geant4 medical applications and ion physics€¦ · geant4 dose calculation engines grid deployment...
TRANSCRIPT
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Geant4 Medical Applications and Ion Physics
Toshiyuki Toshito (KEK/JST)
Feb. 12 2008@University of Tokyo 5th Geant4 Space User’s Workshop
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Medical application
• Radiology– Diagnosis
• PET• Gamma camera
– Treatment for cancer• Radiotherapy
for example, GATE
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Radiotherapy
• How to focus the dose?– IMRT :intensity modulated radiation therapy
• X-ray– Brachytherapy
• Encapsulated radio isotope (β-ray,γ-ray)– Particle therapy
• Proton, Ion
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Cancer
• Cancer is the most common cause of death since 1981 in Japan. 31% in 2004
• About 40% of patients have a surgical operation. (National cancer center 2004)– Less than 10% of patients have a radiotherapy.
• New treatment techniques which improve treatment results and quality of life are desired.– radiotherapy, chemotherapy
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Particle therapy100 Ref. http://www.nirs.go.jp/tiryo/himac/himac2.htm
protoncarbon
X-ray
γ-rayneutron
Rel
ativ
e D
ose
(%)
50
5.0 10.0 15.00.0Depth - Human Body (cm) 15
Amaldi and Kraft Rep.Prog.Phys.68 1861 (2005)
a few 100MeV/n 12C beam
BEVALAC (Berklay-US) 1975 - 1992 Ne, Si ~400 NIRS (Chiba-Japan) 1994 - 12C more than 3000GSI (German) 1997- 12CHIBMC (Hyogo-Japan) 2002 - 12C
carbon vs. X-ray
proton vs. Carbon
Bragg-peak
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Particle therapy facilities in Japan
The Energy Research Center Wakasa Bay (Tsuruga: 200 MeV)
Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center (HIBMC)
(Hyogo: 320 MeV/n)
Shizuoka Cancer Center(Mishima: 230 MeV)
NIRS(Chiba: 400MeV/n)
NCC East Hospital (Kashiwa: 235 MeV)
U. of Tsukuba PMRC (Tsukuba: 250 MeV)
Ion beamProton beam
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Experiment Areas
Linac800 KeV/u
Linac6 MeV/u
Synchrotron800 MeV/u
Treatment Rooms
Ion Source
~65 m
HIMAC at NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences)
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HIBMC in Hyogo
AcceleratorSynchrotron
proton(70-230MeV)Carbon-ions(70-320MeV/n)
Beam lines4 fixed-angle beam lines (proton & carbon)2 gantries for proton
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The Project
• “The Development of Software Framework for Simulation in Radiotherapy”– funded by the Core Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology (CREST) program organized by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) from 2003 to 2008
• Joint project among medical physicists, astro-physicists and Geant4 developers in Japan
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Member Institutes• High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)• Ritsumeikan University (RITS)• Kobe University• Naruto University of Education • Toyama National College of Maritime Technology• Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)• National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS)• National Cancer Center, Kashiwa• Gunma University Faculty of Medicine • Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center (HIBMC)• Kitasato University
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Goal of The Project
• Provide the software suit for simulation in radiotherapy, especially, particle therapy– Software framework and tools
• Implementation of geometry of facilities • DICOM interface• Visualization • GRID
– Tuned physics models• Validation of simulation results
– Collaboration with facilities
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EGS4JQMD
modeler
framework for medical application
others...
