gender chart 2014.pdf

8/10/2019 Gender Chart 2014.pdf

1/8

Millennium Development Goals

Data available as of March 2014 P:TrevorSamso

n/WorldBank

UNITED NATIONS

asdfSpecial edition for the 5thsession of the Commission on the Status of Women, 10-21 March 2014, New York

Gender ChartUNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION

UN WOMEN

Millennium Development Goals


2/8

GOAL 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Large gender gaps in employment persist and may have been exacerbated by the global financial crisis in some regionsEmployment-to-population ratio, women and men, 2000-2012 (Percentage)

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

78.5

67.2

74.0

61.1

74.8

42.7

49.1

75.3

65.5

48.0

68.4

50.6

78.5

55.6

78.8

56.5

70.9 71.0

58.1

71.9

62.8

72.2

63.3

64.7

47.9

62.0

49.0

76.5

48.7

65.4 67.7

15.517.7

68.2 68.4

19.0 20.1

78.9 77.1

32.028.2

Sub-Saharan

Africa

Western Asia Eastern AsiaLatin America and

the Caribbean

Caucasus and

Central Asia

South-eastern

Asia

Northern

Africa

Southern Asia Oceania Developed

regions

Developing

regions

MenGender gap Women

55.6

74.7

46.6

Te lack o data on womens experiences o poverty and hunger limits the

analysis o MDG 1 to womens employment outcomes. Between 2000 and

2012, womens employment-to-population ratio declined globally rom

48.5 per cent to 47.1 per cent compared to 73.9 and 72.2 per cent or men. In

2012, emale employment ratio was stil l 25.1 percentage points lower than

males. North Arica, Southern Asia and Western Asia stand out as regions

where women are particularly disadvantaged with gender gaps in employ-

ment o 50.0, 48.9 and 48.3 percentage points, respectively.

Te global financial crisis has contributed significantly to the decline in

employment ratio in some regions and has had a significant impact on

women. Globally, whereas beore the crisis (2000-2007) emale employ-

ment ratio declined only modest ly by 0.1 percentage points (compared to a

0.8 decline or men), between 2007 and 2012, they declined by 1.3 percent-

age points compared to 0.9 percentage points decline or men.

While the share of people in vulnerable employment is decreasing, large gender gaps persist in most regionsProportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment, women and men, 2000-2012 (Percentage)

80.4

68.4 68.3

70.6

61.9

64.5

52.6

43.2

11.5

10.4 8.5

11.0

69.2

60.0

60.9

35.1

36.0

31.7

31.7

50.1

49.2

45.9 47.5

29.226.9

51.5

34.1

28.4

19.5

88.2

76.773.3

87.0

74.0

85.5

69.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 Northern

Africa

Western AsiaEastern Asia Latin America and

the Caribbean

Caucasus and

Central Asia

South-eastern

Asia

Sub-Saharan

Africa

Southern Asia Oceania Developed

regions

Developing

regions

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

2003

2006

2009

2000

2012

MenGender gap Women

41.7

39.6

56.5

80.4

63.7

80.0

54.5

51.6

Globally the proportion o women in vulnerable employment declined

rom 55.3 per cent in 2000 to 49.3 in 2012, compared to 50.5 and 47.1 per

cent or men. Both the scale o vulnerable employment and the gap be-

tween women and men differ widely across regions. Sub-Saharan Arica,

Southern Asia and Oceania have the highest shares o people in vulnerable

employment with values o over 80 per cent or women and around 70 per

cent or men. Te widest gender gaps can be ound in Northern Arica and

sub-Saharan Arica with 20.6 and 15.6 percentage points, respectively.

Due to pervasive occupational segregation, women are overrepresented inlow paid jobs, have less access to social protection, and are paid on average

less than men or work o equal value. Womens employment opportunities

are urther limited by the disproportionate amounts o unpaid care work

that they perorm.

