gcse geography - haydock high school...gcse geography. 1 contents paper 1: living in the physical...

CASE STUDY COLLECTION

GCSE GEOGRAPHY

1

Contents Paper 1: Living in the Physical Environment

The Challenges of Natural Hazards

1. Haiti Earthquake (2010)

2. New Zealand Earthquake (2011) Page 3

3. Hurricane Katrina (2005) Page 4

4. Storm Desmond (2015) Page 5

The Living World

5. Pond Ecosystem Page 6

6. Malaysian Tropical Rainforest Page 7

7. Svalbard – Cold environments Page 8

The Physical landscapes in the UK

8. Swanage Coastline Landforms Page 9

9. Barton on Sea Coastal Management Scheme Page 10

10. River Tees Landforms Page 11

11. River Tees Management Scheme Page 12

Paper 2: Challenges in the Human Environment

Urban Issues and Challenges

12. Rio de Janeiro (Urban change in a major NEE city) Page 13- 14

13. Manchester (Urban changes in a major UK city) Page 15 - 16

14. Freiburg (Sustainable urban development) Page 17

The Changing Economic World

15. Tourism in Jamaica Page 18

16. Nigeria (Newly-Emerging Economy) Page 19

17. Shell Oil (TNC) in Nigeria Page 20

18. The UK Page 21

Resource Management

19. Lesotho Highlands Water Project Page 22

20. Wakel River Basin Scheme Page 23

2

Haiti Earthquake (2010) Causes

The earthquake was caused by the North American Plate sliding past the Caribbean Plate

at a conservative plate margin. Both plates move in the same direction, but one moves

faster than the other. The pressure that was built up because of the friction between the 2

plates was eventually released causing a magnitude 7 earthquake on the Richter Scale

with an epicentre 16 miles West of Port-au-Prince and a shallow focus of 5 miles. The

earthquake struck at 16:53 (4:53pm) local time on Tuesday 12 January 2010.

Effects Social Economic Environmental

Primary 316,000 people were

killed and 1 million people

were made homeless. 3

million people were

affected by the

earthquake

Hospitals (50+) and

schools (1,300+) were

badly damaged, as was

the airport’s control tower

Transport and

communication links were

also badly damaged by

the earthquake

1 in 5 jobs were lost as a

result of the quake

The port was destroyed

Sea levels in local areas

changed, with some

parts of the land sinking

below the sea

Secondary The large number of

deaths meant that

hospitals and morgues

became full and bodies

then had to be piled up

on the streets

Cholera claimed the lives

of several hundred

people mainly children.

Total damage bill was

$11.5billion.

19 million chic metres of

rubble and debris

created- a huge job to

clear up

Short term responses

Many countries responded to appeals for aid, pledging funds and dispatching

rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel.

Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals, and

electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which slowed rescue

and aid efforts.

Delays in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, and

looting and sporadic violence were observed.

Long term responses

The EU gave $330 million and the World Bank waived the countries debt repayments

for 5 years.

6 months after the quake, 98% of the rubble remained un cleared, some still blocking

vital access roads.

Between 23 major charities, $1.1 billion had been collected for Haiti for relief efforts,

but only two percent of the money had been released


3

New Zealand Earthquake (2011) Causes

The 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck New Zealand at 12:51 on 22 February 2011. The

epicentre was 6 miles South East of Christchurch and the focus was very shallow at 3.1

miles. The earthquake occurred on a conservative plate margin where the Pacific Plate

slid past the Australian Plate in the opposite direction. It was technically an aftershock from

a larger earthquake in 2010 but the impacts were more severe.

Effects Social Economic Environmental

Primary 181 people were killed

and around 2,000 people

were injured

Hundreds of kilometres of

water and sewage pipes

were damaged

Business were put out of

action for long periods

causing losses of income

and jobs

Liquefaction (where the

ground gets saturated

and loses strength)

caused lots of damage to

roads and buildings

Part (size of 20 football

fields) of the country’s

longest glacier was

broken off creating a

large iceberg

Secondary Schools had to share

classrooms because of

the damage to other

school buildings

People were affected

mentally by the

earthquakes and needed

support

Christchurch could no

longer host Rugby World

Cup matches so lost the

benefits, e.g. tourism and

income, they would bring

April 2013, the total

estimated cost had

ballooned to $40 billion

Damage to roads

through liquefaction

made it difficult for

people and emergency

services to move around

Short term Responses

Rescue crews from all over the world came to help. There were crews from Japan, the

United States, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Australia and other countries.

Aid money poured in – Australia gave $5 million (Aus $) in aid.

The government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30

April 2011

Long term Responses

Christchurch was divided into four zones after the earthquake;

- Green Zone land was undamaged and could be built on again.

- Orange Zone more checks were needed before the land could be built on.

- White Zone was the area that had not been checked at all yet.

