ge10 lecture 1--intro to surveying and mapping

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SURVEYING AND MAPPING: AN INTRODUCTION Engr. Jeark A. Principe, MSc. Department of Geodetic Engineering (DGE) Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP) GE 10 LECTURE #1

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  • SURVEYING AND MAPPING: AN INTRODUCTION

    Engr. Jeark A. Principe, MSc. Department of Geodetic Engineering (DGE) Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP)

    GE 10 LECTURE #1

  • Objectives

    At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:

    Define surveying as part of the science of Geomatics

    Identify the jobs of a surveyor Gain knowledge on the history of surveying,

    some ancient surveying instruments and recent technologies

    Enumerate the general classifications of surveying, uses and types

    Be familiarized with important surveying terms and units of measurement

  • Outline I. Geomatics

    II. Surveying Definitions

    III. The Surveyor

    IV. History of Surveying

    V. Ancient Surveying Instruments

    VI. Recent technologies in surveying

    VII. Surveys uses, classifications and types

    VIII.Units of Measure

    IX. Definition of Terms

  • Geomatics the science concerned with the measurement,

    representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth's physical features and the built environment.

    includes disciplines such as: Surveying Geodesy Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Cartography Geographic Information Systems Global Positioning Systems

    Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania.

  • Source: Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.

  • Surveying (Traditional Definition)

    The art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the earth's surface, and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.

    NJDOT Survey Manual, p.3

  • Surveying (Modern Definition)

    The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

    J.P. La Putt (1987)

  • Professional Surveying The application of knowledge of the:

    science of surveying measurement, legal principles of boundary location, laws related to boundaries & land use, applicable mathematical & computational theories and

    principles, natural & other forces which affect positional accuracy, land planning & development concepts pertinent to

    subdivision of land & property surveys, land record & land tenure concepts, geodetic & other earth-related sciences to the analysis, design, & execution of surveying &

    mapping projects & the design of land mapping & IS.

    --Buckner (1994)

  • The Surveyor

    A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to: practice the science of measurement;

    assemble and assess land and geographic related information;

    use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon; and

    instigate the advancement and development of such practices.

    --International Federation of Surveyors

  • Surveying throughout History

  • Federation of American Scientists

    In Babylon

  • In Egypt (the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza)

  • Eratosthenes(276 BC-194 BC)

    Some claimed that his measurements are with an error of less than 2% and that was 2200 years ago! However, most literatures cited his measurement as 16% too big compared to the accepted modern circumference of the earth around the poles.

  • School of Surveying 150 BC

    School of surveying was established by Romans to teach:

    town planning

    map making and

    building of roads and aqueducts

  • ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm

    If the earth was spherical then a proper representation could be obtained by a geometrical

    projection of that surface

    Ptolemy produced maps. 120 BC

  • What can be mapped could be ruled.

    History of Geomatics

  • Ancient Surveying Instruments

    ENGINEERING WORKS

    SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

    ASTRONOMY

  • Developed sometime in 140 B.C.

    Credited to Hipparchus

    Further improved by Ptolemy

    Metal circle, pointer hinged at the center, held by a ring at the top

    Originally designed for determining the altitude of stars

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Astrolabe

    Ptolemys version is an astronomical instrument on which the celestial sphere is projected stereographically

  • Perfected by Heron of Alexandria

    Used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles

    Mounted on a tripod (50 cm tall)

    Apparatus pivoted on a circular plate, moved around by a worm screw, driven by a small handle

    The top plate was mounted on a toothed semicircular plate and was adjusted in the vertical plane by another worm drive.

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Dioptra

    Angles could be read off the top disc, which was scored with two lines crossing at right angles.

    The sighting and reading elements were made of bronze.

  • principal tool used by the Roman surveyors to trace on the ground simple and orthogonal alignments, necessary to the construction of roads, city, temples and agricultural lands subdivision.

    Consists of:

    Ferramento

    Stelleta

    Cornicula

    Rostrum

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Roman Groma

  • Ferramento: a pole in hollow metal equipped in the inferior extremity with metallic cone-shape point for the fixing

    Stelleta: Cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon the ferramento

    Cornicula: extremities of the stelleta where plumblines are suspended

    Rostrum: a strong pole with the cylindrical extremities: one to receive the swivel pivot of the stelletta, the other for the grafting in the vertical pole; the distance among the two cylinders is exactly a foot (0.3048 m)

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Roman Groma

  • Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Roman Groma

    Tracing of a simple alignment among the points A and B

  • Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Roman Groma

    Tracing of a orthogonal alignment

  • Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Roman Groma

    Finding the distance of an inaccessible point from a given station

    Groma positioned at A, C and E successively.

  • Assyrians and Egyptians as first users

    A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and used to determine the horizontal

    Horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt defined by libella

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Libella

  • Device for measuring time and meridian

    First used by the Chaldeans (approx. 4000 B.C.)

    Consists of:

    a slotted palm leaf through which to sight

    bracket from which a plumb bob is suspended

    By sighting through the slot and past the plumb bob string, a straight line could be projected.

