Министерство образования, науки иМолодежной политики Краснодарского края

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края «Кропоткинский техникум технологий и

железнодорожного транспорта»

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК(английский язык)

СБОРНИК ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ С ЗАДАНИЯМИ

для профессии 15.01.05 «Сварщик» (ручной и частично механизированной сварки (наплавки)

КРОПОТКИН 2016

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Протокол №________Зав. МО ____________«____»_________________ 20_____ г.Заместитель директора по научно-методической работе______________«____»_________________ 20_____ г.

Одобрено в качестве учебно-методических материалов для аудиторной работы студентов по дисциплине “Иностранный язык” методическим советом Протокол №_____ от «____»_________________ 20_____ г.Председатель методического Совета _________________________

Рецензенты:

Самойлова Т.А, преподаватель иностранного языкаИностранный язык: сборник технических текстов с заданиями для профессии 15.01.05 «Сварщик» (ручной и частично механизированной сварки (наплавки)

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АННОТАЦИЯ

Сборник технических текстов с заданиями составлен на основе государственного образовательного стандарта 2016 г. и соответствует тематике преподаваемого предмета.

В сборник включено 40 практических заданий, на каждое из которых отводится как аудиторное так и внеаудиторное время.

Данный сборник текстов предназначен для студентов профессиональных образовательных учреждений и основной целью работы по нему является развитие у коммуникативной компетенции во всех видах речевой деятельности.

Результатом выполнения практических работ будут:знания:– лексический (2000 лексических единиц) минимум необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем) текстов технической и профессиональной направленностиумения:– понимать основное содержание несложно звучащих текстов или диалогов по изучаемым темам;– выражать своё отношение и мнение к высказываниям;– делать сообщения с наиболее важной выбранной информацией;– рассуждать, делать выводы по прочитанному материалу;– выборочно понимать и извлекать информацию в неадаптированных технических текстах;– пользоваться двуязычными или одноязычными словарями и другой справочной литературой. В практических работах Ваши знания оцениваются следующим образом:

Оценка«5»

(отлично)

«4»

(хорошо)

«3»

(удовлетворительно)

«2»

(неудовлетворительно)

% выполнения практическойработы 100-90 89-80 79-75 менее 75

Перечень практических заданий приводится в содержании.

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

АННОТАЦИЯ 3Unit 1 5Unit 2 7Unit 3 10Unit 4 15Unit 5 21Unit 6 27Unit 7 30Unit 8 33Unit 9 39Unit 10 40 Unit 11 43Unit 12 45Unit 13 48Unit 14 51Unit 15 53Unit 16 58Unit 17 66Unit 18 72Unit 19 74ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ 76СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 81

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Unit 1

Welding Technology

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте произношение.

Vocabulary

weld - сварной шов, сварка, сваривать(ся)repair and maintenance - ремонт оборудования и уход за нимsheet metal work - 1) обработка листового металла 2) изделие излистового металла 3) жестяницкие работыhobbyist - человек, увлеченный своим хоббиcarpenter - плотник, столярironworker - металлургglazier - стекольщикtender - 1) лицо, присматривающее за кем-л.,обслуживающее кого-л., что-л. 2) механик,операторsupervisor - контролерcontractor - подрядчик, контракторrepair shop - ремонтная мастерскаяstoop - наклоняться, нагибатьсяawkward - неудобный; затруднительный, неловкийmachine setting - 1) наладка [настройка] станкаnondestructive testing - 1) неразрушающие испытания;2) неразрушающий контрольboilermakers – котельщикиmaintenance personnel – обслуживающий персоналa skill – мастерствоarc – дугаmortar – известковый растворvaluable – ценныйrequire – требовать, нуждатьсяshield – защитаfiller – наплавочный материалbrittle and porous – хрупкие и пористыеto melt – таять, плавитьсяadd – добавлять

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Прочитайте и переведите текст письменно.

Welding Technology

Welding is a skill used by many trades: sheet metal workers, ironworkers, diesel mechanics, boilermakers, carpenters, marine construction, steamfitters, glaziers, repair and maintenance personnel in applications ranging from the sculpture home hobbyist to heavy fabrication of bridges, ships and many other projects. A variety of welding processes are used to join units of metal. As a welder, you may work for shipyards, manufacturers, contractors, federal, state, county, and city governments, firms requiring maintenance mechanics, and repair shops.

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

What is Welding?

Welding is nothing more than the art of joining metals together. By comparison, wood is joined by nails, bricks are held together with mortar; metal is joined by welding! What makes welding such a big deal is that the world’s infrastructure depends on it! Everything you touch everyday that is made of metal is most likely welded in one form or another. It is one of the most valuable technologies that played a huge part in the industrial revolution, and is the back bone to the world’s militaries. Welding today is comprised of three main ingredients with are required to join metals together.

- An electrical power source to produce an arc. - Some form of shielding to protect the weld from the air. - Filler material to fill the weld joint.

The ways these three ingredients work together are:

- First, the weld area needs to be shielded from any air around it. This is important because oxygen and other gasses in the air make welds brittle and porous.

- Second, is the electricity to produce an arc. An electrical arc melts metal in fractions of a second and is hot enough to melt any known metal!

- Finally, the filler metal is added, which is how two pieces of metal become one.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What kind of process is welding?

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2. What are the trades where welding skills are used?3. Where can welders work?

Unit 2

Welding is a dynamic industry with a big future

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение и выучите.

an inspired idea – вдохновлённый идеейbronze alloys – бронзовые сплавыmelt - плавитьсяpound – клепатьhammer – молотокpressure – давление, сжатиеcraftsmen – ремесленники, мастераrequired – требуемые, необходимыеimpact – воздействиеinstall – устанавливатьmaintain - удерживатьlimit – ограничениеaccuracy – точность, аккуратностьversatility –многосторонность, гибкостьniche – убежище, пищаnozzle – насадкаinfluence – влияниеdirect current – постоянный токnon-consumable – не потребляемыеtungsten – вольфрам

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

Welding is a dynamic Industry with a BIG FUTURE

A clever Bronze-Age worker was thinking outside the box one day 5,500 years ago when he came up with an inspired idea. A great way of making things with the bronze alloys that were being developed then, he reasoned, would be to heat them until they started melting and pound them together with a hammer. By combining heat and pressure in this way, craftsmen could make just about anything that required a strong metal like bronze. 

This was the birth of welding, a process that has had a major impact on metalworking and product engineering ever since. 7

Anything made of metal, no matter how big or small, can be welded. Examples are everywhere, from vehicles like cars, trucks and motorcycles to rail cars, ships, aircraft, rockets and space stations. Construction is a huge market, and skyscrapers, bridges and highways would be impossible to build without welding, as would oil and natural-gas pipelines, offshore oil platforms, giant wind turbines and solar panels. Welders help install and maintain boilers, antipollution systems and other large structures, as well as piping for industrial, commercial and residential facilities. Welding is even used by artists to create sculptures and decorative items. 

There is almost no limit to what welding can do, especially since developments in the technology continually improve its accuracy, quality and versatility. Welding is, in fact, an increasingly high-tech skill. Welders are being trained to operate robots and other automated systems that use powerful lasers, electron beams and sometimes explosives to bond metals. The ability to work with computers and program software is consequently vital to the successful operation of these systems. 

Don Howard, a welding specialist at Concurrent Technologies Corp., an engineering firm in Johnstown, Pa., estimates that 20%-25% of U.S. welding is automated and predicts this trend will grow by about 20% in the next few years. 

“A lot of very intelligent people are coming into the welding community,” says Howard. There is money to be made, he notes, but the industry also offers career paths. “Welding is not just about working on a manufacturing line anymore. Once in the industry, people know they can find a niche.” 

“These are good times to be in welding,” says Patricio Mendez, director of the Canadian Center for Welding and Joining at the University of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. Mendez notes that students who like designing and building with metal and are interested in fields such as materials engineering, robotics, lasers, computer programming and systems integration will find plenty of career opportunities in welding.

Many students are introduced to the process by virtual welding. This simulation program is being developed by the Edison Welding Institute (EWI) of Columbus, Ohio, to teach the basics of welding in classrooms. “The objective is to give students a virtual experience that is very much like the real thing,” says John Coffey, engineering manager at EWI. The system uses sensors that duplicate the look and feel of welding. 

There are more than 80 welding processes. Most involve a skilled worker using a high-heat torch (2,800-plus degrees Fahrenheit), filler material that is usually in

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wire or stick form (though some welds don’t use fillers) and pressure to permanently bond metal pieces. Welding can also be used to cut and dismantle objects of all sizes as well as for repairs. 

The most common process is Gas Metal Arc Welding, or GMAW. In GMAW, an electrode, which is also the filler, is continuously fed through the nozzle of an arc torch. When the welder activates the torch, several operations take place: The electrode begins feeding through the nozzle, a direct current is generated that creates an arc when it comes in contact with the electrode and shielding gases are released around the nozzle to protect the weld from atmospheric gases that could degrade its quality. The arc, whose movement the welder controls, consumes the electrode, fills in the weld joint and creates the weld. 

Other widely used techniques like Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) are variations of the process. GTAW, for example, is a relatively low-heat method that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode. Its low-heat characteristic reduces distortion in thin metals, such as those used in aerospace. SMAW, also called “stick welding,” uses a flux-coated consumable electrode ("flux" is a chemical cleaning agent that removes oxidation from the metals to be joined) and is primarily used for repair and steel welding. As the electrode burns, the flux disintegrates, which releases a shielding gas that protects the weld from degradation. 

In more advanced welding technologies, lasers are combined with GMAW in a hybrid process to make what one expert calls “scalpel-like cuts” that are up to ½-inch deep, narrow and extremely precise. The GMAW part of the process then deposits the filler and melts it with a secondary heat source. 

The influence of welding is so broad that many of the product designs and building techniques people take for granted would not be possible without it. With demand for skilled welders rising and the technology of welding becoming more advanced, especially where automation is concerned, students have a unique opportunity to learn a career that can be shaped around their interests. 

“There are many aspects to welding,” Mendez says. “When people come in contact with it, they love it.”

Unit 3

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Welding processes

1. Запишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

pressure welding – сварка давлениемheat welding – сварка нагреваниемinstead (of) – вместо, взаменbolting – скрепление болтамиriveting – клепкаto depend (on, upon) – зависеть отpurpose – цельavailable – имеющийся в наличииsource – источникgas welding – газосваркаarc wading – электродуговая сваркаresistance welding – контактная сваркаelectron-beam welding – электронно-лучевая сваркаflame – пламяedge – крайsimultaneously – одновременноfiller – наполнительrod – прут, стерженьto melt – плавить(ся)joint – соединение, стыкadvantage – преимуществоsurface – поверхностьcoated – покрытыйflux – флюсfusible – плавкийto shield – заслонять, защищатьtip – кончикgas-tungsten – сварка оплавлением вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газаbare – голыйrate – зд. скоростьgas-metal arc – аргоно-дуговая сваркаconsiderably – значительно, гораздоsurrounding – окружающийcarbon dioxide – углекислый газdroplet – капелькаliquid – жидкость, жидкийbeneath –под, ниже, внизуlayer – слой

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weld seam – сварной шовclamp – зажим, зажиматьsemi-automatic – полуавтоматическийto create – создаватьsubmerge – погружать

2. Прочитайте и переведите тескт.

Welding processes

As we have already read at the beginning of this unit, welding is a process when metal parts are joined together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. The processed of welding can be divided into two main groups: pressure welding, when the weld is achieved by pressure and heat welding, when the weld is achieved by heat. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.Nowadays welding is used instead of bolting and riveting in the construction of many types of structures, including bridges, buildings, and ships. It is also a basic process in the manufacture of machinery and in the motor and aircraft industries. It is necessary almost in all productions where metals are used. The welding process depends greatly on the properties of the metals, the purpose of their application and the available equipment. Welding processes are classified according to the sources of heat and pressure used. The welding processes widely employed today include gas welding, arc welding, and resistance welding. Other joining processes are laser welding, and electron-beam welding.

Gas Welding. Gas welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas flame. The flame is applied directly to the metal, edges to be joined and simultaneously to a filler metal in the form of wire or rod, called the welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Gas welding has the advantage of using equipment that is portable and does not require an electric power source. The surfaces to be welded and the welding rod are coated with flux, a fusible material that shields the material from air, which would result in a defective weld.

Arc Welding. Arc-welding is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current. This current is used to create an electric arc, which generates enough heat to melt metal and create a weld. Arc welding has several advantages over other welding methods. Arc welding is faster because the concentration of heat is high. Also, fluxes are not necessary in certain methods of arc welding. The most widely used arc-welding processes are shielded metal arc, gas-tungsten arc, gas-metal arc, and submerged arc.

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Shielded Metal Arc Welding. In shielded metal-arc welding, a metallic electrode, which conducts electricity, is coated with flux and connected to a source of electric current. The metal to be welded is connected to the other end of the same source of current. An electric arc is formed by touching the tip of the electrode to the metal and then drawing it away. The intense heat of the arc melts both parts to be welded and the point of the metal electrode, which supplies filler metal for the weld. This process is used mainly for welding steels. There are also other types of welding.