- Red Zone areas were very unstable: building on it safely would be difficult

- The government provided temporary housing and ensured all damaged housing was

kept water tight


4

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Causes

Hurricane Katrina was a tropical storm that affected mainly New Orleans in Louisiana USA

however it also had impacts on Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama.

Hurricane Katrina began as a very low pressure weather system, which strengthened to

become a tropical storm and eventually a hurricane as it moved west and neared the

Florida coast on the evening of 25 August 2005. after crossing southern Florida - - it

strengthened further before making landfall approximately 90km south of New Orleans, at

10am on 29 August. At this point, Katrina's sustained wind speed was 200 km/h with Storm

surges over 6 metres in height.

The precipitation caused the Mississippi river levels to rise and levees built to protect the city

broke causing widespread flooding.

Effects

Economic effects

The overall economic impact of is estimated at $150 billion

The oil industry in the Gulf of Mexico were severely impacted, 7 million U.S. gallons of

oil being leaked, and as a result petrol prices rose in the UK and USA.

Social effects

Overall 1,836 people died with the most significant number of deaths occurring in

New Orleans, Louisiana- 1200 drowned in the floods

1 million people were left homeless.

In the city of New Orleans widespread looting took place

Environmental effects

The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion, in some cases completely

devastating coastal areas.

The coastal land that was lost due to the storm surges which came 10–19 km inland

were breeding grounds for marine mammals, brown pelicans, turtles, and fish

Responses

Despite an evacuation order, many of the poorest people remained in the city.

The Louisiana Super dome (designed to handle 800, yet 30,000 arrived) and the New

Orleans Civic Centre (not designed as an evacuation centre, yet 25,000 arrived)

had to home people till help arrived.

Conditions were unhygienic, and there was a shortage of food and water.


5

Storm Desmond (2015) Causes

Storm Desmond hit NW pf the UK including towns on the Scottish border, Carlisle, Lancaster,

Kewick on 5th – 6th December 2015. Despite huge investments of £45 million there were two

main problems caused by Storm Desmond: flooding, which then led to power cuts.

The heavy rain (405mm in 48 hours) and strong winds ( 130km) were caused by an area of

low pressure Desmond created an atmospheric river in its wake, bringing in moist air from

the Caribbean to the British Isles. As a result, rainfall from Desmond was unusually heavy.

Effects

Social effects

5,200 homes were flooded in Cumbria and Lancashire.

43,000 homes across NE England were left without power

The NHS in Lancashire declared a major incident after flooding caused power cuts

and stopped doctors and nurses reaching hospitals.

2 people died

Economic effects

Economic losses from the storm Desmond And Eva will be between £1.6bn and

£2.3bn, while insured losses will hit £900m-£1.2bn.

Businesses were destroyed

Road closures and closure of the West Coast Mainline railroute to Scotland and the

Cumbrian coast rail line restricted tourism

Environmental effects

Thousands of trees were ripped from river banks as well as millions of tons of sediment

being transported by rivers and deposited on floodplains and in settlements.

Large amounts of the fragile upland soils were washed into rivers and lakes,

affecting water quality and wildlife.

A waterfall appeared at Malham Cove for a short time due to heavy rainfall. This

had not previously happened in living memory.

Responses

The Army was called in to help people evacuate their homes and the Royal

National Lifeboat Institution was also drafted in. Around 350 soldiers were

deployed to help with the flooding response.

Following the floods the Government announced a £50m repair and renew

scheme for Cumbria and Lancashire after the floods, promising businesses

and homeowners they will quickly receive the help they need


6

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem, UK Components in the ecosystem.

The producers in the pond ecosystem are algae and microscopic plants found

within the water as well as plants such as bulrushes and marsh marigolds which are

found on the banks of the pond

The consumers range from primary consumers such as Mayfly who eat the algae to

tertiary consumers such as herons.

Food Web Food Chain

Balance in the ecosystem

Nutrient cycling occurs

when rainwater washes

chemicals out of the

atmosphere, when

weathered rock releases

nutrients in to the soil, when

plants and animals die the

decomposers help to

recycle these.

The Living World

7

Malaysian Tropical Rainforest

Location and Background

Malaysia is a country in South East Asia. It is made up of Peninsular Malaysia and East

Malaysia which is part of the island of Borneo. The natural vegetation in Malaysia is tropical

rainforest, with 67 per cent being covered with this type of biome.

Causes of deforestation

Deforestation is the cutting down of tress, often on a very large scale

Logging – Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of tropical wood.

Mineral extraction – Mining of oil and tin is common.

Population pressures – Poor urban people were encouraged by the government to

move. 15,000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers.

Commercial farming – Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. Large

areas of rainforest have been cleared to convert into palm oil plantations.

Subsistence farming - This involves growing and hunting to support your community.

