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CHAPTER  1   ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY

 Ecology - Study of interactions among organisms, with their environment. the flows of energy and materialsbetween abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.

Structure/ Components of an Ecosstem!

  Eco Sstem

 2.2.1 Classes of Consumers

Herbivore – primary consumer – eats plantsCarnivores – secondary – meat eaters; eat herbivoresTertiary – feed on carnivoresmnivores – eat plants!animals.

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Ener" f#o$ t%rou"% atmosp%ere to an ecosstem!

Sun the ultimate source of energy is absorbed by producers "plants# to produce organic matter throughphotosynthesis. The conversion of solar energy is governed by law of thermodynamics.

Tpes of Ecosstem

Natura#Art&f&c&a#/Man'ma(e"$%# croplands, dams etc

Terrestr&a#&elated to land ' typesf vegetation"$%# grassland ecosystem(orest, desert ecosystem

A)uat&c *&elated to water, based on salt content classified into ) types#

+res% $aterMar&ne"Seas ' sea shores#

*otic"running water# , r&-er. stream or spr&n"

*entic "standing water# , #a0e. pon( or s$amp

Ecosystem , + group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is nown as ecosystem.

A&ot&c components "non-living#

&ot&c components "living#

P%s&ca# componentsnclude energy, climate, rawmaterials etc. which are usefulfor the growth ' maintenanceof its member$%. +ir, water, soil, sunlight

C%em&ca# componentsSources of essential nutrients

Or"an&c sustancesroteins, lipids,carbohydrates etc

InOr"an&c sustances+ll micro ' macroelements$%. C, H, , , /, +l,Co, 0n

Autotrop%&c components

1embers are producers, get energy fromsullight$%. +ll green plants, treeshotosynthesis2 C) 3 )H) h4, chlorophyll CH) 3 ) 

3H)

Heterotrop%&c Components!1embers are consumers, can5t prepare their ownfood ' depend on producersTpes!Primary consumersCalled herbivores!plant eaters- depend on plantsfor food.$%. nsects, rat, goat, deer, cow, horse etcSecondary consumers:Called primary carnivores!meat eaters6epend on herbivores for food$%. (rog, cat, snaes, fo%es etc.Tertiary Consumers:Called Secondary carnivores, feed on secondaryconsumers. $%. Tigers, lions etc.

Decomposers!rganisms which feed on dead organisms,plants ' animals ' decompose into simplercompounds$%. 1icroorganism lie bacteria ' fungi

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentic_ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentic_ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotic_ecosystem

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 Ist Law of Thermodynamics:

$nergy can neither be created, nor be destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another

"$%# photosynthesis- solar energy converted to chemical energy.

Photosynthesis Equation: C) 3 )H) h4, sunlight CH) 3 ) 3 H)

lants are used by herbivores, herbivores are used by carnivores as their food.

Thus energy is transferred ' conversion of solar energy is governed by law of thermodynamics

 IInd law of thermodynamics:

7henever energy is transformed, there is a loss of energy through the release of energy in the form of heat.

"$%#. &espiration process2 CH) 3 ) C) 3 )H)

 elationshi! "etween structure # function:

Hence biotic components and abiotic components are lined through energy flow and nutrient cycle.

Sun lants +nimals 8acteria

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+OREST ECOSYSTEM

 Introduction: + forest ecosystem is the one in which a tall ' dense trees grow which support many animals 'birds. n ndia 9: occupies forest of total land area.

Ty!es of $orest ecosystem:

Tropical rain forests < found near the equator, high temperature, have broad leaf trees like sandal, lion, tiger

Tropical deciduous forest uate rainfall

1aintain climate ' rainfall

Support many wild animals ' protect biodiversity Soil is rich in minerals, so support growth of trees

enetration of light is poor so conversion of organic matter is very fast

Structure and $unction of $orest Ecosystem

. +biotic Components < abiotic components are physical components present in soil & atmosphere  (x! tempereature, light, rainfall, minerals

. 8iotic Components

9. roducers < plants absorbs sunlight ' produce food by photosynthesis. $%-trees, shrubs, plants

). Consumersrimary consumers < Called herbivores!plant eaters- depend on plants for food. $%. nsects, rat, goat, deer, cow, horse etcSecondary consumers < Called primary carnivores!meat eaters. 6epend on herbivores for food $%. (rog, birds, cat, snaes, fo%es etc.

Tertiary consumers < Called Secondary carnivores, feed on secondary consumers. $%. Tigers, lions etc.

?. 6ecomposers < "rganisms which feed on dead organisms, plants & animals & decompose intosimpler compounds x.bacteria & fungi

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 2RASS3AND ECOSYSTEM

 Introduction: ccupies )@ of earth5s surface. Arass species, shrubs, trees are present.

Ty!es: Tropical grassland

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D&fference et$een foo( c%a&n 7 foo( $e! n food chain, if one species gets affected, then species in alltropic levels are also affected. 8ut in food web if one species gets affected, it does not affect other tropic levels.

ECO3O2ICA3 PYRAMIDS

Araphical representation of structure and function of tropic levels of an ecosystem is ecological pyramid.

Types2

Pyramid of (um"ers < &epresents the number of Pyramid of Energy: &epresents the amount of

energy individual organisms present in each tropic levels. resent in each tropic level.

 

Producer  ,  occypy st tropic level E +t each tropic level there is a heavy loss of energyPrimary consumer  occupy nt tropic level E Hence there is a sharp decrease in energy at all level  8co= no of rats are lower than no of grasses.Secondary consumer  occupy rd tropic level  8co= no of snaes are lower than no of ratsTertiary consumer  occupy Fth tropic level  /o ' si=e is very low.

8198 Pram&( of B&omass < The amount of living or organic matter present in a particular environment iscalled biomass. – There is a decrease in the biomass from the lower tropic level to the higher tropic level.

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ECO3O2ICA3 S5CCESSION

The progressive replacement of one community by another till the development of stable community in aparticular area is ecological succession.

Stages of ecological succession:

ioneer community < first group of organism in an area

Seral stage < various developmental stages of community

Ty!es of ecological succession: rimary succession < involves gradual establishment of biotic communities on a lifeless ground

Hudrarch ! Hydrosere < establishment starts in watery area lie pond and lae

Gerarch ! Gerosere < establishment starts in a dry area lie desert and roc

Process of Ecological Succession

/udationnvasion < 1igration, $stablishmentCompetition&eaction

Stabili=ation 

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$econdary succession < nvolves establishment of biotic communities in an area, where biotic communityalready present there.

BIODIVERSITY

 &efinition: /he variety and variability among all groups of living organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur.

*evels!Classification of 8iodiversity2

1: 2enet&c (&-ers&t < 6iversity within the species is genetic diversity."e%# tea wood varieties, ndian, 8urma, malasian

8: Spec&es (&-ers&t< diversity between different species. "e%# plant species D apple, mango, grapes, animal

species D lion, tiger, elephant etc.

;: Commun&t/Ecosstem (&-ers&t < 6iversity at the ecological or habitat level is ecosystem diversity. $%.&iver ecosystem.

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VA35ES O+ BIODIVERSITY

1 Consum!ti'e use:Dru"s! 1any plants are used in primary health care.

@ of modern medicines are derived from plant and plant e%tracts.  "$%#enicillin – fungus is the source – +ntibiotic

Iuinine – Chincona bar - 1alaria treatment1orphine – oppy bar – +nalgesic

+ue#s! (ire woods are directly consumed by villagers.+oo(! + large number of wild plants and wild animals

are consumed by human beings as food.

).Producti'e use:8iodiversity products have commercial value.These products are mareted and sold. These are derived from animals and plants.

 )nimal !roducts: Sil from sil worm7ool from sheep1us from mus deer*eather from animals

Plant Products: 7ood for paper and lywoodCotton for te%tile industry

  earl for pearl industry 

*.)esthetic 'alue:

The beautiful nature of plants and animals insists us to protect the biodiversity. $%# eco-tourism, colour

of butterfly, flowers etc.

+.,!tional 'alue:

The optional value of biodiversity suggests that any species may be proved to be a valuable species aftersomeday.

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HOT' SPOTS O+ BIODIVERSITY

The hot spots are the geographic areas which posses high endemic species.

+n area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at least @. of plant species as endemic.

 )rea of hot s!ot: There are ) Hotspots of biodiversity on worldwide. ut of which ) are present in ndia.

$astern Himalayas < /epal , 8hutan, ndo-8urma region,?@ of endemic species

7estern Ahats < Srilana region, e% – 1aharastra, Jarnataa, tamilandu, erela. 9@@ endemic species .

  lants < Ternstroemia Kaponics, hypericum

 -.Social 'alue:

Et refers to the manner in which thebio-resources are used in the society.

EThese are associated with the social life,religion and spiritual aspects of thepeople.

e.g., Holy plants2 Tulsi, *otus, /eemtreesHoly animals2 Cow, snae, bull, peacoc

 .Ethical 'alue:

t means that a species may or may not be used butits e%istence in nature gives us pleasure.

e.g., Holy river2 &iver Aanga  Holy tree2 Tulsi, Fengai

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  +nimals < 8lue bird, li=ard, haw

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

+ny disturbance in a natural ecosystem tends to

reduce its biodiversity. Farious threats to biodiversity are2

8 MAN'6I3D3I+E CON+3ICTS!

Eana"ar ,Msore!