Gas-tungsten Arc Welding. As non-consumable electrodes tungsten or carbon electrodes can be used in gas-tungsten arc welding a tungsten electrode is used in place of the metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding. A chemically inert gas, such as argon, helium, or carbon dioxide is used to shield the metal from oxidation. The heat from the arc formed between the electrode and the metal melts the edges of the metal. Metal for the weld may be added by placing a bare wire in the arc or the point of the weld. This process can be used with nearly all metals and produces a high-quality weld. However, the rate of welding is considerably slower than in other processes.

Gas-Metal Arc Welding. In gas-metal welding, a bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas and sometimes by coating the electrode with flux. The electrode is fed into the electric arc, and melts off in droplets that enter the liquid metal of the weld seam. Most metals can be joined by this process.

Submerged Arc Welding. Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding, but in this process no gas is used to shield the weld. Instead of that, the arc and tip of the wire are submerged beneath a layer of granular, fusible material that covers the weld seam. This process is also called electroslag welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.

Resistance Welding. In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current. This resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

3. Соедините словосочетания и их значения.

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1) pressure welding a) болтовое (клепаное) соединение2) heat welding b) зависеть от свойств металлов 3) bolting c) плавкий материал4) welding process d) непрерывная подача электрического тока 5) depend on the properties of metals e) имеющееся оборудование6) available equipment f) сварка давлением7) fusible material g) дефектный сварной шов8) defective weld h) процесс сварки9) alternative electrical current i) источник электрического тока10) electric power source j) тепловая сварка

4. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

Вольфрамовый электрод, инертный газ, окисление, высококачественный сварочный шов, скорость сварки, углекислый газ, аргон, гелий, жидкий металл, слой плавкого материала в виде гранул, листовой материал, полуавтоматические сварочные станки.

5. Завершите каждое предложение, используя слова, данные ниже. Каждое слово может быть использовано единожды. Дайте перевод этих слов и определите, какой они части речи.

Gas, rate, basic, welding, according to, flame, joined by, industries, pressure, metals, heat.

1. Welding is also a … process in the manufacture of machinery and in the motor and aircraft ….2. Welding processes are classified … the sources of … and … used.3. … welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas … .4. However, the … of welding is considerably slower in gas-tungsten … than in other processes. 5. Most … can be … this process.

6. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current.2. The heat from the arc melts the edges of the metal.3. A bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas.4. Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding.

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5. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded.6. Resistance causes heat which melts the metals and creates the weld.

7. Ответьте на вопросы.1. What is a weld?2. How can the heat be supplied for welding?3. Is pressure employed in solid-phase processes?4. What does an arc column consist of?5. How is heat applied during welding?6. What is the role of inert atmospheres?7. What can make a joint brittle while welding?8. What does the weld metal comprise in arc welding?9. What is the base metal influenced by?10. How can residual stress in welded structures be controlled?

Unit 4

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Information About Different Types of Welding

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте произношение, выучите их.Vocabulary:journeyman (person) - наемный квалифицированный рабочийapprentice - ученикplate working - обработка листового металлаblueprint - 1) делать светокопию, копировать чертеж 2)делать разметкуbrazing - пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка)GTA (gas tungsten arc) welding - сварка неплавящимся электродомTIG (ungsten inert gas welding) - дуговая сварка вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газаSMAW (shielded metal arc welding) - дуговая сварка покрытым металлическим электродомSAW (submerged arc welding) - (дуговая) сварка под флюсомresistance welding - (контактная) сварка сопротивлениемflux core - флюсовая сердцевина ( порошковой проволоки )metal core - металлический сердечникshift work - (по)сменная работа, работа по сменамground lead or clamp – провод заземления или зажимchipped off – откалыватьjoin – присоединятьсяtermite welding - термитная сваркаalternating current welding – сварка на переменном токеresistance welding – контактная сварка сопротивлениемsoldering пайка; пайка мягким (легкоплавким) припоемtinning лужение; облуживаниеleading свинцеваниеbrazing 1) пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка) 2) покрытие медьюsweat паять, запаивать, припаивать (in, on)gimmick 1) сложное приспособление Syn: gadget 2) а) прием,трюк, уловка, ухищрение, хитростьfiller metal присадочный металл, присадкаfiller rod присадочный пруток; присадочная проволокаheat buildup теплообразование, тепловведениеheat distortion деформация (материала) из-за теплового нагреваstitch welding прерывистая шовная сварка; точечная сваркаперекрывающимися точками; автоматическая точечная сварка

2.Прочитайте и переведите текст.

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Stick Welding

Stick Welding is a slang term commonly used for Shielded Metal Arc Welding or “SMAW”. Stick welding is the most basic and common type of welding processes used. It is also the first process learned in any welding school. Stick is the most trouble free of all of the welding processes and is the fundamental basis for all the skills needed to learn how to weld!

Stick welders have four main components.

- A ground lead or clamp. - A welding lead or stinger. - A constant amperage power source. - The electrode or welding rod to weld with.

The process is simple! The ground clamp is attached to the work or metal to be welded. Then the welding lead, or stinger, gets the electrode inserted in it. Finally, the power supply is turned on and only requires the user to strike the metal to ignite it. Once that is done. the arc starts and the electrode begins to burn. This creates a shielding gas and deposits metal into the joint that is being welded. The slag from the electrode needs to be cleaned or chipped off as soon as the weld is finished.

3.Прочитайте и переведите предложения, определите какие из них являются верными, а какие ложными.

1. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.2. The welding processes widely employed today include gas welding, laser welding, and resistance welding.3. Arc welding has no advantages over other welding methods.4. In gas-metal welding, a bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas and sometimes by coating the electrode with flux.5. Submerged-arc welding is also called electroslag welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.6. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current.

4. Поставьте данные предложения в Past Simple T ense:

1. Nowadays welding is used instead of bolting and riveting in the construction of many types of structures, including bridges, buildings, and ships.2. The welding process depends greatly on the properties of the metals, the purpose of their application and the available equipment.3. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current.4. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current.5. There are also other types of welding.

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5. Ответьте на вопросы :

1. How can a process of welding be defined?2. How can we join metal parts together?3. Where is welding necessary?4. What are the two main groups of welding processes?5. What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?6. What are the principles of gas welding?7. What does arc welding require?

6. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:1. arc welding а. перегреваться2. to melt b. держатель3. flame с. зажим заземления4. to overheat d. прикреплять надежно5. electric circuit е. зажигать дугу6. earth clamp f. электрод7. to appear g. присадочный металл8. to attach securely h. плавиться9. to strike the arc i. глубокое проникновение10. holder j. электрическая цепь11. electrode rod k. наплавляться12. filler metal 1. дуговая сварка13. deep penetration m. качество поверхности14. surface quality п. появляться15. to fall onto о. пламя

7. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интерна циональные слова: electric, cable, transformer, electrode, type, position, metal, class.

8. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

ARC WELDING

1. In arc welding the work pieces are not melted by a flame. They are melted by an electric arc. In order to create the arc, a powerful electric current must be provided.2. The current must be at least 60 A, otherwise the arc will not create enough heat. For thicker work pieces, the current may be 250 A. In order to carry this current, the cables from the transformer should be quite thick or else they will

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overheat.3. To supply the necessary current the transformer is used and to complete the electric circuit an earth clamp is used, which is attached to the work piece. Then the current flows around the circuit and the arc appears. It must be securely attached; otherwise an arc will appear between the clamp and the work piece. To strike the arc, the transformer should be switched on first.4. The electrode holder contains an electrode rod which provides the filler metal to join the work pieces. As the current flows between the electrode and the work piece, the tip of the electrode melts and falls onto the work piece. The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously, if it is moved too quickly neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt.5. While choosing an electrode type it is necessary to know:a. Position to which the work piece is to be welded.b. Type and thickness of metal used. с Type of welding current.d. Class of work deep penetration, surface quality, etc.

9.Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,3 и 4.

10. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы1. How arc the work pieces melted in arc welding?2. How is the arc created?3. What is the transformer used for?4. Why must the electrode be moved across the joint continuously?5. What will happen if the earth clamp is not securely attached?Ответыa. For supplying the necessary current.b. By an electric arc.с. An arc will appear between the clamp and the work piece.d. By a powerful electric current.e. Otherwise neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt.

11. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:1. In arc welding the work pieces are melted ...a) by a flame b) by an electric arc c) by gas.

2. In arc welding the arc is created by...a) a combustible gas b) fusion c) a powerful electric current.

3. If the earth clamp is not securely attached to the work piece, an arc will appear...

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a) between the electrode and the work pieceb) between the transformer and the earth clampc) between the clamp and the work piece

12. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:1. non-detachable joining а. дуговая сварка2. to replace b. соответственно3. arc welding с. в частности4. laser welding d. стык, соединение5. application е. за исключением6. to weld f. неразъемное соединение7. pulsed laser g. неодинаковые (разные)8. joint h. сваривать9. correspondingly i. плазменная сварка10. to permit j. заменять11. dissimilar k. пульсирующий лазер12. plasma arc welding 1. применение13. particularly m. позволять14. with the exception n. лазерная сварка

13. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:process, metal, mechanical, type, laser, practical, form, industry, physical, plasma, steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, structure, electronic, intensity.

14. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

LASER AND PLASMA WELDING

1. Welding is a process which provides a non-detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition or fusion without or with mechanical pressure.

2. Laser welding is quickly becoming a practical welding process. In its present stage of development, the laser can form welds up to about 1/32 inch deep.

3. Pulsed lasers are often used in industry today. The laser's heat input is very small, so the heat-affected zone around a joint is correspondingly small.The laser's high power intensity permits welds between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties.4. Plasma arc welding is efficient for fusion welding stainless steels, titanium, nickel from 0.001 to 0.030 inch thick. The process is particularly well suited for repairing delicate parts, for joining thin structures, and for welding electronic

19

components. With the exception of aluminum any metal or combination of metals can be welded with plasma arc process.

15. Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,3 и 4.

16. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. Welding is a process which provides...a) a detachable joining of two unlike metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.b) a detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.c) a non-detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.

2. The laser's high power intensity permits welds....a) between similar metals having the same physical properties.b) between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties.c) between dissimilar metals of similar physical properties.

3.The process of plasma arc welding is efficient for fusion welding....a) aluminum.b) combination of aluminum and nickel.c) stainless steel, titanium, nickel.

4. Plasma arc welding is particularly suited for.... a) repairing aluminum parts.b) repairing delicate parts.c) repairing massive and thick parts.

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Unit 5

Materials

Topic 1. General Overview of Materials and their Structure

1. Прочитайте и переведите тескт письменно, используя слова после тескта.

The properties of materials are sometimes referred to as structure-sensitive, as compared to structure-insensitive properties. In this case structure-insensitive properties include the traditional physical properties: electrical and thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, and magnetic and optical properties. The structure-sensitive properties include the tensile and yield strength, hardness, and impact, creep, and fatigue resistance. It is recognized that some sources maintain that hardness is not a true mechanical property, because it varies somewhat with the characteristics of the indentor and therefore is a technological test. It is well known that other mechanical properties vary significantly with rate of loading, temperature, geometry of notch in impact testing, and the size and geometry of the test specimen. In that sense all mechanical tests of material properties are technological tests.Furthermore, since reported test values of materials properties are statistical averages, a commercial material frequently has a tolerance band of ±5 percent or more deviation from a given published value. In the solid state, materials can be classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Any particular material can be described by its behavior when subjected to external conditions. Thus, when it is loaded under known conditions of direction, magnitude, rate, and environment, the resulting responses are called mechanical properties. There are many possible complex interrelationships among the internal structure of a material and its service performance. Mechanical properties such as yield strength, impact strength, hardness, creep, and fatigue resistance are strongly structure-sensitive, i.e., they depend upon the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal lattice and on any imperfections in that arrangement, whereas the physical properties are less strucure-sensitive. These include electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties and do depend in part upon structure; for example, the resistivity of a metal increases with the amount of cold work. Physical properties depend primarily upon the relative excess or deficiency of the electrons that establish structural bonds and upon their availability and mobility. Between the conductors with high electron mobility and the insulators with no free electrons, precise control of the atomic architecture has created semiconductors that can have a planned modification of their electron mobility. Similarly, advances in solid-state optics have led to the development of

21

the stimulated emission of electromagnetic energy in the microwave spectrum (masers) and in the visible spectrum (lasers).