This has a limited impact on the rainforest as is small scaled.

Impact of deforestation

Development of land for mining, farming and energy leads to more jobs.

Companies will pay taxes to the government to improve public services such as

education.

Improved transport infrastructure opens up more industry and tourism.

Hydro-electric power provides cheap and plentiful energy.

Minerals such as gold are very valuable.

X Pollution of water sources resulting in water shortages.

X Fires can cause harmful pollutions and are difficult to control.

X Plants that could be used for medical benefits may become extinct.

X Loss of biodiversity as habitats of species such as orangutans and sun bears are lost

X The number of people attracted to visit the rainforest could decrease.

X Greater contributions towards climate change as trees no longer absorb CO² as

they are destroyed.

Sustainable management of tropical rainforest

Agro-forestry - Growing trees and crops at the same time helps to prevent soil

erosion.

Selective logging – Trees are only felled when they reach a particular height.

Education – Ensuring people understand the consequences of deforestation.

Ecotourism – Tourism that promotes the environment and conservation goals.

The Living World

8

Svalbard – Cold Environments


Svalbard is a Norwegian territory in the Arctic Ocean and the most northerly permanently

inhabited group of islands in the world.

Much of Svalbard experiences a polar climate with 60 per cent of the land covered by

glaciers. The rest is Tundra, much of which is frozen. There is no arable farming and there

are no trees – it is too cold. Svalbard has;

A population of 2700, most living in the main town of Longyearbyen

More polar bears than people.

Development Opportunities

Despite having an extreme climate, Svalbard can provide development opportunities.

These include:

Mineral extraction – Svalbard has rich reserves of coal, but mining of Svalbard is

controversial. It is the main economic activity, more than 300 people are employed

in the mines.

Energy developments – Some of the coal mined on Svalbard is used to generate

electricity in the power station. Svalbard has the potential for sustainable,

geothermal energy. This uses heat from of the Earth.

Tourism – Grown as people want to seek extreme environments. Tourism provides 300

jobs for local people. Activities such as hiking, snow mobiles and northern lights

Fishing – The cold waters of the Barents sea are one of the richest fishing grounds in

the world. Apart from Cod, there are an estimated 150 species of fish here including

herring and haddock. These waters are extremely important breeding and nursery

grounds for fish stocks.

Development in Svalbard includes many challenges such as:

Extreme temperatures - Winter temperatures fall below -30 degrees. Such

temperatures make is dangerous to work outside, leading to a risk of frostbite.

People have to dress warmly which makes it hard to work.

Construction – Working outdoors in extreme temperatures and also limited amount

of light in winter means that work is carried out only during the brief summer months.

Permafrost provides good foundations but is at risk of melting causing damage.

Accessibility – Can only be reached by plane or ship. Only 50Km of roads, none of

them serve the communities.

Managing cold environments (Alaska)

- Trans-Alaskan pipeline- Solutions where to create pumping stations to keep the oil

moving. The pipeline is raised to prevent the permafrost melting and to allow caribou to

migrate underneath.

- Actions by governments , Alaska- Western Arctic Reserve, 9 million hectare protected

wilderness to protect caribou, birds and polar bears. Drilling for oil is kept away from

sensitive areas.

- Conservation groups – WWF in Canada helps protect Arctic environments. Work with

local communities to manage ecosystem. Support scientific research to protect important

species.

The Living World

9

Coastal Landforms-Isle of Purbeck Location

The Isle of Purbeck is found on the South coast of Dorset. It has both a discordant part of

the coast (bands of rock perpendicular- at right angles, to the sea) and a concordant part

of the coast (bands of rock parallel to the sea).

Studland Bay – A large sandy beach formed with sand dunes formed by blown

sands over soft rock known as the Bagshot Beds.

• South Haven Peninsular – this is a spit at the north end of Studland Bay formed by

transportation by longshore drift and deposition. Salt marshes formed behind this

due to sediment brought through Poole harbour from the River Frome.

Old Harry – Old Harry is a stump and his wife is a stack formed on a chalk headland

at the south of Studland Bay.

Swanage Bay – a bay with a sand beach formed in an area of soft rock known as

Wealden clays.


10

Barton-on-Sea Management Strategy Location and Background

Barton on Sea is a seaside town on the south coast of Hampshire, England facing the English Chanel.

The geology of the area is made up of permeable Barton Sand over impermeable Barton Clay.

Why does it need protecting?

The rocks that the cliffs consist of are made up of gravels, sands and clays. This means that they are

easily eroded and have little strength to resist collapse.(gravels and sands are permeable and they

will absorb any water content that enters it. Clay is however impermeable and though this is the

case, it becomes extremely slippery when it comes into contact with water, this causes land mass

movements such as slides and slumping)

The area of the coast has a south-westerly prevailing wind with a maximum fetch of 4000km to the

coast of South America, this means that longshore drift will occur and pass the sand towards the

Hurst castle spit. A large groyne has been built at Highcliff, this means that any longshore drift that

should bring a replenishment of sand, is being caught up.