Sugarcane ' cotton crop, e%plosives

Roa# C%&t$an Nat&ona# Par0 , =at%man(u

  1an-eating tiger illed 9M nepalese, B yrs child

San>a 2an(%& Nat&ona# Par0 , Muma&

  *eopards illed– 9B persons

 emedial /easures for conser'ation of "iodi'ersity:

1ae +vailable of +de>uate food ' water for wildlifeConstruction wors in forest must be stopped.

1. HABITAT 3OSS!  *oss of population of interbreedingorganism.$actors influencing 0a"itat Loss:

&eforestation: 

• (orest ' grasslands are cleared for agricultural

lands or developmental proKects.

• 1any species disintegrate due to loss of natural

habitat.&estruction of wetlands:

• 7etlands are destroyed due to pollution, draining

etc.&e'elo!mental acti'ities:

• Construction of dams in forest, industrial effluentsill birds ' a>uatic organisms.

0a"itat fragmentation:

• Habitat is divided into small ' scattered

• So, many animal ' birds are vanishing.

aw materials:

• (or the production of hybrid seeds, wild plants are

used as raw materials.Production of &rugs:

• harmaceutical companies collect wild plants for

drugs production.• So, no of medicinal plants are on the verge of

e%tinction.Illegal Trade:

• Trade on wild life reduces bio-diversit

8 POACHIN2!Jilling ! Hunting of animals is poaching.

Ty!es:

$ubsistence oaching- illing animals for surviving.ommercial oaching% hunting animals for selling

 $actors influencing Poaching:

 0uman Po!ulation: increase in population increasespressure on forest resources.

Commercial acti'ities: Smuggling of wild lifeproducts for high profit.

ildlife !roductsD(urs, horns, tus, live specimen,herbal products.

 Im!orters of wild life D $urope, /orth +merica,Napan, Taiwan, Hong Jong

 Eam!les:

• 1ale gorilla for its body parts

• 8lue morpho butterfly – maing attractive

trays

• Snowy large egret – used for white feather in

ladies hat.OS

• $lephant feet – for maing +sh trays

• $lephant – for ivory• 8engal tiger – soled for P9,@@,@@@ in foreign

maret

• 6ynamite fishing – high tech fishing, e%haust

 $actors Influencing man3animal conflicts:

9. Shrining of forest compels wildlife to move

outside the forest

). $lectric wiring around crops

?. +nimals suffer pain and attac humans

B. (emale wildlife attac human more to safe its cubs.

. (orest dept. don5t cultivate foods for wild

M. Cash compenstn by Aovt – B@@!- per >uintal

8ut maret price )B@@!-

. Aarbage near human settlement attract wild

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Solar powered fencing must be used to prevent animals

ENDAN2ERED 7 ENDEMIC SPECIES O+ INDIA!

Species are classified into various types2

 Etinct s!ecies < /o longer found in the world

 Endangered s!ecies < + species is said to be endangered when its no has been reduced to a critical level.Onless it is protected it is in danger of e%tinction.

4ulnera"le s!ecies < when its population is facing continuous decline due to habitat loss.

 are s!ecies < when it is locali=ed within restricted area.

ENDAN2ERED SPECIES O+ INDIA!

+ species is said to be endangered when its no has been reduced to a critical level. Onless it is protected it is indanger of e%tinction

 (o of threatened s!ecies of India:

lants )@8irds @

1ammals LM&eptiles )+mphibians ?(ishes ?1olluscs ), nsects -@

 E&3data 5oo6 D 6ata boo which contains the list of endangered

species of plants and animals.

 $actors affecting Endangered S!ecies:

 ollution* Human disposal in nature. Travel through food chain and leads to death

"ver%exploitation2 over usage of natural resources ' poaching leads to e%tinct of wild life

limate change2 o=one depletion, flood etc, threatens organisms and ecosystem

 emedial /easures:

CT$S – Convention on nternational Trade in $ndangered Species is signed

):@@ and other :@@ endangered species are restricted for trade.

ENDEMIC SPECIES!

• The species, which are found only in a particular region are nown as endemic species.

• M) of endemic species are found in Himalayas and 7estern Ahats

 $auna:

• +nimals present in a particular region or period is (auna.

• M) amphibians ' @ li=ards are endemic to 7estern Ahats.

• "e%# 1onitor li=ards, reticulated python, ndian salamander, viviparous toad.

 $lora:

• lants present in a particular region or period is (lora

• "e%# Sapria himalayana, ovaria lurida, pteridophyta, angiosperms etc.

 $actors affecting endemic s!ecies:

Habitat loss, fragmentation, pollution

 Im!ortant Endangered S!ecies:

&eptiles < Tortoise, green sea turtle, gharial, python

8irds < eacoc, Siberian white crane, pelican, ndian 8ustard1ammals < ndian wolf, red fo%, tiger, ndian lion, golden cat, desert cat.

rimates < lion tailed money, capped money, golden money

lants < medicinal plants, sandal wood tree

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CONSERVATION O+ BIODIVERSITY

 &efinition :  The management of biosphere for the sustainable benefit to meet the needs of future generation.

 $actors affecting "iodi'ersity:

Human activities lie construction of dams in forest, industrial wastes, using pesticides etc

oaching of wild animals, over e%ploitation of natural resources.

6ischarge of effluents disturbs the marine ecosystem

The climatic factors-global warming, o=one depletion, acid rain affect the biodiversity

 )d'antages or (eed of 5iodi'ersity:

&ecreation, tourism, 6rugs, herbs, food, important raw materials, preserves plants ' animals, henceleads to life supporting systems.

Ty!es of 5iodi'ersity:

• n-situ conservation "within habitat#

• $%-situ conservation "outside habitat#

IN'SIT5 CONSERVATION!

nvolves protection of fauna ' flora within its natural habitat.

1 B&osp%ere Reser-es!

• Covers area of more than @@@ s>. m.

• rotect species for long time

*e

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 estrictions:

Jilling, hunting, shooting of wildlife isprohibited

E'SIT5 CONSERVATION!

nvolves protection of fauna ' flora outside the natural habitats.

 ole of E3situ conser'ation:

1aintenance of endangered plant ' animal species under controlled conditions

reserves more important species

 /ethods of E3situ conser'ation:

1 NBP2R 

/ational 8ureau of lant Aenetic &esources < uses cryo techni>ue

Cryo Techni>ue2 reservation of seeds, vegetables, fruits, crops, etc by using li>uid nitrogen at -9:MQ C

8NBA2R !

/ational 8urea of +nimal Aenetic &esources < preserves semen of bovine animals

;N+PRCR!

/ational (acility for lants Tissue Culture &espository < preserves crops or trees by tissue culture

Mer&ts

Survival ! life span of species increase by special careSpecies are assured for food, water, shelter etc$ndangered species are preserved

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T$o Mar0s 4uest&ons!

9. hat is en'ironment 7 +ns2 Sum of total of all the living ' non-living things around us is environment.

 2. &efine en'ironmental studies7

Study of the environment its biotic and abiotic components and their interrelationship is env. Studies.

 -. E!lain 5iosh!ere7

+ns2 The part of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere in which living organisms live ' interact withone another is called biosphere.

B.  &efine Producers7 Ans2 roducers synthesi=e their food themselves through photosynthesis .e% allgreen plants.

. 7hat is ecological successionR 1ention their types

M. 7hat are food chainR 1ention theiy types

. 7hat is food webR

L.  (ame $our ecosystem7 Ans2 (orest, Arassland, 6esert, ond ecosystem

:. $%plain the concept of an ecosystemR

9@. 6efine producers and consumersR

11. 0ow does a "iome differs from an ecosystem7+ns2 +n ecosystem which are e%posed to same climatic conditions, life cycle, and physical structure iscalled biome. ,e the biome is a small ecosystem within an ecosystem.

12. hat is meant "y 6eystone s!ecies7

Demer&ts!$%pensive method(reedom of wildlife is lost+nimal cant survive in natural environment

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Ans2 Species which contribute to habitat functioning and without the wor of these ey species or whenthey disappears, the habitat change dramatically. Such species are called eystone species.

9?. 7hat are autotrophic and heterotrophic componentsR Aive e%amples.

9B. 6efine 8iodiversityR

9. 6efine genetic and species diversityR

9M. 7hat do you understand by flora and faunaR

18. India is a mega di'ersity nation7 )ccount.

Ans! ndia is one among the 9) mega diversity countries in the world.

  t has .?9 of world faunal species ' 9@.L of the world floral species.

  The loss of biodiversity is about ??.

9L. 7hat are the two important biodiversity hot spots in ndiaR

9:. Aive few e%amples for endangered and endemic species of ndiaR

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CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. AIR POLLUTION

The presence of one or more contaminants like dust, smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals.

