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Precalculus 4-E1 Gaussian  Elimination

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Page 1: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Precalculus4­E1

Gaussian  Elimination

Page 2: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equationsResolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations

a1 x b1 y = c1

a2 x b2 y = c2

Case  A (regular):

● the  system  is  inconsistent,  there  is  no  solution

● the equations  are  not  independent,  there  is  an  infinite       set  of  solutions

Case  B  (singular):

These  characteristics  of  the  resolvability  of a  system  of  2  linear  equationsstay  when  considering  systems  of linear  equations  with  an arbitrary  numberof  equations  and  unknowns.  

There  is  exactly  one   solution

There  is  no  uniquely  defined  solution

Precalculus4­E2

Page 3: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Determine  analytically  and  graphically  the  solutions  of  thesystems  of  linear  equations  given  below

−0.5 x y = 1

2 x − y = 2

−0.5 x y = 1

−0.5 x y = 0

x y = 2

2 x 2 y = 4

Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Exercise  1Exercise  1

system 1:

system 2:

system 3:

Precalculus4­A

Page 4: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Fig. 3­1:  Linear  functions   f (x) = 1 + 0.5x  and  g (x) = 2 x ­ 2

−0.5 x y = 1

2 x − y = 2The  system  1  has  one  solution  x = 2,  y = 2 :

Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Solution  1Solution  1

Precalculus4­1

Page 5: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

−0.5 x y = 1

−0.5 x y = 0

Fig. 3­2:  Linear  functions   f (x) = 1 + 0.5 x  and  g (x) = 0.5 x

The  straight  lines  y = 1 + 0.5 x   and   y = 0.5 x  are  parallel.  Therefore  theyhave  no  common  point. This  system of  equations  has  no  solution.

system  2:

Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Solution  1Solution  1

Precalculus4­2

Page 6: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Fig. 3­3:   linear  functions  y = 2 ­  x  and  2 y = 4 ­ 2 x

x y = 2

2 x 2 y = 4

The  two  equations  are  equivalent,  describing  the  same  function.The  number  of  solutions  is  infinite.

system  3:

Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Resolvability  of  a  system  of  linear  equations:  Solution  1Solution  1

Precalculus4­3

Page 7: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Gaussian  Elimination

Below  we  demonstrate  the  algorithm  Gaussian  Elimination  by  solvinga  system  of  three  linear  equations  with  three  unknowns.

Carl  Friedrich  Gauß  (1777­1855),  brilliant  German  mathematician

Precalculus5­1a

Page 8: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Precalculus5­1b

Page 9: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Gaussian  Elimination:Gaussian  Elimination:    ExampleExample

We  call  the  first  equation  elimination  row.  It  stays  unchangedin  the  subsequent  transformations.  Below  it  is  multiplied  by  afactor.

E1 : − x y z = 0

E2 : x − 3 y − 2 z = 5

E3 : 5 x y 4 z = 3

Step 1:   elimination  of  x

E1 E2 = E1 : −2 y − z = 5

5 E1 E3 = E 2 : 6 y 9 z = 3⇔

−2 y − z = 5

2 y 3 z = 1

Step 2:   elimination  of  y

E1 13

E2 = E* : z = 3

system:

Precalculus5­2

Page 10: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Gaussian  EliminationGaussian  Elimination

−x y z = 0

−2 y − z = 5

z = 3

Triangular  system  of  equations:

The  equation  without  x  and  the  equation  without  x  and  y form  together  with  the  first  equation  a  triangular  system  ofequations  from  which  the  three  unknowns  can  be calculatedone  by  one  from  bottom  to top.

Unique  solution: x = −1, y = −4, z = 3

or  as  triple  of  numbers: −1, − 4, 3

or  as  column  vector : v = xyz =

−1−4 3

Precalculus5­3

Page 11: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Gaussian  Elimination:  Gaussian  Elimination:  Exercises  2­5Exercises  2­5

Solve  the  systems  of  equations  given  below:

2 x − y z = 8

x 2 y 2 z = 6

4 x − 2 y − 3 z = 1

Exercise  2:

x − z = 2

2 x − y − 3 z = −9

−3 x y 5 z = 4

Exercise  3:

2 x − y − z = 4

3 x 4 y − 2 z = 11

3 x − 2 y 4 z = 11

Exercise  4:

x y 2 z = −1

2 x − y 2 z = −4

4 x y 4 z = −2

Exercise  5:

Precalculus6­1

Page 12: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

x1 x2 2 x3 3 x4 = 1

Exercise  6:3 x1 − x2 − x3 − 2 x4 = − 4

2 x1 3 x2 − x3 − x4 = −6

x1 2 x2 3 x3 − x4 = − 4

x1 2 x2 3 x3 − 2 x4 = 6

Exercise  7:2 x1 − x2 − 2 x3 − 3 x4 = 8

3 x1 2 x2 − x3 2 x4 = 4

2 x1 − 3 x2 2 x3 x4 = −8

Solve  the  systems  of  equations  given  below:

Gaussian  Elimination:  Gaussian  Elimination:  Exercises  6, 7Exercises  6, 7

Precalculus6­2

Page 13: Gaussian Eliminationmath-grain.de/download/precalculus/linear/2-lgs-en.pdfGaussian Elimination −x y z = 0 −2 y − z = 5 z = 3 Triangular system of equations: The equation without

Solution  2: x = 2 , y = −1 , z = 3

x = −1 , y = 16 , z = −3

x = 3 , y = 1 , z = 1

x = 1 , y = 2 , z = −2

x 1 = x 2 = −1 , x 3 = 0, x 4 = 1

x 1 = 1, x 2 = 2 , x 3 = −1, x 4 = −2

Gaussian  Elimination:  Gaussian  Elimination:  Solutions  2­7Solutions  2­7

Solution  3:

Solution  4:

Solution  5:

Solution  6:

Solution  7:

Precalculus6­3