed state B.P(systolic) after doing physical activity B.P (diastolic) after doing physical activity Instrumental aggressive behaviour Tapping fi-equency - physical activity *EPP - Eysenck Personality Prol
SEX
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
iler
MEAN
16.0971 13.9588 19.5773 17.1650 132.4175 120.5670 94.6505 87.4021 141.1359 120.7938 93.7864 84.4742 141.0388 123.4639 94.9417 84.8454 140.9709 122.3505 95.4951 82.9794 140.3689 126.1134 95.5534 85.7938 .4417 .2599 787.0874 737,0103
S.D
6.4542 5.2518 8.0976 7.9292 16.2490 14.6983 11.6001 17,2836 18.4901 18.6385 14.2977 14.2113 17.5247 13.5070 12.3430 11.9097 17.8460 13.2335 13.5689 14.4280 13.6137 20.1995 14.0829 12.6037 .6097 .1893 159.4143 146.5101
't' value 2.561
2.127
5,398
3.501
7.365
4.617
7.909
5.881
8.341
6.322
5.883
5.153
2.8108
2,309
P<
.011
.035
.000
.001
•..000
.000
.000
;;000 •4
'•000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.022
'
For 14 variables males were found to be significantly higher than females
(Table 4,2), The t-test revealed that males were high on trait anxiety and
aggression (EPP) than females. Given the situation, they too produced greater
68
instrumental aggression (when in an uninformed mock electric shock delivery
to a person - Buss machine) as well more physical activity (taps per unit of
time) in comparison to females. Their heightened sympathetic arousal was
confirmed by higher basal blood pressure (132/94) than females (120/87) in
normal state. Males too maintained this heightened blood pressure pattern
when they were put in situations of (induced) anger, fear, and distress
(emotionality) in comparison to females. However, even in non-emotional
situation e.g. engaging in physical activity (taps) led them to raise systolic and
diastolic blood pressure significantly than females (140 v/s 126 and 95 v/s 85
Hg/mm).
So males were not only high on traits of aggression and anxiety, they too
experienced an associated physiological pattern and even express it
instrumentally (Table 4.2)
Table 4.3 Non-Significant Mean differences in Variables between Males (1) and Females (2) along with t-values and SD (df=198)
VARIABLE NAME
Activity (EPP)
Sociability (EPP)
Impulsivity (EPP)
Aggression (Buss & Perry)
Anger (Buss & Plomin)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin)
Vigour (Buss & Plomin)
Terrpo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)
Sociability, (Buss & Plomin)
SEX
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
MEAN
14.0485 14.6186
19.1845 19.5155
14.5049 13.3196
70.9320 72.6392
12.0291 12.0691
12.6408 12.0103
15.4660 15.6186
12.7184 12.2371
21.7184 21.4021
Std. deviation
4.6049 5.4303
4.8784 4.7305
5.1656 4.8381
14.8147 14.2414
1.8066 1.6634
2.6378 2.6945
3.1617 3.0257
1.8704 1.9299
5.0651 3.8748
t-value
-0.802
-0.487
1.672
-0.83
-0133
1.672
-0.348
1.791
.494
P<
.423
.627
.096
.408
.894
.096
.728
.075
.622
69
Control(Buss & Plomin)
Discipline (Buss & Plomin)
Reflection (Buss & Plomin)
G.S.R. in normal state
G.S.R. in fear state
G.S.R. in anger state
Pulse rate in distiessed state
G.S.R in distressed state
G.S.R. after doing physical activity
Time (maze learning)
Error in maze learning
Time -discipline (experimental)
Control-uncontiol (experimental)
Anger (Buss & Peny)
Physical aggression (Buss & Perry)
Hostility (Buss & Pen-y)
Verbal aggression (Buss & Peny)
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 . 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
9.0485 8.6907
16.1165 16.3196
16.8155 16.8351
1.2438 3.0525
4.6651 3.6184
4.7440 4.8596
81.6311 84.5361
2.6882 2.8861
3.1194 2.7890
89.6699 103.5052
24.3010 22.9897
261.8447 259.7835
1.7379 1.8454
17.4466 17.9175
20.9223 20.6598
19.1845 20.3505
13.5534 13.8144
2.5529 2.1378
2.4587 2.4561
2.0424 2.3747
1.3876 14.8425
21.9171 17.2205
22.9708 23.8320
10.7794 10.6762
9.9140 14.2775
12.9722 13.7798
49.4139 67.2533
14.4520 14.4074
195.3077 164.3312
.4419
.3634
3.9574 4.0121
4.8319 4.4438
5.7339 6.0760
3.7904 3.8819
1.071
-.584
-0.062
-1.231
0.374-
-0.035
-1.914
-0.114
0.175
-1.665
0.642
0.081
-1.872
-0.835
0.399
1.396
-0.481
.285
.56
.95
.22
.709
.972
.057
.909
.862
.098
.521
.936
.063
.404
.69
.164
.631
For rest of the variables significant sex differences did not emerge
(Table 4.3). These include mainly psychometric measures of EPP (Activity,
Impulsivity & Sociability) and all measures of EASI of Buss and Plomin,
except fear and distress, aggression measures of Buss and Perry, experimental
measures of unpulsivity components (reflection, controlled and discipline) as
70 -
well Galvanic skin response (GSR) under normal state (Basal) and
experimentally induced states of emotionality.