Barton on Sea Management Strategy

Cliff Drainage – placed in 2007, pipes drain excess water from the cliffs so that the clay does not

become slippery.

Rock Groynes – placed in 1990, these are structures made from hard rocks which are positioned at

90 degrees to the shoreline. They trap sediment, this means that the waves have reduced energy to

erode the cliffs as the beach creates friction.

Rip Rap / Rock Armour – placed in 1990, These are hard rock boulders are placed parallel to the

shore which the water has to pass through and this dissipates( reduces) wave energy.

Is the Barton-on-Sea Management Strategy Successful?

The rate of the erosion has been decreased; however despite the structures being placed in the

1990s and 2007 there was a large rotational slump in 2008. Due to this landslide there was a renewed

concern about the vulnerability of the cliffs in this part of the coast. An older development of

housing in Barton Court is now just 20 metres from the edge of the cliff tops. It has been predicted by

the local authorities that these houses will be lost due to coastal erosion during the next 10-20 years.

Stakeholders – people who are interested in the area.

Residents of Highcliff- Highcliff is protected by the large groynes which starve Barton on Sea of

sediment. They are really happy with the management strategy.

Residents of Barton on Sea- As their homes are becoming at risk, despite the management, these

people are frustrated and wish for more management.

Business Owners – like Naish Farm Holiday Park. They depend on tourism and with hard defences

disturbing the aesthetics and the groyne at Highcliff causing terminal groyne syndrome. This might

put off tourists and then this causes a decline in the local economy.

The Local Council – They have a limited funding and are trying to manage the coast at the best cost

benefit.


11

River Tees Landforms


The River Tees is located in the north of England. The source of the River Tees is located in

the Pennines and it flows east to its mouth where the river joins the North Sea.

Source

Located at Cross Fell in the Pennines. There is lots of saturated peat bog at the source,

which drains out of the bog creating small streams.

Upper course

This area has hard impermeable rocks. Here, vertical erosion has formed a V-shaped valley.

High Force, the UK's largest waterfall at 21 metres high is located in the upper course. An

area of hard rock, called Whin Sill (or Whinstone), is located above a layer of soft rocks

(sandstone and shale) and together the waterfall. It has a 500m gorge in front of this.

Interlocking spurs form in the upper course as the river winds around high land.

Middle Course

As the River Tees starts to erode sideways (lateral erosion), it forms meanders. The town of

Yarm is found entirely within a meander. Here the river flows in a giant bend all the way

around the town, and oxbow lakes have formed. In this area there are also levees which

have formed when the river has flooded

Lower Course

The river flows into an estuary in the port of Teeside. This has both mud flats such as Seal

Sands and petrochemical industry.


12

River Tees Management Strategy Location and Background

The River Tees is located in north-east England. Its source area is high in the Pennines in the

west and the river flows eastwards into the North Sea. The source of the River Tees lies on

Cross Fell in the Pennines, 893m above sea level, where rainfall is over 2000mm a year.

Why does it need protecting?

The River Tees has a long history of flooding. The Tees valley is also home to a large

population and many industries, all requiring a reliable water supply. The river is managed

to provide a water supply and control flooding.

Cow Green reservoir was built in 1970 to provide water for the growing industries on

Teesside. It is a regulating reservoir, storing water in times of plenty and releasing enough for

the needs of industry in times of low flow.

River Tees Management Strategy

Yarm's flood defence scheme – Yarm is a historic market town that is particularly prone to

flooding. The most recent serious flood was in January 1995. Since then a new flood

defence scheme costing £2.1 million has been built. This has involved:

Improved flood warning systems.

Better liaison with the Meteorological Office, police and emergency services.

New development discouraged building on low-lying and flood-prone land is

discouraged - an example of land-use zonation.

Gabions to protect walls and embankments from erosion.

Lower Tees Valley- This is an important economic area consisting of key industries and a

port for importing and exporting goods. The flood strategy here includes:

The Tees Barrage (a manmade barrier across a river) aims to reduce the risk of

flooding at very high tides or during a storm surge. The barrage was completed in

1995 and cost £54 million.

Dredging the lower stretches of the Tees estuary are dredged to improve navigation

by maintaining a deep-water channel. It also reduces the flood risk by increasing

the capacity of the channel.

Is the river Tees management strategy successful?

The barrage has acted as a catalyst for £500 million of investment in offices, housing,

educational, leisure and shopping facilities. In addition, a major flooding events hasn’t

happened since 1995.


13

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Location and Importance

Rio de Janeiro is an emerging city in Brazil, South America, it is located on the Atlantic

coast. It is the second most populated city in Brazil. Recently millions of people from rural

areas have migrated to major cities such as Rio de Janeiro to seek better opportunities.