Common air pollutants sources & their effects:ubstance Nature Sources Health eects En!"ron#ental eects

rbononoxideO)

Colourless, odourless, poisonous gas.Formed during incomplete combustion offuels C ! O " CO

Cigarette smoking, incompleteburning of fuels, motor #ehicleexhaust

Causes headaches, anemia, coma,irre#ersible brain cell damage $death

%ncreases the globe temperature

trogenoxideO)

'eddishbrown irritating gas $ gi#esphotochemical smog,Can be con#erted to nitric acid&O ! oisture " *&O+

Fuels burning in #ehicles,industrial plants

ung irritation $ damage *&O+ acid deposition damagetrees, soils, $ a-uatic life. %tcorrode metals, stones onbuildings, statues, monumentsetc.

lphuroxideO)

Colourless, irritating gas. Formed b/combustion of coal $ oil. Can becon#erted to sulphuric acid in atmosphere

0urning of coal, industrialprocess

0reathing problems 'educe #isibilit/, acid depositionon trees, soils $ a-uatic life

spendedrticulateatter1)

%ncludes #ariet/ of particles $ droplets(aerosols).

0urning coal in industries, dieselin #ehicles, agriculture, unpa#edroads, etc

&ose $ throat irritation, lungdamage, bronchitis, asthma, cancer

'educe #isibilit/, acid deposition,*O2 droplets damage trees,soils $ a-uatic life

one (O+) *ighl/ reacti#e irritating, unpleasantodour gas. 4 major component ofphotochemical smog.

&itrogen oxides, chemicalreaction with #olatile organiccompounds

oderates the climate

otochemicsmog

0rownish smoke formed duringautomobile traffic

Formed due to chemical reactionamong nitrogen oxides$ h/drocarbon

0reathing problems, cough, e/e,nose $ throat irritation, heartdiseases,

5amage plants $ trees. mogreduce #isibilit/

ad (1b) olid toxic metal 1aint, smelters, lead manufacture,storage batteries, leaded petrol

0rain $ ner#ous s/stem damage,mental retardation in children,digesti#e $ other health problems,cause cancer

Can harm wild life

romium olid toxic metal , 1aint, smelters, chromiummanufacture, chromium plating

1erforation of nasal septum, chromeholes, ulcer, central ner#ous s/stemdisease, cancer.

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Sources of air pollution

• &atural pollution #olcanic eruptions, forest fires, biological deca/.

• an 6 made acti#ities 6 Thermal power plants, agricultural acti#ities.

Classification

•  Primary pollutant  6 these are those emitted directl/ in the atmosphere in harmful form like CO, &O.

•

Secondary pollutant  6 these ma/ react with one another or with the basic components of air to formnew pollutants.Control Measures

1. Source control

7se onl/ unleaded petrol

7se fuels that ha#e low sulphur and ash content

1lant trees along bus/ streets because the/ remo#e particulates and carbon monoxide and absorb noise.

%ndustries and waste disposal sites should be situated outside the cit/ centre.

7se catal/tic con#erters to help control the emissions of carbon monoxide and h/drocarbons.

*ouses, schools, restaurants $ park should not be located on bus/ street

$. Control #easures "n In%ustr"al centers

8mission rates should be restricted to permissible le#els

4ir pollution control e-uipments must be made mandator/

Continous monitoring of the atmosphere to know the emission le#el

Equipments used to control air pollution:

echanical de#ices such as scrubbers, c/clone separator, bag houses $ electrostatic precipitators, reducing

particulate pollutants.

$.ROLE O& AN IN'IVI'UAL IN PREVENTION O& POLLUTION

• 1lant more trees

• *elp more in pollution pre#ention than pollution control

• 7se water, energ/ and other resources efficientl/

• 1urchase rec/clable, rec/cled and en#ironmentall/ safe products

• 'educe deforestation

• 'emo#e &O from motor #ehicular exhaust

• 7se of eco friendl/ products.

• 7se CFC free refrigirators

• 7se natural gas than coal

• 7se machines in well #entilated areas

• 7se less polluting substances for cleaning agents, paints $ other products

• %ncrease use of renewable resources

• 5on9t use pol/st/rene cups that ha#e chloro fluoro carbon (CFC) which destro/ o3one

• 7se rechargeable batteries which will reduce metal pollution

• 7se organic manure instead of inorganic fertili3ers

• 'educe garbage b/ rec/cling $ reuse, low population growth

3. (ATER POLLUTION

%t ma/ be defined as :the alteration in ph/sical, chemical and biological characteristics of water which ma/

cause harmful effects on human and a-uatic life.

T)*es+ eects an% sources o ,ater *ollut"on

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1. Infectious agents-  Example: 0acteria, #iruses, proto3oa and parasitic worms.

Sources-  *uman and animal wastes.

Eects-  ;ariet/ of diseases.

2. Oxgen demanding !astes:

 Example:4nimal manure and plant debris that can be decomposed b/ aerobic bacteria.

Sources- ewage, paper mills, and food processing facilities.

Eects- 

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of organic matter present in the water

Chemical Ox/gen 5emand (CO5) > %t is the amount of ox/gen re-uired for chemical oxidation of organic

matter using oxidi3ing agent like ?CrO@ $ ?nO2

Control measures of !ater pollution

• The administration of water pollution should be in the hand of state or central go#ernment.

• cientific techni-ues are needed to control pollution in ri#er, ponds or streams.

• %ndustrial plants should be based on rec/cling operations.

• The national goal should be :conser#ation of forestsA and campaign should be :plant more treesA.

• *ighl/ -ualified and effecti#e persons should be consulted for effecti#e control or water pollution.

• 4wareness to public through radio, t# etcB

• uitable laws, standards and practices should be framed to regulate pollution.

• 0asic and applied research in public health engineering be encouraged.

• The possible of reuse or rec/cling of waste material should be encouraged.

•

Companies should not discharge an/ t/pe of waste either treated or untreated into ri#ers, lakes, ponds etc.

2.HOPAL 4AS TRA4E'5-

On night of +rd 5ecember DE2 in 0hopal cit/ of adh/a 1radesh

4t 7nion carbide %ndia td, which manufacture carbonate pesticides using meth/l isoc/anate (%C)

5ue to failure of coolant, the reactor got exploded $ 2 tons of %C leaked o#er 2 s-.km area.

 *ature of MIC = It is a toxic gas, affects lungs, eyes & causes irritation in skin. Remove oxygen from lungs& cause death.

Effects in Bhopal: About 5000 persons died, 000 became blind, !5,000 peoplesuffered from eye,

respiratory, neuromuscular problems.

CHERNO5L NUCLEAR 'ISASTER-6Nuclear *ollut"on7

%n 4pril G DEG, melt down of the Chernob/l nuclear reactor in 'ussia, has leaked out the radioacti#e ra/s $

radioacti#e materials.

 Effects: about persons died, more suffered due to degeneration of cells, se#ere bleeding, anaemia, skin

cancer, animals plants was also affected more.

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

2.SOIL POLLUTION%t ma/ be defined as :the contamination of soil b/ human and natural acti#ities which ma/ cause harmful

effects on li#ing beingsA.

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)pes

1. In%ustr"al ,astes

Sources- 1ulp and paper mills, chemical industries, oil refineries, sugar factories,tanneries, textile, steel, fertili3ers etc.

Effects: 4ffect and alter the chemical and biological properties of soil.

*a3ardous chemicals enter into human food chain from the soil and finall/ lead to serious effects.

$. Urban ,astesSources an% eects- 1lastics, Hlasses, metallic cans, fibers, papers, rubbers, street sweepings, and other discarded

manufactured products. These are also dangerous.

3. Ar"cultural *ract"ces

Sources an% eects- *uge -uantities of fertili3ers, pesticides, herbicides, and weedicides are added to increase the

crop /ield. 4part from these farm wastes, manure, slurr/, are reported to cause soil pollution.

2. Ra%"oact"!e *ollutants

Sources an% eects- These are resulting from explosions of nuclear dust and radio acti#e wastes penetrate the soil and

accumulate there b/ creating land pollution.

8. "olo"cal aents

Sources an% eects- oil gets large -uantities of human, animal and birds excreta which constitute the major source

of land pollution b/ biological agents.

Control measures of soil pollution +gi%e explaination for each topic on our o!n,

1opulation growth

5ecrease of the a#ailable farm land due to urbani3ation

Forestr/ and farm practices

1roper dumping of unwanted materials

1roduction of natural fertili3ers

1roper */gienic condition

1ublic awareness

'ec/cling and 'euse of wastes

0an on Toxic chemicals.

8.MARINE POLLUTION

%t ma/ be defined as :the discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm to li#ing resources

ha3ards to human health, hindrance to fisher/ and impairment of -ualit/ for use of sea waterA.

Source o #ar"ne *ollut"on

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 -umping the !astes:

*uge amounts of sewage, garbage, agricultural discharge, pesticides, hea#/ metals, plastics are dumped

in sea.  Effects: o man/ marine birds are affected b/ gastrointestinal disorders.