By and large, profound sex differences were observed which attest to the
significant source of variance in 23 variables. Hence, it was deemed fit to
analyze the observations separately for both sexes.
CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT VALIDITY
Construct validity includes the internal consistency among
the related facets and the dimensions of the construct. Convergent validity
may be established by external criteria using the same methodology
(Monotrait - homoraethod approach) as well using a different method
(monotrait - heteromethod). Construct validity also further includes the
divergent validity wherein different traits should express weak convergence or
poor correlation, thereby, establishing independence among different
dimensions of the construct. Campbell and Fiske (1959) have suggested a
methodology which is known as heterotrait, heteromethod approach wherein all
the above features can be established.
Accordingly, present work was based on a similar approach (see
Methodology: Chap-III). Since, four traits (E,A,S,I) were measured using
standardized questionnaires/inventory, experimental/laboratory measures, and
the physiological measures. The construct (Temperament) includes four
traits - EASI, as operationalized by Buss and Plomin (1975). For similar
method Eysenck and Wilson's Personality Profiler and Buss and Perry's
aggression questiomiaire were used. For different method experimental and
physiological measures were obtained. Appendices XII and XIII describe the
intercorrelation matrices for 49 variables obtained from heterotrait and
heteromethod approach for males (N=103) and females (N=97), separately.
71
Internal Consistency (Monotrait - mono method)
Buss and Plomin's EASI measure includes three components for
emotionality, three for activity and three for impulsivity but single component
of sociability, therefore, the internal consistency was established for EAI only
(Table 4.6, 4.7 & 4.8).
Table 4.4 Intercorrelations among three components of emotionality
Pair (Variables Name)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) — Fear (Buss & Plomrn) Anger (Buss & Plomin) — Distress (Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) — Distress (Buss & Plomin)
Value of V Male
.18 .23*
.61**
Female -.09 .04
.52**
* = p < .05 ** = p<.01
Table 4.4 presents intercorrelations among anger, fear and distress
components of emotionality (E) for males and females, separately. Correlation
coefficients revealed significant positive correlations of anger and fear with
distress in males (r = .23 and .61) and between fear and distress in females (r
= .52, p < .01). Remaining three coefficient correlations were non-significant.
Thus, moderate intemal consistency of emotionality trait was found.
Table 4.5 : Intercorrelations among three components of impulsivity
Pair (VR. Names)
Control (Buss & Ploinin) - Discipline (Buss & Plomin) Control (Buss & Plomin) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin) Discipline (Buss & Plomin) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin)
Value of V Male .19
.16
.33**
Female .20*
.06
.21*
* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01
72
Table 4.5 describes intercorrelations among three components of
impulsivity in males and females. Correlations revealed that control and
discipline components of impulsivity were significantly related. Significant
correlations between discipline and reflection in males and females were also
observed. Again it can be said that a moderate internal consistency was
obtained for trait of impulsivity.
Table 4.6 : Intercorrelations among three components of activity
Pair (VR. Names)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Vigour (Buss & Plomin)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin)-Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)
Vigour (Buss & Plomin)- Tempo+Energy (Buss & Plomin)
Value Male
.43**
30**
.42**
Female
27**
.16
.31**
* = p < .05 **=p< .01
Buss and Plomin have operationalized activity in terms of tempo-vigour
and energy. Intercorrelations among the components were reproduced in Table
4.6, which have been sorted from intercorrelation matrices (Appendix -XII and
XIII). It was found that tempo and vigour correlated significantly beyond .01
level of probability in both sexes, but, tempo and energy was found to
correlated significantly in males only. Whereas, vigour and energy significantly
correlated in both sexes. Thus, components of activity were profoundly
consistent internally.
CONVERGENT VALIDITY
EXTERNAL VALIDITY (MONOTRAIT - HOMOMETHOD AND
HETEROMETHOD):
Convergent validity was established at two levels, using the criterion of
the same method (homo) as well as different method (hetero). Description of
each trait has been given separately. Concurrent criterion were used.
73
Emotionality : Anger, fear and distress can be roughly validated against other
similarly placed criteria: Eysenck and Wilson's aggression and anxiety triats
and Buss and Perry's aggression and anger measures. Thus, Buss and Plomin's
three components of emotionality to be taken as measures and above described
variables as criteria (Table 4.7).
Table 4.7: Intercorrelations of anger, fear, distress with similar criteria
Pair (VR. Names)
Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss & Perry)
Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)
Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss &
Perry))
Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss &
Perry)
Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)
Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Anger (Buss & Perry)
Value of 'r' Male .01
.10
.34**
.25**
.21*
.14
.28**
.55**
27**
.10
Female .10
.05
T-y**
-.02.