Scoring/Tally Package
Physics Listfor Radiotherapy
Knowledge DB
visualization/interactivity
DICOM interface
The system architecture
Geant4
Dose Calculation Engines
GRID Deployment
PTSsim
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Use case and requirement sampling
• All of 6 facilities for particle therapy in Japan and one in Italy have been interviewed – NIRS– NCC-EAST– HIBMC– WERC– SCC– University of Tsukuba– INFN LNS at Catania, Italy
• Information on components in beam line and also treatment room have been gathered also
NCC-EAST (KashiwaHIBMC (Hyogo)
SCC (Shizuoka)
NIRS,HIMAC (Chiba)
PMRC (Tsukuba)WERC(Wakasa)
proton/heavy ionproton
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Software framework for facility implementation
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Basic design of Beam irradiation system
patient
Wobblermagnets
scatterer Dose monitors flatness monitor
Ridge filterRange shifter
MLC
RangeCompensator
beam
Purpose:Widen the beam size to fit the tumor size with keeping lateral flatness of beam fluxAdjust the depth of Bragg peak in a patient volume with the tumor position
Other technology:Double scattering, Spiral wobbling system for shortening the irradiation systemBeam scanning in three dimensions using small beam spot and variable beam energy
T.Aso IEEE NSS 2007 N60‐1
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Directory structure of PTS simulator
PTSgeom/
sources/
G4Mmodules/
G4Mscoring/
HIBMCgantry/
NCCgantry/
IHIport/
demo/
data/ macros/
common/
material/
HIBMC/ NCC/
beam/
dicom/
monitor/
ridge/
scatter/
materials.macphys.mac
vis.mac
G4Mdicom/
UCSFETF/
common/ HIBMC/ NCC/
range.mac
bragg.mac
UCSF/ UCSF/
include/src/
PhysicsListetc.
• Applicable for multiple facilities• Geometrical information of
equipments can be given by text-file
• able to select physics models• easy to use, does not require C++
programming
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Implemented irradiation systems using PTSsimFacility Accelerator Beam Energy
(MeV)Lateral Spreading System Range Modulator
HIBMCGantry
Synchrotron Proton150,190,230
Wobbler magnetsand scatter
Ridge filter
NCCGantry
Cyclotron Proton150,190,235
Scatter and double scatter Ridge filter
UCSF Cyclotron Proton67.5
N/A Propeller blades
HIMAC Synchrotron Carbon400 MeV/u
Wobbler magnets and scatter Ridge filter
HIBMC Synchrotron Carbon320 MeV/u
Wobbler magnets and scatter Ridge filter
GSI Synchrotron Carbon~400 MeV/u
Beam scanning Fine Ridge filter
T.Aso IEEE NSS 2007 N60‐1
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Example of irradiation systemsScatter
Ridge filter Propeller blade
Ionization Chamber
Wire Chamber
Wobbler Magnets
Collimator
Multi-leaf collimator
Bolus
Water phantom
DICOM data
Double Scatter
/G4M/ChangeSystem NCCGantry
/G4M/System HIBMCGantry
/G4M/ChangeSystem UCSFSetup
T.Aso IEEE NSS 2007 N60
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Others• Primary generator
– G4MBeamGun - HIBMC• Parallel beam with respect to
z-axis– Spot size
– G4MFocusGun - NCC• Cone beam with focusing
points– focusing points and
emittances of x and y direction
– G4GeneralParticleSource (GEANT4) - IHIport at NIRS
Focusing Point
GeneratingPoint
FocusGun
T.Aso IEEE NSS 2007 N60
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DICOM handling, visualization and UI
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DICOM (Digital Imaging and COmmunication in Medicine) interface
• DICOM handler had been developed independently – TOSHIBA, SIEMENS, and GE DICOM data had been
tested.– Filter modules are plugged in for converting original
CT data into a suitable format for making a geometry.• Extraction of patient geometry• Reformation of voxels• Density conversion
– DICOM-RT (Radiation Therapy)• HIBMC-Mitsubishi is tested
Load DICOM data
Compensation of lack slices
Select window of interest
Outline extraction
Reformation of voxles
Material creation
Geometry construction
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http://geant4.kek.jp/gMocren/
Calculated dose distributionCalculated dose distribution
color mapping
contour plot
Particle trajectoriesParticle trajectories
Opacity curve and color map editorOpacity curve and color map editor
free hand or templates with WW&WL editing
Supported system :- Windows 2k/XP or PC Linux OS- Pentium 4 or faster- more than 1 GB (recommend)
• no special hardware is necessary
Supported system :- Windows 2k/XP or PC Linux OS- Pentium 4 or faster- more than 1 GB (recommend)
• no special hardware is necessary
3D (ray casting) 2D (MPR)
Opacity curve and color map editor
gMocren and utility softwares are freely available.gMocren and utility softwares are
freely available.