Oil pollution of Marine !ater:

Caused b/ petroleum and its products.

  Effects: Oil films inhibit photos/nthesis $ formation of ox/gen.

 This inhibit the growth of marine plants

Eects o #ar"ne *ollutants

Cause more damage in birds as thinning of eggshell and tissue damage of egg.

Oil spilling causes low bod/ temperature in birds resulting in h/pothermia.

Oil films decreases the rate of ox/gen uptake b/ water.

Cause damage to marine fauna $ flora including algae, fish, birds, in#ertebrates

Oil films inhibit photos/nthesis $ inhibit the growth of the plants

*/drocarbon $ ben3p/rene accumulate in fish $ consumption of fish b/ man cause cancer.

Control #easures o #ar"ne *ollut"on

1lants for conser#ing marine biodi#ersit/ must be taken into account of human needs.

1eople should be educated about marine ecos/stems and the benefits offered b/ them.

ocal communities must be in#ol#ed in protecting and managing their coastal resources.

ocial and economic incenti#es must be offered for conser#ing and sustainable use of marine resources.

Ho#ernments must manage their own water while extending cooperation to the neighboring states.

9.NOISE POLLUTION

%t ma/ be defined as :the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes discomfort for all li#ing

beingsA. ound intensit/ is measured in decibel (d0).

T)*es o no"se

%ndustrial noise (drilling sound, mechanical saws)

Transport noise (bus, trucks, motors, scooters, rail traffic noise) &eighborhood noise (usical instruments, T;, ;C', 'adios, telephones, loudspeakers ets)

Eects o No"se *ollut"on

This affects human health, comfort and efficienc/.

%t causes muscles to contract leading to ner#ous breakdown, tension.

%t affects health efficienc/ and beha#ior.

loss of hearing due to excessi#e noise,

impulsi#e noise also causes ps/chological and pathological disorders.

0rain is also ad#ersel/ affected b/ loud and sudden noise as that of jet and aero plane noise.

7ltrosonic sound can affect the digesti#e, respirator/, cardio #ascular s/stem.

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'ate of heart beat decrease or increase depending on the t/pe of noise

0lood is also thickened b/ excessi#e noises

Optical s/stem is also affected b/ noise pollution $ lead to colour perception $ loss of night #ision

Control an% *re!ent"n #easures

Source control 6 acoustic treatment to machine surface, design changes, limiting the operational

timings.

)ransmission path inter%ention the source inside a sound insulating enclosure, construction of a noise

barrier or pro#ision of sound absorbing materials.

Oiling 6 1roper oiling will reduce the noise from the machines.

 $eceptor control= 1rotection of the recei#er b/ altering the work schedule, b/ using ear plugs etc

'lanting trees also act as effecti%e noise arriers

 -ifferent asorpti%e materials can e used to control interior noise.

:.THERMAL POLLUTION

%t ma/ be defined as the :addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to man, animalor a-uatic life or otherwise causes significant departures from the normal acti#ities of a-uatic communities in waterA

Sources o ther#al *ollut"on

1. *uclear po!er plants (drainage from hospitals, research institutes, nuclear experiments $ explosions,emission from nuclear reactors)

 2. Coal fired po!er plants (some thermal power plants use coal as fuel, condenser coil are cooled $ dischargethe hot water back to the nearb/ lake, $ kills the fish $ marine organisms)

 ". Industrial effluents (Textile, paper, pulp, sugar industries discharge wastes) #. -omestic se!age (unicipal sewage has higher temperature which decrease the dissol#ed ox/gen content $

result in foul $ offensi#e smell in water)

/. 0dro electric po!er.

Eects o ther#al *ollut"on

'eduction in dissol#ed ox/gen

%ncrease in Toxicit/

%nterference with biological acti#ities

%nterference with reproduction 5irect mortalit/

Food storage for fish.

;.NUCLEAR HA

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Causes delirium, con#ulsions $ death within hours or da/s with brain exposure

8/e cell die, forming cataracts with e/e exposure

;omiting, bleeding of the gums, mouth ulcers etc.

0lood #essel damage is indicated b/ red spots on the skin

&ausea, #omiting $ %nfection of the intestinal wall can kill weeks afterwards

7nborn children are affected b/ mental retardation or brain damage.

Control measures from *uclear 0aards:

&uclear de#ices should ne#er be exploded in air.

%n nuclear reactor coolants ma/ be used to pre#ent extraneous acti#ation products

Tightl/ sealed boxes $ closed c/cle s/stem can be used to decrease the radioacti#e emissions

1roduction of radioisotopes should be minimi3ed

inimum no of nuclear installations should be commissioned

Fission reactions should be minimi3ed

The use of radio isotopes ma/ be carried under jet of soil or water instead of gaseous forms

The/ are dangerous $ so con#erted them into inert solids $ then buried deep into earth or

stored in deep salt mines. 8x. pent nuclear fuel

Medium level wastes (MLW) > < are solidified $ are mixed with concrete in steel drums before buried in deepmines

Low level wastes (LLW)= < are disposed off in steel drums in concrete lined trenches

=.PROCESS O& SOLI' (ASTE MANA4EMENT&LO( CHART

olid waste generation

Collection of wastes

Transportation

torage

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egregation of waste

5isposal methods

Ste*s In!ol!e%

I $educe3 $euse3 $eccling +"$,

a7 Re%uce the usae o ra, #ater"als- 7sage of raw materials is reduced.

b7 Reuse- re"llable conta"ner ,h"ch "s %"scar%e% ater us"n can be reuse%.  Throwing rubber ring from c/cle tubes can be used again in the manufacture of rubber bands.

c7 Rec)cl"n- rec/cling of discarded materials into new products.8g=i) 1reparation of new cans and bottles from old aluminum cans and glass bottles.

ii) 1reparation of fuel pellets from kitchen waste.

II -iscarding !astes:

ethods= a) and fill b) %ncineration c) Composting

a7 Lan% "ll-

olid wastes are placed in sanitar/ landfill s/stem in alternate la/ers of E cm thickness of refuse

Co#ered with selected earth fill of cm thickness

4fter or + da/s solid wastes #olume shrinks b/ J+K Then the land is used for parks, roads, small buildings etc.

A%!antaes

imple and economical

egregation is not re-uired

andfill areas can be used for other purposes&atural resources are retained to the soil.

b7 Inc"nerat"on 6or7 Ther#al *rocess

%n this method combustible substances (rubbish, garbage, dead organisms) $ noncombustablesubstances (glass, porcelain, metals) are separated first.

The combustible waste substances are first dried in a preheater

Then it is taken in a large incinerating furnace which incinerate about to J tonnes per hour

The temperature is maintained between @LC to LC The left out ashes $ clinkers from the furnace is further disposed b/ landfill method

The heat produced in the incinerator is used for generating electricit/ though turbines

The non combustible substances are left out for rec/cling $ reuse.

A%!antaes-

'"sa%!antaes-

arge area is re-uired

Transportations cost is hea#/.0ad odors, if landfill is not properl/ managed

%nsecticides, pesticides should be applied at regular

inter#als

Causes of fire ha3ards due to formation of methane

'"sa%!antaes-

Capital and operating cost is high

&eed skilled personsFormation of smokes, dusts, and

ashes.

"andfi

Incineratio#omposti

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'e-uire little space

Cost of transportation is not highafest and h/gienic

Capacit/ + tonnes per da/ and can generate +; of power.

c7 Co#*ost"n-

%n this method the bulk organic waste is con#erted into fertili3er b/ biological action

The separated compostable waste is dumped in underground trenches(.Jm)

Co#ered with earth of cm and left o#er for decomposition

icro organism (actinom/cetes) is introduced to start decomposition.

4fter or + da/s the organic waste are destro/ed bt micro organism and produce heat

Composting will happen at @JLC

Finall/ the refuse can con#erted to powder/ brown colored odorless mass called *umus(fertili3er).

%t contains lots of nitrogen, plants growth phosphates and other minerals.

A%!antaes-

%ncrease of water retention and ion exchange character of soil&umber of industrial waste can also be treated b/ this methodanure can be produced

'ec/cling occurs.

1>.'ISASTER MANA4EMENT

Ha?ar%

%t is a percei#ed natural e#ent which threatens both life and propert/.

'"saster

4 disaster is the reali3ation of this ha3ard

%t is defined as the geological process and it is an e#ent concentrated in time and space in which a

societ/ or subdi#ision of a societ/ undergoes se#ere danger and causes loss of its members and ph/sical

propert/.

T)*es

&atural disasters 6 refers to those disasters that are generated b/ natural phenomena.

an made disasters 6 refers to the disasters resulting from man made ha3ards.

&LOO'S

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• 8ncroachment of flood wa/s should be banned.

• 0uilding walls pre#ent spilling out the flood water o#er flood plains.

• 5i#erting excess water through channels or canals to areas like lake, ri#ers

where water is not sufficient.

• Optical and microwa#e data from %' is also used for flood management.

• Flood forecasts and flood warning are also gi#en b/ the central water commission.