The city has 4 main zones- North: main industrial area, West: including rejuvenated Barra de

Tijuca, South: Main tourist area and beaches as well as Rochina the largest favela in S

America and Centro: CBD, shopping and financial center.

The city holds much global, regional and national significance. These include:

The city is the second most important industrial center in the country.

The Statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World.

Rio hosted the 2014 world cup and the 2016 Olympic games.

City Challenges and Solutions

Social

o 55% have a local health clinic. The solution in Santa Marta medical staff take health

kits in to people’s homes, which has reduce the IMR.

o Only half of children continue education beyond 14 due to a lack of schools. The

solution is to encourage local volunteers to help in school and give grants to poor

families to meet the costs.

o Around 12 per cent of the population has no access to running water. The solution

was 7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014.

o Blackouts occur due to frequent power cuts. The solution was to develop a HEP

plant in Simplicio costing $2 billion.

Economic

o The city suffers from high crime rates. The solution has been to set up Pacifying Police

Units in 2013 to reclaim favelas from drug dealers although this has been focused

near the Olympic sites.

o There is a wide gap between the rich and poor, with the richest 1% earning 12% of

the income and the poorest 50% earning13%.

o Most people who work in favelas work in the informal sector, 1/3 of the total

population earning less than £60 a month. There is a 20% unemployment rate in the

favelas. To overcome this there is an investment in education through the Schools of

Tomorrow program, adult classes and free childcare for teenage parents.

Environmental

o Heavy pollution due to industrialization, poor sanitation and growth in car ownership-

this has increased by 40 % in 10 years.

o The air pollution is estimated to kill 5,000 people per year. In order to reduce this

improvements have been made to traffic congestion including expanding the

metro, toll roads and making coastal roads one way n rush hour.

o 50 tonnes of industrial waste and 200 tonnes of raw sewage a day enters the bay

each day. To solve this 12 new sewage plants have been built since 2004 costing $68

million and ships are fined for discharging fuel.

o Waste is a significant issue in favelas. To solve this a power plant using rotting rubbish

to produce methane- consuming 30 tonnes a day and providing electricity for 1000

homes.


14

City Opportunities

Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country.

The city provides 6% of the country’s total employment.

Increasingly the city is improving people’s access to services such as education and

healthcare.

The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development.

As the city becomes more industrialized, the city will become wealthier.

Managing Urban Growth

In Rio there are up to 1000 favelas, 60% in the suburbs, predominantly along main roads in

the Port area in the North East. Rocinha is the biggest favela in South America with 75,000

people registered in 2010 however now may be 3 times higher.

Challenges of Squatter settlements

Construction- houses are constructed illegally from basic materials and on steep

slopes. This has caused issues especially after heavy rain when houses collapse.

Services- in non improved areas 12% of homes don’t have running water, 30% have

no electricity, 50% no sewage.

Unemployment – as high as 20% predominantly in the informal sector.

Crime- murder rate of 20 per 1000 population, drug gangs dominate.

Health- population densities of 37,000 per km2, IMR as high as 50 per 1000.

The Favela Bairro Project is a government plan to improve and upgrade the quality of life in

the favelas. This is a site and service scheme where the local authority provides land and

services for the residents to build homes. The plans include:

Developing new areas of the city where people can be rehoused.

Access to credit to allow people to buy materials to improve their home

100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes

Pacifying Police Unit UPP set up to help reduce crime

Installing a cable car and giving 1 free return ride a day

Introducing self-help schemes to redevelop housing.

Providing programs for youths to stop getting into crime.

Successes

Quality of life improved

Employment prospects have improved

Failures

Budget of $1 million may not cover all favelas

Infrastructure not being maintained

Rents are rising in the improved favelas which means poorest people are worse off

15

Manchester, UK Location and Importance

Manchester is a city in Greater Manchester which is located in the North-West of England.

514,000 people live in Manchester and it is one of the UK’s 10 core cities. It developed

during the industrial revolution. Its importance includes;

The city enjoys a large sporting heritage with famous football clubs such as

Manchester United and Manchester city

Manchester hosted the commonwealth games in 2002

Manchester has a thriving community of international students.

Manchester has three major UK universities popular with young students.

2nd largest urban population in the UK

The 2nd most significant city in the UK behind London

During the industrial revolution, the population dramatically increased with people

migrating from nearby rural communities.

With the attraction of working in the large cotton factories or mines, international migrates

from Ireland, Pakistan and the Caribbean came to work in Manchester from 1900-1960.

City Opportunities

Social: Manchester has various cultural attractions such as the Gay village, theatres &

museums. Also the Arndale and Trafford centre is very popular with shoppers.

Economic: The retail sectors contribute to thousands of jobs. The Universities and advanced

manufacturing adds contribute to the city’s economy.

