gdt _theory_1st principle_ training manual level 1

GeometricDimensioning&Tolerancing

(GD&T)Level1TrainingManual

2 HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006

INDEX

Chapter

1. CourseIntroduction..IntroductionHexagonqualityassurancedocumentationAgendaCourseobjectives

2. IntroductiontoGeometricalProductSpecificationsIntroductiontoGPSRequirementsofGPS

3. DatumsDatumsReferenceframesAxisPlaneTarget

4. FormTolerancesCircularity(Roundness)StraightnessFlatnessCylindricity

5. LocationTolerancesLocationRegardlessofFeaturesizeMaximumMaterialCondition(MaximumMaterialReference)Concentricity/CoaxialitySymmetry

6. OrientationTolerances.ParallelismPerpendicularityAngularity

7. ProfileTolerances.ProfileofalineProfileofasurface

8. RunoutTolerances..RunoutCircularRunoutTotalRunout

9. Appendix..FurtherMMCoptionsBasicSymbolsHexagoncontacts


CourseIntroduction

INTHISCHAPTER

11

Introduction Hexagonqualityassurance

documentation Agenda Courseobjectives


IntroductiontoGD&TTrainingCourse

WelcometoHexagonMetrology

Hexagonmetrologywelcomesyoutodaytotheirmetrologyfacilityandhopesthatyourvisitwillbeenjoyable,interestingandinformative.DuringtheintroductionsessionwerespectivelyrequestthatyoutakenoteofanyhealthandsafetyrequirementsandthatyoucompletetheHexagonMetrologyqualityassurancedocumentation.

Theinformationprovidedwillcontributetofuturedevelopmentofbothexistingandnewtrainingcourses.

IntroductionOverview

Welcome

IntroductiontoHexagonMetrology

Health&Safety

Coursesubsistencearrangements

CourseContentandTimes

Traineeregistrationandbackground

Trainingmanualcontents

Workbookprincipals

Evaluation

Certification

Furthercourses


CourseAgendaPleaseseethefollowingoverviewofthecourseagendaforboththe

Day1 Introduction/Courseaims&Objectives GD&TTheory

o IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS)o OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)o Standardso Datum Systemso UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&To Formo Locationo Orientationo Runouto Profileo MaximumMaterialCondition

Pleasenote:CoursecontentandorderissubjecttochangeatthediscretionoftheTrainingInstructor


CourseObjectives

ToachieveaBasicunderstandingofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)inthefollowingareas:

IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS) OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T) Standards Datum Systems UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&T MaximumMaterialCondition

TrainingManualandworkbookEachtraineewillbeprovidedwithatrainingmanualandworkbookcoveringdifferentaspectsofthelevel1courseonly

Whatthistrainingmanualis!The training manual is provided as a reminder to each student of the importantrequirements that lead to the successful understanding of GD & T principles andappropriatemeasurementstrategies.

Whatthistrainingmanualisnot!Itisnotanotherversionofatechnicalmanual.orstandard

Whatistheworkbook?Theworkbook provides evidenceof competenceachieved byeach trainee duringthetrainingcourse.Itwillincludeexercisestocheckthatlearninghastakenplace

EvaluationAsweallknowevaluationisveryimportant.Theworkbookwillprovideamethodofevaluatingeachtraineescompetenceandgivethetraineeevidencetotakebackforthemselves and their employer of their achievements during the course.Based onthe results obtained and evaluated by your training instructor, a certificate will beissued. The assessment of competence can only be judged at the time of thecourse. This does not mean that the trainee can be classed as an expert, it isimportant for the trainees to implement the techniques they have learned on theirreturntotheirrespectivecompany.

CourseevaluationHexagonmetrologytakesprideintheservicesitprovidesandcontinuestostrivetoimprovethisqualityservice.Itisimportantforustogetfeedbackaboutourservices.Aspartofthisprocess,wewillkindlyrequestthatoncompletionofyourcourseyoucompleteatrainingevaluationform.

Duringeachsessionof thecourse thestudentswillbeencouragedtoparticipateinboththetheoreticalandpracticalelements.