S: ILO, 2014 (Global Employment rends)

S ILO, 2014 (Global Employment rends)


3/8

GOAL 2 Achieve universal primary education

Girls have made significant progress in primary and lower secondary enrolment, but with regional variationsGirls' adjusted net enrolment rates in primary and lower secondary education,2000 and 2011 (Percentage)

Latin America & the Caribbean0.97

Northern Africa

0.98

0.94

Sub-Saharan Africa

0.83

0.93

Western Asia0.93

0.90

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00

0.96

Developing regions0.97

Eastern Asia

1.04

1.04

South-eastern Asia

1.01

1.07

0.99

Caucasus and Central Asia

0.97

0.98

Southern Asia

0.92

0.98

2015 Target = Gender parity index between 0.97 and 1.03

Primary Secondary 2000

Gender parity in primary education has been reached and parity in secondary education is close to being achievedGender parity index for gross enrolment ratios in primary and secondaryeducation, 2000 and 2011

Globally, gender parity in primary education has been reached. Devel-

oping countries as a whole achieved gender parity in gross enrolment in

primary education in 2011, rom 0.92 in 2000. Southern Asia has made

significant progress, increasing the gender parity index (GPI) or gross en-

rolment rom 0.84 in 2000 to 0.98 in 2011. In Western Asia, sub-Saharan

Arica and Northern Arica, progress has been less remarkable but all

three regions are moving towards parity.

In developing regions, the gender parity index or gross secondary enrol-

ment has increased between 2000 and 2011 rom 0.89 to 0.96. However,there are wide disparities across regions with the GPI ranging rom a high

o 1.07 in Latin America and the Caribbean (denoting an advantage or

girls), to a low o 0.83 in sub-Saharan Arica.

While the progress on enrolment rates is welcome, improving learning

outcomes and tackling barriers to girls education, such as child marriage

and violence against girls in the learning environment, are important

challenges that need to be addressed.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Primary Lower secondary 2000

Developed regions

Developing regions

Eastern Asia

South-eastern Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

Northern Africa


Southern Asia

Western Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

90

94

96

89

96

75

60

83

92

69

93

95

89

96

89

96

79

97

97

98

Tere has been significant progress in girls enrolment in both primary

and lower secondary education in developing countries. Between 2000

and 2011, the net enrolment rate or girls increased rom 79 to 89 per cent

or primary education and rom 67 to 79 per cent or lower secondary edu-

cation.

Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Arica have made the greatest progress

towards universal primary education or girls with an increase o their net

enrolment by 20 and 19 percentage points, respectively.

Despite progress towards universal primary education or girls, countries

are ar rom achieving universal enrolment in lower secondary education.

Poverty is the most important actor preventing girls and boys rom at-

tending school, but gender and location also play a role.

S: UNESCO Instit ute for Statistics database, 2014

S: UNESCO Institute for

Statistics database, 2014


4/8

GOAL 3 Promote gender equality and empower women

24

16Developed regions

25

15Latin America and The Caribbean

2113

Sub-Saharan Africa

20

20Eastern Asia

19

7Southern Asia

18

12South-eastern Asia

18

7Caucasus and Central Asia

18

3Northern Africa

12

4Western Asia

4

3

Oceania

2000

2013

Developing regions

20

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Despite significant progress since 2000, only 1 in 5 parliamentarians was a woman in 2013Proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses ofnational parliaments, 2000 and 2013 (Percentage)

29.8%

Region of the

Americas

25.4%

European Region

37%

Eastern

Mediterranean Region

37.7%

South-East Asia

Region

High-income countries

Region of Americas

Eastern Mediterranean Region

African Region

South-East Asia Region

Western Pacific Region

European Region

Low- and Middle-Income Regions 36.6%African Region

23.2%

High-income

countries

24.6%

Region

Western Pacific

Violence against women is a pervasive violation of womens human rights across all regionsLifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence against women, by WHO regions (Percentage)

Between 2000 and 2013, progress in womens representation in national

parliaments was impressive in some regions, including Northern A-

rica (rom 3 to 18 per cent) and Western Asia and Southern Asia (rom

4 to 12 per cent and rom 7 to 19 per cent, respectively). However, glob-

ally women continue to be underrepresented in decision-making. In

2013, only 21 per cent o parliamentarians in single or lower houses were

women, up rom 14 per cent in 2000. Gender gaps also persist in areas o

decision-making not monitored by the MDGs: as o June 2013, 8 women

served as Heads o State and 13 women served as Heads o Government.

As o January 2012, only 17 per cent o government ministers were women.

Increasing womens decision-making power is not limited to their role in

parliaments or governments. Whether it is in the public or private sphere,

women continue to be denied opportunities to participate in decisions

that affect their lives. Increasing womens bargaining power within the

household contributes to improvements in childrens nutrition, survival

rates and literacy. Yet survey data shows that womens decision-making

power at home remains significantly lower than that o men when it comes

to large household purchases, visiting amily, relatives and riends, and

their own health.