Glossarystructure структураsensitive чувствительныйelectrical электрическийthermal тепловой, термическийconductivity проводимостьspecific heat удельная теплоемкостьdensity плотностьtensile растяжимыйyield strength предел текучестиhardness твердостьimpact ударcreep ползучестьfatigue усталостьresistance сопротивление, стойкостьindentor инденторtechnological технологическийtest испытаниеrate скоростьloading нагружениеnotch выточка, выемкаspecimen образецstatistical статистическийaverage среднийtolerance допускband диапазонdeviation отклонениеsolid state твердое состояниеmetal металл, металлическийpolymer полимерceramic керамикаcomposites композитыinterrelationship взаимосвязьservice performance служебные характеристикиimpact strength ударная прочностьarrangement расположениеcrystal lattice кристаллическая решеткаimperfections несовершенстваresistivity удельное сопротивлениеamount объем, количеств

22

cold work холодная обработкаrelative относительныйexcess избытокdeficiency недостатокelectron электронstructural структурныйbond связьavailability наличиеmobility подвижностьconductor проводникinsulator изоляторsemiconductor полупроводникsolid-state твердотельныйoptics оптикаstimulated вынужденныйemission излучениеmicrowave микроволновойmaser мазерvisible видимыйlaser лазер

Topic 2. Physical Properties of Materials

In studying the general structure of materials, one may consider three groupings: first, atomic structure, electronic configuration, bonding forces, and the arrangement of the aggregations of atoms; second, the physical aspect of materials, including properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and magnetism; and third, their macroscopic properties, such as their mechanical behavior under load, which can be explained in terms of impurities and imperfections in the lattice structure and the procedures used to modify that behavior. In the selection of materials for industrial applications, many engineers normally refer to their average macroscopic properties, as determined by engineering tests, and are seldom concerned with microscopic considerations. Others, because of their specialty or the nature of their positions, have to deal with microscopic properties. The average properties of materials are those involving matter in bulk with its flaws, variations in composition, and variations in density that are caused bymanufacturing fluctuations. Microscopic properties pertain to atoms, molecules, and their interactions. These aspects of materials are studied for their direct applicability to industrial problems and also so that possible properties in the development of new materials can be estimated. In order not to become confused by apparently contradictory concepts when

23

dealing with the relationships between the microscopic aspects of matter and theaverage properties of materials, it is wise to consider the principles that account for the nature of matter at the different levels of our awareness. These levels are the commonplace, the extremely small, and the extremely large. The commonplace level deals with the average properties already mentioned, and the principles involved are those set forth by classical physics. The realm of the extremely small is largely explained by means of quantum mechanics, whereas that of the extremely large is dealt with by relativity. Relativity is concerned with very large masses, such as planets or stars, andlarge velocities that may approach the velocity of light. It is also applicable tosmaller masses, ranging down to subatomic particles, when they move at highvelocities. Relativity has a definite place in the tool boxes of nuclear engineers andelectrical engineers who deal with particle accelerators. For production engineers,relativity is of only academic interest and is mentioned here for the sake ofcompleteness.

Glossary bonding связывающий force сила arrangement расположение aggregation скопление, концентрация conductivity проводимость specific удельный, специфичный heat тепло magnetism магнетизм impurities примеси imperfections несовершенства lattice решетка macroscopic макроскопический microscopic микроскопический matter вещество; материал bulk объём, объемный flaw трещина, щель variation изменение density плотность manufacturing изготовление fluctuation флуктуация to pertain to принадлежать, относиться applicability приложимость contradictory противоречивый concept концепция relationship отношение, зависимость average средний property свойство

24

awareness знание, осведомленность commonplace общеизвестный факт realm область, сфера quantum квантовый mechanics механика relativity теория относительности velocity скорость light свет, легкий subatomic субатомный tool box инструментарий accelerator ускоритель

Topic 3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

Designers and engineers are usually more interested in the behavior ofmaterials under load or when in a magnetic field than in why they behave as they do.Yet the better one understands the nature of materials and the reasons for theirphysical and mechanical properties the more quickly and wisely will he/she be able to choose the proper material for a given design. Generally, a material property is the measured magnitude of its response to a standard test performed according to a standard procedure in a given environment. In engineering materials the loads are mechanical or physical in nature and the properties are recorded in handbooks or, for new materials, are made available by the supplier. Frequently such information is tabulated for room-temperature conditions only, so when the actual service conditions are at subfreezing or elevated temperatures, more information is needed.All materials have properties that designers must use to their best advantage.

The following terms describe these properties:Ductility is a softness present in some materials, such as copper and

aluminum, that permits them to be formed by stretching (drawing) or hammering without breaking. Wire is made of ductile materials that can be drawn through a die.

Brittleness is a characteristic of metals that will not stretch without breaking,such as cast irons and hardened steels.

Malleability is the ability of a metal to be rolled or hammered withoutbreaking.

Hardness is the ability of a metal to resist being dented when it receives ablow.

Toughness is the property of being resistant to cracking and breaking whileremaining malleable.

25

Elasticity is the ability of a metal to return to its original shape after beingbent or stretched.

Load - нагрузкаDesign- конструкцияmagnitude величинаenvironment внешние условияhandbook справочникavailable доступныйsupplier поставщик subfreezing ниже точки замерзания elevated повышенный ductility ковкость, тягучесть softness мягкость stretching растяжение drawing вытяжка hammering ковка breaking разрыв, обрыв wire проволока, провод die матрица brittleness хрупкость brittle хрупкий, ломкий cast iron чугун harden упрочнять steel сталь malleability ковкость, пластичность rolled катаный hardness твердость dent зуб, зубец dented зубчатый toughness ударная вязкость resistant стойкий cracking разрушение, растрескивание malleable ковкий, тягучий elasticity упругость shape форма bent изогнутый, гнутый stretched растянутый

26

Unit 6

Metals

1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите их.

Lattice - решеткаmetalloid - металлоид, полуметаллnonmetal - неметаллboron - борpolonium - полонийcopper - медьiron - железоlead - свинецconductance - проводимостьvalence band - валентная область (зона)ductile - эластичныйmalleable - ковкийalkali - щелочьhydrochloric acid - хлористоводородная кислота

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions andhas metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions in a cloud of electrons. The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals. On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semimetals.

Elements to the lower left are metals. Elements to the upper right are nonmetals.Some well-known metals are aluminum, copper, gold, iron, lead, silver, titanium,uranium, and zinc.

A more modern definition of metals is that they have overlapping conductance

27

and valence bands in their electronic structure. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices.

Aluminum is a metallic chemical element. It is ductile, malleable, and an excellentconductor of heat and electricity. The pure metal is soft. It becomes strong and hard when alloyed. Although it is chemically very reactive, aluminum resists corrosion. It is rapidly attacked by alkalies and by hydrochloric acid.

Important alloys of aluminum include duralumin, aluminum bronze, and aluminum- magnesium. They are used extensively in aircraft and other industries.

3. Составьте предложения , используя следующие слова . При необходимости просмотрите текст данного раздела еще раз.

1. The, greatly, welding, of, process, the properties, depends on, the metals.2. An, and, drawing, of, the tip, electric, by, arc, touching, is formed, the electrode, it, to, the metal, then, away.3. Electroslag, only, efficient, steels, welding, be, is, very, but, can, with, used.4. The, between, the arc, heat, from, the edges, the metal, formed, of, the electrode, and, melts, the metal.

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

METALS1. Mankind has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities but only now they are employed in really great quantities.2. Today we know more than seventy metals, the majority of which are used in industry.3. Of all the metals iron is the most important one. Absolutely pure iron is never prepared except for laboratory purposes. The irons and steels in use today are really alloys of iron, carbon and other substances. They can be made elastic, tough, hard, or comparatively soft.4. Mechanical properties of metals are the result of their atomic structure. They include hardness, ductility and malleability which are of special importance in engineering.5. Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.Malleability is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed by compression without rupture.6. These properties are similar to each other but not the same. Most metals increase these properties at higher temperatures.7. The strength of a metal is the property of resistance to external loads

28

and stresses.8. These mechanical properties are of great importance in industrial purposes because all parts and units made of iron and steel must meet up-to-date demands.

5. Соотнесите вопросы и ответы на них.

Вопросы1. What is the most important metal?2. What mechanical properties of metals do you know?3. What is strength?4. What is ductility?

5. What is malleability?

Ответыa. The capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking. b. Iron.c. The capacity of a metal to be deformed by compression without rupture. d. The property of a metal to resist to external loads. e. Hardness, ductility and malleability.

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Unit 7Important Properties for Manufacturing

One of the most important aspects in manufacturing is to choose the right material for a particular application. The properties, cost and availability of the material have to be considered.

When referring to metals in manufacturing, five properties are of importance:

Ductility пластичностьdurability прочностьelasticity упругостьhardness твёрдостьmalleability ковкость

1. Выберите одно из вышеуказанных свойств, и озаглавьте каждый абзац. И напишите на месте пропусков полное название химических элементов .

…………….……………………………………………………………...The metals are easy to form and stretch without breaking or fracturing and keep their new shape. Metals like Cu ……………….., Sn …………...….., Au ……..…….….. and Ag ………..….….. all have this property and are often used to make, e.g. wire and tubing.The same is true for soft low-carbon steels but high-carbon steels and cast iron soon fracture when stretched, as they are too brittle.

…………….……………………………………………………………...The metals can be stretched to some point, but go back to their original shape as soon as the stress is removed. Among metals, some steel alloys show this property, e.g. a high-carbon steel called spring steel. Other hard steels, e.g. tool steel and cast iron, can be stretched very little or not at all.…………….……………………………………………………………...

The metals can withstand friction. This characteristic makes them suitable for moving parts of machines and cutting edges of tools, e.g. steel alloys with a high C ……..…….….. content.

…………….……………………………………………………………...These metals are easy to form without fracturing, and keep their new shape. Forming is done by, e.g. rolling or pressing, often with the application of heat. Au, Ag, Pb ……..…….….., Cu and low-carbon steel alloys belong to this group and are made into containers, wheels and, of course, jewelry.

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№ Символ Русский Латинский Английский

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HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr

ВодородГелийЛитийБериллийБорУглеродАзотКислородФторНеонНатрийМагнийАлюминийКремнийФосфорСераХлорАргонКалийКальцийСкандийТитанВанадийХромМарганецЖелезоКобальтНикельМедьЦинкГаллийГерманийМышьякСеленБромКриптонРубидийСтронцийИттрийЦирконийНиобийМолибденТехнецийРутенийРодийПалладийСереброКадмийИндийОловоСурьмаТеллурИодКсенонЦезийБарийЛантанЦерийПразеодим

HydrogeniumHeliumLithiumBerylliumBorumCarboneumNitrogeniumOxygeniumFluorumNeonNatriumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliciumPhosphorusSulfurChlorumArgonKaliumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganumFerrumCobaltumNiccolumCuprumZincumGalliumGermaniumArsenicumSeleniumBromumKryptonRubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdaenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumArgentumCadmiumIndiumStannumStibiumTelluriumJodumXenonCaesiumBarium LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiu

HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgonPotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKryptonRubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiu

31

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НеодимПрометийСамарийЕвропийГадолинийТербийДиспрозийГольмийЭрбийТулийИттербийЛютецийГафнийТанталВольфрамРенийОсмийИридийПлатинаЗолотоРтутьТаллийСвинецВисмутПолонийАстатРадонФранцийРадийАктинийТорийПротактинийУранНептунийПлутонийАмерицийКюрийБерклийКалифорнийЭйнштейнийФермийМенделевийНобелийЛоуренсийРезерфордийДубнийСиборгийБорийХассийМейтнерий

mNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumWolframRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumAurumHydrargyrumThalliumPlumbumBismuthumPoloniumAstatiumRadonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

mNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

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111112113114

Unit 8

Alloys

1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

alloy - сплавproperty - свойствоhomogeneous - однородныйheterogeneous - неоднородныйtiny - маленькийcompound - соединениеcarbon - углеродhardening agent - отверждающий реагентbrittle - хрупкийadvent of furnaces - появление печейDamascus steel - булатная стальtensile - растяжениеstainless steel - нержавеющая сталь

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Alloy is a substance with metallic properties that consists of a metal fused withone or more metals or nonmetals. Alloys may be a homogeneous solid solution, a heterogeneous mixture of tiny crystals, a true chemical compound, or a mixture of these. Alloys are used more extensively than pure metals because they can be engineered to have specific properties.

New alloys are being engineered for use in new technology, including materialsfor the space program.

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron and carbon. Carbon acts as ahardening agent. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle.

33

Currently there are several classes of steels in which carbon is replaced with otheralloying materials. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys that can be plastically formed.

There are different types of steels. Chromium steel finds wide use in automobileand airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity, as does the chromium- vanadium variety. In a modern sense, alloy steels have been made since the advent of furnaces capable of melting iron, into which other metals may be thrown and mixed.

Also there exist Carbon steel and Damascus steel, which was famous in ancient times for its flexibility.

Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys. It is nonmagnetic and has thetensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness.

Stainless steels and surgical stainless steels contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium, often combined with nickel, to resist corrosion. Some stainless steels are nonmagnetic.There are tool steels, H S L A Steel (High Strength, Low Alloy) and ferrous superalloys.

