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Child and adult is different

Child does not a little neither mini adult

Specific characteristic of child are

Growing and developing

Growth and development are differentproces, but dont stand alone and

connected each other

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Growth

Growth is an increase in number and size of the

cell and intercellular tissue increase in size of

the body

Quantitative countable, measurable

In length unit, or weight unit Indicator : - Body weight

- Body length / body height

- Head circumference- Upper arm circumference

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Development

Maturity of the body structure and function developing the skill and knowledge

Qualitative uncountable

Difficult to measurement milestone Indicator : - Gross and fine motor

- Language and speech

- Socioemotional

- Vision and hearing

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General Objective of learning GD

Growth and

development process

To help all children achieve their maximum

developmental potential

Birth

potensial

Useful

Adult

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Specific objective

To understand the process of growth anddevelopment since conception to adult

To monitor chlidrens progress

To identify delays or abnormalities indevelopment early diagnosis

early intervention

Know the cause of GD impairment counsel the parent to avoid the

abnormalities

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The principles of growth

1. Changes of the size

increasing in body weight, body height

2. Canges of the proportion of the body

head proportion, central point of the

body

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The principles of growth

3. Loosing the old characteristic

thymus gland, decidual teeth, primitive

reflexes

4. Appearing of the new characteristic

permanent teeth, external genital signs

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Phenomenon of growth

Growth rapid is irregular, with fluctuation

in growth rapid

Every organ has their own growth pola

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4 growth curve pola

1. General growth curve

2. Head and brain growth curve3. Lymphoid tissue growth curve

4. Reproductive organ curve

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General growth

Growth keep continuing regularly sinceconception to adolescence, withfluctuation in growth rapid

Maximum rapid start from fetus, then keepin decreasing while passing the infantperiod

Preschools growth is slow Adolescences growth is fast and end after

adolescence period is finish

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Head and brain growth

Newborn is 25 % of adult brain weight

50 % of brains development occur in the

first year

20 % of brains development occur in the

second year

At 5-6 yr of age, their brain is 90 % of adultbrain weight

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Lymphoid tissue growth

Grow rapidly in infants and kids

Lymphoid tissue in 10 12 yr old child is2x bigger than adults

Will decrease in puberty, and involute toadults

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Reproduction organ growth

Grow slowly in the first year

Growth rapidly in adolescence period

secondary genital signs

Grow very fast after bodys growth end

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The principles of development

1. Development is a continuous process fromconception to maturity. Before any milestone is

reached a child has to go through many

preceding stages of development

2. Development depends on the maturation and

myelinitation of the nervous system

3. The sequence of development is the same for

all children, but the rate of development varies

from child to child

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The principles of development (cont.)

4. Certain primitive reflexes anticipate

corresponding voluntary movement and have to

be lost before the voluntary movement

develops

5. The direction of development is cephalocaudal

and proximodistal

6. Generalised mass activity gives way to spesific

indiviual responses

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General factors affecting the

course of GD

GD is a result of many factors interaction,

that can be divided into :

Internal factors

External factors

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Internal factors

Genetics

Race, ethnic, nation

Age Gender

Family history

Chromosomal abnormalities

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External (environment) factors1. Prenatal factors :

- Maternal nutrition

- Placental problem (maternal hypertension,

toxaemia, bleeding, fetal intra-uterine growth

retardation)- Infection and drugs in pregnancy

- Immunologic distubances

- Endocrine problem (DM, hypothyroidism)

- Radiation, Toxic, chemical substances

- Mothers psychology

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2. Perinatal factors :

* Birth complication

* Head trauma* Asphyxia

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3. Postnatal factors

- Illness - Cultural practices

- Chronic Infection - Health surveilance

- Nutrition - Drugs

- Endocrine problems (GH, insulin, thyroid,sexH)

- Socioeconomic factors

- Management of handicap

- Parental health & attitudes

- Education & opportunities in life (stimulation)

- Physical and chemical environment

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Basic Needs of Childrens GD

For optimal GD, the evironment has to meetthe childd needs

Physico-biomedical needs ( ASUH )

Psychological needs

Love and emotional needs ( ASIH )

Stimulation needs ( ASAH )

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Physico-biomecial needs (ASUH)

Nutrition (enough and balance)

Basic health care (immunization, early detection,

early treatment)

Clothing (proper, comfortable, clean)

Hygiene and sanitation

Parents health and social-economy

Sports and recreation Health, prosperous, and education facilities

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Love and emotional needs (ASIH)

Parents care

Safety

Self esteem

Successful needs

Independence

Support

Experience opportunity

Respect

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Stimulation needs (ASAH)

As early as possible

Playing, training, education

Motoric, language, speech, sosio-emotional, cognition aspects

Informal, formal, nonformal situation