-.10
.04
.10^ ,^\
43**
.13
.19
* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01
Table 4.7 presents correlation coefficient of males and females for
components of emotionality with homomethod criteria. Fear correlated
significantly with anxiety trait of EPP in both sexes but it did not correlate
significantly with aggression of EPP and Buss & Perry's. Anger emerged to be
converging more strongly with aggression and anxiety (EPP) in males, but not
with aggression and anger of Buss and Perry's measure.
74
The distress component of emotionality too significantly correlated with
anxiety and aggression of EPP and aggression of Buss & Perry in males,
whereas, it significantly correlated anxiety of EPP in females. Thus, using
criterion of similar method and related components fair convergent validity of
emotionality was observed (Table 4.7). By and large, anxiety of EPP may be
considered the most consistent criterion for emotionality trait.
Table 4.8 Intercorrelation of emotionality with experimental measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Tune to get anger
Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Time to get distress
Value of'r ' Male
-.18
-.25**
Female
.12
-.18
* = p < .05 * * - p < . 0 1
The convergent validity of various components of emotionality can be
established by using criteria of measuring the same trait with different methods
(monotrait - heteromethod). The validity coefficients have been listed for
experimental and observational measures in which the subjects were provided
the situations, so that one experiences fear, distress and anger (See
Methodology: Chapter 111). However, there was no experimental/observational
measure of fear. Anger scores on Buss & Plomin measure and time to get angry
in experimental situation did not correlate significantly. Whereas distress trait
score correlated significantly in males with time to get angry. Subjects high on
distress measure too distressed quickly (r = -.25).
75
Table 4.9 : Intercorrelations of Psychometric measure of Buss and Plomin (Fear) with Physiological Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in nornial state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in nomial state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Fear (Buss & Plomin) —GSR in normal state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - PR in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in fear state
Value of 'r'
Male
.04
.02 -.02 -.01 .01 .02 -.18 .04
Female
.016 .04 .03 -.02 .03 -.04 .09 -.06
* = p < . 0 5 ** = p<.01
Another external criteria were the physiological measures (BP, PR and
GSR) in emotional state after inducing fear in the subjects (Table 4.9). Buss
and Plomin measure of fear did not correlate significantly with any of the
physiological measures, thus, showing poor external validity.
Table 4.10 : Intercorrelations of Psychometric measure (distress) of Buss and Plomin with Physiological Measures '
Pair (VR. Naines)
Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - PR in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in distressed state
Value of 'r' Male .07 .08
.02 -.06 -.08
.02
.07 -.10
Female -.16 -.13
-.23* .01 -.00
.05
-.22* .01
* - p < . 0 5 **=p<.01
76
In case of distress (Table 4.10) only in females. One's distress scores
were found to be negatively correlated with pulse rate in normal state as well as
in experimentally induced distressed state. B.P. and GSR were not related with
distress component of emotionality. Females high on distress had lower basal
pulse rate (r = -.23). Even in situation of distress they has lower pulse rate
(r = -.22).
Table 4.11 : Intercorrelation of Psychometric measure (Anger ) of Buss and Plomin with Physiological Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in nonnal state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in anger state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in anger state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - PR in anger state
Anger (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in anger state
Value of 'r' Male -.05
-.21*
.14
-.03
-.03
-.10
.06
-.03
Female -.11
-.04
-.13
-.06
.01
.11
.04
-.08
* = p<.05 ** = p<.01
Anger score did not correlate significantly with physiological measures
except that m males (Table 4.11) angry persons tend to have low diastolic
Blood pressure (r = -.21).
Activity: Activity temperamental trait as measured by Buss and Plomin in
terms of tempo, vigour and energy was correlated with EPP's activity trait
taken as criterion measure (Table 4.12) i.e. mono trait - homomethod.
77
Table 4.12 : Intercorrelation of Activity (Psychometric Measures of Buss) with EPP activity and Experimental Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Activity (EPP) - Tempo (Buss & Plomin)
Activity (EPP) - Vigour (Buss & Plomin)
Activity (EPP) - Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity) Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity)
Value of 'f
Male
.28**
.17
.13
-.02
.09
-.02
Female
.25**
.21*
-.06
.05
.24*
.04
* = p < . 0 5 **=p< .01
It was found that tempo and vigour component correlated significantly
with EPP activity in females, whereas tempo component correlated
significantly with activity (EPP) in males. Vigour and energy components
exhibited poor convergent validity using the criterion of same method. ^.*
Table 4.12 also presents correlations of component of activity and the
experimental measures. Activity components were validated against an
experimental measure of finger tapping frequency in a fixed unit of time with
an instruction of motivated fast-paced. It was found that except vigour, neither
tempo nor energy significantly correlated with tapping frequency in both sexes.
Females having high vigour could produce greater tapping frequency (r = .24).
Again, it was found that the components of activity did not expressed sfrong
experimental/external validity.