3.Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:1. ferrous metals а. проводимость2. cast iron b. углеродистая сталь3. carbon content с. износостойкость4. alloy steel d прочность.5. carbon steel e. обрабатываемость (на станке)6. strength f. жесткость.7. hardness g. железо8. ductility h. сплав9. machinability i. черные металлы10. resistance to wear j.чугун11. conductivity k. содержание углерода12. iron 1. ковкость13. silicon m. легированная сталь14. alloy n. кремний15. rust-resistant о. нержавеющий

4. Переведите данные слова на русский язык:

metal, element, industry, steel, material, industrial, electronic, magnetic, type, chemical, mechanical, rocket, automobile.

5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

34

1. Alloys consist of....a) steel and cast ironb) iron and stainless steelc) simple metal and some other element

2. Carbon steel contains....

3. Alloy steels include.... a) steel and cast ironb) iron, carbon, an alloying elementc) only iron and carbon

4. The most important properties of steel are....a) electrical conductivity, resistance to wear, magnetic propertiesb) strength, ductility, machinability

6. Изучит e таблицу .

A detailed comparison of properties of metals and non-metals is given in table:

Property Metals Non-metalsState of matter These are usually solid, except

mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. Gallium and Caesium melt below 30 . So if room temperature is around 30

These exist in all the three states. Bromine is the only liquid.

35

, they may also be in liquid state

DensityThey usually have high density, except for sodium, potassium, calcium etc.

Their densities are usually low.

Melting pointThey usually have a high melting point except mercury, cesium, gallium, tin, lead.

Their melting points are low.

Boiling point Their boiling points are usually high. Their boiling points are low.

HardnessThey are usually hard, except mercury, sodium, calcium, potassium, lead etc.

They are usually not hard. But the exception is the non-metal diamond, the hardest substance.

Malleability They can be beaten into thin sheets. They are generally brittle.

DuctilityThey can be drawn into thin wires, except sodium, potassium, calcium etc.

They cannot be drawn into thin wires.

Conduction of heat They are good conductors of heat. They are poor conductors of heat.

Conduction of electricity

They are good conductors of electricity.

They are non-conductors, except for carbon in the form of graphite and the gas carbon.

LustreNewly cut metals have high lustre. Some get tarnished immediately.

Usually not lustrous, except iodine and diamond - the most lustrous of all the substances.

Alloy formation They form alloys.

Generally, they do not form alloys. However carbon, phosphorus, sulphur etc. can be present in some alloys.

TenacityThese usually have high tensile strength except sodium, potassium, calcium, lead etc.

These have low tensile strength.

Brittleness They are hard but not brittle, except zinc at room temperature. They are generally brittle.

Electronic configuration

They usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell. The greater the number of shells and lesser the number of valence electrons, the greater is the reactivity of the metal.

They usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell. If it has 8 electrons, it is called a noble gas. Lesser the number of shells and greater the number of valence electrons, greater is the reactivity of the non-metal.

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IonizationThey always ionize by losing

electrons: 

They always ionize by gaining

electrons: 

Charge of ions Positively charged. Negatively charged.

Type of valency

Metals always exhibit electrovalency.

Non-metal exhibit both electrovalency or covalency.

Deposition during electrolysis

They are always deposited at the cathode.

They are always deposited at the anode.

Redox reaction These lose electrons and hence get oxidized.

These gain electrons and hence get reduced.

Redox agents They are reducing agents. They are oxidizing agents.

Nature of oxides

They generally form basic oxides, some of which are also amphoteric, such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide etc.

They generally form acidic oxides. Some oxides are neutral, such as nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide water etc.

HydridesThey usually do not form hydrides except those of sodium, potassium and calcium.

They do form hydrides, e.g. NH3, PH3, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2O etc.

Atomicity These are always monatomic. These can be mono, di, tri, or polyatomic.

Solubility They do not dissolve in solvents except by chemical action.

They dissolve in solvents and can be re-obtained by evaporation. Example: Sulphur in carbon disulphide.

Action with chlorine

They produce chlorides, which are electrovalent.

They produce chlorides, which are covalent.

Action with dilute acids

On reaction with dilute acids they give respective salt and hydrogen.

They do not react with dilute acids.

7. Впишите названия химических элементов, перепишите и переведите текст.

Steel produced at the time the Titanic was built generally had a higher percentage of S (………………….) and P (………………….) than would be allowed today, resulting in steel that fractured easily. Samples of Titanic fragments

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were tested to determine the steel’s chemical make-up, tensile strength, microstructure and grain size, as well as its responses to low temperatures. As the metallurgists had suspected, the steel was full of large MnS (………………….) impurities thatcreated weak areas and caused the metal to be brittle.Under extreme conditions, such as the unusually cold, 28 F water temperatures of the North Atlantic at the time of the disaster, the steel became fragile and, subjected to the violent impact, immediately fractured.

Percentage – процент, доля.Fracture – вызывать переломы, трещены.Samples – образцыDetermine – определятьtensile strength – прочность на разрывbrittle – хрупкостьsubjected - подвергаемая

8. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы1. By what properties are metals distinguished from nonmetals?2. What common metals are produced in great quantities?3. What metals are called light?4. What properties do nonmetals have?5. What is done to protect metals from corrosion?

Ответыa. Iron, copper and zinc.b. They are usually poor conductors of heat and electricityс. They are coated by some organic coatings.d. High conductivity for heat and electricity.e. Aluminum, beryllium and titanium.

9. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

There are some different groups of metals, such as:1. Light metals:.... A) iron, copper, zinc.2. Common metals:.... B) silver, gold, platinum.3. Precious metals:... C) aluminum, beryllium, titanium.

Nonmetals are .... A) carbon, silicon, sulphur.B) aluminium, beryllium, titanium.

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Unit 9

The Steel-Making Process

1. Откройте скобки , употребив глагол в Passive Voice. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

There is no single substance (call) …… steel: there are dozens of different types of steel – of different compositions and with different properties. “Ordinary” steel can(describe) .…… as an alloy of iron containing a small but fixed amount (up to 1.5 %) of carbon. (The many special steels which are available have several other metals (mix) ….…… in as well. The properties of steel depend not only on its composition but also on any heat treatment (give) …….…to it after manufacture. Pig iron, with its high proportion of impurities, is too brittle for most purposes, and the bulk of what (convert) ……in blast furnaces ( produce) ……….…… into steel.

The steelmaking process requires that, after most of the carbon and practically all of the other impurities (Si, S, P) (remove )……….…… by oxidizing, the right amount of each of the required elements ……….…… (add). Of the main steelmaking processes (use) …….…… today, the one by which most steel is manufactured is the basic oxygen process. This method is fast and over 300 t of steel can (produce) ………….…… in as little as 40 min. A converter, which is a huge steel, pear- (shape)……….…… container, called vessel, of up to 300 t capacity, is mounted so that it can (move)…….…… either way for charging and tapping.

It is charged with (melt) ……….…… pig iron from the blast furnace, along with up to about half of its mass of scrap iron or steel. A water(cool)……….…… tube, called lance, can (dissolve )………….…… vertically into the vessel, delivering a high powered jet of pure oxygen, thus burning the carbon ( lower)……….…… in the iron.

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The impurities (oxidize)………….…… rapidly, (C to CO2 and S to SO2) and escape as gases.

2. Переведите термины .

pig iron crude ironblast furnace the oven in which ore is melted to gain metalore a mineral from which a metal can be extractedpear-shaped having a round shape becoming gradually narrower at the endto tap to remove by using a device for controlling the flow of a liquidscrap iron metal objects that have been used

Unit 10

Alternative Types of Welding

1. Выпишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

cold welding холодная сварка (в вакууме)friction welding сварка трениемlaser welding лазерная сваркаdiffusion bonding диффузное соединениеultrasonic welding ультразвуковая сваркаexplosive welding сварка взрывомbutt стыкanvil наковальняhoneycomb пористыйfin ребро, пластинаfinished готовый; обработанныйintegrated circuitry интегральная схемотехникаfuse плавить, расплавлятьpneumatic tooling пневматический инструментpunch presses пресс-штамп

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Alternative Types of Welding

Cold welding

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Cold welding, the joining of materials without the use of heat, can be accomplished simply by pressing them together. Surfaces have to be well prepared, and pressure sufficient to produce 35 to 90 percent deformation at the joint is necessary, depending on the material. Lapped joints in sheets and cold-butt welding of wires constitute the major applications of this technique. Pressure can be applied by punch presses, rolling stands, or pneumatic tooling. Pressures of 1,400,000 to 2,800,000 kilopascals (200,000 to 400,000 pounds per square inch) are needed to produce a joint in aluminum; almost all other metals need higher pressures.

Friction weldingIn friction welding two work pieces are brought together under load with one

part rapidly revolving. Frictional heat is developed at the interface until the material becomes plastic, at which time the rotation is stopped and the load is increased to consolidate the joint. A strong joint results with the plastic deformation, and in this sense the process may be considered a variation of pressure welding. The process is self-regulating, for, as the temperature at the joint rises, the friction coefficient is reduced and overheating cannot occur. The machines are almost like lathes in appearance.Speed, force, and time are the main variables. The process has beenautomated for the production of axle casings in the automotive industry.

Laser weldingLaser welding is accomplished when the light energy emitted from a laser

source focused upon a workpiece to fuse materials together. The limited availability of lasers of sufficient power for most welding purposes has so far restricted its use in this area. Another difficulty is that the speed and the thickness that can be welded are controlled not so much by power but by the thermal conductivity of the metals and by the avoidance of metal vaporization at the surface. Particular applications of the process with very thin materials up to 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) have, however, been very successful. The process is useful in the joining of miniaturized electrical circuitry.

Diffusion bondingThis type of bonding relies on the effect of applied pressure at an elevated

temperature for an appreciable period of time. Generally, the pressure applied must be less than that necessary to cause 5 percent deformation so that the process can be applied to finished machine parts. The process has been used most extensively in the aerospace industries for joining materials and shapes that otherwise could not be made—for example, multiple-finned channels and honeycomb construction. Steel can be diffusion bonded at above 1,000° C (1,800° F) in a few minutes.

Ultrasonic welding

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Ultrasonic joining is achieved by clamping the two pieces to be welded between an anvil and a vibrating probe or sonotrode. The vibration raises the temperature at the interface and produces the weld. The main variables are the clamping force, power input, and welding time. A weld can be made in 0.005 second on thin wires and up to 1 second with material 1.3 mm (0.05 inch) thick. Spot welds and continuous seam welds are made with good reliability. Applications include extensive use on lead bonding to integrated circuitry, transistor canning, and aluminum can bodies.

Explosive weldingExplosive welding takes place when two plates are impacted together under

an explosive force at high velocity. The lower plate is laid on a firm surface, such as a heavier steel plate. The upper plate is placed carefully at an angle of approximately 5° to the lower plate with a sheet of explosive material on top. The charge is detonated from the hinge of the two plates, and a weld takes place in microseconds by very rapid plastic deformation of the material at the interface. A completed weld has the appearance of waves at the joint caused by a jetting action of metal between the plates.

3. Заполните пропуски недостающими словами (типы сварки).1. …welding is successfully used in manufacture of small elements of

electric circuits.2. Heat is not used in … welding.3. … is widely used in aerospace industries.4. Vibration is used in …welding.5. Plastic deformation is the basic principle in … welding.6. … welding is impossible without pressure and high temperature.7. In … welding one of the parts being welded revolves.

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Unit 11

Operations

1. Запишите новые слова. metal chiseling - рубка металлаbending - гибкаfiling - опиловкаstraightening - рихтовкаboring - расточкаdrilling – сверлениеlapping - притиркаriveting – клепкаtinning - лужениеscraping - шабрениеsoft soldering - пайка мягкимsoldering – пайка, припоем

2. Прочтите текст и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы. – What operations do you know?– What operations can you perform?– What is your favorite operation?

OPERATIONSMetal chiseling. This operation may be manual or mechanized. Hand

chiseling is hard work and takes up much time. If can be made easier when mechanized with the aid of a pneumatic hammer.

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Straightening. This operation is being performed when bench workers receive bent or twisted blanks of metal. The elimination of these defects .of the blanks are called straightening. Metal can be straightened either mechanically (with the aid of straightening rolls, presses or other devices) or manually, by using hand hammers.

Bending operations are applied when making many articles from sheet, flat and round steel. Work pieces are bent to a definite radius or to a rounded up angle.

Filing is the process of removing a layer of metal from a work piece with cutting tool called a file.

Drilling is an operation of making holes in a solid piece of material by means of cutting tool known as a drill.

Boring is the operation of increasing the diameter of an existing hole with a drill.

By riveting we understand the operation of fastening two or more parts with rivets. Rivets are cylindrical metal rods, with heads. They are employed for fastening parts, metal plates, bars, which are not to be subjected to disassembly.