Questionsandanswerssessionsfortheaboveelementsandanyotherrequirementswillbeincludedasrequested.


GeometricalProductSpecification(GPS)

INTHISCHAPTER

22

IntroductiontoGPS RequirementsofGPS


Atthefirstdesignstagesofcomponentparts,thedesignerimaginestheproducttobeanideal,perfectobject.Allcomponentpartsareassumedtobeofperfectformandsize.

Duringthemanufacturingprocessescomponentpartsvaryinmanydifferentways,formerrorsandchangestothesurfaceparametersbecomeapparentwhenusingdifferentmanufacturingmethods.

Theseerrorsandparameterchangescanhaveagreateffectonthefunctionalityofthecomponent.

Itisthereforecriticalthatthesedefinitionsarestandardisedandunderstood,sothatthevariationthatisinherenttomanufacturingprocessescanbetakenintoaccounttominimisewasteproductsandassemblies.

Tobeableunderstandthegeometricalvariationswithincomponentpartsasetofrequirementshavebeenproduced.

TheseareknownasGeometricalProductSpecifications(GPS),coveringrequirementsonsizesanddimensions,geometricaltolerancesandgeometricalpropertiesofsurface

ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGoodpracticeinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPLTeddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom

Formoflineandsurface Independentofdatum Dependentondatum

GPSModel

Orientation

Location

Circularrunout

Totalrunout

Datum

Roughnessprofile Wavinessprofile Primaryprofile Surfaceimperfections

Size Distance Radius Angle


TheGPSstandardtechnicalrulesareorganisedintosixchainlinksforanygivencharacteristic

1. Therules,symbolsandhowtounderstandthespecificationsofproductdocumentation

2. Theoreticaldefinitionsoftolerancesandtheirnumericalvalues.3. Geometryofanonideal,realworkpiecedefinedinrelationtotolerance

symbolsonthedrawing.4. Theconformance,nonconformanceofrealworkpiecedeviationsto

specificationtakingintoaccountmeasurementuncertainty5. Generalapproachtomeasurementequipmenttypesandrequirements6. Calibrationstandards,proceduresandrequirementsofthemeasuring

equipmentusedandtherelinktoNationalandinternationalStandards

ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGoodpracticeinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPLTeddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom)

GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isauniversallanguageofsymbols,muchliketheinternationalsystemofroadsignsthatadvisedrivershowtonavigatetheroads.

GD&TsymbolsallowaDesignEngineertopreciselyandlogicallydescribepartfeaturesinawaytheycanbeaccuratelymanufacturedandinspected.TodothisuseismadeofanengineeringdrawingorCADmodeltoprovidetheinformation

AnEngineeringDrawingandCADmodelhasapurposetoshowtherequireddesignfunctionandthereforeallowallpartiesinvolvedtointerpretthedesignrequirements

GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isusedinconjunctionwithstandarddimensioningtodescribethegeometryofproductsandtheirrelationshipbetweenvariousfunctionalpartsorassemblies

TheinterpretationoftheTechnicalDrawingsusingGD&Tisdoneinvariousways.Thedesignerwillmakeuseofvarioussymbolslinkedtodifferentcategories.Eachoptionavailabletothedesignershouldbedefinedbyutilisingsomeofthefollowing

FeatureControlFrames

GeometricCharacteristics(Symbols)

GeometricReferences(Datums)

ToleranceShapes

ToleranceZones(Values)


FeatureControlFramesandDatumDefinitions

INTHISCHAPTER

33

FeatureControlFrames Datums Axis Plane Target


Geometrictolerancesarenormallyexpressesbyusingacombinationoffeaturecontrolframesanddatumreferencesymbols.NormallyGD&TsymbolswillonlybepartofthedimensioningshownonthedrawingorCADmodel.Rememberstandardbilateralandunilateraltoleranceswillbeshownalongwithotherparametersaboutthesurfacetexturerequirementsandmaterialspecifications.

