gems_tunneldesign.doc

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Copyright 2007 Gemcom Software International Inc.

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Table of Contents

Course Overview....................................................................................................................... 4

Design underground blast holes............................................................................................................4

Find blasting safety hazards with DEWS..............................................................................................4Report the safety features in your design..............................................................................................4

Introduction................................................................................................................................5

Pre-Design Setup.................................................................................................................................. 5

Traffic limitations, including height and width clearances, turning radius, and maximum tunnel grades................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Design limitations, including drainage and compressed air...................................................................5

Ventilation, water, and other pipes........................................................................................................5

Tunnel workspace(s)............................................................................................................................. 5

Tunnel-display profile............................................................................................................................ 5

Tunnel-type profile................................................................................................................................ 5Rock-code profiles................................................................................................................................ 5

Polygon-fill profiles................................................................................................................................ 5

Set up an arch shaped heading profile (recommended) to extrude the tunnel centre line, or set upanother shape......................................................................................................................................... 5

Open and display geological solids.......................................................................................................5

Open as-built data (survey pickups)......................................................................................................5

Planning data (survey set-outs, control stations)...................................................................................5

Basic Workflow...................................................................................................................................... 5

Divide tunnel segments into intervals (if required) to report development progress by logicalincrements (e.g. 10 metre advances per day).........................................................................................5

Spacing and location of safety bays......................................................................................................5Clearances between traffic and plumbing...........................................................................................5

Tunnel Profiles...........................................................................................................................6

Tunnel Display Profiles......................................................................................................................... 6

Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel. ................................................................................................6

Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel centreline.................................................................................7

Style: Choose a line style, or click Browse to create a new style. ........................................................7

Weight: Choose a line weight................................................................................................................7

Line formatting: Select the Colour, Style, and Weight of the footprint line. ...........................................7

Fill effects: Select a Background, Pattern, and Pattern colour. ............................................................7

Tunnel Type Profiles............................................................................................................................. 8

Tunnel Display Options....................................................................................................................... 10

Tunnel Design..........................................................................................................................11

Create Tunnels.................................................................................................................................... 11

Create Intervals................................................................................................................................... 12

Continue from the last interval: Choose this option if your sub-table already contains intervals, andyouve simply added additional length to your tunnel segments, then select this option. Your originalintervals will be preserved.....................................................................................................................13

From this distance: Choose this option if there is a specific distance from the tunnel segment startingpoint where you wish so start creating intervals. To overwrite the number in here, click the button to theright to reset to ...........................................................................................................13

Create Safety Bays............................................................................................................................. 13

FEATURE: Type in the name of the pre-defined tunnel-type profile (use all CAPS) that will be usedfor this safety bay feature......................................................................................................................14

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Table of Contents

FROM: Type in the starting point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay.14

TO: Type in the end point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay............14

LEAD_IN: Type in the lead-in distance from the regular tunnel shape, to the new safety bay shape.This acts as a fillet to change the tunnel shape gradually, over a specified distance.........................14

LEAD_OUT: Same as LEAD_IN, except for the end point of the safety bay feature...........................14

Review......................................................................................................................................15

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Course Overview

The Gemcom GEMS Tunnel Design course is a one-day course designed for mine planners who need aquick and simple method to evaluate proposed underground advances for medium- to long-term plans.

Course Prerequisites

Before taking this course, you require the following:

Successful completion of GEMS Foundation course

Successful completion of GEMS Geological Modelling course

Successful completion of GEMS Polygon Modelling course

Successful completion of GEMS Mine Survey course

Expected Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to accomplish the following:

Starting from a tunnel design, you will be able to:

Design underground blast holes

Find blasting safety hazards with DEWS

Report the safety features in your design

Combine underground tunnel designs with your geology and excavation data to schedule the mine

development and production

Categorise volume and tonnage reports by working period and by production and development

category

Format tunnels to show development advances

Set tunnel hierarchy automatically or manually

Automatically create triangulation solids (not solid objects) from your tunnel centrelines

Modify the attributes at any point along the tunnel

Use the tunnels with GEMS Production Scheduler to create production schedules

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Introduction

When working with tunnels, GEMS creates tunnels using the principle of extrusion (the process ofapplying a profile shape along a centreline).

Unlike the traditional method of creating underground excavation, which requires that two data objects(polyline and solid objects), creating tunnels only requires that one object be stored. When you havecreated the tunnels, you can display them as simple lines, as footprints (projected onto a plane, with fillpatterns), and as triangulation solids.

Pre-Design Setup

Before you can start designing tunnels, you need to consider several factors that affect the whole designprocess. When designing tunnels you need to do the following:

Understand the design specifications:

Traffic limitations, including height and width clearances, turning radius, and maximum

tunnel grades.

Design limitations, including drainage and compressed air.

Ventilation, water, and other pipes.

Ensure all GEMS settings are in place:

Tunnel workspace(s).

Tunnel-display profile.

Tunnel-type profile.

Rock-code profiles.

Polygon-fill profiles.

Set up an arch shaped heading profile (recommended) to extrude the tunnel centre line, or

set up another shape.