Lapping is a refined process which is applied in facing up external and internal surfaces of parts, cylindrical, flat, formed, requiring great precision and extremely fine quality of face finish. It is performed with a special tool, called a lap. It is one of the most accurate methods.

By scraping is understood the operation of accurately f in ishing the surface of a work piece by removing a very thin layer of metal with a cutting tool called a scraper.

Tinning is a protective coating of tin or solder applied to the surface of metals.

Soldering is the process of permanently joining two parts with special alloys, known as solders.

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания. to take up much time; with the aid of; by means of.

4.Назовите операцию и инструмент, с помощью которого она выполняется:

Например, chiseling — chiselFiling, spanner, hammer, bending, straightening, tightening, sharpening,

screwdriver, oilstones, screwing, rivets, lapping, riveting.

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Unit 12

Welding skills

1. Запишите слова, отработайте их произношение и выучите.

journeyman (person) наемный квалифицированный рабочийapprentice ученикplate working обработка листового металлаblueprint 1) делать светокопию, копировать чертеж 2)делать разметкуbrazing пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка)

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

Job Related Skills, Interests and Values• using and maintaining tools, material handling equipment and weldingequipment;• reading and interpreting blueprints;• acquiring thorough knowledge of arc, gas and resistance weldingtheory ;• laying out, cutting and forming metals to specifications;• preparing the work sute;

• fitting sub-assemblies and assemblies together and preparing assemblies for welding ;• welding using shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gastungsten arc welding, flux core or metal core arc welding, submergedarc welding and plasma arc welding processes;• carrying out special processes such as welding studs and brazing;• ensuring quality of product/process before, during and after welding;

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3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

YOU MIGHT LIKE WELDING IF YOU:

Want lots of job opportunities. Want good, competitive wages. Like to be physically active. Like to be challenged. Want your work to be diversified. Need to feel a sense of accomplishment. Want to travel in the U.S. or abroad. Take pride in your workmanship.

SKILLS NEEDED TO BECOME A WELDER:

Manual dexterity. Good eyesight. Good eye-hand coordination. The ability to concentrate on detailed work for prolonged periods of time. The ability to stoop, bend, climb, and work in awkward positions. Patience.

TRIDENT'S PROGRAM OFFERS:

The latest welding technology as well as traditional welding skills training and a good foundation in basic welding theory, metallurgy, and blueprint reading. Safety is stressed throughout the program.

Trident's Welding program is designed to provide comprehensive welding education to new students as well as experienced welders wanting to expand their skills and/or knowledge.

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EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS AND WAGE POTENTIAL:

Close to half-million people hold jobs as welders, cutters, or welding machine operators. Approximately three fourth of them are in manufacturing and service industries. If other trades, such as boilermakers, ironworkers, and pipefitters are included, then the total climbs to about 2 million or 10% of our national workforce. In an industry valued at more than $5.5 billion, the need to replace aging, skilled welders is acute. According to Dave Manning, president of the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology, "The need for skilled welders will become more of a problem in the next three to five years, as 50% of the welders in North America retire."

Welders will be needed in manufacturing for industries such as transportation equipment, industrial machinery,  fabricated metal products. They will be found at construction sites, in repair shops and personnel supply agencies.

According to Freddy Torres, coordinator for the American Welding Society's Schools Excelling through National Skills Education, a welder's average weekly earnings were $742 in the summer of 2000. The average annual earnings for a welder is between $30,000 and $46,000 per year.

Skill explained

Welders are craftsmen and women who need hands-on skills to do a professional job. Different welding processes are required with different materials. In order to meet the quality requirements, welders must be able to understand welding drawings, standards and markings, apply the required welding processes and understand the characteristics of the materials. Knowledge of welding work safety is also required.The skill covers the welding of components, structures, plates, pipes and pressure vessels.

Standard reference terms and definitions for welding processes, welding positions and weld testing shall be to International Standard Organisation (ISO) and American Welding Society (AWS) standards. Where a conflict arises, the ISO standards shall have precedence. If no ISO standard is applicable then the relevant AWS standard shall be used.

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Unit 13

Underwater Welding Career Information

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

What is an Underwater Welder?An underwater welder is someone who performs vital work related to

various industrial applications, including building offshore oil platforms, repairing ships, and maintaining underwater pipelines. Underwater welders must have advanced skills in both diving and welding, including various specialized underwater welding techniques.

What Does an Underwater Welder Do?Underwater welders are highly trained in both professional diving and

welding in order to perform welding tasks in an underwater environment. They work with specialized welding equipment that is designed for safe use underwater without high risk of electric shock.

Although trained in various techniques, underwater welders perform tasks that can essentially be grouped into two classifications:

Wet welding:

Means that the welding process involves being directly exposed to wet or fully submerged conditions

Uses a special waterproof electrode that was invented in 1946 Requires the welding power supply to be connected to the welding equipment

through cables and hoses When performed at significant depths, requires a highly experienced underwater

welder with specialized knowledge of ambient pressure and its effects on welds Most commonly uses shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) techniques

Dry welding:

Takes place underwater but is performed in a dry environment, usually called a hyperbaric chamber (an enclosed container that is submerged under water)48

Involves working within the hyperbaric chamber, which (similar to submarines) is pressurized to withstand underwater conditions

Is performed by sealing the hyperbaric chamber around the structure that requires welding work

Is usually restricted to maximum operational depths of 400 meters Can theoretically involve most welding processes but most commonly uses gas

tungsten arc welding (GTAW)Some of the duties that underwater welders take on can include:

Repairing ships Maintaining oil platforms Inspecting, repairing, and maintaining underwater pipelines Salvaging shipwrecked vessels New construction projects, such as bridges Building, repairing, and maintaining telecommunications equipment beneath the

floor of the oceanIn addition, underwater welders are often responsible for taking on a variety of tasks prior to actually performing any welding.

Some of these duties can include:

Inspecting, photographing, and creating maps of the work environment Researching and documenting all aspects of the prospective job Testing equipment and explosive materials Conducting experiments to ensure project viability and safety

Project length and working hours can vary greatly, depending on the scope of the project. Therefore, a job can range from just a few hours to days, months, or even years. However, it is important to note that, although the main purpose is the actual underwater welding task, the vast majority of time and effort is often spent on training, preparation, and safety precautions.

In addition, for safety reasons, underwater welders work with a team of trained professionals who remain on standby above the water and keep in constant contact in order to provide immediate assistance if, at any time, the welder ends up in danger.

What are the Pros and Cons of Becoming an Underwater Welder?Many regulations exist to keep underwater welding as safe as possible, effectively controlling any chance of danger. Nevertheless, some risk will always be involved when you are diving and working with electric-powered equipment beneath the water. However, when it comes right down to it, the level of risk is relatively low the majority of the time. And, for most underwater welders, their love of the job far outweighs any risks.

That being said, it is important to understand the pros and cons of the job.

Pros

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There's no denying that a little bit of risk comes with a whole lot of excitement and a powerful sense of adventure.

Working underwater, especially in offshore environments, is fascinating. The ocean always has been (and always will be) a constant source of undeniable mystery and awe.

The technologies and equipment related to underwater welding are constantly being updated, and continuous learning can create a strong feeling of satisfaction.

The continuous innovation in the field allows for more sophisticated and advanced engineering ideas to be brought to life. Witnessing this progress can be exhilarating.

The prospect of a six-figure salary can be extremely enticing. You can have the opportunity to do extensive traveling—seeing new places,

meeting new people, and gaining amazing experiences.Cons

Even when following strict precautions, there is risk of electric shock. Because of the need to work with a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, there is

a risk of pockets of gas forming (due to the high-pressure depth) and causing an explosion.

There are dangers related to any type of diving. They include risk of drowning due to equipment failure, ear/nose/sinus/lung damage due to pressure, decompression sickness, and more.

The training to become an underwater welder can be intense and may require a significant amount of time and money to be invested.

You are apt to spend significantly more time and energy preparing for a project and ensuring safety precautions are met than actually performing underwater welding.

You may need to continuously travel in order to obtain steady work, which can be draining because it may mean not seeing family and friends very often.

2. Ответьте на вопросы .

1. Who can be a welder-diver?2. What sorts of basic and supplementary skills must a welder-diver possess?3. How can certified surface welders become welder-divers?4. What is more important: receiving the welder-diver qualifications ormaintaining them?5. Why do commercial divers pass an annual dive physical?6. Do welder-divers have any future career opportunities?7. Do you think surface welding equipment can be used underwater?

3. Перескажите текст своими словами на русском языке.

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Unit 14

The workshop

1. Прочитайте диалоги по ролям, переведите их устно, выпишите выделенные слова, и выучите их.

1.Paul: This is a workshop, isn't it? Olga: I think it is. Paul: And where is the workbench? Olga: Well, it's in the middle of the room. Paul: Where's the toolbox? Is it on the bench? Olga: No, it isn't. It's under the bench. Paul: And where are the nails? Are they on the bench or in the box? Olga: They are in the box. Paul: I see. And where's the hammer? Olga: It seems to me, it's on the shelf above the table. Paul: Well, give me the hammer, please.Olga: Here you are. Paul: Thanks.

2.Mike: Look here. What are these? Andrew: These are screws.

Mike: And where are the nuts? Are they on the workbench? Andrew: Yes, they are. Oh, no, I 'm sorry. They are on the shelf under the bench.

Mike: Are they big or small? Andrew: They are rather small.Mike: How long are they? Andrew: I think they are approximately 20 mm long.

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Mike: How wide are they? Andrew: I believe they are 4 mm wide.Mike: O.K. Give me some, please. Andrew: Here you are.Mike: Thank you.

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы.

This is a workshop. Two students are here. They are Sveta and Oleg. They are electricians. A toolboard is in the middle of the workshop. Many tools are on the toolboard. They are chisels, screwdrivers, a pair of pliers, a set of spanners, etc.

A safety-notice is above the tool-board. A bench is on the left and ashelf is on the right. There are many nails, nuts and screws on the shelf. They are large and small. A hammer is not on the shelf, it is on the bench. A switch is between the bench and the shelf. Sveta is to the right of the bench. Oleg is on the other side of the workshop just opposite the toolboard.

1.This is a workshop, isn't it?2.What are the names of the students?3.What are Oleg and Sveta?4.Where is the toolboard?5.Where are the tools?6.What are they?7.Is the bench on the right or on the left?8.The hammer is not on the shelf, is it?9.Where are the students?

3. Выпишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение5 и выучите.

rig какое-л. приспособление, устройство, механизм Syn: apparatus , devicehose шлангspark искраigniter воспламенительwrench гаечный ключoutfit агрегат; оборудование, принадлежности, набор(приборов, инструментов)

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pressure gauge манометрleak течь, протечка; утечкаorifice отверстиеsingle-stage (regulator) однокамерныйflashback обратный удар пламени (проникающий в шлангсварочной горелки)ductile гибкий, ковкий, поддающийся обработкеthreaded с резьбой, нарезнойpin цапфаshoulder буртик; поясокdebris осколки, обломки; обрезки; ломshrinkage усадочная деформацияsolute растворенное вещество, раствор

4.Составьте пять предложений, используя новую лексику.

Unit 15

Welding's Vital Part in Major American Historical Events

Part 1.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

ASME, founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is a professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach." ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.

ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in the world. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards, covering many technical areas, such as boiler components, elevators, measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, cranes, hand tools, fasteners, and machine tools. Some ASME standards have been translated into other languages other than English, such Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.

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A Standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines that function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment.

A standard becomes a Code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract.

The ASME Code

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the welding of pressure vessels came on the scene. Welding made possible a quantum jump in pressure attainable because the process eliminated the low structural efficiency of the riveted joint. Welding was widely utilized by industry as it strove to increase operating efficiencies by the use of higher pressures and temperatures, all of which meant thick-walled vessels. But before this occurred, a code for fabrication was born from the aftermath of catastrophe.

On April 27, 1865, the steamboat Sultana blew up while transporting 2200 passengers on the Mississippi River. The cause of the catastrophe was the sudden explosion of three of the steamboat's four boilers, and up to 1500 people were killed as a result. Most of the passengers were Union soldiers homeward bound after surviving Confederate prison camps. In another disaster on March 10, 1905, a fire tube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Mass., exploded, killing 58, injuring 117 and causing damages valued at $250,000. These two incidents, and the many others between them, proved there was a need to bring safety to boiler operation. So, a voluntary code of construction went into effect in 1915 - the ASME Boiler Code.

As welding began to be used, a need for nondestructively examining those welds emerged. In the 1920s, inspectors tested welds by tapping them with hammers, then listening to the sound through stethoscopes. A dead sound indicated a defective weld. By 1931, the revised Boiler Code accepted welded vessels judged safe by radiographic testing. By this time, magnetic particle testing was used to detect surface cracks that had been missed by radiographic inspection. In his history of the ASME Code, A. M. Greene, Jr., referred to the late 1920s and early 1930s as "the great years." It was during this period that fusion welding received widespread acceptance. Nowadays, thousands of individuals who make their living in welding live and breathe the ASME Code every minute of the working day.

