gejala&penyebabdiagnosing plant problems-arthropods
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National Plant Diagnostic Network
National Plant Diagnostic Network
Diagnosing Plant Problems:
Insects and Other Arthropods
Hodges and Ellis. December 2006.Hodges and Ellis. December 2006.Update, August 2008.Update, August 2008.
NPDN Publication No. 0008NPDN Publication No. 0008
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Insect Diagnosisy Focuses on classic, morphology based
taxonomy.
y Often requires an expert taxonomist forspecies-level identification.
yLimited resources for diagnosticians.
y Quality of sample submitted isimportant!
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
How is an Insect Identified to Species?
First Detectors (County ExtensionAgents, Crop Consultants)
Extension Diagnostic Specialists (at LandGrant Universities)
Taxonomic Specialists (usually federal,state, or university employees)
Species Identification Confirmed
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
of Damage Over-development of tissues
Necrosis of tissue
Types of arthropod feeding damage- Stippling
- Chlorosis
- Sooty Mold
- Leafmining- Leaf Defoliaters
- Spider Mites
- Borers
- Root Damage
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3
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Photo 1: Paul Weston, Cornell University,www.forestryimages.org
Photo 2: Jim Occi, BugPics, www.forestryimages.orgPhoto 3: Petr Kapitola,Forestry and Game Management
Research Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.orgPhoto 4: Jerald E. Dewey, USDA Forest Service,
www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
Over-development
of tissues Some insect and mitespecies can induce gall
formation on a variety
of host plant structures.
Gall-makers are
generally host plant
specific.
A mite gall,
Aculops laevigata on willow
Photo: William M. Ciesla, ForestHealth Management International,www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game ManagementResearch Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.org
Gall Mite Damage
Eyespot Gall
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsOver-development of
tissues How do you know if an
insect has caused thisdamage?
Closely examine plantdeformation.
Cut open gall.
Exit holes, frass, emptylarval chambers, etc.
Rear insects to adultstage.
n
Photo: Ronald F. Billings,
Texas Forest Service,
www.forestryimages.org
cynipid
gall
wasps
Photo: Jerry A. Payne, USDA AgriculturalResearch Service, www.forestryimages.org
oriental chestnut gall wasp
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsOver-development
of tissues Can insect or mite galls
cause serious damage
to host plants?
Yes, heavy infestationscan negatively effect overall
plant health and reduce the
aesthetic value of ornamental
crops.
ash flower gall mite damagePhoto: A. Steven Munson, USDA ForestService, www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsOver-development
of tissues
y Non-insect bacterial
and fungal galls mayresemble insect galls.
y Crown gall bacterium
causes galls on roots,
crowns and stems.
y Fungi can also formlarge galls thatsuperficially resemble
the crown gall bacterium.Photo: USDA Forest Service - Ogden Archives, USDAForest Service, www.forestryimages.org
bacterial gall on douglas-fir
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsNecrosis of tissueDieback-insect damage
Feeding damage from
several types of insects
can lead to limb dieback.
Death of the host may
result.
p
o
Loblolly pine killed by southern pine beetle
larch casebearer damage
Top Photo: Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game ManagementResearch Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.org
Bottom Photo: Ronald Billings. Texas Forest Service.http://www.forestryimages.org/.
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsTypes of Insect Feeding
Damage
yInsects with piercing-sucking mouthparts
cause stippling and/or
chlorosis on the host.
y Example groups:
aphids, true bugs,
hoppers, scale
insects, whiteflies, etc.
Azalea lace bug damage
Top Photo: Clemson University - USDACooperative Extension Slide Series,
www.forestryimages.org
Bottom Photo: John A. Weidhass, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University,www.forestryimages.org
wax scale
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsTypes of Insect FeedingDamage
Presence of sooty mold
may suggest an infestationof honeydew producing
insects such as scales,
mealybugs, whiteflies, or
aphids.
Presence of ants may also
be an indicator of these
insects!
Photo: Scott Tunnock, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org
sooty mold on grand fir
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Insect FeedingDamage
Leafmining Insects that produce
characteristic mines inleaves by feeding.
Formed by variousinsects including flies,wasps, moths, andbeetles.
Aspen blotchminer
Bottom Photo: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archives,Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.http://www.forestryimages.org/
columbine leafminer
Top Photo: Lisa Ames, UGA,www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Insect Feeding
Damage
Leaf Defoliaters
Damage caused to a
plant by insect feeding.
Skeletonizing results
when the veins or theskeleton of the leaf is
left behind.
Bottom Photo: E. Bradford Walker, Vermont Department ofForests, Parks and Recreation, www.forestryimages.org
maple trumpetskeletonizer
oak skeletonizer
Top Photo: James Solomon,USDA Forest Service,
www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and SymptomsTypes of ArthropodFeeding Damage
Spider Mites
Leaf damage includes
flecking, bronzing,
and/or scorching of
leaves.
Several naturalenemies. Most
problematic in heavy
insecticide use areas.
gorse spider
mite damage
Photo: Eric Coombs, Oregon Departmentof Agriculture, www.forestryimages.org
twospotted spider mite
Photo: Mississippi StateUniversity Archives,Mississippi State University,www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
Types of InsectFeeding Damage
Borers
Insects that bore into ahost trunk, stem, ortwig as part of their lifecycle.
Damage often results inweakening or killing thehost.
A Lepidopteran stalk borer,
Papaipema nebris, in silver maple Photo: James Solomon. USDA Forest Service.http://www.forestryimages.org/
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Signs and Symptoms
Types of Insect
Feeding Damage
Roots
Dont forget to look
for potential insect
damage on roots!
Aspenroot
girdler
Bottom Photo: Robert L. Anderson,
USDAForest Service,www.forestryimages.org
Scarab beetle larval feedingdamage on root system of pine
Top Photo: Ostry, Mike. USDAForestService. http://www.forestryimages.org/
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Insect IdentificationKnow Common Pest Arthropod Groups! Numerous lepidopteran caterpillars (ex.
armyworms, cutworms)
Beetles (Order Coleoptera): numerous leaf-
feeding and wood-boring pests
Sawflies (OrderHymenoptera)
Various flies (Order Diptera)
Various insects with piercing-suckingmouthparts including scales, mealybugs,
whiteflies, aphids, psyllids, hoppers, various
other members of the OrderHemiptera.
Spider Mites
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Insect Identification
Know the difference
between pests and
beneficials!
There are several
predatory or parasitic
beneficial insects!
Pest - southern green stink bug
Top Photo: David Cappaert, www.forestryimages.org
Beneficial-a predatory stink bug
Bottom Photo: Lawrence Abrahamson, StateUniversity of New York, www.forestryimages.org
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
Amanda C. Hodges, Ph.D.,
SPDN Assistant Director, University ofFlorida
Amanda M. Ellis, [email protected],
University ofFlorida, SPDN
Authors
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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods
This publication can be used for non-profit,educational use only purposes. Photographersretain copyright to photographs or other images
contained in this publication as cited. This materialwas developed as a core training module for NPDNFirst Detector Training. Authors and the websiteshould be properly cited. Images or photographsshould also be properly cited and credited to the
original source.
Publication Number: 0008
Publication Date: December 2006
Publication Details