78
Table 4.13 : Intercorrelations of Tempo with Physiological Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) after doing
physical activity
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) after doing
physical activity
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical
activity
Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical
activity
Value o f r'
Male
.16
.14
.08
-.16
-.05
-.04
.12
.07
Female
-.18
.02
-.09
-.05
.03
-.01
-.11
-.05
* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01
Table 4.13 to 4.15 present correlation coefficients for three components
of activity and physiological measures in normal state and after doing tapping
tasks for both sexes, separately. It was found that tempo temperament did not
correlate with blood pressure, pulse rate and GSR in normal state or after
physical activity in both sexes (Table 4.13).
79
Table 4.14 : Intercorrelations of Vigour with Physiological Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Vigour (Buss & Ploinin) - BP (sys.) in doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical activity
Value of 'r' Male .01 -.07 .14 .04 -.16 -.04 .12 .13
Female -.06 -.06 .10 .04 .06 -.04 .16 .02
* = p < . 0 5 **=p< .01
The similar picture emerged in vigour (Table 4.14). However, tempo
plus energy was found to correlate significantly with basal pulse rate in males.
GSR after physical activity also positively correlated with tempo + energy in
males. Thus, none of the component of activity exhibited satisfactory external
validity using physiological measures as criteria.
Table 4.15 : Intercorrelations of tempo + energy with Physiological Measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Tempo + energy (Buss & Ploinin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Tenpo + energy (Buss & Ploinin) - Pulse rate in normal state Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in doing physical activity Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in doing physical activity Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical activity Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical activity
Value of 'r' Male .14 -.03 .24* .01 -.19
-.07
.14
.22*
Female .02 -.08 -.06 -.02 - -.02"
.01
.07
-.03
* = p < . 0 5 ** = p<.01
80
Impulsivity: Table 4.16 presents correlations (mono-trait - homomethod) for
convergent validity of control, discipline and reflection with impulsivity (EPP).
Control and reflection in females did not significantly correlate but discipline
correlated positively and significantly with EPP's impulsivity.
Table 4.16 : Intercorrelations of components of impulsivity with EPP's impulsivity and experimental measures
Pair (VR. Names)
Impulsivity (EPP) - Control (Buss & Plomin) Impulsivity (EPP) - Discipline (Buss & Plomin) Impulsivity (EPP) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin)
Control (Buss & Plomin) - Control/Uncontrol Reflection (Buss & Plomin) - Time in Maze Learning Reflection (Buss & Plomin) - EiTor in Maze Learning Discipline (Buss & Plomin) - Time in disciplined (Experimental)
Value Male .03 .24* .13
-.10 -.01 .01 -.14
Female -.03 .21* .08
-.12 -.05 .03
.23*
* - p < .05 **=p< .01
Experimental measures of control, discipline and reflection were
correlated (Table 4.16) with their psychometric measures. It was found that
only in case of discipline in females, the correlation was significant. Those who
were high on discipline component of Buss & Plomin's measure too took more
time to violate the instructions of the experimenter.
Table 4.17 : Intercorrelations of Sociability (Psychometric and Experimental measures)
Pair (VR. Names)
Sociability (EPP) - Sociability (Buss & Plomin) Sociability (Buss & Plomin) - Sociability/ Unsociability (Laboratory)
Value Male .15 -.07
Female 29**
-.02
* = p<.05 p<.01 * *
81
Sociability: The trait sociability was validated against the criterion of EPP's
sociability and the experimental preference of social situation than isolation.
For experimental measures in both sexes the correlations was non-significant.
However, in females sociability (Buss & Plomin) significantly correlated with
EPP measure. Thus homomethod criterion was partly validating it.
Divergent Validity
Divergent validity is a feature of the construct to be purified or to be
validated that a trait which happens to be distinct from another trait should
distinguish itself by not showing correlation coefficient beyond chance.
Therefore, intercorrelation matrix for between trait correlation coefficient were
prepared (Table 4.18 or 4.19).
Table 4.18 : Intercorrelaiton Matrix for Males between traits
in *->
H
Ajiger
(Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) Distress (Buss & Plomin) Tempo (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss) T+E (Buss & Plomin) Soc. (Buss & Plomin)
S
to P
'a' S o
[/I
3 ©
« 1
3
6 => .2
S ^ CO
3
.1*4
.09
.24*
©a a,
.26**
-.16
-.06
3
.26**
-.05
.10
•gey
.07
-.22*
-.29**
-.08
.21*
.07
S °
3 ©
.25**
.28**
.38**
.14
.16
.13
.20
•S .2
'^ 3 ©
.22*
.23*
.28**
.08
.01
.01
-.11
• • • ©
.32**
-.04
.07
.28**-
44**
.31**
.09
*=p<.05 ** = p<.01
82
Table 4.19 : Intercorrelaiton Matrix for Female s between traits
> - l
1 Anger (Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) Distress (Buss & Plomin) Tempo (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) Tempo +Energy (Buss & Plomin) Soc. (Buss & Plomin)
'a'
a
3
e o
re E
-1 a a,
3
o o
S is!