Open and display supporting data that will control the position and shape of the proposed design

Open and display geological solids.

Open as-built data (survey pickups).

Planning data (survey set-outs, control stations).

Basic Workflow

When you are ready to create the tunnels, use the following workflow:

1. Create, format, and save tunnel centrelines (this work is usually done on plan views):

Divide tunnel segments into intervals (if required) to report development progress by logicalincrements (e.g. 10 metre advances per day).

2. Confirm that safety standards are met:

Spacing and location of safety bays.

Clearances between traffic and plumbing.

3. Report or plot.

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Tunnel Profiles Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnel Profiles

When working with tunnels, you need to create the following profile types:

Tunnel display profiles.

Tunnel type profiles.

Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnels display profiles control the appearance of the tunnel objects. The Tunnel Display Settings dialogbox contains the following tabs, each one enabling you to configure specific display features of yourtunnel:

Tabs Use this tab to

Solids to control the appearance of the extruded 3D tunnel.

Centrelines to control the appearance of the tunnel centreline.

Footprints to control the appearance of the 2D polygon representation of the tunnel floor.

Points to control the appearance of vertices along the tunnel centreline.

Labels to enable you to annotate vertices (points), intervals, or the entire tunnel centreline.

The tunnel display profile enables you to format the tunnel centreline, the tunnel footprint (a polygonprojection of the walls and end caps onto the current plane), the tunnel triangulation, the tunnel intervals,and tunnel features, such as safety bays. You can also add labels to any of these features.

To create a tunnel display profile, follow these steps.

1. Choose Format > Tunnels to open the Tunnel Display Settings dialog box.2. Click New Profile and name the profile.

3. Select a Workspace and enter a Comment to describe the profile.

4. In the Solids tab, enter the followinginformation:

Colour: Choose a colourfor the tunnel.

Click More to have the colourdetermined by a field value in thetunnel workspace. This is typicallyused to colour code tunnels based

on the periods (days, weeks,months), in which they arescheduled.

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5. In the Centrelines tab, enter thefollowing information:

Colour: Choose a colourfor the tunnel centreline.

Style: Choose a line style,

or click Browse to create anew style.

Weight: Choose a lineweight.

Click More to have the colourdetermined by either the rockcode value, or a field value in thetunnel workspace. This is typicallyused to colour code tunnels basedon the periods (days, weeks,months), in which they arescheduled.

6. In the Footprints tab, enter thefollowing information:

Line formatting: Select theColour, Style, and Weightof the footprint line.

Fill effects: Select aBackground, Pattern, andPatterncolour.

Click More to have the line and filleffects determined by a field valuein the tunnel workspace. This is

typically used to colour codetunnels based on the periods(days, weeks, months), in whichthey are scheduled.

7. In the Points tab, choose a Colour,Symbol shape, and Height for thepoints.

Click More to have the pointdisplay options determined by afield value in the tunnel

workspace.

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8. In the Labels tab, you can displaythe labels for points, intervals,centerlines, and features. Click Newto add a new label.

For points, the label is typically

the elevation value(LOCATION:Z) to indicate thechange in slope.

Note: If your centerlines havemany points, this option mayclutter the screen with text.

9. Click Apply when you have finished setting the parameters for the profile.10. To create more profiles, repeat steps 2 to 9.

11. Click OK to exit.

Tunnel Type Profiles

Tunnel type profiles help you identify characteristics of a tunnel. Later, when you create tunnels, youapply different tunnel-type profiles to the tunnels, to identify them by type.

To create a tunnel type profile, follow these steps.

1. Choose Format > Tunnel Types to open the Tunnel Type dialog box.

2. Click New Profile, and enter a Profile name.

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3. In Shape (heading profile), select a shape to sweep along the centre lines of all tunnels that use thisprofile. Click Browse to create a new one if required.

Tip: In the series of tunnel shapes, use as many common points as possible.

The following image is an example of creating the best triangulation by adding an extra point in the basictunnel heading shape (top image) and in the heading shape for the safety bay (bottom image).

4. In Default display profile, select a tunnel display profile to be applied to all tunnels of this tunneltype. Click Browse to create a new one if required.

5. In Default precedence for this tunnel type, enter the default hierarchy.

Tip: Plan to use a range of numbers that meet your design needs. Typically, main tunnels have a higherhierarchy (1 or 2) than lesser ones (3, 4, 5, etc.). When tunnels intersect, GEMS uses the hierarchy todraw the tunnels and to help determine their volumes.

In the following illustration, the blue tunnel (with hierarchy 3) intersects an orange tunnel (withhierarchy 2). The intersected volume belongs to the orange tunnel because it has the higherhierarchy.

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Tunnel Display Options

After you have defined tunnel display and tunnel type profiles, you can choose Tunnels > DisplayOverrides to open the Tunnel Display Options dialog box, where you can override some of the settings.

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Tunnel Design

In this chapter, you will learn how to do the following:

Create tunnels

Create intervals

Create safety bays

Create Tunnels

Creating tunnels is similar to creating polylines. In fact, you can use some of the CAD tools from thePolyline menu when you modify the tunnel segments. In general, you will want to define tunnels on aplan view, so make sure you have one or more plan views defined.