Functionality Requirements Functionality Requirements ::
• To visualize- the modality image used by the simulation,- the calculated dose distribution and- the particle trajectories- in an agreeable speed
• Transfer function editor• Multi-platform (Windows, Linux)
• To visualize- the modality image used by the simulation,- the calculated dose distribution and- the particle trajectories- in an agreeable speed
• Transfer function editor• Multi-platform (Windows, Linux)
Trajectory information in the simulation is available.
gMocren : DICOM visualizergMocrengMocren : DICOM : DICOM visualizervisualizer
2/Nov/2007 22
IEEE NSS/MIC (San Diego, Nov/2006)
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Physics validation
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Lead Scatterer
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30102030405060708090
散乱体厚 (mm)
陽子
線の
広が
り (m
m)
□ 150MeV 測定値■ 150MeV シミュレーション値△ 190MeV 測定値▲ 190MeV シミュレーション値○ 230MeV 測定値● 230MeV シミュレーション値
Nuclear Interaction Effect
MLC Water phantom
beam
50mm depth 250mm depth● : Measurements- : TPS calculations□ : G4 (histograms)
by T.Akagi (HIBMC)Bragg Peak
Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP)
( with Wobbler and Scatter )
(with Wobbler, Scatter, and Ridge filter)
Depth‐Dose distribution
Proton range
ーNIST PSTAR●Simulation
Material Properties
Wobbler Magnet
Uniform Irradiation Field
Edges of Multi-Leaf Collimator
Beam Delivery system validation
Wobbler demonstration:Spiral Wobbling
Stopping Power/Range , checked with NIST data
― Simulation■ Measurement
Validation ActivitiesValidation ActivitiesValidation Activities for Protonsfor Protons
2/Nov/2007 24IEEE TNS V52,Issue4, (2005) 896pp
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Fragmentation reactions• In the case of 400MeV/n (~30cm in water), only 30% of beams
can reach the region of bragg-peak; about 70% of beams are lost by fragmentation.
• Fragments having lower Z than carbon contribute to tail and lateral dose.
• Fragmentation reaction largely modulate dose distribution.• Knowledge of fragmentation reaction is important to calculate
dose distribution.
12C16O
B, Be, Li, He, H, nV~V(12C)
Validation ActivitiesValidation ActivitiesValidation Activities for Carbonsfor Carbons
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NIRS /IHI experimental beam lineNIRS /IHI experimental beam line
2/Nov/2007 26IEEE NSS/MIC (San Diego, Nov/2006)
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Depth-dose in waterR
elat
ive
dose
Depth (mm)
Bragg peak
tail dose
320MeV/n 12CGeant4 Binary cascade
Rel
ativ
e do
se
Depth (mm)
Bragg peak
tail dose
320MeV/n 12CGeant4 Binary cascade
Dose by fragments
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Dose by fragments
Bragg peak
Rel
ativ
e do
se
Depth (mm)
320MeV/n 12CGeant4 Binary cascade
C
BBe
Li
HeH
Bragg peak
Rel
ativ
e do
se
Depth (mm)
320MeV/n 12CGeant4 Binary cascade
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Models for fragmentations in Geant4
• Binary cascade (G4BinaryLightIonReaction)• Wilson’s abrasion (G4WilsonAbrasionModel)• JQMD (JQMD2G4InelasticModel)
K. Niita et al., Phys. Rev. C 52 2620 (1995)T. Koi et al., CHEP03 ECONF C0303241 THMT005 (2003)
Cross section: Shen fomula(G4IonsShenCrossSection)-Nuclear Physics. A 49 1130 (1989)
Version 4.9.0
T.Toshito IEEE NSS/MIC 2007
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Carbon-Watertotal charge-changing cross sections
BC
Wilson
JQMD
BC
Wilson
JQMD
Data (P152)GolovchenkoPRC66 014609 (2002)
SchallNIM B 117 221 (1996)
T.Toshito IEEE NSS/MIC 2007
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Carbon-Waterpartial charge-changing cross sections
C->B C->Be
C->Li
BC
JQMD
WilsonBC
JQMDWilson
BCJQMD
Wilson
DataData
Data
C->B C->Be
C->Li
BC
JQMD
WilsonBC
JQMDWilson
BCJQMD
Wilson
T.Toshito IEEE NSS/MIC 2007
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Angular distributions of H and He fragments in Carbon-Water int.