3
.15
.04
.14
27**
-.13
.01
i i 4-
.07
.04
.11
-.15
.01
.06
-.19
-.02
.17
o ^
3 ©
.01
.25**
.24*
-.00
.02
-.01
.09
Hi tn ^^
^ 3 ©
.18
27**
.26**
.16
.19
.04
.11
'•S E
Pi ^ ©
.08
.16
.19
-.01
.08
.37**
.34**
* = p<.05 * * - p < . 0 1
The matrices consists of correlation coefficients among four traits of
EASI Table 4.14 showing intercorrelation for males.
Inercorrelaiton coefficient revealed that out of 36 such pairs 16
intercorrelations were significant beyond chance. Whereas, in females
(Table 4.19) there were 7 such intercorrelations were significant which happen
to be beyond chance. Thus, certain traits revealed concordance with other traits,
thereby degradmg the divergent validity of the construct. Notable congruence
was between emotionality component and impulsivity components.
Further it was also noted that the divergent validity was poorer in males
than females.
83
FACTOR ANALYSIS
In order to establish factorial validity of the construct, factor analysis at
the level of measures of components of various temperamental traits was done.
The programme revealed Kaiser Meyer - Olkin measure of sampling
adequacy for females (97 x 49) and males (103 x 49) matrices as equal to .566
and .523, respectively. The measures were spherical as checked by Bartlett's
test of sphercity, the approximate chi-square values being 2826.769 and
3379.632, respectively, which were significant beyond .000 level of
probability. 'Principal component' extraction method with varimax rotation
method through Statistica Package" was used. The data were grouped in two
ways - male/females accordingly, two separate factor analyses on 'T' scores
were run. In the factor analysis on female data (N=97), 16 factors having eigen
value greater than unity were obtained, which together explained 76.274% of
the total variance in 49 variables. The obtained matrix was rotated through
varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization technique. Varimax rotation
converged in 19 iterations. «_
In the second analysis for data on males (N=103), Principal component
(PC) method yielded 15 factors having eigen value greater than unity which
together explained 72.625 of the total variance. The obtained matrix was
rotated through varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization technique. Which
converged in 18 iterations. Factor loadings above 0.39 were considered as
significant for uiterpretation.
Both factor analyses will be detailed side by side to facilitate
comparison and to avoid repetition. For ease of interpretation, sorted tables for
each factor were prepared. They have been described below, one by one.
Rotated factor matrices described in Appendix-II for females and Appendix-I
for males. i
84
Table 4.20 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) for Factor 1
FACTOR NO.
Factor-1
VARIABLE NAME
Blood pressure(diastolic)after doing physical activity
Blood pressure(diastolic) in anger state
Blood pressure(diastolic) in fear state
Blood pressure(systolic) in distressed state
Blood pressure(systolic) in anger state
Blood pressure(diastolic)in distressed state
Blood pressure(systolic)after doing physical activity
Blood pressure(systolic) in fear state
Blood pressure(diastolic) in nonnal state
Blood pressure(systolic) in nornial state
LOADING
.846
.820
.805
.789
.777.
738
.661
.625
.456
.448
The first factor contributed a variance of 10.103 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 4.950. This factor represents two aspects of
blood pressure under different psychological states such as - relaxed, fear,
anger, distress and physical activity. Higher the value of B.P. (both
systolic/diastolic), the more the arousal it indicates. The output of both the
measures is related to the sympathetic branch of ANS, this factor can
appropriately be called "Sympathetic Arousal - Cardiac". Method specific
variance was indicated in the factor along in the physiological similarity.
85
nd Table 4.21 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) for 2 factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor-2
VARIABLE NAME
GSR in normal state
GSR after doing physical activity
GSR in distressed state
GSR ill fear state
GSR in anger state
Blood pressure(systolic) after doing physical
activity
VALUE
-.985
-.976
-.974
-.924
-.893
-.415
The 2"' factor explains 7.811% of the total variance and its eigen value
is 3.827. On this factor, GSR in different situations (normal state, distressed,
anger, fear and activity) was represented along with systolic BP after physical
activity. This factor also explains one aspect of arousal and therefore, can be
named as "Sympathetic Arousal - GSR. Since GSR indicates sweat glands'
activity which are regulated by sympathetic division of Autonomic Neryous
System. All the variables having significantly loadings were negative whereas
their positive counterparts were non-significantly loaded.
Table 4.22 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) of third factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor-3
VARIABLE NAME
Aggression (Buss & Perry)
Anger (Buss & Perry)
Physical Aggression (Buss & Perry)
Hostility (Buss & Perry)
Verbal aggression (Buss & Perry)
Aggression (EPP)
LOADING
.967
,'.827
.779
.713
.694
.400
86
The third factor contributed a variance of 6.738 to the total variance and
had an eigen value of 3.302. The factor had significant loadings on all the
aggression variables, which are based on self-report aggression measure of
Buss and Perry and EPP of Eysenck and Wilson. Thus, this factor may be
named as "aggression." It also indicates high internal consistency of aggression
questionnaire in terms of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and
hostility as components. Apart from factorial validity of Buss and Perry's
measure, it also stands with EPPs aggression trait. Content and method
commonness among the loaded variable was notable.
