gas pipeline hydraulic course
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GAS PIPELINE HYDRAULICHeru Cahyono
November 26th, 2012
INTRODUCTIONProfileNAMEHERU CAHYONO
BACKGROUND:CHEMICAL ENGINEER
WORKING EXPERIENCE IN PGN:
2005 - 2007 JUNIOR ENGINEER ON SOUTH SUMATRA - WEST JAVA PROJECTLabuhan Maringgai – Muara Bekasi (Offshore Section, 32” OD – 162 km)Muara Bekasi – Rawa Maju (Onshore Section, 32” OD – 32 km)
2008 COST ESTIMATOR
2009 - 2010 STRATEGIC PLANNER
2011 - 2012 PROCESS ENGINEER
Course AgendaGAS PIPELINE HYDRAULIC
IntroductionPre Test & Brief view of oil & gas industry
Flow Equation
Break – Refreshment
Gas properties & Equation 0f State
Break – Refreshment
08:00am
09:00am
11:45am
09:45am
10:00am
1:00pm Software – Pipeline StudioPreparation & Introduction
Hydrocarbon : an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Petroleum : a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surface
INTRODUCTIONWhat is Hydrocarbon?
Saudi Arabia has the most oil
Russia has the most natural gas
USA has the most coal
Indonesia?
INTRODUCTIONDistribution of Fossil Fuel Reserves
INTRODUCTIONProjected World Energy Supply & Demand
INTRODUCTIONOil & Gas Business View
INTRODUCTIONSubsurface View - Onshore
INTRODUCTIONSubsurface View - Offshore
Artist’s rendition of offshore petroleumreservoir (Graphics by John Perez Graphics& Design, LLC)
INTRODUCTIONPetroleum traps – Gas cap
INTRODUCTION4 Sections in Oil & Gas IndustrySection IReservoir Area – End of drilling hole
Section IIEnd of drilling hole –Well head
Section IIIWell head –Surface facilities
Section IVRefinery - Customer
INTRODUCTIONReservoir Fluids
INTRODUCTIONProduct of Oil & Gas
INTRODUCTIONTypical Crude Oil Processing
INTRODUCTIONBlock Diagram of Major Gas Producing Unit
INTRODUCTIONProduct of Gas
INTRODUCTIONGas Transportation ModeEconomically preferred options for monetizing stranded natural gas (Wood et al., 2008)
INTRODUCTIONWhy should we learn?
• Planning Stage?• Design Stage?• Engineering Stage?• Operation Stage?• Maintenance Stage?• Commercial Stage?
Gas Hydraulic
INTRODUCTIONGas Hydraulic
Planning, Design, & Engineering Stage
- Calculate pipe sizing
- Calculate equipment sizing
Operation & Maintenance
- Start up- Shut down- Calculate
product quality & quantity
Commercial
- Additional gas supply decision
- Additional customer/demand decision
INTRODUCTIONGas HydraulicCONSERVATION OF MASSThe difference of the mass going in and going out leads to more mass staying in the fixed volume and thus to an increase in the densityor:What goes in must come out or is being stored
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUMThe difference of the momentum going in and going out can only change due to external forces, that is pushing (pressure), friction or elevation changesCompare to billiard balls:It moves with constant velocity unless accelerated due to being pushed, decelerated due to friction or due to moving uphill or downhill
GAS PROPERTIESMolecular WeightSpecific GravityGas compressibilityDew point (P&T)Bubble point (P&T)Critical constantDensityAccentric factorHeating value
Ideal GasVan Der WaalsRedlick KwongSRKPeng RobinsonBenedict-Webb-Rubbin
EQUATION OF STATE
INTRODUCTIONGas HydraulicFLOW EQUATIONGeneral Colebrook-WhiteAGAWeymouthPanhandle APanhandle BOliphant
FLOW EQUATIONSummary
FLOW EQUATIONColebrook-WhiteThe Colebrook-White equation, sometimes referred to simply as the Colebrookequation, is a relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number,pipe roughness, and inside diameter of pipe.
AGA
WEYMOUTH
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasISOTHERMAL/GENERAL
PANHANDLE B
OLIPHANT
PANHANDLE A
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasPREDICTING PRESSURE DROP ALONG PIPELINE
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCALCULATING FLOW RATE
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCALCULATING PIPELINE DIAMETER
FLOW EQUATIONComparisson
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCASE STUDY
PA= .....?
20 km 60 km 20 km 50 km
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCASE STUDY
PB= .....? if Q Q
Temperature Profile?
FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasTEMPERATURE VARIATION IN A GAS PIPELINE
Which one?
How to find out gas properties such as: - Gas specific gravity - Gas compressibility- Gas density- etc
FLOW EquationProblem
Critical Temperature = Critical Pressure =
Reduced Temperature = Reduced Pressure =
Molecular weight = Specific Gravity =
GAS PROPERTIESMixture Properties
Reynold Number
GAS PROPERTIESMixture Properties
INTRODUCTIONCompressibility using Standing-Katz MethodExample:
Gas at 1000 Psig & 100oF
Find:- MW - G - z
Ideal GasOnly valid for gas at low pressure conditions (±60 psig)
GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State
Van der WaalsAdd correction on:
- Gas volume specific- Molecular interaction
Redlich-KwongAdd correction on VdW equation
a & b value
Peng RobinsonAdd correction on:- “a” as temperature function- Accentric factor (molecul shape)
GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State
R= 0.008314 MPa m3/kmol K
BWR (Benedict – Webb – Rubbin) For specific system with very high precission level (±0,01%):- CH4
- CO2 This equation provide 8 parameters (6 new additional parameters):A0, B0, C0, a, , , c, d, b
GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State
GAS PROPERTIESPhysical Constant
Example:
Gas at 1000 Psig & 100oF
Find z using Peng Robinson Method
GAS PROPERTIESPhysical Constant Example:
Find heating value of the following mixture:
Find the revenue for 100 MMscfd natural gas at USD10/MMBtu.
GAS PROPERTIESGas VelocityThe velocity of gas flow in a pipeline represents the speed at which the gas molecules move from one point to another. Unlike a liquid pipeline, due to compressibility, the gas velocity depends upon the pressure and, hence, will vary along the pipeline even if the pipe diameter is constant.
Where will the highest velocity be?
GAS PROPERTIESMax Gas VelocityHow high can the gas velocity be in a pipeline? As the velocity increases, vibration and noise are evident.
GAS PROPERTIESCase Study of Gas Velocity
GAS PROPERTIESGas Phase Determination Equilibrium ratio
GPSA Chapther 26
GAS PROPERTIESPhase Diagram
GAS PROPERTIESCase Study using NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)Determine the phase condition of stream having the following compositionAt 7.2oC and 2620 kPaCompone
ntMole Fraction
N2 0.0016
C1 0.1930
C2 0.1363
C3 0.2515
nC4 0.2742
nC5 0.0910
nC6 0.0524
GAS PROPERTIESCase Study using NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)Determine the phase condition of stream having the following compositionAt 200oF and 200 psiaCompone
ntMole Fraction
C3 0.25
nC4 0.4
nC5 0.35
GAS PROPERTIESCase StudyDetermine compressibility of gas having the following composition at 135oF and 2021 Psi- NIST- Peng Robinson EquationCompone
ntMole Fraction
N2 0.0046
CO2 0.003
H2S 0.1438
C1 0.8414
C2 0.0059
C3 0.0008
iC4 0.0003
nC5 0.0002
ENDTHANK YOU