C5CLONES

%t is a meteorological process, intense depressions forming o#er the open oceans and mo#ing towards the land.

C/clone is measured b/ affirimpson scale.

Eect

The damage depends on the intensit/ of c/clone the damage to human life, crops, roads, transport,could be hea#/.

C/clone occurrence slows down the de#elopmental acti#ities of the area.

C)clone #anae#ent

atellite images are used b/ meteorological departments for forecasting the weather conditions which

re#eal the strength and intensit/ of the storm.

'adar s/stem is used to detect the c/clone and is being used for c/clone warning.

LAN' SLI'ES

The mo#ement of earth/ materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher to lower region togra#itational pull is called land slides.

Causes

o#ement of hea#/ #ehicles on the unstable slopp/ regions.

8arth-uake, shocks, #ibrations and c/clone.

Eects o lan%sl"%es

. 0lock roads and di#erts the passage.

. oil erosion increases.

+. Causes damages to houses, crops and li#e stock.

EARTH @UAES

4n earth-uake is a sudden #ibration caused on earth surface with the sudden release of tremendous energ/

stored in rocks under the earth9s crust.

Causes

. 5ise-uilibrium in an/ part of the earth crust

. 7nderground nuclear testing

+. 5ecrease of underground water le#el.

Se!er"t) o an earthBuae- Henerall/ it is measured b/ its magnitude on 'ichter scale.

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R"chter Scale Se!er"t) o earthBuae

ess than 2 %nsignificant

2 2.D inor

J J.D 5amagingG G.D 5estructi#e

@ @.D ajorore than E Hreat

Eect

• 5amage the settlements and transport s/stems

• Collapses houses and their structures

• 5eformation of ground surface

• Tsunami

EarthBuae Manae#ent

Constructing earth-uake resistant building

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D. 5efine landslidesM

.

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Chapter 3  NATURAL RESOURCES

1. OVER EXPLOITATION OF FOREST:

Due to overpopulation, the forest materials like food, medicine, shelter, wood & fuel are not sufficient to meet the

people’s demand. Hence exploitation of forest increases day by day

 Reason for over exploitation in India:

In India forest area required to maintain ood ecoloical balance is !!" but at present is only ##" there. Hence

over exploitation of forest occur.

Causes of over exploitation:

Increasin aricultural production

Increasin industrial activities

Increase in demand of wood resources

 Effects of Over exploitation:

$ed to miration of the farmers

%nvironment damae is heavy

ropical forests are destroyed very fastly

'ountless plants and animal species are endanered

(arine population will o into extinction

Dumpin of wastes into land, water, & air is a severe problem

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2. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE:

 Evaporation: 

Heat enery from the sun evaporates water from oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds etc.

Condensation & Precipitation:

 *recipitation +rainfall occurs due to the condensation of water & falls to earth.

-nce water condenses, it is pulled into the round by ravity.

Transpiration & respiration:

*lants absorb water throuh their roots & loose water throuh their leaves to the atmosphere & this process is transpiration.

nimals & plants break down suars and produce enery with liberation of '-# & H#- is respiration.

Thus the process of evaporation, condensation & transpiration is called hydrological cycle

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3. DEFORESTATION

Deforestation means destruction or removal of forests due to natural or man)made activities.

 !eforestation in India: Deforestation is a continuous process in India.

bout /.! hectares of forest land has been lost.

he presence of waste land is a sin of deforestation in India.

 Causes of !eforestation

/. Developmental pro0ects (Ex) Bigdams, hydroelectric projects, road construction etc#. (inin operations (ex) Mica, coal, manganese, limestone etc.!. 1aw materials for industries (ex) for making boxes, furnitures, plywood, match boxes, pulp etc.2. 3uel requirements (ex) Both rural tribal population depend on forests for fuel4. 5hiftin cultivation ) !eplacement of natural forest ecosystem lead to loss of plants animal species6. 3orest 3ires " #ue to human interruption increase in temperature forest fire happens

 Effects or Conse"uences of deforestation:

# $lo%al ar'ing(  'uttin & burnin of forest trees increase '-# content in atmosphere

his causes lobal warmin and depletion of o7one layer.

 ) *oil erosion(  3orest trees act as natural barrier to reduce the wind velocity & reduce soil erosion.

Deforestation causes soil erosion, floods, landslides, and drouht.

 3 +oss of genetic diversity( Destroy the enetic diversity on earth which provides food & medicines for entire world.

  +oss of -iodiversity( 8hen plants does not exist, animals that depend on them for food & habitat become extinct.

. +oss of /ood grains( Due to soil erosion, the countries loose the food rains.

0 /lood & land slides(  frequent floods, landslides in hilly areas and wind speed are heavy.

1 2ne'ploy'ent Pro%le's ( people livin around forest areas losses their livelihood.

Preventive 'easures of conservation of forests

• *lantin trees to replace the cut down trees

• 9se of wood for fuel should be discouraed

• 'ontrollin forest pest by sprayin pesticides usin aeroplanes

• 'ontrollin forest fire by modern techniques

• 'ontrollin over ra7in by cattle

• Discourain miration of tribal people by the overnment.

• 'onductin education & awareness prorammes

• 5trict implementation of law of forest conservation act.

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4.  DAMS & THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS & TRIBAL PEOPLE:

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 !efinition: Dams are artificial structures built across the river to create reservoir to store water.

 Indian *cenario:  (aharashtra ; more than 6

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0. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IMPACTS OF EXTRACTING & USING MINERAL RESOURCES:

 !efinition: (inin is the process of extractin of metals from the mineral deposit.

Types: /. S',$ !//): It is process of extraction of raw materials form surface.

  #. U$')'* !//):  It is the process of extraction of raw materials below the earth’s surface

  Open5Pit 'ining: machines di holes & remove the ores. +ex Iron, copper, limestone, marble etc

 !redging: 5crapin the minerals from under)water mineral deposit by chained buckets & dralines.*trip 'ining: he ore is stipped off by usin bulldo7ers, strippin wheels.

 Effects of over exploitation of 'ineral resources

• 1apid depletion of mineral deposits

• 8astae & dissemination of mineral deposits

• 'auses environmental pollution

• ?eeds heavy enery requirements.

• @ibration developed durin minin causes earthquake

• 'auses ?oise pollution

• 1educes si7e & shape of forest areas

• 'ontinuous minin causes landslides, 'auses miration of tribal people.

 Environ'ental !a'age caused %y 'ining activities:

# !e5vegetation &

defacing of landscape

• opsoil & veetation are removed from minin areas.

• De)veetation leads to severe ecoloical losses.

 ) $round4ater

conta'ination

• (inin pollutes the round water.

• 5ulphur present in many ores, is converted into sulphuric acid by microbial action.

• Hence water becomes acidic.

• 5ome heavy metals also leach into round water.

 3 *urface 4ater

 pollution

• he drainae of acid mine contaminates streams & lakes.

• 1adioactive substances like 9ranium contaminate the surface water &

• Aill the aquatic animals.

  6ir pollution   B 5meltin & roastin done to purify the metal causes air pollution & affects

the nearby veetation.

Bhe 5*( +suspended particulate matter like rsenic, cadmium, lead etc.

contaminate the atmosphere & affects public health.

. *u%sidence of +ands (inin results in cracks in houses, tiltin of buildins, bendin of rail tracks etc.

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5. EFFECTS IMPACTS OF MODERN AGRICULTURE:1. P'*6#$!% / %/) F$'-/#/7$'%:

 7icronutrient i'%alance:

a. 'hemical fertili7ers used in fields contain nitroen, phosphorus & potassium +?*A

b. %xcess of fertili7ers used in fields causes micronutrient imbalance.

 -lue -a%y syndro'e:

a. ?itroenous fertili7ers used in fields, contaminate the round water.

b. 8hen the nitrate concentration exceeds #4 mClit, they cause serious health problem called B#$ B68 %8'*!$9

c. his disease affects infants & leads to death.

 Eutrophication:

a. lare proportion of ? & * fertili7ers used in fields is washed off & causes over nourishment of

the lakes. his process is known as %utrophication.

b. %utrophication leads lakes to et attacked by alal blooms.

c. $ife time of alal blooms are less & thy die quickly & pollute water & affect the aquatic life.

2. P'*6#$!% / %/) "$%-/,/$%:

 Ist generation Pesticides: 5ulphur, arsenic, lead or mercury are used to kill the pests.

 IInd generation pesticides: DD Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethane is used to kill the pests.

hese chemicals produce number of side effects. hey are as follows

 #eath of non"target organisms ; Insecticides not only kill the taret species, they also kill the non)taret species.

 $roducing new pests% 5ome pest species survive even after the pesticide sprayE they are immune & are called super pests.

Bio"magnification%  (any pesticides are non)bioderadable & keep on concentratin in food chain.

  he process is called bio)manification & is harmful to the human beins. !isk of cancer%  It directly acts as carcinoens, It indirectly suppress the immune system.

8uality of an ideal pest:

(ust kill only the taret species

(ust by bioderadable

5hould not produce new pests

5hould not produce any toxic pesticide vapour

%xcessive pesticides should not be used

'hlorinated & oranophosphate pesticides are ha7ardous & they should not be used.

