gender and sexuality. some definitions sex—the biological category of male or female; sexual...
TRANSCRIPT
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Gender and Sexuality
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Some Definitions• Sex—the biological category of male or female;
sexual intercourse• Gender—cultural, social, and psychological meanings
associated with masculinity or femininity• Gender roles—behaviors, attitudes, and personality
traits designated either masculine or feminine in a given culture
• Gender identity—A person’s psychological sense of being male or female
• Sexual orientation—direction of a person's emotional and erotic attractions
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Gender Related Differences• Gender-role stereotypes are the beliefs and
expectations people hold about the characteristics and behaviors of each sex
• The differences between men and women are average differences, not absolute differences.
• Knowing that a gender difference exists in no way explains what caused that difference.
• Differences do not mean deficiencies• Three main areas of gender differences
– Personality– Cognitive abilities– Sexual attitudes and behaviors
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Personality Differences
• No significant differences between men and women on most characteristics
• Women tend to be more nurturant than men
• Men tend to be more assertive than women
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Cognitive Differences
• No differences for most cognitive abilities• Verbal, reading, and writing—females
consistently score higher• Spatial skills—males outscore females on
mentally rotating objects, females score better on remembering locations of objects
• Math Skills—males score slightly better than females
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Males & Females differ in their memory abilities. See the video from NBC News.
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“His” and “Her” Brains? Male and female brains are much more alike than
they are dissimilar
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Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors
• Reported differences between males and females in these areas have become less pronounced since the 1960s
• Some differences did emerge in meta-analysis of 170 studies. Compared to women, men…– tend to have more sexual partners, – experience first intercourse at an earlier age,– masturbate more frequently than women.
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Are women really more emotional than men?
• Research findings suggest that men and women differ little in their experience of emotions.
• However, women more easily express their emotions and display more emotional awareness.
• The expression of emotions is strongly determined by culturally determined display rules.
• In the United States and many other cultures, women are allowed a wider range of emotional expressiveness and responsiveness than men.
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Men, Women, & Conflict:
Bridging the Gender Gap
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Communication & Conflict• Researchers have found that men and
women communicate differently when dealing with problems, emotional issues, and interpersonal conflict – Women often become the “emotion managers”
and “care-takers of intimacy” in close relationships.
– During emotional conflicts, men are more likely than women to experience flooding—feeling overwhelmed by their own emotions
– When men experience flooding, they typically go into the stonewalling mode—which frustrates and angers women, who react by flooding
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Breaking the Cycle• Suggestions for breaking the vicious
circle of flooding-stonewalling-flooding include the following: – Be aware of gender differences
– Call a time-out if you are feeling overwhelmed
– Focus on constructive thoughts during the time-out
– Keep the focus on maintaining the relationship