Table 4.23 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) of Factor 4
FACTOR NO.
Factor -4
VARIABLE NAME
Pulse rate after doing physical activity
Pulse rate in distressed state
Pulse rate in normal state
Pulse rate in anger state
Pulse rate in fear state
LOADING
.890
.877
.768
.587
.391
The 4" factor describes 6.303 % of the total variance with an eigen
value of 3.089. This factor can also be named as "sympathetic arousal - pulse
rate". It represents by pulse rate measures, under different psychological states
.It indicated that when an individual's experienced anger, fear, distress and
involved in physical activity it tend to have high pulse rate. However, high
basal pulse rate (in nonnal state) correlated with heightened pulse rate in
emotional status.
87
th Table 4.24 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) of 5'" Factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor -5
VARIABLE NAME
Fear (Buss and Plomin)
Distress (Buss and Plomin)
Anxiety (EPP)
Instrumental aggressive behaviour
Control (Buss and Plomin)
LOADEMG
.837
.750
.569
-.478
.406
The fifth factor explains 5.164 percent of the total variance and has an
eigen value of 2.530. This factor got significant loadings on fear, distress,
anxiety, control. Experimental aggressive behaviour got negative loading
which indicates that in females fear, distress and anxiety go together as well
along with low impulsiveness (control) and low aggressiveness (instrumental).
The factor may be described as "emotionality - fear".
Table 4.25 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) for 6* and f^ Factors
Factor's No.
Factor 6
Factor 7
VARIABLE NAME
Sociability (Buss & Plomin) Reflection (Buss & Plomin) Sociability (EPP)
Teinpo + Energy (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) Reflection (Buss & Plomin)
LOADING
-.825 -.590 -.463
.825
.639
.443
The 6* factor contributed 4.286 percent to the total variance and had
eigen value of 2.100. In this factor sociability and reflection (impulsivity) got
significant loadings. It revealed that sociable females tend to be reflective or
lonely tend to be unpulsive. The factor can be named as "sociability".
88
The seventh factor emerged in females data was represented by three
variables with significant loadings, however, the factor together explained
4.08% of the total variance with an eigen value of 1.999. It represents activity
temperament components of energetic tempo and vigour as well reflection
component of impulsivity. So factor may be named as "Activity - impulsivity"
or "energy-reflections". Thus, females having vigourous and energy tend to be
reflective.
th th Table 4.26 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 8'" and 9'" factors
Factor's No.
Factor 8
Factor 9
VARIABLE NAME
Error in maze learning
Time to distress
Pulse rate in anger state
Time to get anger
Time - discipline (Experimental)
LOADING
-.770
-.730
.421
.847
.552
Eighth factor in female data was grouping three measures belonging to
two traits. It explained 4.04 percent to the total variance having an eigen value
of 1.98. The factor may be named as 'Impulsivity - Emotionality.' It was found
that errors in maze learning, less time to get distressed in a distress prone
situation and low pulse rate in anger inducing situation go side by side. That is
to say - non-reflective behaviour (impulsive) distress tolerance (low
impulsivity) and low heart rate in anger are related.
The 9* factor contributed 3.834 percent to the total variance and had an
eigen value of 1.879. The significant loadings show strong learning towards
taking more time in getting angry and also staying longer in disciplined
situation. So, the factor may be named as "emotionality - impulsivity".
89
th. |th Table 4.27 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 10""and IV" factors
Factor's No.
Factor 10
Factor 11
VARIABLE NAME
Pulse rate in fear state
Blood pressure (systolic), in fear state
Tempo (Buss and Plomin)
Instrumental aggressive behaviour
Sociable-unsociable (Laboratory)
Activity (EPP)
LOADING
.678
-.595
.471
-.432
-.816
.470
The tenth factor contributed 3.804 percent to the total variance and had
an eigen of value 1.864. In this factor higli pulse rate in fear, fast tempo, low
blood pressure in fear and low aggression to others loaded significantly. The
factor may be named as "emotionality - activity'. It seems that when one is
afraid, the heart rate increases, blood pressure decreases, speed of action
increases but one does not inflict physical harm to others. The factor in its
pattern represents physiological, psychometric and experimental measures.
The eleventh factor contributed 3.601 percent to the total variance and
had an eigen value of 1.764. In this factor the sociability /unsociability has got
-ve loading but +ve significant loading for activity indicates that females who
are more sociable they more active." This factor may be named as "sociability-
activity".
90
th >th Table 4.28 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 12'" and 13'" Factors
Factor's No.