Geometrictolerancesaredefinedwithinfeaturecontrolframes.Theseframesarespecificallydesigned.Somearerelativetoadatumreference,somearerelativetothemselves.Thefeaturecontrolframeislikeabasicsentencethatcanbereadfromlefttoright.Examplesoffeaturecontrolframesareshownbelow

FeatureControlframes

GeometricSymbolofControl

(Symbol)

ToleranceZoneandshape

PrimaryDatum

SecondaryDatum

TertiaryDatum

1 2

3

4

OneDatumReference

TwoDatumReferences

ThreeDatumsReferences

NoDatumReference


Thegeometricsymbolofcontrolisspecifiedonthelefthandside.Thiswillvarydependingontherequirementandfunctionalityrequiredfromthefeatureandcomponentpart

Theshapeandtolerancewithinthefeaturecontrolframedeterminethelimitsofproductionvariability.

DatumexamplesThePrimaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumof3pointcontactonasurfaceorbythegenerationofa3DAxisthroughaminimumof2features.

TheSecondaryDatumcanbedefinedfromaminimumof2points,ofanedgeorthroughanaxisrelativetothePrimarydatum

TheTertiaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumofonepointinrelationtothePrimaryandsecondarydatums

TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumdefinitions(Measurementterms:alignmentorcoordinatesystem)


TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumrelationships

FeatureControlFramesDefinitions

NoDatumReference

SingleDatumReference

MultipleDatumReference

0.035

0.145 AB

0.085 A


TwoDatumReference

ThreeDatumReference

Tolerancezonesoveraspecifiedlength

CombinedToleranceZone

0.01/100

0.01mmoverany100mmlength

0.05mmoverany190mmlengthOveralltolerance0.2mm,but

0.05/190

0.2

0.145

A B0.200


TheoreticallyexactdimensionsDimensiondefiningthetheoreticalexactpositionaredefinedinabox.Eachofthesedimensionsshouldhaveafeaturecontrolframeattachedatsomestagetodefineatoleranceotherwisethesedimensionsshouldbeproducedperfectlytothesesizeswithnovariation.

Datumsymbols

Thedatumsymbolsusedarenormallyspecifiedasbelow.TheuseofaletteristheconventionusedofspecifiedwithintheASMEandISOstandards

Thedatumsymbolscanbepositionedindifferentplacesonadrawingtodefinetherequirementsofthecomponentpart.Eachtimethedatumsymbolsareusedthisshouldtellthemanufacturingandmeasurementdepartmentshowtosetupthepart.Itiscriticalthattheinterpretationofthisiscorrecttoavoidanyerrorsinthesetupofboththemachinetoolandthemeasurementequipmentused.

A B

38 1564

6.2


DatumAxis

DatumPlaneorextension

Drawingexamplesofbothaxisandplane

A A

FeatureOutline FeatureExtension


Axisandplanewiththealternativeoptionofspecifyingadatum


DatumTargets

Datumscanbedefinedformanufacturingpurposesastargets.Oftenusedinthecastingindustry.Theycouldbeusedtocreatethefinaldatumsofthecomponentpart.Thesetargetsarenormallycategorisedasonofthefollowing

Point

Line

Area

PointDatumtargetpointfromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture

LineDatumtargetlinefromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture

C

6

6

90

B1 B1


AreaDatumtargetareasfromthecorneraredefinedasbelow.Thesecouldbeeithercircularorboxedasshown.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture

ThreedatumtargetareasspecifyingtheprimarydatumA

7

A1 9 4

7

12

2x2 4 A2

12 5


TwolinesspecifyingthesecondarydatumBandapointspecifyingtheTertiarydatumC

TwodiametersdefiningtheDatumthroughacommonaxis


Primaryandsecondarydatumsascheckedbyagauge


FormTolerance

INTHISCHAPTER

44

Circularity(Roundness) Straightness Flatness Cylindricity


Circularity

CircularityalsoknownasRoundnessinthisexampletheshapeofthediametertobeproducedandmeasuredshouldberoundwithinatolerancezoneof0.040

Thetoleranceisspecifiedbyazoneboundedbytwoconcentriccircles

ThemeasurementofcircularitycanbeachievedbydifferentmethodsnormallybyaspecificroundnessmeasuringmachineorbyutilisingCoordinatemeasuringmachinesoftware

