gate analytical, optical & biomedical instrumentation book

8/10/2019 GATE Analytical, Optical & Biomedical Instrumentation Book

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Analytical Optical and

Biomedical Instrumentation

for

Instrumentation Engineering

By

www.thegateacademy.com
http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/


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Syllabus A.O.B

THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30thCross, 10thMain, Jayanagar 4thBlock, Bangalore-11 080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d

Syllabus for Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation

Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements.

Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photo-diode, photo-resistor and their characteristics.

Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG,

ECG and EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of

Computer Assisted Tomography.

Analysis of GATE Papers

(Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation)

Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage

2013

3.0

12.12

2012

6.0

2011

2.0

2010

9.0

2009

11.0

2008

16.0

2007

16.0

2006

14.66

2005

12.66

2004 25.0

2003

18.0


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Contents A.O.B


C O N T E N T S

Chapter Page No.

#1. U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry 1 - 15 Analytical Instrumentation 1 - 3

Beer Lamberts law 3 - 7

Infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation 7 - 9

Assigment 1 10 - 11

Assigment 2 11 - 12

Answer Keys 13

Explanations 13 - 15

2. Mass Spectrometer 16 - 22 Introduction 16 - 17

Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer 17 - 18

Assignment 19 - 20

Answer Keys 21


#3. Xray and Nuclear Radiation Measurements 23 - 34

Origin of X rays 23 - 24 X-ray Diffraction Braggs Law 24 - 26

Nuclear Detectors 26 - 28

Assignment 1 29 - 30


Answer Keys 32


4.Optical Sources and Detectors 35 - 55

Optical Sources 35 - 37

LASER 37 - 41 Photo Detectors 41 - 49



Answer Keys 53


#5.Interferometer, Applications in Metrology 56 63

Introduction 56

Michelsons Interferometer Working 56 - 57

Application in Metrology 57 - 58

Assignment 59 - 60


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Contents A.O.B


Answer Keys 61


#6. Basics of Fiber Optics 64 76 Introduction 64

Construction 64 - 66

Fibre Characteristics and Classification 66 - 69



Answer Keys 73


#7.Ultrasonic Transducers and Ultrasonography

77 - 83

Introduction 77

Acoustic Impedence(z) 77

Ultrasonic Transducers 78 - 79

Doppler Shift Ultrasound Transducer 79

Assignment 80 - 81

Answer Keys 82


#8.ECG EEG EMG 84 - 102

Sources of Bioelectric Potentials 84 - 87

ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) 87 - 89

EEG (Electro Encephalogram) 89 - 91

EMG (Electromyogram) 91 - 94



Answer Keys. 99

Explanations. 99 - 102

#9.Clinical Measurement and

Computer Assisted Tomography 103 - 114

Introduction 103

Measurement of Blood Pressure 103 - 104

Measurement of Blood Volume 104

Measurement of Heart Sounds 105

Test on Blood Cells 105 - 109

Principle of Computer Assisted Tomography 109 - 110

Assignment 111 - 112

Answer Keys 113



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Contents A.O.B


Module Test 115 - 126

Test Questions 115 - 119

Answer Keys 120


Reference Books 127


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Chapter 1 A.O.B

THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th

Cross, 10th

Main, Jayanagar 4th

Block, Bangalore-11

080 65700750 i f @th t d C i ht d W b th t d P 1

CHAPTER 1

U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry

Analytical Instrumentation

Analytical instruments are primarily used to obtained qualitative and quantitativeinformation regarding the composition of a given unknown sample.

The basic building blocks are:

Chemical information source generates signal containing information of the unknownsample.

Analytical instruments then generate signal based on the composition of the sample. Thisstage forms an important building block in analytical instruments where the separation,detection and of the composition is done by employing either emission or absorption or

scattering of electromagnetic radiation as the key principle of detection.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is transmitted through space at a speed of3 m/sec.

These radiations do not require a medium of propagation and can also travel throughvacuum.

Relation between the energy of electromagnetic radiation (normally called as photons) andfrequency of its propagation is given by

where E: energyh: Plancksconstant ergs-s (or) Joules-s: frequency

If is the wavelength interval between successive maxima and minima of the wave, thenC = Where C: velocity of propagation of radiant energy in vacuum.

Interaction of radiation with matter

S. No Radiation absorbed Energy changes involved

1.

Visible, ultraviolet, x ray Electronic transitions, vibrational orrotational changes

Chemical

information

source

Analytical

instrument

Signal

conditioner

Display

system


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Main, Jayanagar 4th

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2.

Infrared Molecular vibrational changes withsuperimpose rotational changes

3.

Microwave Rotational changes4.

Radio frequency They are absorbed by an intense magneticfield.