As far as welding interests are concerned, probably the most important part of the ASME Code is "Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications." This section relates to the qualification of welders and welding operators, and the procedures they must follow to comply with the code. Under procedure 54

qualifications, each process is listed, and the essential and nonessential variables of each are spelled out. Welding performance qualifications are also included.

In the early years of the ASME Code, fabricators were known to spend their own research dollars to develop a process so it could be used in Code construction work. Eventually, however, a code case would have to be submitted to the appropriate ASME Code committee, but first a procedure qualification had to be developed. The code authorities expected the quality of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone to be equal to that of the base metal.

In 1977, Leonard Zick, chairman of the main committee of the ASME Code, said, "It's more than a code; the related groups make up a safety system. Our main objective is to provide requirements for new construction of pressure-related items that, when followed, will provide safety to those who use them and those who might be affected by their use. "And, since the use of the code item might be for any type of process or for any discipline involving energy, the committee's activities do not play one against the other. We want all code items to be safe, period."

2. Перескажите текст своими словами на русском языке.

3. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

Part 2.

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

LNG Tankers A triumph of the code was the huge aluminum spheres built by General

Dynamics in Charleston, S.C. They were built to criteria established by the U.S. Coast Guard and were based on Section VIII, Division 1, of the ASME Code.

At about 2 a.m. on October 2, 1976, the first welded aluminum sphere for a liquefied natural gas tanker was rolled out of a building in Charleston, then moved over to a special stand for final hydropneumatic testing. It soon passed the test with flying colors. The sphere itself weighed 850 tons and measured 120 ft (36 m) in diameter. Each sphere consisted of more than 100 precisely machined plates, "orange peel" in shape. The plates were gas metal arc welded together using 7036 lb (3166 kg) of filler metal. Total length of the welds on each sphere was 48.6 miles. Completed spheres were barged along the coast and delivered onto steel tankers under construction at General Dynamics' shipyard in Quincy, Mass. This type of LNG tanker was based on the Moss-Rosenberg design from Norway.

Meanwhile, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. was building LNG tankers in Virginia. Based on the Technigaz design, the tankers featured a waffled membrane of stainless steel for containing the gas. Avondale Shipyards, 55

Inc., New Orleans, La., was building still other LNG tankers based on the Conch design, which featured prismatic tanks of aluminum.

At General Dynamics' facility in Charleston, 80% of the metalworking manhours were spent welding. Much of the filler metal deposited in Charleston was 5183 aluminum. The vertical joints were welded using special equipment from Switzerland in which the operator rode in a custom-designed chair alongside the welding arc. At this distance, he was able to monitor the weld and observe the oscillation of the 1Z �16-in. (1.5-mm) diameter filler metal. Actual welding was controlled remotely. About 30 weld passes were required for each joint.

The thicker 11Z �2-in. (3.8-cm) joints were welded by Big MIG equipment, operating with a 1Z �8-in. (3-mm) diameter wire at 500 A. The equipment was capable of completing the joint in four passes.

The massive equatorial ring was welded outdoors. In this setup, nine heavily machined, curved aluminum extrusions had to be welded together. To do it, 88 GMA weld passes were made from the outside and 60 more from the inside.

One engineer on site at the time had just transferred from one of the company's aerospace divisions, a division known for extremely high weld quality on sensitive material. "As far as quality is concerned," he noted, "there's really not that much difference (between Charleston and the aerospace division). I do think that the weld quality achievement here in Charleston is as high, if not higher, than it is in aerospace, but then 5083-0 is a very forgiving aluminum alloy."

6. Выделите главную мысль в каждом обзаце.

Part 3.

7.Прочитайте текст. Выпишите главные мысли из текста и письменно переведите их.

High-Rise Construction

About 30 years ago, steel construction went into orbit. The 100-story John Hancock Center in Chicago and the 110-story twin towers of New York's World Trade Center were under construction. Above ground, the World Trade Center required some 176,000 tons of fabricated structural steel. The Sears Tower came later. Bethlehem Steel Corp. had received orders for 200,000 tons of rolled steel products for the South Mall complex in Albany, N.Y. Allied Structural Steel Co. was reported to have used multiple-electrode gas metal arc welding in the fabrication of the First National Bank of Chicago Building.

In a progress report on the erection of the critical corner pieces for the first 22 floors of the 1107-ft (332-m) high John Hancock Center, an Allied Structural 56

Steel spokesman said various welding processes were being used in that portion of the high-rise building. More than 12,000 tons of structural steel were used in that section. Webs and flanges for each interior H column were made up of A36 steel plate with thicknesses up to 61Z �2 in. (16.5 cm). The long fillet welds at the web-to-flange contact faces were made using the submerged arc process, while the box sections were being welded by CO2-shielded E70T-1 flux cored electrodes. On the box sections, welding operators were averaging deposition rates of 90 lb (40.5 kg) per day. A total of 310,000 lb (139,500 kg) of weld metal was consumed in shop fabrication for this building, while 165,000 lb (74,250 kg) of weld metal was consumed during field erection.

Weld metal consumption in shop fabrication for the U.S. Steel Building in Pittsburgh, Pa., reached 609,000 lb (274,050 kg).

During this same period, Kaiser Steel Corp. had used the consumable guide version of electroslag welding to deposit 24,000 welds in the Bank of America world headquarters building in San Francisco. At the time, this building was regarded as the tallest earthquake-proof structure ever erected on the West Coast.

In terms of welding, one of the most intensive structures built during this period was NASA's Vertical Assembly Building on Merritt Island, Fla. Shop-welded sections for this giant structure consumed 830,000 lb (373,500 kg) of weld metal.

For the World Trade Center, Leslie E. Robertson, a partner in charge of the New York office of Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, Robertson, said a computer was used to produce the drawing lists, beam schedules, column details and all schedules for exterior wall panels. Millions of IBM cards were then sent to every fabricator. These cards gave fabricators the width, length, thickness and grade of steel of every plate and section in all of the columns and panels. "In addition," he said, "the fabricators are given all of the requirements of every weld needed to make up the columns and panels. Many of these cards are used as equatable to the production of drawings. They are sent directly from the designer to the fabricators. Draftsmen never become involved."

Elsewhere in New York City, Leo Plofker, a partner in one of the city's leading design engineering firms, extensively used welding in design. Among Plofker's achievements are the Pan-Am Building and the all-welded, 52-story office building known as 140 Broadway.

"Our decision to make extensive use of welding is strictly based on economics," he said. "Welded design results in savings in steel. Field welding can cause some problems, but they are not too serious as long as you maintain control over the welders and you insist that qualified personnel be employed to perform nondestructive testing of the welds."

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Unit 16

Health, Safety and Accident prevention.

1.Запишите новые слова, выучите их.

Irritation раздражениеrespiratory tract дыхательные путиsusceptibility чувствительность; восприимчивостьfever жар, лихорадка; какое-л. заболевание, основнымсимптомом которого является очень высокаятемператураtickling першение (в горле)chest tightness стесненное дыханиеflu гриппcoughing кашельlimb конечность (человека или животного)siderosis сидерозpneumonia воспаление легких, пневмонияpulmonary oedema отек легкихasphyxiation удушьеexposure подвергание какому-л. воздействию; выставление,оставление на солнце, под дождем и т. п.cancer рак

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2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Control of welding fume

Exposure to fume

For many gas and arc welding processes, the fume concentration in the immediate vicinity of the weld is well above its exposure limit. The amount of fume generated is determined primarily by welding process, consumable and welding procedure. However, the following aspects are likely to influence the degree to which the welder is exposed to fume:

welding position location and type of workplace exposure duration

Thus, welders using the same process may be exposed to different levels of fume. The risks for each job should, therefore, be assessed individually.

Welding position

The welding position (flat, vertical, horizontal or overhead) and proximity of the welder to the fume plume affect exposure. As the welder naturally bends over the workpiece, the flat position induces the highest level of fume in the breathing zone. The welder should adopt a working position which ensures that his head is away from the plume.

Location and type of workplace

Welding in a large workshop, or outdoors, prevents build-up of fume and gases. However, in a small workshop, fume will not be readily dispersed and the welder may be subjected to a higher than average exposure. Working in confined spaces, in particular, requires an efficient, monitored, ventilation system so exposure is controlled and there is no depletion of oxygen in the working atmosphere.

Control of welding fumeIf welding fume cannot be eliminated, control measures should be adopted as

follows:

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choice or modification of the welding process improvement in working practices ventilation use of respiratory protection equipment (RPE)

RPE should not be considered until the effectiveness of all other techniques has been explored.

Choice or modification of the welding process

Process choice is usually made on the basis of weld quality, economics and equipment availability. Nevertheless, if other processes can be used, it should be borne in mind that some processes, such as submerged-arc and TIG, generates significantly less particulate fume than MMA, MIG and FCAW. Consumable manufacturers also supply information on fume composition which can be used in selecting welding rods for a particular job.

Improvement in working practices

A substantial improvement can often be made by placing the workpiece so the welder can avoid the plume which rises above the weld.

In large scale fabrications, the welding sequence should be organised to minimise the work carried out in enclosed or confined spaces.

Safe practice and accident avoidance

adopt position and techniques to keep head out of welding plume avoid welding in enclosed and confined spaces

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Safe practice and accident avoidance

check that the equipment is working correctly and is regularly maintained, for example, cleaning and replacing filters according to manufacturer's recommendations

place the extraction hood or nozzle to capture the fume without disturbing the gas shield

when welding large structures, reposition the hood at appropriate intervals to ensure fume continues to be effectively extracted

3. Напишите правила основные правила техники безопасности.

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4. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

bare spot оголенный участокwire feeder механизм подачи (электродной или присадочной)проволокиground connection 1) заземление, замыкание на землю 2) соединение накорпусpower switch переключатель мощностиrupture а) пробой (изоляции) б) излом, разрушение, разрывconfined space замкнутый объём, замкнутое пространствоexhaust hood вытяжной шкаф; вытяжной колпак

5. Прочитайте текст .

Safety and Scheduled Maintenance Protect Your Welding Assets

Q: What can I do to avoid electrical shocks?A: Wet working conditions must be avoided, because water is an excellent

conductor and electricity will always follow the path of least resistance. Evena person's perspiration can lower the body's resistance to electrical shock. Poor connections and bare spots on cables further increase the possibility of electrical shock, and therefore, daily inspection of these items is recommended. Equipment operators should also routinely inspect for proper ground connections.

Q: How can I inspect and maintain my wire feeder?A: Periodically inspect the electrode wire drive rolls. If dirty, remove the

drive rolls and clean with a wire brush. Deformed drive rolls should be replaced. Drive rolls should be changed, adjusted or cleaned only when the wire feeder is shut off. In addition, check the inlet and outlet guides and replace if they are deformed from wire wear. Remember that when power is applied to a wire feeder, fingers should be kept away from the drive roll area.

Q: What are some important electrode safety considerations?A: Welding power sources for use with MIG and TIG welding normally are

equipped with devices that permit on/off control of the welding power output.If so, the electrode becomes electrically hot when the power source switch is ON and the welding gun switch is closed. Never touch the electrode wire or any conducting object in contact with the electrode circuit, unless the welding power source is off. Welding power sources used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW or Stick welding) may not be equipped with welding power output on/off control devices. With such equipment, the electrode is electrically hot when the power switch is turned ON.

Q: How should I store my gas cylinders?

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A: Cylinders should be securely fastened at all times. Chains are usually usedto secure a cylinder to a wall or cylinder cart. When moving or storing a cylinder, a threaded protector cap must be fastened to the top of the cylinder. This protects the valve system should it be bumped or dropped. Cylinders should not be stored or used in a horizontal position. This is because some cylinders contain a liquid which would leak out or be forced out if the cylinder was laid in a flat position. Also, welding guns and other cables should not be hung on or near cylinders. A gun could cause an arc against the cylinder wall or valve assembly, possibly resulting in a weakened cylinder or even a rupture.

Q: How can I tell if my regulator is faulty?A: The following symptoms indicate a faulty regulator: Leaks - if gas leaks

externally. Excessive сreep - if delivery pressure continues to rise with the downstream valve closed.

Faulty gauge - if gauge pointer does not move off the stop pin when pressurized, nor returns to the stop pin after pressure release. Do not attempt to repair a faulty regulator. It should be sent to your designated repair center, where special techniques and tools are used by trained personnel.

Q: What are some tips for a safe welding environment?A: The area surrounding the welder will be subjected to light, heat, smoke,

sparks and fumes. Permanent booths or portable partitions can be used to contain light rays in one area. The heat and sparks given off are capable of setting flammable materials on fire. Therefore, welding should not be done in areas containing flammable gases, vapors, liquids or dusty locations where explosions are a possibility. Metals with plating, coatings or paint that come near the region of the arc may give off smoke and fumes during welding. These fumes may pose a health hazard to the lungs, therefore an exhaust hood or booth should be used to remove fumes from the area. When welding in confined spaces, such as inside tanks, large containers or even compartments of a ship, toxic fumes may gather. Also, in an enclosed room, breathable oxygen can be replaced by shielding gases used for welding or purging. Care must be taken to ensure enough clean air for breathing. In many companies, it is routine to provide welders with air masks or selfcontained breathing equipment.