Diametervaryingwithintoleranceofsizeandform

0.040


CircularityonaTaper

Circularitymeasurementexampletakenusingadialindicator,standandveeblock


Circularitymeasurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine


Straightness

Straightnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationawayfromastraightlineoraxiswithinthetolerancezone

Definitionoftolerancezones

Onedirection Twodirections,differentvalues

Onedirection,tapereddiameter

Onedirection,cylindricalzone

Onedirection,possibleshapesofpart


Flatness

Flatnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationonasurfacewithinthetolerancezone

Tolerancezoneacrossthreesurfaces


Flatnessdefinition

Measurementonsurfacetableusing3locationsupportsandadialindicatorandstand


Cylindricity

Cylindricitycanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationofallpointsonasurfaceofrevolutionequidistantfromacommonaxiswithintheatolerancezonedefinedbytwocylinders

Measurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine

0.025Cylindricity

0.025

0.040

0.040


LocationTolerances

INTHISCHAPTER

55

Location RegardlessofFeaturesize MaximumMaterial

Condition(MaximumMaterialRequirement)

Concentricity/Coaxiality Symmetry


TruePositionLocationtolerancesarealsoknownastruepositionaltolerances.Eitherdefinedasacylindricalzoneorparallelepiped(Boxed/rectangular)

Establishingdimensions


RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)

RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)Thesymbolwasusednexttothetolerance,withinthefeaturecontrolframeinapreviousANSIstandard

Cylindricalzoneexample

S


Positionaltoleranceonanedgeataspecificangle


Bidirectionalpositionaltoleranceofholes

Cylindricaltolerancezoneonapatternofholes


Positionaltoleranceonasurfaceataspecificangle

DrawingexamplerelativetothreeDatums


PositionofsurfacerelativetoDatumsAandB

RFSCalculation


Actualcentrepositionrelativetothenominalcentreposition

Actualpositioncalculationexpressedasadiameteroutput


MaximumMaterialConditionprinciple

MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehasthemostamountofmaterialwithintheallowedtolerancezone Internalfeatureisthesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerance

zone Externalfeaturethelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone.TheMMCsymbol canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext

tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol

MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)isabasisusedfortheassemblyofdifferentproductsforexampleapinfittingintoaholeoramanifoldfittingontostuds.

MMCprovidesthecombinationofthesmallestholeandthelargestpin,soastofittogetherasanassembly.

OncethishasbeenestablisheditisknownastheVirtualConditiontheworstconditionforthepinandholetoassemble.

Atvirtualconditionthetwofeatureswouldjustfitandchangefromthiscouldresultinaneasierfitbetweenthetwofeatures.VirtualConditionisaboundarythatisgeneratedbytheeffectsofcombiningtheMMCandtheGeometricTolerance.

Internal:MMCConditionvalueminusthegeometrictoleranceExternal:MMCconditionvalueplusthegeometrictolerance

NoteThisisdependentonthefeaturesremainingwithintoleranceofsize.

NoteMMCcanbeappliedtoothersymbolssuchasthefollowingStraightnessCircularityAngularity,Symmetry,Parallelism,Perpendicularity,Concentricity/CoaxialityandPosition

M

M

M


LeastMaterialConditionprinciple

LeastMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehastheleastamountofmaterialwithintheallowedtolerancezone Internalfeatureisthelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone Externalfeaturethesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone.TheLMCsymbol canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext

tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol

L

L


MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonanactualfeature


MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonadatumFeature


MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonboththeactualanddatumFeatures


ProjectedToleranceZone wherethepositionaltoleranceisprojectedoutfromthefeaturebyaspecifiedamount(40and60inthisexample)

P


ConcentricityorCoaxiality

ConcentricityorCoaxialityisdefinedbythesamesymbol.Allsectionalfeaturestakenaredefinedasbeingcommontothedatumaxisfeature.Asasimpleexplanationofthedifferenceconsiderthegeometricelementscircleandcylinder,thesecanbedefinedastwodimensionalandthreedimensionalfeatures.BothConcentricityandCoaxialitycanbethoughtofinthesameterms.

