ge10 lecture 1--intro to surveying and mapping
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lecTRANSCRIPT
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SURVEYING AND MAPPING: AN INTRODUCTION
Engr. Jeark A. Principe, MSc. Department of Geodetic Engineering (DGE) Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP)
GE 10 LECTURE #1
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Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
Define surveying as part of the science of Geomatics
Identify the jobs of a surveyor Gain knowledge on the history of surveying,
some ancient surveying instruments and recent technologies
Enumerate the general classifications of surveying, uses and types
Be familiarized with important surveying terms and units of measurement
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Outline I. Geomatics
II. Surveying Definitions
III. The Surveyor
IV. History of Surveying
V. Ancient Surveying Instruments
VI. Recent technologies in surveying
VII. Surveys uses, classifications and types
VIII.Units of Measure
IX. Definition of Terms
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Geomatics the science concerned with the measurement,
representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth's physical features and the built environment.
includes disciplines such as: Surveying Geodesy Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Cartography Geographic Information Systems Global Positioning Systems
Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania.
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Source: Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.
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Surveying (Traditional Definition)
The art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the earth's surface, and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.
NJDOT Survey Manual, p.3
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Surveying (Modern Definition)
The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
J.P. La Putt (1987)
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Professional Surveying The application of knowledge of the:
science of surveying measurement, legal principles of boundary location, laws related to boundaries & land use, applicable mathematical & computational theories and
principles, natural & other forces which affect positional accuracy, land planning & development concepts pertinent to
subdivision of land & property surveys, land record & land tenure concepts, geodetic & other earth-related sciences to the analysis, design, & execution of surveying &
mapping projects & the design of land mapping & IS.
--Buckner (1994)
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The Surveyor
A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to: practice the science of measurement;
assemble and assess land and geographic related information;
use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon; and
instigate the advancement and development of such practices.
--International Federation of Surveyors
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Surveying throughout History
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Federation of American Scientists
In Babylon
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In Egypt (the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza)
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Eratosthenes(276 BC-194 BC)
Some claimed that his measurements are with an error of less than 2% and that was 2200 years ago! However, most literatures cited his measurement as 16% too big compared to the accepted modern circumference of the earth around the poles.
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School of Surveying 150 BC
School of surveying was established by Romans to teach:
town planning
map making and
building of roads and aqueducts
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ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm
If the earth was spherical then a proper representation could be obtained by a geometrical
projection of that surface
Ptolemy produced maps. 120 BC
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What can be mapped could be ruled.
History of Geomatics
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Ancient Surveying Instruments
ENGINEERING WORKS
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
ASTRONOMY
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Developed sometime in 140 B.C.
Credited to Hipparchus
Further improved by Ptolemy
Metal circle, pointer hinged at the center, held by a ring at the top
Originally designed for determining the altitude of stars
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Astrolabe
Ptolemys version is an astronomical instrument on which the celestial sphere is projected stereographically
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Perfected by Heron of Alexandria
Used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles
Mounted on a tripod (50 cm tall)
Apparatus pivoted on a circular plate, moved around by a worm screw, driven by a small handle
The top plate was mounted on a toothed semicircular plate and was adjusted in the vertical plane by another worm drive.
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Dioptra
Angles could be read off the top disc, which was scored with two lines crossing at right angles.
The sighting and reading elements were made of bronze.
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principal tool used by the Roman surveyors to trace on the ground simple and orthogonal alignments, necessary to the construction of roads, city, temples and agricultural lands subdivision.
Consists of:
Ferramento
Stelleta
Cornicula
Rostrum
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Roman Groma
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Ferramento: a pole in hollow metal equipped in the inferior extremity with metallic cone-shape point for the fixing
Stelleta: Cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon the ferramento
Cornicula: extremities of the stelleta where plumblines are suspended
Rostrum: a strong pole with the cylindrical extremities: one to receive the swivel pivot of the stelletta, the other for the grafting in the vertical pole; the distance among the two cylinders is exactly a foot (0.3048 m)
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Roman Groma
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Ancient Surveying Instruments
Roman Groma
Tracing of a simple alignment among the points A and B
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Ancient Surveying Instruments
Roman Groma
Tracing of a orthogonal alignment
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Ancient Surveying Instruments
Roman Groma
Finding the distance of an inaccessible point from a given station
Groma positioned at A, C and E successively.
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Assyrians and Egyptians as first users
A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and used to determine the horizontal
Horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt defined by libella
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Libella
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Device for measuring time and meridian
First used by the Chaldeans (approx. 4000 B.C.)