Environmental: Manchester also has green areas such as Piccadilly Gardens and Exchange

Square which is used for screen public events. Heaton Park also hosts music concerts.

City Challenges

Social: Of the 2.7 million people living in Greater Manchester it is estimated that 600,000

people live in Poverty.

Economic: Closure of the cotton factories caused large scale unemployment. Dereliction

of the docks also led to large scale unemployment.

Environmental: Urban sprawl has led to increased pressure and decline of greenfield sites

around the city.

Reducing environmental damage

Transport

Metrolink is a light rail transport system in Manchester. The project started in the 1990s and

still growing today with the latest expansion to the Trafford Centre. Currently 41.7 million

passenger journeys are made each year, reducing congestion around the city


16

- Large parts of the city have been pedestrianised

- Cycle lanes have been installed

- Bus lanes have been added to roads

- The train stations have been improved

Manchester Green City

"A green city is a healthy place to live, work and play. It is not just a city that has an

abundance of green space, but it is a modern, vibrant and resilient city with its eye on the

future. Ultimately, a 'Green' city is a place that people want to be"

Why? Better for the environment, More investment, Create jobs, Reduce poverty, Attract

new people, Improve health, Regional Ecology.

Urban greening: This is turning wasteland and unused areas into parks and gardens

Target 1 – Reduce CO2 emissions

Target 2 – Reduce contaminated land

Target 3 – Increase recycling

Target 4 – Environmental building standards

Target 5 – Complete a City tree audit

Target 6 – Decrease car use

Target 7 – Extend the Metrolink

Target 8 – Support renewable energy

Target 9 – Improve water Quality

Target 10 – Initiate three green initiatives a years

Reducing social inequality

MBLA were commissioned by Hulme Regeneration Limited, a JV between Manchester City

Council and AMEC, as lead design consultants to create a concept and master plan for

the regeneration of Hulme.

- 40,000 houses improved

- 53,000 jobs created

- 2,000 ha derelict land reclaimed

- 3,000 businesses established

Salford Quays Regeneration

Manchester Docks were the third busiest port in Britain, but after the limit places on vessel

size on the ship canal the docks declined during the 1970s, resulting in the loss of 3000 jobs.

Main features: Brownfield sites and derelict buildings pulled down, £64 million invested on a

new theatre, the Lowry. A new shopping centre built, the Lowry outlet mall, as well as a

cinema and restaurants. MedicaCityUK hosts media organisations such as the BBC and ITV,

which provides jobs for the surrounding area.

17

Freiburg, Germany Location and Background

Freiburg is located in South West Germany with a population of about 220,000 people. In

1970 it set the goal of focusing on social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Social Sustainability

There is a focus on providing people with affordable housing.

Local people are involved in urban planning at both local and city level.

Sites for building are considered by the local council and interest groups.

Cycle and walking paths aim to encourage exercise and healthy living.

Economic Sustainability

Many jobs have been created in the research and manufacture of solar

technology.

More than 10,000 people are employed in 1500 environmental businesses in the city.

The city is a popular place for people to attend conferences on sustainability. This

provides jobs for the local people.

Environmental Sustainability

Financial rewards are given to people who compost their green waste and use

textile nappies.

Local people are encouraged to invest in renewable energy.

The city uses biogas to provide energy for 28,000 homes.

The city has more than 88% of packing waste recycled.

44,000 trees have been planted in parks and streets to provide more green spaces

but to also reduce pollution.

Rainwater is retained and reused to reduce the amount of water used.

Sustainable traffic management strategies

The city has integrated public transport strategy (ITS) which is updated every ten

years.

The tram network is an important part of the ITS, as it provides cheap and accessible

public transport.

There are 400km of cycle paths with 9000 parking spaces for bikes.

Areas of the city have restrictions on car parking spaces. A car park space in one

area cost £20,000.

Is the traffic management strategy successful?

Tram journeys have increased by over 25,000 in one year, while car journeys have

reduced by nearly 30,000.


18

Tourism in Jamaica Location and Background

Jamaica has mass tourism because many people visit every year (1.9 million stopover

tourists in 2011) People visit for the beaches such as Montego Bay, deep sea fishing at Port

Antonio, caves at Cockpit County, golf courses such as next to Kingston Town and water

sports in Montego Bay. More cultural activities include various historic plantation houses

such as at Port Maria and there are environmental tourist attractions such as bird

sanctuaries inland from Montego Bay and Botanic Gardens and a National Park in the Blue

Mountains.

Jamaica does have problems however, because its tourism numbers are declining slightly

due to competition from new resorts across other Caribbean Islands.

Has tourism been successful at reducing the development gap?

Positives

Tourism brings in money to Jamaica – 20% of its GDP – this money can be spent on

essential services such as health care and education which can boost the overall

level of development. This does have a downside however, as Jamaica is

dependent upon this income and if tourist numbers fall the economy would be

affected.

