GCSE PE.GCSE PE.Revision Presentation.Revision Presentation.

Part 1:The Human Body.

CONTENTS

Contents:Contents:The SkeletonThe SkeletonBonesBonesThe SpineThe SpineJointsJointsSynovial JointSynovial JointConnective TissuesConnective TissuesMusclesMusclesMuscle ContractionMuscle ContractionThe Respiratory SysteThe Respiratory SystemmRespiratory System – KRespiratory System – Key Termsey Terms

Aerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationAnaerobic RespirationAnaerobic RespirationLactic AcidLactic AcidBlood VesselsBlood VesselsRed Blood CellsRed Blood CellsWhite Blood CellsWhite Blood CellsPlateletsPlateletsPlasmaPlasmaDouble Circulatory SysDouble Circulatory SystemtemCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System – Key Terms – Key Terms

The Skeleton:

It has 5 different functions: 1. Support, 2. Gives shape to the body, 3. Protection – protects organs

(e.g. brain), 4. Movement, 5. Makes blood cells.

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Bones:

Four different types: 1. Long, e.g. femur. 2. Short, e.g. carpals. 3. Flat, e.g. some bones in

the skull. 4. Irregular, e.g. vertebrae.

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The Spine:

Spine consists of 5 different sections: 1. 7x Cervical vertebrae, Neck 2. 12x Thoracic vertebrae, 3. 5x Lumbar vertebrae, 4. 1x Sacrum, 5. 1x Coccyx. Pelvis

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Joints:

A joint is:

“The point of connection between two bones in the skeleton, allowing

movement.”

Joints:

There are 3 types of JOINT:

1. Fixed/Immovable Joint – e.g. bones in the skull

2. Slightly Movable Joint – e.g. vertebrae

3. Freely Movable Joint – e.g. shoulder

Joints – 6 types of movable joint:

Joint Movement ExampleBall & Socket Flexion, extension,

adduction, abduction &

rotation

Hip, Shoulder

Hinge Flexion & extension Knee, ElbowPivot Rotation Neck

Condyloid Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction

Wrist

Gliding Move a little in all directions

Tarsals, Carpals

Saddle Some movement ThumbCONTENTS

Synovial Joint:

Also known as freely movable joint.

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

CARTILAGEJOINT CAPSULE

SYNOVIAL FLUID

LIGAMENT

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Joints – 6 types of joint movement:

Movement DefinitionExtension Opening a joint

Flexion Closing a joint

Adduction Move limb towards centre of body

Abduction Move limb away from centre of body

Rotation Turning limb clockwise or anticlockwise

Circumduction Circular movement of a limb

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Connective Tissue:

3 types of connective tissue:

1. Cartilage: Between bones to stop them rubbing.

2. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone.

3. Tendons: Attach muscle to bone.

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Muscles – 3 different types:

Type Where Found?

Definition

Example

Cardiac Heart Works automatically –

never tires

Heart Muscle

Involuntary Around organs

Works automatically

Intestines, blood vessels

Voluntary Attached to skeleton

Under your control

Biceps, hamstrings

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Antagonistic Muscles:

For movement, 2 muscles need to pull in opposite directions.

Antagonistic muscle pairs work against each other.

1 muscle shortens, the other relaxes.E.g. bicep contracts, tricep relaxes to flex (bend) the arm, asin a bicep curl.

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Muscle Contraction:

2 types of muscle contraction: 1. Isometric Contraction: Muscle stays

same length, nothing moves. e.g. wall stand

2. Isotonic Contraction: Muscle changes length, there is movement.

e.g. tennis serve

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The Respiratory System:Oxygen goes from air to alveoli in this

order:

BronchiBronchioles

Alveoli. This is where gas exchange takes place

Air Nose/Mouth Trachea

How we breathe:

Inspiration (Breathing in):Diaphragm pulls down,Intercostal muscles contract,Air pressure in lungs in reduced,Air sucked through respiratory system to lungs,Chest expands.

How we breathe:

Expiration (Breathing out):Diaphragm relaxes,Intercostal muscles relax,Chest becomes smaller,Pressure in lungs increases,Air is forced out.

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Key (Respiratory) Terms:

Oxygen Debt: A deficit of oxygen in the body, caused by exercise. The debt must be repaid during recovery.Vital Capacity: Amount of air that can

be breathed out after a deep breath in.Tidal Volume: Amount of air

breathed in or out during normal breathing.

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Aerobic Respiration:

Aerobic exercise = exercise using oxygen.

Aerobic respiration to provide working muscles with oxygen.

Used for long periods of exercise, over 60 seconds. Used for sports such as: long distance running.

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Anaerobic Respiration:

Anaerobic Exercise = exercise without oxygen.

Used for short periods of exercise, when maximum effort is needed for a short time.

Produces lactic acid as a waste product

Used for sports that last for between 45-60 seconds.

Sporting examples: shot putt, triple jump.

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Lactic Acid:

It is produced as a waste product from anaerobic respiration.

Causes fatigue in the muscles if allowed to build up.

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3 types of blood vessel:

Artery

Vein

Capillary

Arteries:

Arteries carry blood Away from the heart.

Thick, strong, elastic walls.High pressure in the arteries.Carry oxygenated blood, except the

pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood.

Veins:

VeINs carry blood IN towards the heart.Thinner walls than arteries.Blood in veins at a lower pressure than

in arteries.Veins have valves to stop the blood

flowing backwards.Carry deoxygenated blood, except the

pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood.

Capillaries:

Carry food & oxygen to the body tissues. Take waste products away from these tissues. Capillaries are very small and have very

thin walls.

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Red Blood Cells:

What do they do?They carry oxygen around the body.

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White Blood Cells:

What do they do?They fight against disease by

destroying:“Bad” bacteria,Toxins,Foreign Microbes.

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Platelets:

What are they? Small fragments of cell.

What do they do? Help to clot the blood at wounds/cuts.

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Plasma:

What does it do?It carries everything in the bloodstream.

Yes, EVERYTHING, including:Blood cells,Digested food,Waste products (e.g. Carbon Dioxide),Hormones.

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The Double Circulatory System:

This is a double circulatory system.One circuit takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

The other takes blood from the heart to the body and back.The Heart is the pump that pumps the blood in both circuits.

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Key (Cardiovascular) Terms:

Heart rate: The rate at which the heart beats.Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle in 1 contraction.Cardiac Output: The amount of

blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute.

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