Q: How should an operator dress for optimum safety?A: Gloves and clothing should be flame-resistant. Clothing made from a

dark-colored, tightly woven material is best suited for welding. Gauntlet-type leather gloves should be worn to protect the hands and wrists. Shirt collars and shirt cuffs should be buttoned, and open front pockets are not advisable as they may catch sparks. Also, operators should never store matches or lighters in their pockets. Pants cuffs are not recommended, as they will also catch sparks. Tennis

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shoes do not qualify as adequate foot protection. Hightop leather shoes or boots are absolutely necessary.

Q: Is there a daily maintenance schedule I should follow?A: Below is a general engine drive routine daily maintenance schedule, but it

should be modified according to a company's specific conditions. By following a regimen of appropriate and thorough maintenance and safety, a welder from Miller Electric can run dependably for decades. Designed to withstand rough use, these machines use high quality components and are tested for durability.

7.Выпишите из текста главные мысли.

8. Запишите новые слова. Отработайте их чтение. safety engineering - техника безопасностиaccident - несчастный случайsafety rules - правила техникиlack - нехватка, отсутствие безопасностиtraining workshop - учебный цех (мастерская)to ensure – обеспечивать

9.Замените русское слово на английское. Используйте новые слова.This was несчастный случай.All people should keep технику безопасности.Do you know правила техники?We work in мастерской.I обеспечиваю safety engineering.

10. Прочтите текст . SAFETY ENGINEERING

Accidents to people in industrial enterprises are called industrial traumatism (injury). They occur when workers have not acquired the requisite for skill and lack the necessary experience in handling tools and equipment. Accidents are also caused through neglect of safety rules and regulations in the factories and training workshops.

The purpose of safety engineering is to prevent accidents and to create such conditions of work in industry which will ensure maximum productivity of labour.

When taking up new duties or when first going to work at any industrial enterprise each worker is obliged to acquaint him thoroughly with, and to master the safety instructions.

11.Ответьте письменно на вопросы– How are the accidents to people in industrial enterprises called?– When do the accidents to people occur?

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– What must one do to prevent accidents?– What is the purpose of safety engineering?– What is a worker obliged to do when taking up new duties?

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Unit 17

The History of Welding

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст .

With all the power and precision machinery involved in production welding, you might think of welding as a relatively new process. In reality, welding has been around for thousands of years. Early examples of welding have been found in locations ranging from Ireland to India, with some dating back to the Bronze Age. Naturally, these civilizations lacked the vast array of tools and machinery that welders have access to now. How did they manage to weld?

The process they used is known as forge welding. To start the process, blacksmiths would heat the metal until it was bright red in color (but still not at its melting point). The blacksmiths would then place the two pieces, slightly overlapping, on an anvil and pound them together. Forge welding has multiple limitations. Only relatively soft metals can be forge welded, and the process is very labor intensive. In places without electricity, however, the process is still used.

Forge welding was the only game in town until the 19th century. With the onset of the industrial revolution, however, numerous discoveries pushed welding forward fast. Research on electricity yielded electrodes and electric arcs. Rudimentary torches were developed by mid-century as well. Both discoveries would play heavily into the welding methods of the next century.

By the late 1800s, many of the pieces were in place to make welding a driving force in manufacturing. Still, the methods of this era weren't perfect. Oxidation (the process of metals bonding to the oxygen particles in the atmosphere) occurred during the welding process and made welds porous and brittle. Such welds posed a grave risk to workers. During the period from 1895 to 1905, for instance, poorly made boilers exploded daily, causing thousands of deaths in the process. Clearly there was an urgent need for better welding methods. Over the next few sections, we'll learn more about those new and improved methods, starting with a closer look at the tools of the trade.

WELDING AT SEA AND IN SPACEDiver welders routinely repair ships and oil rigs, typically using arc welding

(negating the use of a flame). Space welding sits at the other end of the spectrum. The vacuum of space creates an ideal environment for welding, since there are no gases to interact with the welding site. Space welding makes massive undertakings like the International Space Station possible.

2. Выпишите все незнакомые вам слова из текста и выучите их.

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3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

History of Welding

Middle Ages

Welding can trace its historic development back to ancient times. The earliest examples come from the Bronze Age. Small gold circular boxes were made by pressure welding lap joints together. It is estimated that these boxes were made more than 2000 years ago. During the Iron Age the Egyptians and people in the eastern Mediterranean area learned to weld pieces of iron together. Many tools were found which were made approximately 1000 B.C.

During the Middle Ages, the art of blacksmithing was developed and many items of iron were produced which were welded by hammering. It was not until the 19th century that welding, as we know it today was invented.

1800

Edmund Davy of England is credited with the discovery of acetylene in 1836. The production of an arc between two carbon electrodes using a battery is credited to Sir Humphry Davy in 1800. In the mid-nineteenth century, the electric generator was invented and arc lighting became popular. During the late 1800s, gas welding and cutting was developed. Arc welding with the carbon arc and metal arc was developed and resistance welding became a practical joining process.

1880

Auguste De Meritens, working in the Cabot Laboratory in France, used the heat of an arc for joining lead plates for storage batteries in the year 1881. It was his pupil, a Russian, Nikolai N. Benardos, working in the French laboratory, who was granted a patent for welding. He, with a fellow Russian, Stanislaus Olszewski, secured a British patent in 1885 and an American patent in 1887. The patents show an early electrode holder. This was the beginning of carbon arc welding. Bernardos' efforts were restricted to carbon arc welding, although he was able to weld iron as well as lead. Carbon arc welding became popular during the late 1890s and early 1900s.

1890

In 1890, C.L. Coffin of Detroit was awarded the first U.S. patent for an arc welding process using a metal electrode. This was the first record of the metal melted from the electrode carried across the arc to deposit filler metal in the joint to make a weld. About the same time, N.G. Slavianoff, a Russian, presented the same idea of transferring metal across an arc, but to cast metal in a mold.

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1900

Approximately 1900, Strohmenger introduced a coated metal electrode in Great Britain. There was a thin coating of clay or lime, but it provided a more stable arc. Oscar Kjellberg of Sweden invented a covered or coated electrode during the period of 1907 to 1914. Stick electrodes were produced by dipping short lengths of bare iron wire in thick mixtures of carbonates and silicates, and allowing the coating to dry.

Meanwhile, resistance welding processes were developed, including spot welding, seam welding, projection welding and flash butt welding. Elihu Thompson originated resistance welding. His patents were dated 1885-1900. In 1903, a German named Goldschmidt invented thermite welding that was first used to weld railroad rails.

Gas welding and cutting were perfected during this period as well. The production of oxygen and later the liquefying of air, along with the introduction of a blow pipe or torch in 1887, helped the development of both welding and cutting. Before 1900, hydrogen and coal gas were used with oxygen. However, in about 1900 a torch suitable for use with low-pressure acetylene was developed.

World War I brought a tremendous demand for armament production and welding was pressed into service. Many companies sprang up in America and in Europe to manufacture welding machines and electrodes to meet the requirements.

1919

Immediately after the war in 1919, twenty members of the Wartime Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation under the leadership of Comfort Avery Adams, founded the American Welding Society as a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of welding and allied processes.

Alternating current was invented in 1919 by C.J. Holslag; however it did not become popular until the 1930s when the heavy-coated electrode found widespread use.

1920

In 1920, automatic welding was introduced. It utilized bare electrode wire operated on direct current and utilized arc voltage as the basis of regulating the feed rate. Automatic welding was invented by P.O. Nobel of the General Electric Company. It was used to build up worn motor shafts and worn crane wheels. It was also used by the automobile industry to produce rear axle housings.

During the 1920s, various types of welding electrodes were developed. There was considerable controversy during the 1920s about the advantage of the 68

heavy-coated rods versus light-coated rods. The heavy-coated electrodes, which were made by extruding, were developed by Langstroth and Wunder of the A.O. Smith Company and were used by that company in 1927. In 1929, Lincoln Electric Company produced extruded electrode rods that were sold to the public. By 1930, covered electrodes were widely used. Welding codes appeared which required higher-quality weld metal, which increased the use of covered electrodes.

During the 1920s there was considerable research in shielding the arc and weld area by externally applied gases. The atmosphere of oxygen and nitrogen in contact with the molten weld metal caused brittle and sometime porous welds. Research work was done utilizing gas shielding techniques. Alexander and Langmuir did work in chambers using hydrogen as a welding atmosphere. They utilized two electrodes starting with carbon electrodes but later changing to tungsten electrodes. The hydrogen was changed to atomic hydrogen in the arc. It was then blown out of the arc forming an intensely hot flame of atomic hydrogen during to the molecular form and liberating heat. This arc produced half again as much heat as an oxyacetylene flame. This became the atomic hydrogen welding process. Atomic hydrogen never became popular but was used during the 1930s and 1940s for special applications of welding and later on for welding of tool steels.

H.M. Hobart and P.K. Devers were doing similar work but using atmospheres of argon and helium. In their patents applied for in 1926, arc welding utilizing gas supplied around the arc was a forerunner of the gas tungsten arc welding process. They also showed welding with a concentric nozzle and with the electrode being fed as a wire through the nozzle. This was the forerunner of the gas metal arc welding process. These processes were developed much later.

1930

Stud welding was developed in 1930 at the New York Navy Yard, specifically for attaching wood decking over a metal surface. Stud welding became popular in the shipbuilding and construction industries.

The automatic process that became popular was the submerged arc welding process. This "under powder" or smothered arc welding process was developed by the National Tube Company for a pipe mill at McKeesport, Pennsylvania. It was designed to make the longitudinal seams in the pipe. The process was patented by Robinoff in 1930 and was later sold to Linde Air Products Company, where it was renamed Unionmelt® welding. Submerged arc welding was used during the defense buildup in 1938 in shipyards and in ordnance factories. It is one of the most productive welding processes and remains popular today.

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1940

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) had its beginnings from an idea by C.L. Coffin to weld in a nonoxidizing gas atmosphere, which he patented in 1890. The concept was further refined in the late 1920s by H.M.Hobart, who used helium for shielding, and P.K. Devers, who used argon. This process was ideal for welding magnesium and also for welding stainless and aluminum. It was perfected in 1941, patented by Meredith, and named Heliarc® welding. It was later licensed to Linde Air Products, where the water-cooled torch was developed. The gas tungsten arc welding process has become one of the most important.

The gas shielded metal arc welding (GMAW) process was successfully developed at Battelle Memorial Institute in 1948 under the sponsorship of the Air Reduction Company. This development utilized the gas shielded arc similar to the gas tungsten arc, but replaced the tungsten electrode with a continuously fed electrode wire. One of the basic changes that made the process more usable was the small-diameter electrode wires and the constant-voltage poser source. This principle had been patented earlier by H.E. Kennedy. The initial introduction of GMAW was for welding nonferrous metals. The high deposition rate led users to try the process on steel. The cost of inert gas was relatively high and the cost savings were not immediately available.

1950

In 1953, Lyubavskii and Novoshilov announced the use of welding with consumable electrodes in an atmosphere of CO2 gas. The CO2 welding process immediately gained favor since it utilized equipment developed for inert gas metal arc welding, but could now be used for economically welding steels. The CO2 arc is a hot arc and the larger electrode wires required fairly high currents. The process became widely used with the introduction of smaller-diameter electrode wires and refined power supplies. This development was the short-circuit arc variation which was known as Micro-wire®, short-arc, and dip transfer welding, all of which appeared late in 1958 and early in 1959. This variation allowed all-position welding on thin materials and soon became the most popular of the gas metal arc welding process variations.

1960

Another variation was the use of inert gas with small amounts of oxygen that provided the spray-type arc transfer. It became popular in the early 1960s. A recent variation is the use of pulsed current. The current is switched from a high to a low value at a rate of once or twice the line frequency.

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Soon after the introduction of CO2 welding, a variation utilizing a special electrode wire was developed. This wire, described as an inside-outside electrode, was tubular in cross section with the fluxing agents on the inside. The process was called Dualshield®, which indicated that external shielding gas was utilized, as well as the gas produced by the flux in the core of the wire, for arc shielding. This process, invented by Bernard, was announced in 1954, but was patented in 1957, when the National Cylinder Gas Company reintroduced it.

In 1959, an inside-outside electrode was produced which did not require external gas shielding. The absence of shielding gas gave the process popularity for noncritical work. This process was named Innershield®.