While the three indicators under Goal 3 reflect important dimensions o

gender inequality, MDG 3 does not cover several critical issues such as

womens disproportionate share o unpaid care work, womens unequal

access to assets, violations o womens and girls sexual and reproduc-

tive health and rights, their unequal participation in private and pub-

lic decision-making beyond national parliaments and violence against

women and girls.

According to the data available, 30 per cent o women worldwide have

experienced intimate partner violence. Although the prevalence differs

among the regions, a large number o women in all regions suffer rom

physical and/or sexual violence, usually at the hands o their intimate

partners.

S: United Nations, 2013 (Te Millennium Development Goals Report)

S: WHO, 2013 (Global and regional estimates of v iolence against women)Note:Regional averages are based on analysis

of 81 countries with data available.


5/8

GOAL 4 Reduce child mortality

Significant progress in reducing child mortality, but son preference continues to threaten girls survival

in Southern AsiaUnder-five mortality rates by sex, 1990 and 2011 (Deaths per 1,000 live births)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Boys 1990

Boys 2012

Girls 1990

Girls 2012

Latin America

&

Caribbean

Sub-Saharan

Africa

South-

eastern

Asia

Northern

Africa

Oceania Caucasus

&

Central Asia

Southern Asia Western Asia Eastern Asia

168

186

128123

92

103

58 57

7075

2420

69

50

79

5965

32

81

41

65

27

77

34

61

23

69

27

51

13

55

15

49

17

58

21

Global progress on reducing child mortality has been significant since

1990. According to the latest estimates, the under-five mortality rate

has declined rom 90 to 48 deaths per 1,000 live births. Tere has been

progress in all regions but this progress has been uneven. In 2012, sub-

Saharan Arica and Southern Asia together accounted or 82 per cent o

the total number o under-five deaths global ly, up rom 67 per cent in 1990.

Due to their physiological advantage over boys in terms o child survival,

in the majority o countries where data are available, girls enjoy a better

survival over boys. However, there are important exceptions. Southern

Asia, or example, has a slightly higher under-five mortality rate or girls

than or boys, implying the existence o discriminatory practices related

to son preerence.

Educating women and girls can significantly reduce child mortalityRatio of under-five mortality rate of children of mothers withno education to that of children of mothers with secondary or highereducation, and of children of mothers with no education to children ofmothers with primary education, most recent survey 2000-2010

S: UNICEF, 2013 (Levels & rends in Child Morta lity Report)

Mothers education remains a powerul determinant o child survival.

Children o educated mothers are more likely to survive than children o

mothers with no education. In the Northern Arican and Western Asian

regions, or example, children o mothers with no education are almost

twice as likely to die as children o mothers with primary education. For

children whose mothers have secondary education the chances o survival

more than triple compared to children o mothers without education. In-

come is another important determinant o inequality. Poorest households

show higher child mortality in all regions compared to richest households,though the gap is narrowing in most regions.

Northern Africa & Western Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

Southern Asia

Eastern Asia (excluding China) & South-Eastern Asia

Developing regions

3.3

1.9

3.3

1.6

2.3

1.5

2.1

1.3

Sub-Saharan Africa2.0

1.4

2.7

1.5

0 1 2 3 4

Equality

Children of mothers with no education compared to children of

mothers with secondary or higher education

Children of mothers with no education compared to children of

mothers with primary education

Note: Analysis is based on 78 developing countries with data on under five mortality rates by

mothers education, accounting for 75 per cent of total births in developing countries in 2010.

S: United Nations, 2012 (Te Millennium Development Goals Report)