220,000 Jamaicans work in tourism – it is a vital employer. People work in a wide

range of jobs, from the construction of hotels and tourist facilities, to service work

cleaning, working in bars, caddying on golf courses amongst other jobs.

Tourism benefits many sections of the economy as people spend money in bars,

restaurants, and other local businesses, so tourism has a positive multiplier effect.

Local goods can be made and sold to the many people who visit.

Negatives

Large TNCs (Trans National Companies) such as Thomas Cook organise the holidays

and make most of the money, so the profits go out of Jamaica and into HICs

Often the jobs provided are seasonal (only employed in tourist season) meaning

people are unemployed for part of the year.

Local employees are paid low wages, whereas managers from other countries tend

to earn more.

Land for the massive hotels takes away land from famers. Water use also increases

for drinking water, washing and recreation, taking water from local people.

Local people cannot afford the facilities put in place for the tourists.

As a response to some of the problems and in an attempt to become more sustainable,

Jamaica is branching tourism out into community tourism were tourists stay with locals in

their homes, directly benefitting locals, and ecotourism, in the inland area of the Blue

Mountains with low densities and tourist lodges.


19

Economic Development in Nigeria Location and Background

Nigeria is a NEE (Newly Emerging Economy) in West Africa bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad

and Cameroon. Nigeria is just north of the Equator and experiences a range of climates

and natural environments.

Global and Regional Importance

Nigeria is the world’s 21st largest economy and is still experiencing growth.

Nigeria is ranked seventh in the world by size of population.

Nigeria has the third largest manufacturing sector in Africa.

Influences upon Nigeria's development

Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967-1970.

From 1999, the country become stable with free and fair elections.

Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA.

Regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists.

The country has a rich music, literacy and film industry (i.e. Nollywood).

Industrial structure and economy

Once based on agriculture, its economy is now manufacturing and services.

In 1999 70% of the economy was primary, 10% secondary and 20% tertiary.

In 2012 30% was primary, 40% secondary and 30% tertiary.

A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and employment

opportunities in areas such s textiles and processed foods.

Changing Relationships

Nigeria plays a leading role with the African Union and UN.

Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure.

Main imports include petrol from EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China.

Aid and Debt Relief

Receives $5billion per year in aid.

Aid groups (Action Aid) have improved health centres, provided anti-mosquito nets

and helped to protect people against AIDS/HIV.

Effects of economic development

Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years.

64% have access to safe water.

Typical schooling years have increased from 7 to 9 years.

Environmental Impacts of Economic Development

Commercial farming- has led to cheetahs and giraffes disappearing as well as

nearly 500 species of plants

Irrigation has increased desertification

70-80% of Nigeria’s forests have disappeared due to logging and agriculture.


20

Shell Oil (TNC) in Nigeria

Background

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have played an important role in Nigeria’s recent

economic growth. Importantly the development of Nigeria’s oil and gas industry

depended on the investment and expertise of TNCs such as Shell who have been

operating in Nigeria since 1958. The main area of Oil extraction is the Niger Delta an area

the size of Portugal with a population of around 31 million people. This is a fragile wetland

area.

Advantages of TNCs in Nigeria

TNCs have been the main source of investment in oil and gas explorations by

supporting the construction of oil and gas platforms.

The investment has created employment opportunities with 6000 direct jobs. This has

raised incomes and contributed hugely to the Nigerian economy. 90% of Shell’s

employees are Nigerian.

Many Nigerian companies have benefited from the exploitation of oil and gas by

winning contracts with the TNCs. In total around 20,000 indirect jobs are created due

to Shell.

The government benefits from export taxes, providing money that can be spent on

improving education, healthcare and services

Shell has invested in social schemes such as providing 3000 scholarships to

secondary schools and universities, providing healthcare for ¼ million people and

financing micro finance schemes.

Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

Tankers transport oil to Europe and the USA where it is refined into petroleum

products. This means that profits go abroad rather than benefiting the host country.

TNCs can exploit the low wage economy and avoid paying local or even full taxes.

There have many oil spills accounting for around 9,000,000,000 barrels of oil in the last

1958. These have damaged the fragile Niger Delta environment, causing water

pollution and damaging fisheries.

Gas flaring has been illegal since 1984 however Shell is still doing this leading to toxic

fumes have increased air pollution.

Social unrest in the area has led to theft, sabotage and violent crime.


21

UK development Economy

In 1800 UK employment structure was 75% primary, 15% secondary and 10% tertiary

By 1900 the UK had industrialised so 30% primary, 55% secondary and 15% tertiary.