Concentricity

Coaxialityofanaxistoamultipledatumaxis


CoaxialityofaxisD2toaxisD1(cylindricalzonearoundaxis)

ConcentricityofoutsidediametercentretodatumAcentre


Deviationascalculatedfromandaxistoaxis

Measurementofconcentricityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine


Measurementofcoaxialityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine


Symmetry

Symmetryalsoknownthemiddleofforequal/equalaboutthecentre.IntheexamplethetoleranceisappliedtothemedianplanecreatedbythetwoinsidesurfacesoftheslottodatumAcreatedfromthemedianplaneofthetwooutsidesurfaces

Tolerancezoneinonedirectionappliedtothecentre(medianplane)


ThetoleranceappliedtothecrossholecentrelineistothecentreofdatumaxisA

Holeisoncentretomultipledatumaxesintwodirectionswithdifferenttolerances


HoleisoncentretomedianplanecreatedfromtwosurfacesandslotisoncentretodatumaxisA

MeasurementofslotoncentreusingDialindicator,stand,veeblocks,surfaceplateandgaugeblockinsertedintotheslot


OrientationTolerances

INTHISCHAPTER

66

Parallelism Perpendicularity Angularity


Parallelism

Parallelismcanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whetherappliedtoanaxisorasurface

TolerancezonedefinedbytwoparallelplanesorlinesrelativetodefineddatumfaceA


TolerancezonedefinedbyacylindricaltolerancezoneelativetothedatumaxisasdefinedbydatumdiameterA

CombiningFlatnessandParallelism


Effectsofflatnesswhendealingwithparallelism

ParallelismofasurfaceoncentrelinetoamultipledatumdefinedbyAandB(singledirection)

ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(twotolerancesineachdirection)

Datum

Datum


ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(cylindricaltolerancezone)

ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singledirection)

ParallelismofasurfacetoadiameterdefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurface)

Datum

Datum

Datum


ParallelismofasurfacetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurface)

ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurfaceandparallelismofandaxistoanaxisoftwopins(cylindricalzone)

Datum


Measurementoftheparallelismofadiameterusingadialindicator,standandsurfaceplate

Measurementoftheparallelismofasurfaceusingadialindicator,standandsurfaceplatesupportedoftheaxisofdatumA


Perpendicularity

Perpendicularitycanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whetherappliedtoanaxisorasurface

Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoasurfaceoredgewherethefeatureistobeat90degreestodatumfaceA

Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtotheaxisdefinedbybothsidesoradiameter

0.200 A

A

A

0.200 A


Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceintwodirections

Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceinonedirectionsandsurfacetoasurface

Datumaxis

Datumsurface

Datumaxis

Datumsurface


Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoanaxistoasurfacewithdifferenttolerancesintwodirections.

Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurface(cylindricaltolerancezone)

Datumsurface

Datumsurface


Drawingexampleofdeviation

PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualsurfacewithaprecisionorcylindricalsquare


PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualaxistothedatumsurfaceusingadialindicator,standandsurfacetable

AnalternativemethodofmeasuringPerpendicularityisbymeansofalaserorautocollimator.CalibrationofCMMsisoftendonebythelasermethod


Angularity

Angularityisamethodofcheckingthedeviationofasurfaceoranaxisataspecifiedangle

Angularityspecifiedasasurfacetoasurfaceorasurfacetoanaxis


Measurementofangularityusingadialindicator,stand,surfaceplateandananglegauge.AnalternativemeasurementmethodistouseaSineBar

Angularityofacentrelinetoanaxis


Angularityofasurfacetoanaxis

Angularityofasurfacetoasurface

Measurementofangularityusingaprotractororclinometer


Profile

INTHISCHAPTER

77

Profileofaline Profileofasurface


Profile

Profiletolerancesfallintotwomaincategories

ProfileofaLine

Profileofasurface

Thesetolerancesarenormallyappliedtoirregularornormaledges,surfacesor,arcs.Thetolerancecanbeappliedeithersideofthenominalprofile(Bilateral)ortooneside(unilateral)only.Theuniformboundarycanbeappliedrelativetotheprofileonlyoralternativelycanbeappliedrelativetothedatumreferencesystemaswellastheprofile.