3. -$' #*))/):

8ater loin is the land where water stand for most of the year

Pro%le's in 4ater logging:

*ore)voids in the soil et filled with water & the soil)air ets depleted.

5o, the roots of the plants don’t et adequate air for respiration.

5o, mechanical strenth of the soil & crop yield decreases.

Causes of ater logging:

%xcessive water supply to the croplands.

 Re'edy:*reventin excessive irriation

  *reventin water)loin by  5ub)surface drainae technoloy

  >io)drainae by eucalyptus tree etc

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Heavy rain, *oor drainae.

4. S#//-8:

 !efinition: B 8ater evaporation leaves behind a thin layer of salts in the topsoil.

& this process of accumulation of salts is called salinity of soil.

  B5aline soils are due to 5odium chloride, calcium chloride, manesium chloride, sodium sulphate,

sodium bicarbonates & sodium carbonates.

Bhe pH of the water exceeds F.<

Pro%le's in salinity

Due to salinity the soil becomes alkaline & crop yield decreases

 Re'edy:

he salt deposit is removed by flushin them by ood quality water

5alt water is flushed out by usin sub)surface drainae system.

;.  OVER UTILI

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=. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: #Conservation of energy

• urn off lihts, fans and other appliances when not in use.

• Dry the clothes in sun instead of drier

•

9se solar cooker for cookin food on sunny days and will cut down $*= expenses.• =row trees and climbers near the houses and et a cool bree7e and shade. his will cut off electricity

chares on coolers and C'

• 1ide bicycle or 0ust walk instead of usin your car or scooter.

• lways use pressure cooker.

 )Conservation of 4ater:

• 9se minimum water for all domestic purpose

• 'heck for water leaks in pipes & toilets & repair them properly

•

1euse the soapy water after washin clothes for washin courtyards, drive ways etc.• 9se drip irriation to improve irriation efficiency & reduce evaporation

• he waste water from kitchen, bath tub can be used for waterin the plants

• >uild rainwater harvestin system in your home

 3Conservation of soil:

• =row plants, trees & rass which bind the soil & prevent its erosion

• Don’t irriate the plants usin stron flow of water, as it will wash off the top soil

• 5oil erosion can be prevented by the use of sprinklin irriation

• 9se reen manure in the arden, which will protect the soil• 9se mixed croppin, so that specific soil nutrients will not et depleted

• 8hile constructin the house don’t uproot the trees

 Conservation of food resources:

• %at minimum amount of food, avoid over eatin.

• Don’t waste the food, instead ive it to someone before ettin spoiled.

• 'ook only required amount of food

• Don’t cook food unnecessarily

• Don’t store lare amounts of food rains & protect them from insects.

.Conservation of forest:

• 9se non)timber products

• *lant more trees & protect them

• =rassin, fishin must be controlled

• (inimi7e the use of papers & fuel wood

• void developmental work like dam, road, construction in forest areas.

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>. CONFLICTS OVER ATER: 

#Conflicts through use:

  9nequal distribution of water led to inter)state or international disputes.

aInternation conflicts:

• India & *akistan fiht to water from the Indus

• Iran & Iraq fiht for water from 5hatt)al)rab water

• India & >anladesh fiht for >hramaputra river

• (ixico & 95 fiht over 'olorado river

 )Construction of !a'sPo4er stations:

3or hydroelectric power eneration, dams built across the rivers, initiates conflict between the states.

 3Conflict through pollution:

1ivers & $akes are used for electricity, shippin & for industrial purpose.

Disposal of waste water & industrial waste decrease the quality of water & causes pollution.

EXAMPLES OF ATER CONFLICTS:

C*#/,-% * I/ '/?$':

 #amodar ri&er G It is the most polluted river, carryin 2! industries discharesC

'amuna ri&er G /,

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1@.  RENEABLE ENERGY RESOURCES & NONRENEABLE ENERGY RESOURCES:R$$6#$ E$')8 R$%*',$%:

 !efinition:  hey are natural resources which can be reenerated continuously

Ex!"#$%: *olar energy ; 5olar cells, 5olar heat collectors, 5olar water heater

ind energy ; 8ind mills, 8ind farms

Ocean energy ; idal enery, -cean hermal enery, =eothermal enery

 -io'ass energy ; >ioas, >io fuel, Hydroen fuel

A) SOLAR ENERGY:

he %nery that we et directly from the sun is called solar enery

M$-*% * H'?$%-/) S*#' E$')8

# *olar cells

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hey are noise & pollution free5olar water heaters, cookers require no fuels5olar cells can be used in remote & isolated forest & hilly reions.

b) WIND ENERGY 

 !efinition(ovin air is called wind.

%nery recovered from the force of the wind is called wind enery.

he enery possessed by wind is because of its hih speed.

he wind enery is harnessed by makin use of wind mills.

M$-*% * H'?$%-/) / $$')8

# ind 7ills

• he strike of wind on the blades of the wind mill rotates it continuously.

• he rotational motion of the blade drives machines like water pump, flour mills, electric enerators etc.

 ) ind far's

• 8ind farm consists of lare number of wind mills .

• he wind farms produce a lare amount of electricity.

C*/-/*%

he minimum speed required for satisfactory workin of a wind enerator is /4 kmChr.

A?-)$%It does not cause any air pollutionIt is very cheap.

c) OCEAN ENERGY It can be enerated by followin ways.# Tidal energy

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• he enery available due to the difference in temperature of water is called ocean thermal

enery.Condition

he temperature difference should be of #iomass is the oranic matter, produced by plants or animals,E): 8ood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dun, sewae, aricultural wastes.

# -iogas

• (ixture of methane, carbondioxide, hydroen sulphide, ete.

• It contains about 64" of methane as as a ma0or constituent

• >ioas is obtained by the $'*6/, $'!$--/* of animal dun or plant wastes in the

presence of water. ) -io fuels

>iofuels are the fuels, obtained by the $'!$--/* of biomass.

 Examples% (E-*# %asily produced from the %)',$. Its calorific value is less than petrol,

 (6M$-*# obtained from $-*# *' %)')containin plants. calorific value is also too low than asoline and diesel.

(,G%**# =asohol is a mixture of $-*#)%*#/$.

 3 ?ydrogen /uelHydroen can be produced by -$'!# /%%*,/-/* or "*-*#8%/% or $#$,-'*#8%/% of water.

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  It possesses hih calorific value.

  It is non pollutin, because the combustion product is water.

#H#M-#))))N#H#-M/4@ !$-$ and small amount of other 8'*,'6*%.  #. Its calorific value ranes from /#,

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Heavier nucleus is split into lihter nuclei, on bombardment by fast movin neutrons, and a lareamount of enery is released.%:

3ission of 9#!4

8hen 9#!4 nucleus is hit by a thermal neutron, it underoes the followin reaction with the release of !

neutrons.

9##!4 M n/a

/!46 M Ar

2!6M !n

/

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#. 8hat are renewable & non)renewable enery resourcesP =ive examplesP!. 5tate the problems caused by the construction of DamsP2. 8rite any two functions of forestsP4. 8hat are the causes of deforestationP6. 'ompare the merits & problems of damsP. Define the term deforestationPF. 8hat is eutrophicationP. 8hat is eothermal eneryP

/iotic aents, $andslides, 'onstruction

#B !ifferentiate %et4een deforestation & forest degradation@

F*'$%- $)'-/* D$*'$%--/*

*rocess of deterioration of forest materials *rocess of destruction of forest materials

5low process 1apid process

'an be recovered. 'annot be recovered

 ) !ifferentiate rene4a%le & nonrene4a%le energy@

R$$6#$ E$')8 N*'$$6#$ $$')8

1eenerated continuously 'annot be reenerated

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In exhaustible %xhausted

'an be used aain & aain 'annot be used aain

It is pollution free It pollutes the atmosphere

vailable in limited amount in nature vailable in unlimited amount in nature

It is developed in a lon period It is developed in a short period

%x. 8ood, 5olar enery, 8ind enery %x. 'oal, *etroleum, ?uclear fuel

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C  HAPTER 4 SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTMeeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations, to meet their own needs.

Dimensions of sustainabe !e"eo#ment

Derived from interactions between society, economy and environment.

As#e$ts of sustainabe !e"eo#ment

• Inter-generational equity = states to hand over safe, healthy & resourceful environment to future

generation.

• Intra-generational equity = echnological development of rich countries should support the economic

growth of poor countries.

A##%oa$&es fo% sustainabe !e"eo#ment

•  Developing appropriate technology - locally adaptable, eco-friendly, resource efficient and culturally

suitable.•  Reduce, reuse, recycle [3R] approach ! reduces waste generation and pollution

•  Providing environmental education and awareness ! changing attitude of the people

• Consumption of renewable resources ! attain sustainability

• Conservation of non renewable resources ! conserved by recycling and reusing

•  Population control. 

'. (ATER CONSERVATION

he process of saving water for future utili"ation is #nown as water conservation.