6/8

GOAL 5 Improve maternal health

Most maternal deaths are preventableCauses of Maternal Deaths

Ectopic pregnancy 0%Embolism 0%

Anaemia 13%

Abortion 6%

Obstructed labour9%

Other direct causesof deaths 2%

Unclassified deaths6%

HIV/AIDS 0%

Hypertensivedisorders 9%

Sepsis 12%

Other indirect causesof deaths 13%

Haemorrhage 31%

Asia

Ectopicpregnancy 1%

Embolism 2%

Anaemia 4%Abortion 4%

Obstructed labour4%



HIV/AIDS 6%


Sepsis 10%Other indirect

causes of deaths17%

Haemorrhage 34%

Africa

Ectopic pregnancy5%

Embolism 15%

Anaemia 0%

Abortion 8%

Obstructed labour0%



HIV/AIDS 0%


Sepsis 2%

Other indirectcauses of deaths

14%

Haemorrhage 13%

Developed regionsEctopic pregnancy

1%Embolism 1%

Anaemia 0%

Abortion 12%

Obstructed labour13%



HIV/AIDS 0%Hypertensivedisorders 26%

Sepsis 8%

Other indirect causesof deaths 4%

Haemorrhage 21%

Latin America

Globally, there were an estimated 287,000 maternal deaths in 2010, a de-

cline o 47 per cent rom the level in 1990, but well below the MDG target

to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters by 2015. High

levels o maternal mortality persist in sub-Saharan Arica and Southern

Asia, which together accounted or 85 per cent o the total maternal deathsin 2010.

Approximately 80 per cent o maternal deaths could be averted i women

had access to essential maternity and basic health-care services. Te caus-

es o maternal mortality vary by region but are generally due to a lack o

emergency obstetric care services, low levels o skilled assistance at deliv-

ery, particularly or poor women, and the continued denial o sexual and

reproductive health and rights or women and girls in many countries. In

particular, unsae abortions also constitute a leading cause o maternal

deaths. Globally, in 2008, an estimated 21.6 million unsae abortions took

place, mostly in developing countries, resulting in 47,000 deaths. In Latin

America, abortions alone are responsible or 12 per cent o all maternal

deaths.

Similarly, childbearing at a young age, most ofen stemming rom early

marriage, constitutes a significant health risk or women and their chil-

dren.

Between 1990 and 2011, the unmet need or amily planning has declined

worldwide, however there are more than 140 million women (married or

in union) who would like to delay or avoid pregnancy, but are not using

contraception. Poverty and location remain key determinants o unmet

need with significant differences between poor rural women and rich ur-

ban women.

S: WHO, 2014; Khan KS et a l., 2006 (Lancet , 367:10661074)


7/8

GOAL 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Te proportion o people with access to improved drinking water sourceshas increased rom 76 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2011, meeting

the MDG target. However, in 2011, 768 million people still drew water

rom an unimproved source. Tere are significant variations in the access

across regions with the lowest proportions observed in Oceania and sub-

Saharan Arica. Where water sources are not accessible, women and girlstend to bear the burden o collection. A study o 25 sub-Saharan Arican

countries indicates that, in 71 per cent o households that did not have

water on premises, women and girls bore the burden o collecting water.

Girls aged 15-24 are significantly more likely than boys to be infected with HIVNumber (rounded) of new HIV infections amongwomen and men aged 15-24, 2012

92,000

25,000

210,000

30,000

25,000

32,000

1,700

1,000


1,600

2,200

Caribbean

2,400

2,500

North Africa

17,000

8,900

Eastern Asia

21,000

10,000

Latin America

7,900

14,000

Central Africa

South-eastern Asia (with Oceania)

Southern Asia

32,000

57,000

West Africa

54,000

99,000

Eastern Africa

Southern Africa

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

Female

Male

Te level o new HIV inections differs among regions. Te epidemic con-

tinues to disproportionately affect sub-Saharan Arica, home to 72 per

cent o all new HIV cases among young men and women in 2012 (560,000).

Globally young women aged 15 to 24 have a 50 per cent higher risk o be-

coming inected with HIV compared to their male peers. In sub-Saharan

Arica, or example, more than 380,000 young women became inected in

2012 compared to 180,000 young men. Tis reflects the greater physiologi-

cal vulnerability o women to HIV, and additionally structural gender in-

equalities including violence against women and girls, unequal gendered

power dynamics in relationships, and unequal access to education and

economic opportunities.

Knowledge o HIV prevention, or example, remains low, particularly

among young women. In sub-Saharan Arica, young women have lower

levels o both HIV prevention knowledge and condom use than young

men (36 per cent or young men and 28 per cent or young women).

