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gawri introduction

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1 THE GAWRI LANGUAGE OF KALAM AND DIR KOHIST AN by Joan L.G. Baart and Muhammad Zaman Sagar 1. The language, its speakers, and its environment 1.1 Linguistic environment Kalam and Dir Kohistani (also called Gawri JD ZU_ ) is one of about two dozen languages that are spoken in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan. The name Kohistan in Urdu and Persian means ‘land of mountains’, and Kohistani, when used as the name of a language, can be translated as ‘mountain language’. The subject of the current essay is the Kohistani language that is spoken in the Kalam tahsil in district Swat, and also in the Kohistan tahsil in district Dir, in the North-West Frontier Province. As one leaves Pashto-speaking Mingora, the major market town in district Swat, and travels up the Swat valley, Pashto remains the predominant language up to and including the village of Madyan. After Madyan one enters another language area, namely that of Torwali. Bahrain village is the centre of the Torwali-speaking area. Travelling further up one eventually leaves the Torwali area, and passes a number of settlements (Asret, Laikot, Peshmal), where Gujari is the predominant language. Finally, one reaches the point where the Karan Duki TD UDQ GXNL, a small tributary of the Swat river, comes gushing down the mountain, driving the turbines of the Kalam power house. Here, one passes from Bahrain tahsil  into Kalam tahsil, and at the same time into the Gawri language area. Even before this point, across the river from Peshmal in the village of Ariani, one can find homes where a form of Gawri called Dachwa GD &ZD is spoken. While Gawri is the predominant language in Kalam tahsil, it is certainly not the only language. Over the centuries, groups of people from different ethnic backgrounds have found their way to the Kalam area and settled there. Among them, Pashto, Gujari, and Khowar - speaking communities are the most numerous. Many of these people have learned Gawri as a second language. In addition, Pashto is spoken as a second language by virtually all the men and a lesser number of women of Kalam tahsil, as this is the lingua franca of district Swat, and the North-West Frontier Province in general. Traditionally, the Gawri-speaking area in Swat is divided into three major clusters of villages and hamlets, each named after its principal village: the lower cluster is Kalam ND ODP  proper ; up from Kalam there is the Utrot  XWUR 7 cluster in the West, and the Ushu X6X cluster in the North-East. The three communities have different traditions regarding their historical descent, and each has its own political organisation. Although the dialect of Utrot and the dialect of Ushu are perceptibly different from each other and from the dialect of the Kalam cluster, all three are very much the same language, in the opinion of the people as well as according to more formal sociolinguistic criteria (see Rensch 1992).

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