Nee! fo% )ate% $onse%"ation

$hanges in environmental factors

%etter lifestyles need more water

Increase in population

Deforestation decreases annual rainfal

ver e'ploitation of ground water leads to drought

(gricultural and industrial activities require more water.

St%ate*ies of )ate% $onse%"ation

 Reducing evaporation losses ) can place asphalt below the soil surface Reducing irrigation losses  ) sprin#ling, drip irrigation, irrigation in early Morning * later evening reduces evaporation Re use of water  ) treated waste water from washings, bathrooms can be used for gardening Preventing of wastage of water ) closing taps when not is use, repairing lea#age, using small capacity taps etc Decreasing runoff losses  ) $an be done by using contour cultivation or terrace farming !void discharge of sewage.  ) discharge of sewage into water resources should be prevented

Met&o!s of )ate% $onse%"ation + 1. Rain water harvesting 2. Watershed management 

,. RAIN(ATER HARVESTIN-

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It is technique of capturing & storing of rainwater for further utili"ation

Objectives o rain water harvesting !1"

• o meet the increasing demands

• +aise the water table by recharging the ground water

• +educe ground water contamination

• +educe the surface run off loss & soil erosion

•Increase in hydro static pressure.

• Minimise water crisis & water conflicts

 Advantages o Rain water Harvesting !#"$

• +educes the use of current

• revent drought

• Increase the water level in well

• +ise in ground water level

• Minimise soil erosion & flood ha"ards

• pgrading the social & environmental status

• uture generation is assured of water.

/. (ATER SHED MANA-EMENT !

Watershed  is defined as the land area from which water drains due to gravity into stream, la#e etc.

he management of rainfall and resultant run-off is called watershed management.

Objectives !1"

• o minimi"e of ris# of floods

• or improving the economy

• or developmental activities

• o generate huge employment opportunities

• o promote forestry

• o protect soil from erosion.

Watershed management Techni%&es !#"$

• renches /its0

• 1arthern dam

• arm pond

• nderground barriers /Dy#es0

0. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION O PEOPLE

Ca&ses

 Roo to' Rainwater Harvesting (ethod 2/30

Method of collecting rainwater from roof of the building

& storing it in the ground for future use.

+ain water is collected by 4$ * aluminium pipe to the pit

he pit base is filled with stones & sand, which serve assand filters

 )actors aecting watershed !2"

• nplanned, uncontrolled, unscientific land use activities

• Deforestation, overgra"ing, mining, construction

activities

• Droughty climates affects the watershed.

 (aintenance o Watershed !4"$

• 5ater harvesting

• (fforestation

• +educing soil erosion

• 6cientific mining & 7uarrying

• ublic participation

• Minimi"ing livestoc# population

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 Due to Developmental activities = dams, mining, roads, airports, etc Due to Disaster /8atural disaster = earthqua#e, floods, droughts, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions etc.0  /Manmade disasters = Industrial accidents, nuclear accidents, dam bursts etc0

 Due to conservation initiatives  = national par#, sanctuary, forest reserves, biosphere reserve etc.

 Resett*ement$

It is simple relocation * displacement of human population. Rehabi*itation$

Involves ma#ing the system to wor# again by replacing the lost economic assets, employment, land for building,repair damaged building etc.

 Rehabi*itation iss&es

Displacement of tribal9s increases poverty by losing home, land, :obs, food security etc

%rea#up of families

$ommunal ownership of property

4anishing social and cultural activities li#e fol# songs & dances

;oss of identity between the people.

 E+am'*es$ 6ardar 6arovar Dam, the heri dam ro:ect, ong Dam.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

1nvironmental ethics refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating to human interactions with their

environment.

 )&nction o Environment !1"$

( life supporting medium for all organisms

It provides food, air, water, & other natural resources

Moderates the climatic conditions

Disintegrates the waste discharged by the society

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he progressive warming of earth surface due to blan#eting effect of man made $ 3 in the atmosphere is

 green ho&se eect.

reen house gases- causing global warming are $3, $, 83, $$s.

$3 is the most important green house gas.

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his type of precipitation of water is called acid rain.

 )ormation o Acid rain$

hermal power plants, industries,& vehicles release nitrous o'ide & sulphur dio'ide into atmosphere

5hen these gases react with water vapour they form acids

6' ?

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• +ecent evidence shown that o"one layer is becoming thinner & holes have developed.

Oone de'*eting chemica*s

• $hloro luro carbon /$$0 Ased in refrigerators, propellent, spray cans, blowing agent, foam agentB,

•

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 E+am'*es

1. 0ho'a* gas traged/$

n night of @rd December EF> in %hopal city of Madhya radesh

(t nion carbide India ;td, which manufacture carbonate pesticides using methyl isocyanate /MI$0

Due to failure of coolant, the reactor got e'ploded & >H tons of MI$ lea#ed over >H sq.#m area.

 at&re o (C 2 It is a toxic gas, affects lungs, eyes & causes irritation in skin. Remove oxygen fromlungs & cause death.

Effects in Bhopal: About 5000 persons died, 000 became blind, !5,000 peoplesuffered from eye,

respiratory, neuromuscular problems.

 2. Chernob/* &c*ear 3isaster$!&c*ear Po**&tion"

In (pril 3J EFJ, melt down of the $hernobyl nuclear reactor in #raine, +ussia, has lea#ed out the

radioactive rays & radioactive materials. his was happened due to poor reactor design & human error.

 Eects$ about 3HHH persons died, more suffered due to degeneration of cells, severe bleeding, anaemia,

s#in cancer, animals plants was also affected more.

  #. &c*ear ho*oca&st in a'an$

K In EF>L two nuclear atom bombs were dropped on

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T/'es o waste *and 

1. Un$uti"abe )aste an! ! %arren roc#y areas, hilly slopes, sandy deserts.

'. Cuti"abe )aste an!- degraded forest lands, gullied lands. Marsh lands, saline land etc.

Ca&ses or waste *and ormation

• 6oil 1rosion, Deforestation, 5ater logging, 6alinity.

• 1'cessive use of pesticides.

• Developmental activities, A$onstruction of dams, power pro:ects, causes water loggingB.

• ver-e'ploitation of natural resources.

• 6ewage and industrial wastes.

• Mining destroy forests & cultivable land.

• rowing demands for fuel, fodder, wood and food causes degradation and loss of soil productivity.

Objectives o waste *and rec*amation

• o improve the physical structure and quality of the soil

• o prevent soil erosion

• o avoid over ! e'ploitation of natural resources

• o conserve the biological resources.

• o improve the availability of good quality of water

• o supply fuel, fodder, timber for local use

• o provide source of income to the rural poor

1'. CONSUMERISATION O (ASTE PRODUCTS

• $onsumerisation ! $onsumption of resources.

• raditionally favorable rights of sellers

•+ight to introduce product, price, Incentives

• raditionally buyer rights

• +ight to buy, right to e'pect the product to perform as claimed

 m'ortant inormation to be 5nown b/ b&/ers

• (bout ingredients,

• Manufacturing dates,

• 1'piry date, etc.

•

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(ATER ACT 173/

his act provides for maintaining & restoring the source of water

rovides for preventing & controlling water pollution.

Objectives$

• o protect water from all #inds of pollution

• o preserve the quality of water

• 1stablishment of $entral & 6tate %oards for preventing water pollution

• +estrain any person for discharging sewage*effluent into any water body

• (ny contravention of the standards leads to prison for @ to J months

• +equires permission to set up an industry which discharges effluent.

,tate 'o**&tion Contro* 0oard$

• a#e step to establish any industry, disposal system, e'tension*addition in industry, discharge of effluent

into river

• se any new * altered outlet for discharge of sewage

• %egin to ma#e any new discharge of sewage.

 

P&nishment$  6toppage of supply of electricity, water * any other services

Imprisonment for EO years to J years & +s. LHHH*- fine.

AIR ACT 1741

  1nacted in the $onference held at 6toc#holm in EFG3.

Deals with problems related to air pollution, quality of air etc.

Objectives o air act$

o prevent, control & abatement of air pollutiono maintain the quality of air

 m'ortant eat&res o air 'o**&tion$

• he $entral %oard settle disputes between state boards, provide technical assistance & guidance to 6tate board.

• he 6tate %oard verify the emissions of air pollutants from industrial * automobile units

• he 6tate %oard $ollect information about air pollution

• 6% e'amine the standards of manufacturing process & control equipment

• 6% can advise 6tate overnment to declare the heavily polluted areas & advice to avoid burning of waste products.

• peration of industrial unit is prohibited in a heavily polluted areas

• 4iolation of law is punishable with imprisonment & ine

OREST ACT 174:

rovides conservation of forests & related aspects.

(rrest deforestation

Objectives$

o protect & conserve the forest

o ensure :udicious use of forest products

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 m'ortant )eat&res o )orest Act$

orests are not diverted without the prior permission of the $entral overnment

;and registered for forest may not be used for non-forest purposes

(ny illegal activity in a forest area can be stopped immediately

$learance of forest land for re-afforestation is forbidden

ne who violates the forest law is punishable.