Consists of:
a slotted palm leaf through which to sight
bracket from which a plumb bob is suspended
By sighting through the slot and past the plumb bob string, a straight line could be projected.
Ancient Surveying Instruments
Merchet
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In Summary
Ancient surveying instruments were particularly used to:
Determine geographic coordinates
Establish the horizontal
Measure horizontal and vertical angular and linear distances
Determine time and meridian
Ancient Surveying Instruments
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RECENT TECHNOLOGIES
Total Station System
Digital Photogrammetry
Satellite Positioning System
USA NAVSTAR GPS
Russia GLONASS
European Union - Galileo
Geographic and Land Information Systems
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www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/
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Image Sources: http://garmingpssystem.blogspot.com/2007/09/garmin-gpsmap-60csx-waterproof-handheld.html http://www.reviewvirtuoso.com:12004/gps http://gpssystems365.com/2008/05/gps-systmes-top-rated.html
GPS Receiver and Antenna
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USES OF SURVEYS
1. Establishment of boundaries of land
2. Fixing of national and state boundaries
3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lake
4. Precise location of definite reference points throughout the country
5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the earths magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country
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General Classifications of Surveys
1. Plane Surveying
surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected.
2. Geodetic Surveying
takes into account the true shape of the earth.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Approximations
On the earths surface:
18.5 km length of an arc
0.007m > subtended chord
196km2 area of triangle
spherical excess is 1
True shape of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large extent!
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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TYPES OF SURVEYING 1. Control Survey
consists of establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points
2. Property Survey
performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
3. Topographic Survey
made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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4. Hydrographic survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
refers to surveying of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Image Sources: http://www.abc.se/~pa/mar/sidescan.htm
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs
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5. Mine Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.
Image Source: http://www.bafokengholdings.com/m/g_resources.asp
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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6. Route survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.
Image Sources: http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082053080300.htm http://www.czopspecter.com/surveymain.php http://woolpert.com/projDetails.cfm?id=profiles&projectID=123
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7. Construction Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.
Image Sources: http://www.arringtonengineering.com/construction_surveying.asp
http://www.jmt-engineering.com/services/surveys/constr_stakeout/index.html http://www.meridianlandsurveying.com/service.asp
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8. Photogrammetric Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.
Image Sources: http://www.san-lo.com/photogrammetry.html
http://www.discoveryprogramme.ie/tech_surv_aerial_tech.html
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Units of Measurement
In surveying, measurements entail both angular and linear measurements
The SI (Systme International d'Units) System is used in the Philippines effective Jan. 1, 1983 phasing out the English System.
Using SI, all linear measurements are based upon the meter
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Linear and Area
Common units for length are:
km, m ,cm, mm
For Areas:
SI: m2
Hectare (ha): for large tracts of land
1 ha = 10,000 m2
Units of Measurement
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Angular Measurements
For plane angles:
Using SI: radian where 2 = 360 deg
Sexagesimal Units: 1/360th of a circle
Degree, min, sec
Centesimal Units: 1/400th of a circle
Grad: 400 grads = 360 deg
In the Philippines, the sexagesimal units are used due to their practical importance and familiarity with it.
Units of Measurement
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Definition of Terms
Level surface a curved surface every element of which is normal to a plumb line
Zenith direction away from the center of the earth and above the observers head
Nadir direction toward the center of the earth
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Definition of Terms (continued)
Horizontal plane plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point
Horizontal line a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it is commonly understood that a horizontal line of sight is straight.
Horizontal angle an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in a horizontal plane.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Definition of Terms (continued)
Vertical line a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
a vertical line in the direction toward the center of the earth is said to be in the direction of the nadir.
Vertical angle angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane
Vertical plane is a plane in which a vertical line is an element
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Definition of Terms (continued)
Zenith angle angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the zenith.
Nadir angle angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the nadir.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Grade/Gradient of a line slope of the line or rate of ascent or descent
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Sources
Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. Last Accessed 16June08 Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas. http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-of-giza.html History of Geomatics. http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02-01.html www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/ International Federation of Surveyors. http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international-definition-of-surveyor.php
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Sources (continued) La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book Store. ManSurveying.gif. From http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodetic-instrumentation-methods.html New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded from http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/ Ossian, R. (n.d.). Astrolabe. Retrieved November 2010, from Pirate's Cove: http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/astrolabe.htm http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. Link (broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html Tassios, T. P. (2005, October 11). Ancient Greek Technology - Measuring Instruments. Retrieved November 2010, from FIG-International Federation of Surveyors: http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/athens/ancient_exhibit.htm
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END OF LECTURE