The electroslag welding process was announced by the Soviets at the Brussels World Fair in Belgium in 1958. It had been used in the Soviet Union since 1951, but was based on work done in the United States by R.K. Hopkins, who was granted patents in 1940. The Hopkins process was never used to a very great degree for joining. The process was perfected and equipment was developed at the Paton Institute Laboratory in Kiev, Ukraine, and also at the Welding Research Laboratory in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. The first production use in the U.S. was at the Electromotive Division of General Motors Corporation in Chicago, where it was called the Electro-molding process. It was announced in December 1959 for the fabrication of welded diesel engine blocks. The process and its variation, using a consumable guide tube, is used for welding thicker materials.

The Arcos Corporation introduced another vertical welding method, called Electrogas, in 1961. It utilized equipment developed for electroslag welding, but employed a flux-cored electrode wire and an externally supplied gas shield. It is an open arc process since a slag bath is not involved. A newer development uses self-shielding electrode wires and a variation uses solid wire but with gas shielding. These methods allow the welding of thinner materials than can be welded with the electroslag process.

Gage invented plasma arc welding in 1957. This process uses a constricted arc or an arc through an orifice, which creates an arc plasma that has a higher temperature than the tungsten arc. It is also used for metal spraying and for cutting.

The electron beam welding process, which uses a focused beam of electrons as a heat source in a vacuum chamber, was developed in France. J.A. Stohr of the French Atomic Energy Commission mad the first public disclosure of the process on November 23, 1957. In the United States, the automotive and aircraft engine industries are the major users of electron beam welding.

Most Recent

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Friction welding, which uses rotational speed and upset pressure to provide friction heat, was developed in the Soviet Union. It is a specialized process and has applications only where a sufficient volume of similar parts is to be welded because of the initial expense for equipment and tooling. This process is called inertia welding.

Laser welding is one of the newest processes. The laser was originally developed at the Bell Telephone Laboratories as a communications device. Because of the tremendous concentration of energy in a small space, it proved to be a powerful heat source. It has been used for cutting metals and nonmetals. Continuous pulse equipment is available. The laser is finding welding applications in automotive metalworking operations.

4. Составьте конспект текста из упражнения 3.

Unit 18

Welding:Fun Facts

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

1. NASCAR — Long before the rubber hits the road, roughly 950 man-hours are spent on welding and fabrication for each race car. Hundreds of parts are hand-cut, welded and machined, from the chassis and suspension to the drivetrain.

2. In 1961, General Motors installed the first industrial robot in history, the Unimate. Featuring a motorized arm that weighed more than two tons, the Unimate performed spot welds by following step-by-step commands stored on a magnetic drum.

3. Which famous comedian has a large antique car and motorcycle collection and employs welders regularly? Jay Leno! His large collection includes models from the early 1900s to modern vehicles.

4. Explosion welding is a powerful welding process that can accomplish what many other welding methods can’t—it can join nearly every kind of metal together, even the most highly dissimilar ones.

5. Welding in space was first attempted in 1969 by Russian cosmonauts. Today, advances in welding technology have made it essential for projects like the construction of the International Space Station.

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6. President Roosevelt, in a letter to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, boasted about the discovery of new welding techniques that enabled America to build ships with a speed unequaled in the history of shipbuilding.

7. The first car made with an entirely plastic body was assembled using ultrasonic welding. Even though plastic cars did not catch on, ultrasonic welding did. Ultrasonic plastic welding is an example of a friction welding process, which creates energy through high-intensity acoustic sounds that cause plastic pieces to vibrate together and form a bond. 

8. Did you know that if two pieces of metal touch in space, they become permanently stuck together? This may sound unbelievable, but it is true. Two pieces of metal without any coating on them will form into one piece in the vacuum of space. This doesn’t happen on Earth because the atmosphere puts a layer of oxidized material between the surfaces.

9. More than 50% of U.S. products require welding. Do you know which of the following products rely on welding?

Race carsBridgesShipsComputersMedical devicesOil rigsFarm equipmentCell phonesScootersMP3 playersAnswer: All of them 

10. What is a “fume plume”?  It is the visible column of fume that rises directly from the spot of welding or cutting.

11. The current record for the world’s deepest underwater dry weld, which is carried out in a chamber sealed around the structure to be welded, was set by Global Industries in 1990, at 1,075 ft. deep. But that is only half as deep as the world’s record wet weld, set by the U.S. Navy in 2005, at 2,000 ft. deep. Wet welding is performed underwater, directly exposed to the watery environment.

12. The earliest recorded welds occured in 3,500 B.C., the Bronze-Age. Pictures of welders and their ancient tools have been discovered in long-sealed Egyptian tombs!

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Unit 19

Machine – tools

1.Запишите новые слова и составьте с ними свои предложения. shape - формаcasting - отливкаrolling - прокатwelding - сваркаpiercing - прохождение trimming - обрезка (заделка отверстия краев)spinning - выдавливание (на токарно-давильном станке)drawing - черчение; зд. вытягиваниеchuck - зажим; патрон, держательcarriage - кареткаmilling - фрезерованиеsurface - поверхностьgrinding - дробление (измельчение), шлифовкаconvenient - удобныйto equip - снаряжать, оборудоватьshaping - придание формы thread - резьба; нарезкаbending – сгибаниеheadstock - передняя бабкаtailstock - задняя бабкаlathe - токарный станокdrilling – сверлениеcutting – резаниеhigh-speed – скоростнойefficient – эффективныйforging – ковкаboring - бурение, сверлениеsteel - сталь

2. Прочтите тексты MACHINE-TOOLS

Metal undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape: casting, rolling, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.

The machines which perform all these kinds of works are called machine-tools. The most common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe. The main parts of it are: the headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the carriage.

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The automatic lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed automatically. A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

There are many other machine-tools that work on plane surfaces, for example, milling machines, planning and shaping machines. Circular holes are drilled by a drilling machine or bored by a boring machine or a boring mill. Thread milling machines are used in the production of different machine elements. Gear cutting machines include gear milling machines. All these machines use cutting tools made of high-speed steel.

LATHESThere are three types of lathes produced by our machine-tool manufacturing

works: heavy, medium and light types. The type of a lathe depends upon the size of diameter of work pieces.

A most convenient and efficient machine is the model combination lathe for turning, milling, drilling, grinding, slotting, and tool-sharpening jobs. It can be used both in stationary and mobile repair shops, on ships, etc.

DRILLING MACHINESThe most drilling machines are equipped with mechanisms, permitting not

only drilling, countersinking and reaming, but also cutting female threads with the help of taps. Both universal and special-purpose type radial "drills are built.

3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы – What processes does metal undergo before it is formed into the required shape?– How are the machines which perform this work called?– What is the most common machine-tool in any workshop?– What are the main parts of a lathe?– What is the automatic lathe?– How do we call a worker, skilled in the use of a lathe?– What machine-tools that works on plane surfaces, do you know?– What do the drilling machines drill?– Where are the threads milling machines used?– What are the main types of lathes?– What is the most convenient and efficient machine?– What are the most drilling machines equipped with

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ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ

Aaccording to - согласно, в соответствииacross - поперекalloy - сплавalloy steel - легированная стальalloying element - легирующий элементaluminum – алюминийappear - появлятьсяapplication - применение, употреблениеarc welding - дуговая сваркаat least - по крайней мереattach - присоединятьattach securely - надежно прикреплять

Bberyllium - бериллийbismuth - висмутboth... and - как... так и…braking - поломкаbranches of industry - отрасли промышленностиbrittle – хрупкийbutt welding - стыковая сварка

Ccapacity - способностьcarbon steel - углеродистая стальcast iron - чугунchoose - выбиратьcoat - покрыватьcoating (film) - покрытие (пленка)combustible gas - горючий газ complete - завершать component - компонент, деталь compression – сжатиеcomprise - включать в себя, охватыватьconsist (of) - состоять (из)contain - содержать (в себе) content - содержаниеcontinuously - непрерывно, без остановки copper – медьcorrespondingly - соответственноcorrosion resistant barrier - коррозионно-стойкий барьер

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corrosive environment - коррозионная окружающая средаcreate - создаватьcurrent – ток

Dductility - ковкостьdeep - глубокий

Eearth clamp - зажим заземленияeffect – действиеeither... or - или ... илиelastic - упругий, эластичныйelectrical conductivity – электропроводностьelectric arc - электрическая дугаelectric circuit - электрическая цепьelectric current - электрический токelectric resistance welding - электрическая контактная сваркаelectrode rod - электродemploy - использоватьenough - достаточно

Fflame - пламяframe - рамаferrous metals - черные металлыfiller metal - присадочный металлflow - проходить, течьfusion - плавкаfusion state - расплавленное состояниеfusion welding - сварка плавлением

Ggas welding - газовая сваркаgold – золото

Hhammer welding - кузнечная сваркаhard(-ness) - жесткий (жесткость)heat conductivity - теплопроводностьheat-affected zone -мша термического воздействияholder - держатель

Iin addition to - в добавление к, помимоimportant - важный, значительный

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inch - дюймinclude - включатьincrease - увеличиватьin order to - для того чтобыiron – железо

Jjoin - соединятьjoint - стык, соединение

Lload - нагрузкаluster – блеск

Mmachinability - обрабатываемость (на carbon углерод станке)majority - большинствоmalleability - вязкостьmeet up-to-date demands (requirements) - отвечать современным требованиямmelt - плавитьсяmelting condition - режим плавления

Nneither... nor - ни ... ниnon-detachable joining - неразъемное coединение

Ootherwise - в противном случаеoverheat - перегреватьсяoxygen - кислород

Ppalladium - палладийparticularly - в частностиpermit - позволять, давать возможность platinum - платинаpoor conductor - плохой проводникpower hammer - механический молотprecious metals - драгоценные металлыprepare - готовитьpresent stage of development - современная стадия развитияpressure - давлениеproperty - свойствоprotect - защищатьprovide - обеспечивать, снабжатьpulsed laser - пульсирующий лазер

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purpose – цель

Qquantity – количество

Rrails - рельсыrepair - ремонтироватьreplace - заменятьresist - сопротивлятьсяresistance - сопротивлениеresistance to wear – износостойкостьrocket engineering - ракетная техникаrupture - разрывrust - ржавчинаrust-resistant - нержавеющий

Ssame (the) - точно такой жеsemimetal - полуметаллsilicon - кремнийsilver - сереброsimilar - похожийsoft(-ness) - мягкий (мягкость)solid state - твердое состояниеsource - источникspot welding - точечная сваркаstainless steel - нержавеющая стальstrength - прочностьstress - напряжениеstrike the arc - зажигать дугуsubstance - веществоsulphur - сераsuit - подходить, соответствовать supply - доставлять, подаватьswitch off - выключатьswitch on - включать

Ttension - растяжениеthermit welding - термитная сваркаthick - толстыйthickness - толщинаthin - тонкийtip - наконечник

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titanium - титанtough(-ness) - твердый (твердость)

Uundergo - подвергать

Wweld - свариватьwork piece – деталь

Zzinc – цинк

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СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Агабекян, И.П. Английский для инженеров [Текст] / И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2007. – 352с. – 3000экз. – ISBN 978-5-222-12171-9.

2. Англо–русский и русско–английский словарь для школьника [Текст]: Фонетика, грамматика, лексика к разговорным темам. / Сост. А.А. Кадук. – К.: А.С.К., 2005. – 800с. – 80000 экз. – ISBN 966-539-255-7.

3. Андреев, Г.Я. Сборник технических текстов на английском языке [Текст] / Г.Я. Андреев, Л.Л. Гураль, А.Л. Лев. – М.: «Высш. школа»,2005. – 200с. – 1000экз.– ISBN 968-5-112-32171-9.

4. Бгашев, В.Н. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей [Текст] / В.Н. Бгашев, Е.Ю. Долматова. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – 384с. – 3000экз. – ISBN 978-5-271-12432-7.

5. Бонами, Дэвид. Английский язык для будущих инженеров [Текст] / Дэвид Бонами. - М.: АСТ, 2006. – 320с. – 8000экз. – ISBN 5-17-016962-0.

6. Бриль, Б.М. Работа с техническими текстами на уроках английского языка в средних профессионально технических училищах [Текст]: методические рекомендации для металлообрабатывающих специальностей / Б.М. Брилль, Н.А. Морген. – М.: «Высш. школа»,2006 - 61с. – 250000экз. - ISBN 978-5-721-41272-3.

7. Калинина, Н.В. Применение технической терминологии на уроках иностранного языка в средних профессионально-технических училищах [Текст]: методические рекомендации / Н.В. Калинина, Ю.С. Шлепова. – М.: «Высш. школа», 2006.– 58с. – 30000экз. - ISBN 155-187-016962-0.

8. Синявская, Е.В. Учебник английского языка для технических вузов [Текст] / Е.В. Синявская. - М.: «Высш. школа», 2007 – 269с. - 50000экз. - ISBN 978-6-08-015128-3.

9. Шляхов, В.А. Английский язык. Контрольные задание для студентов технических специальностей вузов [Текст]: учебно-методическое пособие / В.А. Шляхова, Т.Д. Любимов. – М.: «Высш. школа», 2007. – 111с. – 500 экз. – ISBN 978-02-04236.

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