Toleranceofformonly

Toleranceofformandlocation

BilateralTolerance

Nominalprofile

TotalToleranceNominalprofile

TotalTolerance

UniLateral(InternalorExternal)


Profileofalinetoleranceontheformonlyasindicated

Profileofasurfacetoleranceontheformofthesphericalradius


RunoutTolerances

INTHISCHAPTER

88

Runout CircularRunout TotalRunout


RunoutRunoutisappliedtocontrolanycircularfeaturesurfacesrotatedthrough360degrees.Thiscouldapplytoadiameterorasurfaceatanypositionacrossthatsurfaceofrevolution

Circularrunoutisappliedthesurfacearoundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthetoleranceareanyeffectsofconcentricityandcircularity.Axialrunoutisappliedtothesurfaceadjacenttotheaxisaroundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthetolerancearetheeffectsofflatnessandPerpendicularityatthepositionwheretheresultsareobtained


CircularRunoutexample

AxialRunoutexample


RunouttoleranceappliedtobothdatumAandBunabletogenerateanaxisfromdatumB

RunoutofsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameterA

RunoutoftaperedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameterA


RunoutofcurvedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB

RunoutofoutsidediameterrotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB


RunoutofthesurfacerotatedaroundthecommonaxisdatumdiametersA,wheredatumAisdefinedbylocatingthecomponentpartbetweencentres

MeasuringRunoutusingcentresorveeblockanddialindicators


MeasuringRunoutofatapereddiameterausingcentresorveeblockanddialindicators

RunoutofadiametertoamultipledatumdefinedthroughtheaxisofdatumdiametersAandBwhereAandBareatasetdistanceasdefinedbytheboxeddimension


TotalRunout

TotalRunoutcontrolsthesurfacesaroundtheaxisof360degreesrevolution.Thedifferencefromrunoutisthatthistoleranceisappliedacrossthecompletesurfaceasonetolerance.Asacompositetolerancetotalrunoutincludestheeffectsofcircularity,Cylindricity,concentricityCoaxialityPerpendicularity,Parallelism,andFlatness

TotalrunoutappliedtoaPlanesurfacearoundanaxisofrevolution


Totalrunoutappliedtoacylinderaroundanaxisofrevolution


TotalcircularRunoutofoutsidediameteralongitslengthtotheaxiscreatedthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB

TotalRunoutacrossthesurfacetotheaxiscreatedthroughdatumdiameterD


Appendix

INTHISCHAPTER

99

FurtherMMCoptions BasicSymbols References HexagonContacts


MMCappliedtoStraightness

MMCappliedtoPerpendicularity


MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)andLeastMaterialCondition(LMC)


MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)appliedtotwodiametersfloating

Ifthetwodiametersareattheirmaximumsizethenthecentrepositioncanvaryasshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameter


Ifthetwodiametersareattheirminimumsizethenthecentrepositioncanvaryasshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameterplusthe0.2toleranceofsize(0.1/sideoneachdiameter)


BasicSymbols

BasicDimension

DatumReference

FeatureControlFrame

Form SymbolCircularity

Straightness

Flatness

Cylindricity

LocationTruePosition

MaximumMaterialCondition

LeastMaterialCondition

Projectedtolerance

OrientationParallelism

Perpendicularity

Angularity

Concentricity/Coaxiality

Symmetry

ProfileandRunoutProfileofaline

Profileofasurface

Runout

TotalRunout

38 156

6.2

A

L

M

P

ReferencesMoredetailedinformationisavailablefromvariousstandardsthroughouttheworld.Asanexample

ASMEY14.5 BS8888:2004Technical

ProductSpecifications(TPS)

ExamplesofISOstandardsused ISO:1101 ISO2692


HexagonDetails

gdt _theory_1st principle_ training manual level 1

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