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

    Merchet

  • In Summary

    Ancient surveying instruments were particularly used to:

    Determine geographic coordinates

    Establish the horizontal

    Measure horizontal and vertical angular and linear distances

    Determine time and meridian

    Ancient Surveying Instruments

  • RECENT TECHNOLOGIES

    Total Station System

    Digital Photogrammetry

    Satellite Positioning System

    USA NAVSTAR GPS

    Russia GLONASS

    European Union - Galileo

    Geographic and Land Information Systems

  • www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/

  • Image Sources: http://garmingpssystem.blogspot.com/2007/09/garmin-gpsmap-60csx-waterproof-handheld.html http://www.reviewvirtuoso.com:12004/gps http://gpssystems365.com/2008/05/gps-systmes-top-rated.html

    GPS Receiver and Antenna

  • USES OF SURVEYS

    1. Establishment of boundaries of land

    2. Fixing of national and state boundaries

    3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lake

    4. Precise location of definite reference points throughout the country

    5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the earths magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country

  • General Classifications of Surveys

    1. Plane Surveying

    surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected.

    2. Geodetic Surveying

    takes into account the true shape of the earth.

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • Approximations

    On the earths surface:

    18.5 km length of an arc

    0.007m > subtended chord

    196km2 area of triangle

    spherical excess is 1

    True shape of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large extent!

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • TYPES OF SURVEYING 1. Control Survey

    consists of establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points

    2. Property Survey

    performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.

    3. Topographic Survey

    made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • 4. Hydrographic survey

    TYPES OF SURVEYING

    refers to surveying of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

    Image Sources: http://www.abc.se/~pa/mar/sidescan.htm

    http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs

  • 5. Mine Survey

    TYPES OF SURVEYING

    utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.

    Image Source: http://www.bafokengholdings.com/m/g_resources.asp

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • 6. Route survey

    TYPES OF SURVEYING

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

    refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.

    Image Sources: http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082053080300.htm http://www.czopspecter.com/surveymain.php http://woolpert.com/projDetails.cfm?id=profiles&projectID=123

  • 7. Construction Survey

    TYPES OF SURVEYING

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

    performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.

    Image Sources: http://www.arringtonengineering.com/construction_surveying.asp

    http://www.jmt-engineering.com/services/surveys/constr_stakeout/index.html http://www.meridianlandsurveying.com/service.asp

  • 8. Photogrammetric Survey

    TYPES OF SURVEYING

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

    utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.

    Image Sources: http://www.san-lo.com/photogrammetry.html

    http://www.discoveryprogramme.ie/tech_surv_aerial_tech.html

  • Units of Measurement

    In surveying, measurements entail both angular and linear measurements

    The SI (Systme International d'Units) System is used in the Philippines effective Jan. 1, 1983 phasing out the English System.

    Using SI, all linear measurements are based upon the meter

  • Linear and Area

    Common units for length are:

    km, m ,cm, mm

    For Areas:

    SI: m2

    Hectare (ha): for large tracts of land

    1 ha = 10,000 m2

    Units of Measurement

  • Angular Measurements

    For plane angles:

    Using SI: radian where 2 = 360 deg

    Sexagesimal Units: 1/360th of a circle

    Degree, min, sec

    Centesimal Units: 1/400th of a circle

    Grad: 400 grads = 360 deg

    In the Philippines, the sexagesimal units are used due to their practical importance and familiarity with it.

    Units of Measurement

  • Definition of Terms

    Level surface a curved surface every element of which is normal to a plumb line

    Zenith direction away from the center of the earth and above the observers head

    Nadir direction toward the center of the earth

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • Definition of Terms (continued)

    Horizontal plane plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point

    Horizontal line a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it is commonly understood that a horizontal line of sight is straight.

    Horizontal angle an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in a horizontal plane.

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • Definition of Terms (continued)

    Vertical line a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

    a vertical line in the direction toward the center of the earth is said to be in the direction of the nadir.

    Vertical angle angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane

    Vertical plane is a plane in which a vertical line is an element

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

  • Definition of Terms (continued)

    Zenith angle angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the zenith.

    Nadir angle angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the nadir.

    Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

    Grade/Gradient of a line slope of the line or rate of ascent or descent

  • Sources

    Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. Last Accessed 16June08 Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas. http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-of-giza.html History of Geomatics. http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02-01.html www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/ International Federation of Surveyors. http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international-definition-of-surveyor.php

  • Sources (continued) La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book Store. ManSurveying.gif. From http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodetic-instrumentation-methods.html New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded from http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/ Ossian, R. (n.d.). Astrolabe. Retrieved November 2010, from Pirate's Cove: http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/astrolabe.htm http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. Link (broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html Tassios, T. P. (2005, October 11). Ancient Greek Technology - Measuring Instruments. Retrieved November 2010, from FIG-International Federation of Surveyors: http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/athens/ancient_exhibit.htm

  • END OF LECTURE