(i!ife A$t 173'(imed protect & preserve wildlife.

5ildlife refers to all animals & plants

It is declining due to human actions for wildlife9s s#ins, furs, feathers, ivory etc.

Objectives$

o maintain ecological process & life supporting system

o preserve biodiversity

o ensure a continuous use of species.

 m'ortant )eat&res$

$overs the right & non-rights of forest dwellers

rovides restricted gra"ing in sactuaries & prohibits in national par#s

rohibits the collection of non-timber forest.

En"i%onment A$t 1742

It is a general legislation law to rectify the gaps & laps in above acts.

his act empowers the $entral ovt. to fi' the standard of quality of air, water, soil & noise.

Objectives$

o protect & improvement of the environment

o prevent ha"ards to all living creatures & property

o maintain peaceful relationship between humans & their environment

 m'ortant )eat&res o Environment Act$

1mpowers safeguard measures to revent accidents which cause pollution.

ives remedial measures if accident occurs.

he ovt. has authority to close or prohibit or regulate any industry & its operation

ne who violates the act will be punishable with fine upto one la#h

If the violation continues, an additional fine of +s. LHHH*- per day is imposedhe act empowers the officers of $entral overntment to inspect the site * plant * machinery for preventing pollution.

$ollects samples of air, water, soil or other material from any factory * its premises for testing.

1/. PUBLIC A(ARENESS

ur environment is presently degrading due to many activities li#e pollution, deforestation, overgra"ing,

rapid industriali"ation and urbani"ation.

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Ob=e$ti"es of #ubi$ a)a%eness

• $reate awareness among people of rural and city about ecological imbalances, local environment,

technological development and various development plants.

• o organi"e meetings, group discussion on development, tree plantation programmes e'hibitions.

• o learn to live simple and eco-friendlily manner.

Met&o!s to $%eate en"i%onmenta a)a%eness

In schools and colleges hrough mass ! media

$inema

8ewspapers

(udio - 4isual media

4oluntary organi"ations

raditional techniques

(rranging competitions

;eaders appeal

8on ! government organi"ations.

' Ma%5sE. Define the term 6ustainable developmentP A7 = E, g.8o. EB3. 5hat are the causes & effects of o"one layer depletionP A7 = F, g.8o. JB@.

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It o'idi"es atmospheric 6,8, & $ as 63, 6@, 8, 83, $, $3 & cause pollution & photochemical smog.

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CHAPTER 5 HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

Population GrowthThe rapid growth of the global population for the past 100 years from the difference between the rate

of birth and death.

Causes of rapid population growth

The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate. Availability of antibiotics, immunization, increased food production, clean water and air

decreases the famine-related deaths.

In agricultural based countries, children are reuired to help parents in the field that is whypopulation increases in the developing countries.

Characteristics of population growth

!"ponential growth

#oubling time

Infant mortality rate

Total fertility rate

$eplacement level

%ale&female ratio

#emographic transition.

Variation of population ba!" on a#! tru$tur!

're-productive population (0-1) years* $eproductive population (1+ )) years*

  'ost reproductive population (above )+ years*

1. P%ra&i" hap!"  India, angladesh, and !thiopia. /arge no of young people enter into

reproductive age group, hence Population growth increases.

. '!ll hap!"  2rance, 34A, and 35. pre-productive age group population 6 reproductive agegroup population are almost eual, hence population growth is stable.

7. Urn hap!" - 8ermany, Italy, and 9apan pre-productive population is less that reproductive agegroup, hence population growth decreases.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Population E(ploion: The enormous increase in population due to low death rate and high birth rate

 Doubling Time ) The number of years needed for a population to double in size.

Causes of population explosion:

; %odern medical facilities reduces death rate 6 increases birth rate,; Increase of life e"pectancy, ; illiteracy.

 Effects of population explosion [PE]:

'overty ) infant mortality is the tragic indicator of poverty '! leads to !nvironmental degradation,

'! causes over e"ploitation of natural resources,

$enewable resources liver crowding leads to development of slums

/ac< of basic amenities li

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3nemployment and low living standard of people

*AMIL+ ,EL*ARE PROGRAMME

Ob-!$ti.!4lowing down the population e"plosion$educing >ver e"ploitation of natural resources

*AMIL+ PLANNING PROGRAMME

b!ecti"es

$educe infant mortality rate.

Achieve 100? of birth, death, marriage, pregnancy registration

!ncourage late marriages, late child-bearing.

Improve women@s health, education, employment.

'revent 6 ontrol of communal diseases.

'romote small family norms

%aral contraceptive pills, drugs

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

1. 'hysical Eazards $adioactive and 3C radiations, B affects the body cell, causes s

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Euman right to good health [right to have very good physical and mental health]"

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

INDIAN CON2TITUTION

Article 1))provides euality

A1+)prohibits discrimination on caste,se", religionA 1J)eual opportunity for all citizensA 1H)freedom of speech, e"pression,forming unionA 0 ) protection from convectionA ) rights of person in custodyA 7 ) prohibits traffic in human beingA ) ) prohibits e"plosion of labour children---------------------------------------------------------------

VALUE EDUCATION

It is nothing but learning about the particular thing through

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)[*ight, wrong, good and bad, behavior of human being]"

Individual values-[(ndividual personality and experiences, parents ' teachers are main %ey to shape individual values]"

8lobal values) [+uman civilization, if harmony is disturbed anywhere there will be an ecological imbalance]"

4piritual values- [#elf)restraint, discipline, reduction of wants]

HIV 3AID2

AI#4 is the abbreviated form for A$4uir!" I&&uno D!fi$i!n$% 2%n"ro&! caused by a virus calledEIC (Hu&an I&&un! "!fi$i!n$% Viru*.

rigin of &%'()%D*

1. Through African %on

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 Effects

• #eath

• /oss of labor 6 level of production decreases

• Inability to wor< due to lac< of energy 6 freuent fever 6 sweating

• %ore water is needed for maintaining hygiene in AI#4 affected locality.

,OMAN2 ,EL*ARE

 +eed of ,omen ,elfareKomen suffer gender discrimination

#evaluation at home, matrimony, worrganizations 8NGO:9  ) -mpower, educate village women ' ma%ing self)dependent %inistry for Komen and hild #evelopment ) wor% for upliftment of women by family planning,

health,education ' awareness

CHILD ,EL*ARE;

 Reason for child -abours:'overty ) wor< in unhealthy conditionsKant of %oney ) parents need money for their family

'arious rganisation towards Child ,elfare:1. 3G onventions on $ights of hild or International /aw ) promote ' protect children in our society  $ights of the hildO

  The right to survival ) emphasizes on good health, nutrition, standard of livingThe right to participation : freedom of thought to the childThe right to development : ensures education, care, support, social security ' recreation

The right to protection  ) freedom from exploitation, inhuman treatment ' neglect 

.Korld summit on children ) well being of the children is targeted7. %inistry of Euman $esource #evelopment (%E$#* ) concentrate on childs health, education,nutrition

!nvironmental degradation 6 child welfare ) children are most affected due to pollution, evenchild

in mother.s womb is affected by environmental toxins

enter for 4cience 6 !nvironment (4!* ) %eeping environment clean for healthy life of children----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To restore dignity, euality and respect.

To aware problems of population

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ROLE O* IN*ORMATION TECHNOLOG+ IN ENVIRONMENT

Information technology means collection, processing storage 6 dissemination of information.

1.  RE$TE *E+*%+. [R*]

8athering information about an obDect without coming in contact with it is called remote sensing.

Any force li

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'atient Administration clinical system.

Appli$ation

#ata regarding birth and death rates, immunization, sanitation programme are maintained

Eelps doctor to monitor the health of the people effectively

The information regarding the outbrea< of epidemic diseases.

>nline onsultation with e"pert doctors for better treatment.

#rugs and its replacement

/ MAR=2;/0 +%$1 syndrome2

Got In %y ac< Nard B >pposition of residents nearby undesirable factors, e". Airport, Tower, prison,

nuclear power plants etc. 30 Doubling TimeO

Time reuired for population to double in size at constant annual rate. It is calculated as follows

 Td (#oubling time* B M0 & r (r B annual growth rate*.

 40 Population Density2Go of individuals of the population per unit area & unit volume is population density

 50 Population E6uation2

'tP1 B 't P (-#* P (I-!*

't 6 'tP1 B sizes of population in an area at two different points in time t and tP 1 B irth rate, # B #eath rate, I B Immigration, ! B !migration

70 Population E6uilibrium2

alance between birth rate and death rate in a population is population euilibrium.

80 Differentiate &%' and )%D*2

  EIC AI#4

  Euman Immuno deficiency Cirus Acuired Immuno #eficiency 4yndrome

  It is a Cirus It is a disease

M. Khat are the effects of population e"plosionL. Krite the importance of Calue !ducationL

H. 4tate the role of information technology in !nvironmentL10. Khat is population !"plosionL11. Khat are the obDectives of family welfare programmeQ

1. %ention some ill effects of EIC&AI#4 on the environmentL

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