Then by 2006 deindustrialisation had occurred so the structure was 2% primary, 15%

secondary, 74% tertiary and 9 % quaternary. This is due to;

o Globalisation

o Expansion of industry in NEE such as China – cheaper labour and transport.

o Government policy of privatisation

o Investment in the post industrial economy- digital economy internet, research

Developing Infrastructure

• As an Island the UK relies heavily on ports and airports to import and export

The UK has invested in improving rail such as HS2 and cross rail, and motorways – such as

smart motorways M3 and M25

Heathrow airport has a proposed additional runway at a cost of £18.6 billion which

would increase capacity, already at 73 million passengers as of 2014.

North- South Divide

• The south of the UK has a higher GDP than the North by roughly £4000 per annum, a

higher life expectancy by around 2 years and lower unemployment.

In order to reduce the N/S divide transport infrastructure has been developed as well as

a 2015 government strategy of the Northern Powerhouse and a 2011 strategy of

Enterprise zone.

Enterprize Zones are designed to encourage business with a discounted tax rates for

businesses, superfast broadband, simplification of planning regulations. In Lancashire

the LEP is designed to create 50,000 new jobs by 2023 including 6.000 in high skilled

areas such as engineering.

Changing rural areas – South Cambridge and the Outer Hebrides

•South Cambridgeshire; this area has a population of 150,000 which is increasing due to

migration of both migrant workers and over 65’s

Effects of this includes lack of affordable housing for young people in the area, lack of

investment in the rural economy due to commuters using services where they work, traffic

congestion.

Outer Hebrides; this area has a population of 27400, which is declining due to isolation

and a limited rnage of economic opportunities.

Effects of this are investment by the UK government in tourism to diversify, migration of

younger people and an increasingly aging population.

Cambridge Science Park

Located close to the M11 and Stansted airport and linked to Trinity College, Cambridge.

The park is home to 100 businesses mainly linked to science and technology development.

This has employed 5000 people, Microsoft invested £50million in 1997.


22

Lesotho Highlands Water project Location

Lesotho is a small highland country entirely located within South Africa. With a high

precipitation Lesotho is able to export water to South Africa.

The Katse and Mohale dams completed in 1998 and 2002 store water and transfer it to

Johannesburg in South Africa

Benefits of Large Scale Water Transfer

Lesotho

75% of GDP

Supplies HEP to country

Improves sanitation and water supply

South Africa

Provides safe water for the 10% of population without safe water

Enables agriculture to develop

Disadvantages of Large Scale Water Transfer

Lesotho

X 30,000 people were displaced due to the building of the dams

X Recue agricultural land for 71 villages

X Destruction of wetland ecosystems

South Africa

X Costs are likely to be $4billion

X 40% of water is lost through leakage

X Increased water tariffs are too high for the poorest people

Resource Management

23

Wakel River Basin Scheme, Rajasthan,

India


Rajasthan is North West India bordering Pakistan.

In many parts of the state of Rajasthan, the annual rainfall is very low (between 450 and

600 mm) with monsoon rainfall occurring in July and August. 44% of the people work as

farmers there so having water is a significant issue. The average income is $1600 per person.

Johads

Johads are small earth dams that capture and conserve rainwater, improving percolation

and groundwater recharge. Rainfall during July and August is stored in Johads and used

throughout the year.

Starting 1984 people revived around 3000 johads spread across more than 650 villages in

Alwar district, Rajasthan.

This has resulted in a general rise of the groundwater level by almost 6 metres and a 33

percent increase in the forest cover in the area.

Five rivers that used to go dry immediately following the monsoon have now become

constantly flowing, such as the River Arvari.

This has meant that agriculture is able to develop in the area and that the men who had to

go and work in the cities are able to return.

Taankas

Underground storage systems about 3m in diameter, they collect surface water from roofs.

Pats

Irrigation channels that transfer water to the fields, this is used to grow crops and the

villagers take it in turns to irrigate their fields

Increasing public awareness

Education is used to increase public awareness of the need for communities to work

together to conserve water. By conserving water, water security is increased and problems

such as soil erosion, desertification and ground water problems

Resource Management

24

Read through the table below and rate your understanding of each case study.

Case Studies

Before Revision After Revision

Paper 1: Living in the Physical Environment


Haiti Earthquake (2010)

New Zealand Earthquake (2011)

Huricane Katrina (2005)

Storm Desmond (2015)

The Living World

Pond Ecosystem, UK

Malaysian Tropical Rainforest

Cold Environments


Swanage Coast Landforms

Barton on Sea Management

Rive Tees Landforms

River Tee Management

Paper 2: Challenges in the Human Environment


Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Manchesterl, UK


Tourism in Jamaica

Nigeria

Shell Oil (TNC) in Nigeria

The UK

Cambridge Science Park

Resource Management

Lesotho Highlands Water Transfer

The Wakel River Basin scheme

gcse geography - haydock high school...gcse geography. 1 contents paper 1: living in the physical...

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