gas exchange photosynthesis phloem – sugar transport gas exchange – cellular respiration water...
TRANSCRIPT
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Gas exchange Photosynthesis
Phloem –sugar transport
Gas exchange –cellular respirationWater & mineral
absorption
Xylem – water & mineral transport
Transpiration
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3 MAIN CELL COMPARTMENTS
TISSUE COMPARTMENTS•Symplast – travel via cytosol continum
•Apoplast- travel via cell walls& extracellular spaces
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ABSORPTION OF WATER& MINERALS BY ROOTS
Mycorrhizae –•Symbiotic relationship•Surface area for absorption
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TRANSPORT OF WATER
• Root pressure
• Guttation
• Transpirational pull
• Cohesion & adhesion
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TRANSPIRATIONAL PULL
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ASCENT OF WATER
•SOLAR POWERED
•HYDROGEN BONDING
•CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
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CONTROL OF TRANSPIRATION
Photosynthesis – transpiration compromiseGuard cellsStomaopen
Stomaclosed
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Guard cells:inner walls thicker, cellulose microfibrils
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Guard cells: regulated by uptake and loss of K+
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Adaptations to reduce transpiration:thick cuticle, recessed stomata
Stoma
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TRANSLOCATION OF PHLOEM SAP
From source (sugar production) to sink (consumes or stores sugar), pressure flow hypothesis
Chemiosmotic mechanism for active transport of sucrose
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PRESSURE FLOWLoading of sugar reduces water potential
Absorption of water generates pressure and forces flow
Pressure gradient reinforced by the unloading of sugar at the sink
Xylem recycles water from sink to source
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Tapping phloem-sap with the help of an aphid
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THE AVAILABILITY OF SOIL WATER & MINERALS
• Roots hairs increase surface area• Minerals actively transported in, water follows by osmosis
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Soil Bacteria:Nitrogen fixing & Ammonifying
(decomposers)
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Root nodules on legumes
Development of a soybean root nodulePericycle layer gives rise
to secondary roots
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PARASITIC PLANT
CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
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ANGIOSPERM LIFE CYCLEsporophyte/gametophyte;
diploid/haploid
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FLOWER ANATOMYComplete-all organsIncomplete-lacking
1 or more organsBisexual – both
stamens & carpelsUnisexual-one or the
otherMonoecious-
carpellate & staminate flowers
Dioecious-separate plants
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Angiosperm Gametophytes
Pollen grains
male
female
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Reduce self - fertilization
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Genetic Basis of Self-Incompatibility
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Growth of pollen tube and double fertilization
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*
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Development of a Dicot Embryo
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Below cotyledons
Above cotyledons
Embryonic root
Unique to monocots
Development 0f a pea fruit
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GERMINATION• Imbibition• Release of Gibberellic acid• Aleurone enzymes (α amylase)• Hydrolysis of endosperm
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Seed Germination- Radicle emerges 1st
a) Cotyledons pulled from soilb) Hypocotyl emerges, cotyledons remain in groundc) Shoot grows up through coleoptile
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION(vegetative reproduction)
Fragmentation – separation of a parent plant into parts that reform whole plants
Root system of a single parent gives rise to many adventitious shoots
Vegetative Propagation- cuttings
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PLANT RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL SIGNALS
Light induced greening of dark sprouted potatoes
Grass seedlinggrowing towardlight
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Signal Transduction Pathway(review)
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TROPISMS
• Phototropism – response to light– Stems (positive); Roots (negative)
• Gravitropism – response to gravity– Stems (negative); Roots (positive)
• Thigmotropism – response to contact– Curling around objects (vines)
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PHOTOTROPISM
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CONCLUSION
-CHEMICAL SIGNALPRESENT IN COLEOPTILE TIP STIMULATES GROWTHAS IT PASSED DOWN THECOLEOPTILE-HIGHER CONCENTRATIONOF CHEMICAL ON DARKER SIDE CAUSED THE PLANT GROWTH TO CURVE TOWARD LIGHT- NAMED THE CHEMICAL “AUXIN”
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PLANT HORMONES• Auxins – stem elongation in apical
meristems– Fruit maturation, prevents abscission
• Cytokinins – cell division in roots, embryos, fruits
• Gibberellins – stem elongation in mature regions, fruit development
• Abscisic acid – dormancy, stress, abscission
• Ethylene – fruit ripening
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Apical Dominance:•Terminal shoot inhibits lateral buds•Auxin responsible
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Gibberellins:•Stimulate growth (elongation & division)•Tall spindly plants•Larger seedless grapes
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Abscisic Acid (ABA)•Seed dormancy
-Inhibits germination•Stress
-Drought-Winter
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Leaf Abscisision
•Parenchyma cells w/ very thin walls
•Change in balanceof auxin & ethylene
•Aging leaf producesless & less auxin
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Phytochrome regulation of lettuce seeds
Pr ↔ Pfr acts as a switching mechanismthat controls various light-induced events
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Links light reception to cellular responses
Functions as the photoreceptor
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bluish blue-greenish
Switched on by
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Photoperiodic Control of Flowering
Short day plants flower when night exceeds the critical dark period
Long day plants flower when night is shorter than the critical dark period
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Root Gravitropism
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Smaller plant touched 2x/day
Rapid turgor movements
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Response to flooding & oxygen deprivation