gender, agriculture and assets project: a model for research and capacity building
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Nancy Johnson at the 28th triennial conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 18-24 August 2012.TRANSCRIPT
Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project: A model for research & capacity building
Nancy Johnson,
International Livestock Research Institute on behalf of GAAP team
Organized Symposium on “Innovations in methods for
analyzing the gender-asset gap in agriculture” IAAE
Foz do Iguaçu August 22, 2012
Goals of GAAP
Works with agricultural development projects in SSA and SA to: Generate evidence on the role of assets in
projects and the impacts of projects on women’s assets and the gender‐asset gap
Build capacity among project implementers and project evaluators to incorporate gender and assets in their work
GAAP Partners
Mid-term Workshop BRAC, Nov 2011
Outline
• Conceptual framework • Methods for evaluation • Methods for capacity building
Why have a conceptual framework?
Photo credit: Agnes Quisumbing
Why have a conceptual framework? • To clarify HOW: Gendered asset distribution affects outcomes Outcomes of agricultural programs differ by gender Building assets takes place in a way that is gendered
• To guide attention to key processes for evaluation
• To provide a basis for comparison and learning across different case studies
• To offer an organizing frame for synthesis
Livelihood Strategies Full Incomes
Consumption
Savings/ Investment
Well‐being
Shocks
Context: Ecological, Social, Economic, Political factors, etc.
Women Joint Men
Assets
Legend:
Each component is gendered
• Women and men have separate assets, activities, consumption, etc. • Households also have some joint assets, activities, consumption, etc. • Shading of each component as a reminder that we need to consider
gender—separation and jointness in each • Meinzen‐Dick et al, 2011, Gender, Assets, and Agricultural
Development Programs: A Conceptual Framework,” CAPRi Working Paper No. 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/CAPRiWP99
Women’s Men’s JOINT
Assets
Natural Physical
Financial
Social Political
Human
Livelihood Strategies Full Incomes
Consumption
Savings/ Investment
Well‐being
Shocks
Mapping projects to the framework
Assets
Asset distribution (eg land, livestock, training, support to groups)
Question: Who gets the asset and what implications for that have for LS, well being and the gender-asset gap?
Livelihood Strategies Full Incomes
Consumption
Savings/ Investment
Well‐being
Shocks
Mapping projects to the framework
Assets
Promotion of new/ improved livelihoods strategies (technologies, businesses)
Questions: What assets are required to adopt? How does adoption affect outcomes, well being and the G-A gap?
Evaluation approach: Mixed methods
All projects had quantitative baseline surveys, but variables not gender disaggregated GAAP complemented existing surveys with new
modules and/or rounds of data collection Few projects planned qualitative analysis as part of their evaluations GAAP funded qualitative work on the meaning and
importance of assets to men and women, and the links between assets, project activities, and outcomes
Modifications to quant surveys
New or revised modules: Full household roster (including cows in
one case!) Gender disaggregation in: • Assets (current and retrospective) • Labor • Control over key inputs, outputs, income Didn’t always ask men and women
http://gaap.ifpri.info
Qualitative
• Mainly focus group discussions • Depending on dates, purpose was to
inform quantitative and explore project impacts and evaluation findings
Own‐project funded With GAAP support
Name of project/ country
Intervention and definition of treatment group
Comparison group
Baseline and other quant surveys
Qual Qual work Endline
BRAC: Challenging Frontiers of Poverty Reduction‐Targeting Ultra Poor (Bangladesh)
Grants of livestock, land, or funds, training;
RCT Baseline: May‐Dec 2007 (26,977 households sampled); 1st follow‐up: Jul‐Dec 2009; 2nd follow‐up: Mar‐Jul 2011
‐ Feb‐Jun 2011
Quant add‐on survey with gender/assets focus: Jan‐Apr 2012
CARE‐BD: Strengthening Dairy Value Chain (Bangladesh)
Organizes/ trains dairy farmer groups, group leaders, milk collectors, and livestock health workers
PSM Quant including sex‐disaggregated asset module: Baseline in 2008 (1,500 households sampled)
Jan 2011
Sept 2011 Nov‐Dec 2012
Endline planned for Sep‐Oct 2012
LOL: Mozambique Dairy Production
Transfer of dairy cows; training
Early v late recipient
Baseline 2009 and endline in 2012 (~650 hh) and endline 2012
Apr‐May 2011
Midline conducted2011
HKI: Homestead Food Production (Burkina Faso)
Training through: (1) farmers groups; or (2) grandmothers
RCT Baseline in 2010 2011; Social network census, Operations research
Operations research 2012
Gender‐assets modules in endline2012
Own‐project funded With GAAP support
Name of project/country
Intervention and treatment group
Comparison group
Quant Qual Qual Endline
HPlus: Reaching End User program of Orange Sweet Potato (Uganda)
Providing vines, extension messages, and nutrition messages to farmers groups (intense/less intense)
Randomized control trial
Baseline 2007 Endline 2009 Social network survey 2011
Qual work 2011
Social network survey (add on)
KS: Treadle pumps (Tanzania, Kenya)
Market driven intervention, treadle pumps for micro‐irrigation
Comparison of early vs late buyers
Baseline June‐Nov 2010, 6 month follow up for anthro Jan‐Feb 2011 in Kenya only. (~615 hhlds /cohort )
May 2011.
Cereal Systems in South Asia (CSISA (India)
Resource‐conserving technologies provided in CSISA hubs
Nearby villages, non‐adopter households (likely 2‐stage regression)
Baseline in 2010 (~350) Qual work in 2011
Midline in 2012
Landesa (India) Regularization of land titles Microplots (Odisha), purchase and allocation of land (WB)
PSM (likely) Baseline between June 2010‐July 2011. Baseline in WB is ‘rolling’ meaning after title but before move (T=803, C = 570), Baseline in Odisha, T = 551, C = 789.
August‐Sept 2012
Midline (funded by GAAP) will take place in Sept‐Oct 2012
Some emerging findings
• Jointness of ownership and control is very nuanced and very important
• Project investments in women’s human and social capital may have direct and indirect impacts
• Need to involve men in projects that target resources to women
• Many agricultural development projects increase women’s workload
Experience of working with development projects
• Generally positive, and not related to direction of impacts
• Some documented uptake of methods and lessons in new projects, by implementers and evaluation partners
• Commissioning an evaluation of the impact of capacity building impacts of GAAP (ALINe)
• Will produce a “Practitioners guide” that will update Quisumbing and McClafferty, 2006