Factor 12
Factor 13
VARIABLE NAME
Aggression (EPP)
Blood pressure (diastolic) in normal state
Time (Maze learning)
Blood pressure (diastolic) in nornial state
LOADING
.669
.409
-.793
-.532
Nth The 12 factor contributed a variance of 3.843 percent and had an eigen
value of 1.736. Aggressive females had high tonic blood pressure (diastolic).
The thirteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.312 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.623. Variables loaded on it are thinking or
reflection during a task correlated with tonic blood pressure i.e. those who take
more time to solve a problem have high tonic blood pressure.
th , c t h 'th Table 4.29: Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 14 ,15"* and 16'" Factors
Factor's No.
Factor 14
Factor 15
Factor 16
VARIABLE NAME
Discipline (Buss and Plomin)
Tapping frequency-physical activity
Anger (Buss and Plomin)
Control/Uncontrol (Experimental)
Blood Pressure (Systolic) in normal state
LOADING
.387
.831
.401
-.724
-.386
91
The fourteenth factor explained a variance of 3.3% and had an eigen
value of 1.617. Discipline component of impulsivity was the only significant
variable which loaded on it exhibiting some unique variance. .
The fifteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.296 and had an eigen
value of 1.615. This factor knits together the variables of activity (tapping
frequency) and anger component of emotionality. This relationship suggests
that females oftenly doing more physical activity tend to be high on anger
component of emotionally. Factor may be named as "Activity - emotionality".
This sixteenth factor explains almost 3.061% of the total variance and
has an eigen value of 1.500. In this control /uncontrol, blood pressure (systolic)
in normal state loaded significantly. It revealed that those which had control (to
resist temptation), they had low basal blood pressure.
In the next section, description of factors emerged in the data of males
with same variable shave been described. A total of 15 factors emerged. Some
of them match with females however, their order have changed.
Table 4.30: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) of first factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor 1
VARIABLE NAME
Blood pressure(systohc),in fear state
Blood pressure(systolic), in anger state
Blood pressure(systolic), in distressed state
Blood pressure(systolic),after doing physical
activity
Blood pressure(diastolic), in distressed state
Blood pressure(diastolic), in anger state
Blood pressure(diastolic), after doing physical
activity
Blood pressure(diastolic), in fear state
LOADING
.881
.862
.852
.740
.691
.682
.592
.589
92
The first factor in males explained a variance of 10.429 and had an eigen
value 5.110. The structure and variable representation was similar to that of
females and may be named as: "Sympathetic arousal cardiac- Blood pressure".
Table 4.31: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 2"'' Factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor - 2
VARIABLE NAME
Aggression (Buss & Perry) Anger (Buss & Perry) Hostility (Buss & Perry) Verbal aggression (Buss & Perry) Physical aggression (Buss & Perry)
LOADING
.963
.802
.797
.768
.676
The 2"'^ factor contributed 8.808 percent to the total variance and had an
eigen value of 4.316. A similar factor too emerged in factor analysis of females
(Factor-3, Table, 4.22). The variables having significant loadings, were
aggression, anger, physical aggression, hostility and verbal aggression. Thus,
this factor can be more appropriately called "Aggression". All the measures
belong to Buss and Perry's questionnaire that show its factorial validity and
internal consistency. .
Table 4.32 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 3'*' Factor
FACTOR NUMBER
Factor - 3
VARIABLE NAME
Pulse rate in fear state Pulse rate in distressed state Pulse rate in anger state Pulse rate after doing physical activity Pulse rate in normal state
LOADING
.890
.885
.877
.874
.801
The third factor explains 7.958 percent variance and its eigen value is
3.899. This factor can be named "Somatic Arousal". "High cardio-vascular
output was indicated. This factor implies that in different emotions and in
93
activity males show high pulse rate. Similar factor (No. 4) emerged in females
also (Table 4.23).
Table 4.33 ; Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 4th factors
FACTOR NUMBER
Factor-4
VARIABLE NAME
Fear (Buss and Plomin)
Distress (Buss and Plomin)
Anxiety (EPP)
Control (Buss and Plomin)
LOADING
.869
.767
.598
.450
Fourth factor in males was represented by four variables explaining
5.29% of the total variance with an eigen value of 2.59. It was quite similar to
fifth factor in females (Table 4.24). Variables represent emotionality (fear and
distress) components of Buss & Plomin's measure, anxiety of Eysenck and
Wilson's measure and control component of non-impulsivity, thus showing
concordance in E and I traits. This factor can be named as 'Emotionality'
th -th Table 4.34 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 5'" and 6'" Factors
FACTOR NUMBER
Factor-5
Factor-6
VARIABLE NAME
Instrumental aggressive behaviour Discipline (Buss's & Plomin) Sociability (EPP)
Impulsivity, (EPP) Error in maze learning Sociability (EPP) GSR after doing physical activity
LOADING
-.833 -.463 .433
.769 -.501 .480 -.398
The fifth factor contributes 4.994 percent to the total variance and has an
eigen value is 2.447. This factor got significant loadings on sociability,
instrumental aggressive behaviour and discipline component of impulsivity.