To create a tunnel, follow these steps.

1. Select a plan view.

2. Switch to 2D viewing mode.

3. Choose Tunnel > Create Tunnels to open aCreate Tunnel tab to the left of the graphicsarea.

4. In this tab, you can select the Workspace, andenter a Description.

GEMS auto-fills the Tunnel, Tunnel Type,and Plane fields. You can change thesevalues if needed.

5. In the Vertex tab, you can manually edit thevalues, or digitise the starting point using yourmouse in the graphics area.

While you are in tunnel create mode, you canuse the polyline CAD tools such as Set Pointby Relative Bearing, Extend by CircularArc, and Delete Last Segment.

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6. In the Feature tab, you can modify the featurefor the tunnel.

7. In the Intervals tab, you can define intervals forthe tunnel.

8. When you are finished defining the tunnel, click Next.

9. When you are ready to create the tunnel, click Create.

10. Repeat steps 4 to 9 to continue creating tunnel segments.

11. When you are finished, save your work.

Create Intervals

After creating and saving the tunnel segments, you can further subdivide the segments into smallerintervals. These intervals typically represent the face advances of the tunnels during development, asreported by the working period used for the plan. For example, short-term plans might use intervalsexpressed in daily advances (e.g. 10m), whereas medium- to long-term plans might use intervalsexpressed in weekly or monthly advances (e.g. 100m or more).

In either case, you always create intervals from the start of the tunnel segment. This would be the firstthat is digitised when you were creating the tunnel segments. You can also create intervals by continuingthem from the last interval in the sub-table.

To create intervals in tunnel segments, follow these steps.

1. In the Project View Area, open all the tunnel segments for which you want to create intervals.

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Note: GEMS will create/overwrite intervals for every tunnel segment opened.

2. Choose Tunnel > Create Intervals to openthe Create Intervals tab to the left of thegraphics area.

3. Select the appropriate interval sub-table in

which you will save the intervals. This isgenerally the SINTERVAL table.

4. Enter the size of the interval.

5. In Start creation, specify where to start theintervals.

Continue from the last interval:Choose this option if your sub-tablealready contains intervals, andyouve simply added additionallength to your tunnel segments, thenselect this option. Your originalintervals will be preserved.

From this distance: Choose thisoption if there is a specific distancefrom the tunnel segment startingpoint where you wish so startcreating intervals. To overwrite thenumber in here, click the button tothe right to reset to .

6. In End creation, specify where to end theintervals.

7. Click Create to create the intervals.

8. Save your work.

You can review the results using the Data Editor.

Create Safety Bays

The tunnel tools allow you to create safety bays of variable lengths at specified locations. GEMS storesthis information in the FEATURES sub-table, which was automatically created when you created thetunnel workspace.

Because safety bays typically have different outlines (cross-sections) to drifts, they require a uniqueheading profile, which you can create by choosing Format > Other Profiles > Heading. They alsorequire a unique tunnel-type profile.

You can only create safety bay intervals manually by entering specific starting and ending points in theData Editor. The advantages to this method is that if your design approach require safety bays at regular

intervals (which is often the case), you can use the Edit > Fill command in the Data Editor toautomatically fill in the sub-table.

The following image is an example of a typical FEATURES table entry.

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To create a safety bay, follow these steps.

1. Start the Data Editor, and select the tunnel workspace you want to edit.

2. Click the FEATURES tab.

3. In the HEADER table, select the tunnel segment for which you will create the safety bay intervals.

4. For each safety bay in the tunnel segment, enter the following:

FEATURE: Type in the name of the pre-defined tunnel-type profile (use all CAPS) that willbe used for this safety bay feature.

FROM: Type in the starting point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the

safety bay.

TO: Type in the end point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay.

LEAD_IN: Type in the lead-in distance from the regular tunnel shape, to the new safety bay

shape. This acts as a fillet to change the tunnel shape gradually, over a specified distance.

LEAD_OUT: Same as LEAD_IN, except for the end point of the safety bay feature.

Alternatively, instead of typing in the name of the FEATURE for each record, use the Edit > Fillcommand to populate each record with the same tunnel-type profile name.

The following image is an example of using longer lead-in distance than lead-out.

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Review

Use this review to test your knowledge on what you just learned.

1. True or False: Tunnel objects are polylines.

2. What are some of the required profiles for using tunnels?

3. How can you temporarily override the settings in the tunnel-display profiles?

4. Outline in brief the steps for defining intervals in your tunnels segments.

5. Outline in brief the steps for defining safety bays in your tunnel segments.

Time to complete: 5 minutes

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Index

C

course.........................................................outcomes...............................................4overview................................................4prerequisites.........................................4

creating data..............................................intervals..............................................12safety bays..........................................13tunnels................................................11

D

display data................................................profiles..................................................6

displaying data...........................................

override options..................................10

P

profiles.......................................................creating...................................................

display................................................6type....................................................8

S

setup..........................................................pre-design.............................................5

W

workflow...................................................5

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