Spectroscopic methods and corresponding energy states of matter or basis of phenomenon

S. No Method Phenomena employed

1.

Nuclear magneticresonance

Nuclear spin coupling with anapplied magnetic field

2.

Microwave spectroscopy Rotation of molecules3.

Infrared and Ramanspectroscopy

Rotation or vibration of molecules,electronic transitions

4.

UV visible spectroscopy Electronic energy changes,5.

X-ray spectroscopy Diffraction and reflection of X-rayradiation from atomic layers.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Fig (1.1) shows the various regions of electromagnetic spectrum which are normally used inspectroscopic works.

Fig.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum from DC to X-ray

In the following sections, we discuss the various methods employed (by the analyticalinstruments) for detection of the composition of the analyte sample in the different regions of

the electromagnetic spectrum.

3m 3m

10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 30 MHz 450 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 300 GHz 4.3z z z z

MICROWAVES

VERY LOWFREQUENCY

LOWFREQUENCY

MEDIUMFREQUENCY

HIGHFREQUENCY

VERY HIGHFREQUENCY

ULTRA HIGHFREQUENCY

SUPER HIGHFREQUENCY

EXTRA HIGHFREQUENCY INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY

FREQUENCY RANGEOF HUMAN EYE

7000 4000

300 m 10 m 0.67 m 30 m 3 cm m 7000 3000 30 3

MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY2000 MHz 300 GHz

20 100 MHz (~ 300 MHz INSUPERCONDUCTING INSTRUMENTS)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCEUV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY

2.5M 2400

0 15 kHz; FREQUENCY RANGEOF AVERAGE HUMAN EAR

NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLERESONANCE 2 1000 MHz ELECTRON SPIN

RESONANCE; X-BAND9.46 GHz

INFRAREDSPECTROSCOPY 1 MM-2.5 M 10 4000 cm

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY


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Chapter 1 A.O.B


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Main, Jayanagar 4th

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b is the thickness of the absorbing materialc is the concentration of the sample

As we known, A log( )and T p P log( ) a b c l o g

and T =

Assumptions

1.

Here the radiation used is monochromatic (single wave length) in nature.2.

Sample is of low concentration.3.

The others factors that influence the absorption are not considered.

The instrument module for UV and visible spectrometry can be pictorized as below

Example:The transmittance of a coloured solution is 0.5, the absorption of the solution is?

A = log= log

= 0.3

Example:In a particular sample the absorption is 0.6 for a molar concentration of the solute of1.0 moles and 2cm path length the molar absorptivity is?

A = abc a =

Substitute a = 3000

Radiation sources used are

1.

Hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp(U.V)2.

Incandescent filament lamps 350nm 2.5m3.

Tungsten halogen lamps (visible)

Wavelength selection is done with the various dispersive techniques given.

Optical Filters

Absorption Filter

These optical filters usually absorb the radiation and transmit light of single wavelength. There efficiency is poor, when compared to other filters.

Interference Filters

These filters use interference phenomena.

Radiant

Source

Wavelength

Selector

Solvent Photo

detector

Read out

device

Sample


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Chapter 1 A.O.B


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Thus, these filters normally have semi-transparent layers. Light, which is incident on it undergoes multiple reflections between the pair of semi

transparent layers and the wavelength that is transmitted through them is determined bythe thickness of the dielectric layer. The wavelength selection is done by the relation:

m d n sin where : angle of incidenced : thickness of dielectric spaces,n : refractive index of dielectric spacer.m : order of interference : wavelength

Monochromators

They are the another class of filters, which provide better isolation than optical filters. They are capable or isolating a narrow band of wavelengths effectively. Principle employed for separation of wavelength is done by using a dispersing medium,

where the radiant energy gets isolated. Dispersion of radiant energy into different wavelengths is usually done by prism

monochromators or by diffraction grating.

Prism Monochromators

Here in prism monochromators, the isolation of different wavelengths is done by using therefractive index of wavelengths, which is different for different wavelengths.

Thus, radiation of different wavelengths gets disperssed at different angles by prism. Prisms are normally made of glass or quartz. Glass is used in visible region and quartz for

ultraviolet region.

Resolving Power R)

The term resolving power is applied to spectrum producing devices and means as the ability ofthe instrument to form separate images of two closely adjacent spectral lines.

It is defined generally by the equation

where R: resolving power : wavelengthd : smallest wavelength separation, which is separable with the instrument.

d and .For prism, the resolving power is given by the expression:

t where d is the difference or refractive indext : base of the prism.

Example:A prism spectrometer uses flint glam prism with glam dispersion952cm

-1and d=6 0A at = 5893 0A find base t of prism?


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