94
This factor may be named as "emotionality sociability - non-impulsiveness". It
also matches with factor-6 of females (Table 4.25).
Sixth factor in males was represented by four variables explaining
4.174% of the total variance with an eigen value of 2.045. It represents
impulsivity (error in maze learning), sociability of Eysenck & Wilson's
measure and low GSR (after doing physical activity). This factor may be
named as: "impulsivity-sociability-Activity".
th )th Table 4.35 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 7" and 8'" factors
FACTOR NUMBER
Factor-7
Factor-8
VARIABLE NAME
Control-uncontrol (Experimental) Time to get anger Discipline (Buss's & Ploinin)
GSR in anger state GSR in distressed state
LOADING
-.836 -.601 .385
.895
.826
The seventh factor contributed a variance of 3.848 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.886. The significant loadings show strong
leaning towards taking less time to induce anger, control (non-impulsivity) and
more disciplined component of impulsivity. So the factor may be named as
'Emotionality - Impulsivity". Disciplined males had controlled that get quickly
angry.
The eighth factor contributed a variance of 3.660 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.793. This is a unidirectional factor. It
contains only one aspects of physiological variable and fails to correlate with
other variables. This factor shows that males have high GSR in anger state and
in distressed state, i.e., emotional arousal and bodily arousal.
95
th Table 4.36 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 9'" factor
FACTOR NO.
Factor-9
VARIABLE NAME
Vigour (Buss's & Plomiii)
Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin)
Reflection (Buss & Plomin)
Anger (Buss & Ploniin)
Tempo (Buss & Plomin)
LOADING
.719
.685
.646
.501
.487
The ninth factor contributed a variance of 3.650 percent to the total
variance and had eigen value of 1.788. In this factor all variables have found
+ve significant loadings. This positive loading indicates that males are more
vigours, more angry, more reflective, and show fnore tempo with energy
(motivational) behaviour. This factor can be named as "activational arousal". It
partly matched with 7* factor in females (Table 4.25).
Table 4.37 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 10*'' and ll**" factors
FACTOR NO.
Factor - 10
Factor-11
VARIABLE NAME
Blood pressure(diastolic) in normal
state
Blood pressure (systolic) in normal
state
Error in maze leaming
Time (maze leaming)
Time in discipline
LOADING
.846
.700
.676
.667
-.392
The tenth factor contributed a variance of 3.464 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.697. This factor was represented by two
aspects of basal blood pressure (systolic/ diastolic) and fails to connect together
96
with. This factor shows that in males blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) in itself
describes a consistent variable. In females both these variables converged in a
more general blood pressure covering all psychological states (Factor-1,
Table 20), put in males these variables did not load on factor-1 ( Table - 30).
The eleventh factor contributed a variance of 3.459 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.695. Males who were doing more error
also took more time in maze learning also took more time in discipline. These
variables were taken as measures of reflections component of impulsivity but
did not loaded with other components.
th -th Table 4.38: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 12'" to 15'" Factors
FACTOR NUMBER
Factor-12
Factor - 13
Factor 14
Factor-15
VARIABLE NAME
GSR in normal state
Sociability (Buss's & Plomin)
Tapping frequency - Physical
Activity
Time to distress
Control (Buss & Plomin)
B.P (diastolic) after doing physical
activity
Activity (EPP)
Aggression (EPP)
Sociability-unsociability
(Laboratory)
LOADING
-.794
-.705
-.515
-.713
.486
.449
.743
.545
.756
Factor 12* explains 3.447 percent variance and its eigen value was
1.689. In this, the three variables that is GSR in normal state, sociability (Buss
and Plomin) and tappijig frequency (doing physical activity) got significant
loadings.
97
The thirteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.357 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.645. In this factor also the three variables
got significant loadings, these are control, B.P. (diastolic) after doing physical
activity and time to distress. It represented a mixed and furry combination of
variables.
The fourteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.049 percent to the total
variance and had an eigen value of 1.494. This factor knit together the variables
of activity to aggression. This relationship suggests that males doing more
activity tend to be high on aggression. Factor may be named as "Activity -
aggression"
The fifteenth factor explained a unique variance 3.042 percent to the
total variance and had an eigen value of 1.491. Sociability / unsociability v as
the only significant variable which loaded on it. This factor might be the reuslt
of method specific variance.
Overall, it was seen that only one major component explaining more
than 10% of the total variance was obtained in both samples. It was blood
pressure in varied psychological states. Although basic data differed
significantly between two sexes, these seem to be commormess interims of
grouping of variables. Pure factors revealing temperamental traits orthogonally
could not be extracted. Thus, factorial validity of four traits was very poor. The
factor structure suggested convergence of traits sometimes of E and I, other
times of E and A and even S too exhibited closeness with E and A. hence, a
case for two tracts or a single super trait of Arousability (Activation) appears to
underlie the data.