200-400MeV/n
H production He production
BC
JQMD
Wilson
BC
JQMD
WilsonData Data
BC
JQMD
Wilson
BC
JQMD
Wilson
H production He production
Preliminary
Preliminary
Important for lateral dose
T.Toshito IEEE NSS/MIC 2007
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Carbon-Water8Be and 9B production cross sections
BC
JQMDWilson
BCJQMD
Wilson
C->8Be C->9BBC
JQMDWilson
BCJQMD
Wilson
C->8Be C->9B
Data
Data
Preliminary Preliminary
T.Toshito IEEE NSS/MIC 2007
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Application at HIBMC
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Beam profile• Comparison of beam profile
– Geant4.8.2.p01 and pencil beam algorithm used in therapy planning system at HIBMC
– 150 MeV proton, 2 cm range shifter, 0.16 cm scatterer, bolus, ridge filter designed for 10 cm SOBP and collimator
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Comparison of dose profiles in water
• Geant4.8.2.p01• Pencil beam algorithm• Measurements in water
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Beam profiles in the patient
• G4 in the patient (left)
• Pencil beam algorithm (right)
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Functionality under development
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WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN WNWNWN WNWNWN
WNWNWN
WMSWMSWMS WMSWMSWMS WMSWMSWMS
GlobusGlobus I/FI/F GlobusGlobus I/FI/FGlobusGlobus I/FI/F
Job SubmissionJob Submission
MatchMakerMatchMatchMakerMaker
InformationSupermarketInformationInformationSupermarketSupermarket
Task QueueTask QueueTask Queue
Network ServerNetwork ServerNetwork Server
Resource BrokerResource BrokerResource Broker
Grid Web UIGrid Web UIGrid Web UI
SESESE SESESE SESESE
Grid access via HTTPJob submission, management, monitoringGet and browse results
Grid access via HTTPGrid access via HTTPJob submission, management, monitoringJob submission, management, monitoringGet and browse results Get and browse results
Resource BrokerInquiry resource informationJob queuing and logging
Resource BrokerResource BrokerInquiry resource informationInquiry resource informationJob queuing and logging Job queuing and logging
File CatalogueIndependent of physical location of filesReplication and transfer automatically
File CatalogueFile CatalogueIndependent of physical location of filesIndependent of physical location of filesReplication and transfer automaticallyReplication and transfer automatically
Virtual OrganizationBased on GSIAcross the institutes
Virtual OrganizationVirtual OrganizationBased on GSIBased on GSIAcross the institutes Across the institutes
Site‐ASiteSite‐‐AA Site‐BSiteSite‐‐BB Site‐CSiteSite‐‐CC
GRID: distributed computig over the InternetGRID: distributed GRID: distributed computigcomputig over the Internetover the Internet
2/Nov/2007 39外部評価委員会
IEEE NSS/MIC (Puerto Rico, Oct/2005)
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Application to educationApplication to education
40
• 1.198 MeV gammas entering 3.004 cm of water• 40 events are displayed to “measure” the probability of the through gammas
Examples of Virtual Laboratory
Virtual Lab on WebWeb Textbook
2/Nov/2007
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Summary
• Geant4 is extensively applied to radiology because of its capability to handle all particles including ions, complex geometry and electromagnetic fields and flexibility.
• The software suit for simulating radiotherapy has been developed in the CREST project “The Development of Software Framework for Simulation in Radiotherapy”.