S: UNAIDS,

(Report on the globalAIDS epidemic)

GOAL 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

19

28

53

62

24

9

4 1

17

30

54

59

20

9

9 2

27 25

23 31

19 12

3132

72

88

13

68

47 2

58

83

29

9

11 6

2 2

6881

17

9

12 9

3 1

35

71

33

2125

77 1

56 53

33

33

7

8

4 6

32

47

38

40

22

10

8 3

15 15

34

48

27

24

2413

Sub-

Saharan

Africa

South-

Eastern

Asia

Oceania Northern

Africa

Latin America

& the

Caribbean

Western

Asia

Eastern

Asia

Caucasus

&

Central Asia

Developing

regions

Southern

Asia

1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 20111990 2011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011 1990 2 011

Piped on premises Unimproved Surface waterOther improved

Significant progress in access to improved drinking water since 1990, but low levels of piped water coverage in manyregions, with serious implications for women and girlsProportion of population by sources of drinking water, 1990 and 2011 (Percentage)

S: WHO/UNICEF, 2013

(Progress on Sanitation and Drink ing-water)


8/8

GOAL 8 Global partnership for development

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage

4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5

23 24 26 2229

23 27 27 25

30

0

5

10

15

20

25

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

US$ billions

Principal (left axis) Significant (left axis) Volume (right axis)

Te amount of aid focused on gender equality has risen in recent years, but the share of aid focused on promoting

gender equality as a principal objective remains inadequateAid in support of gender equality and womens empowerment,2002-2011 (Percentage), and annual average commitments(constant 2011 US$ billions)

47

71

6

10

16

531

14

36 36

4 4

47 50

13 10

72

90

5

6

7

16

4

68

82

5

6

10

817

4

80

88

2

410

58

3

27

677

19

59

13

7 1

91

96

23611

36

57

7

1326

12

31

18

64

39

9

11

6

6

24 26

30

1814

24

26

3626

41 47

71

6

10

16

531

14

36 36

4 4

47 50

13 10

72

90

5

6

7

16

4

68

82

5

6

10

817

4

80

88

2

410

58

3

27

677

19

59

13

7 1

91

96

236

1

36

57

7

1326

12

31

18

64

39

9

11

6

6

24 26

30

1814

24

26

3626

41

Sub-

SaharanAfrica

South-

EasternAsia

Oceania Northern

Africa

Latin America

& theCaribbean

Western

Asia

Eastern

Asia

Caucasus

&Central Asia

Developing

regions

Southern

Asia

1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011 1990 2011

Open defecationUnimprovedSharedImproved

Access to sanitation remains low in many regions, with consequences for womens and girls safety, health and dignityProportion of population by sanitation practices, 1990 and 2011 (Percentage)

Progress in access to basic sanitation has been slow. Globally, access to

improved sanitation has increased between 1990 and 2011 rom 49 to 64

per cent, below the 75 per cent target by 2015. Tere are however signifi-

cant variations across the world. In Eastern Asia, access to sanitation has

almost tripled since 1990 while in Oceania there has been no change in the

proportion o people without access since 1990.

Access to sanitation is important or womens and girls saety, dignity and

health. Women and girls need more privacy and time than men when they

use toilets; they may have small children in their care, need saety to access

outside toilets, and need multiple daily visits during menstruation.

Te lack o gender related data limits the analysis or Goal 8 to the share

o official development assistance (ODA) ocused on gender equality. Te

OECD Development Assistance Committee has developed gender equal-

ity policy marker to measure the amount o aid ocused on gender equal-

ity and womens empowerment by identiying activities that have gender

equality as a principal or significant objective. In 2011 DAC member bilat-

eral sector allocable aid in support o gender equality (principal and sig-

nificant) reached a total o around US$ 22 billion (2011 prices). Te share

o bilateral sector allocable aid in support o gender equality started at 27

per cent in 2002 and had risen to 35 per cent in 2011. However, in 2011,

only 5 per cent o total bilateral sector allocable aid went to programmes

making gender equality their principal objective.

Gender equality ocused aid is concentrated in the social sectors o edu-

cation and health, with alarmingly low levels o aid targeted towards

economic sectors. Only 2 per cent o aid to the economic and produc-

tive sectors (e.g., banking, business, agriculture, transport) targeted

gender equality as its principal objective. While overall DAC members

aid to population policies/programmes and reproductive health reached

US$8 billion in 2011, donor unding to amily planning remained low atUS$ 650 million.

S: WHO/UNICEF, 2013

(Progress on Sanitation and Drink ing-water)

S: OECD, 2014 (Investing in women and girls to achieve the MDGs and acceleratedevelopment beyond 2015: aid in support of gender equalit y and women's rights)

gender chart 2014.pdf

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