gas compression 101.ppt

Gas Compression 101

What our customers do with Gas Compressors 1. Revenue usually comes in the form of $ per month from natural gas producers, processors and pipeline companies.

2. Rental fleet operators furnish all hardware and O & M. Most units operate >8000 hr./year.

3. When unit demand is low, furnish reconfiguration needs.

4. Furnish all operating spare parts and maintenance costs.

5. Provide operators and mechanics to insure >95-98% availability.

6. Assumes most of the responsibility for safety and environmental damage at the location.

7. Is obligated to keep up with current compression technology..for us this often means state of the art engines be made available to their fleet of compressors.

1. Provide the most efficient/durable engine between 95-8000 BHP that suits various gas compression applications

2. A very well documented global product assurance safety net for product support that is second to none

3. Continued product introductions to comply with global emissions requirements and ever increasing power densities, i.e. NSPS and GCM Series

4. In recent years we now provide more accessibility for our customers with product support issues, and new product availability to suit their future needs

What we do for our Customers

Gas Compression Applications Where is the Gas?

Descriptions of applications for gas compression, from the wellhead to the final market:Gas LiftWellhead CompressionGas GatheringGas ProcessingTransmissionStorage

Gas Compression Applications

Gas LiftA technique used to improve the productivity of liquid petroleum wellsEquipment is used at the wellhead, either onshore or offshore

Gas Compression ApplicationsCG137

Gas LiftNatural gas is injected into active wells at high pressure to lift liquidsCompressors provide the pressure boost needed to make this process possible


Gas LiftValved mandrels inject gas at high pressure into the production string, mixing gas with liquidsInjected gas decreases weight of the liquid column, making it easier to lift both liquid and gas up to the production platform


Gas LiftReciprocating compressors are required due to the high compressor discharge pressure requirement (typically 800-1200 psi)


WellheadCompressors are used to draw on gas wells individually to boost their productivitySingle well operations are most commonly found in onshore applications


WellheadCompressors are placed at the well to lower the pressure on the well production stringOften found on marginal wells or mature wells with declining wellhead pressure


WellheadReciprocating and rotary screw compressors are commonEquipment type depends upon well requirements, such as gas production rate or the ratio of wellhead pressure to transfer pipeline pressure


GatheringTend to be made up of smaller pipelines- 2-10Usually transport unprocessed or untreated gas and extend for short distances (0 - 50 miles)Can be high or low pressure (0 - 1000 psig)Compressors are used to draw on multiple gas wells collectively to boost their productivityMultiple well gas gathering operations are common in both onshore and offshore applications


GatheringCompressors are placed at collection points to draw across several individual wells, or multiple sets of wellsGas gathering operations also serve to boost gas pressure to meet the requirements of the next stage transmission pipeline


GatheringRotary screw compressors are used for discharge pressures less than 350 psi


GatheringReciprocating compressors are necessary for higher discharge pressures


Gathering SystemA typical gatheringnetwork pipeline map


Preparation and Transportation After being brought up from its subterranean deposit, 1. The raw natural gas is first transported to a collecting point. Here, pipelines from all adjacent wells bring the raw gas together for pre-processing, which removes water and condensates. 2. Then it is almost always pipelined to a processing plant. 3. If this is not feasible, the gas is pumped into an underground storage facility for future pipelining and use. It is too expensive to liquefy raw natural gas for shipment to a refinery, and this is rarely, if ever done.Gas Compression

ProcessingCompressors are used to boost gas pressure for processing to remove natural gas liquidsGas processing facilities are typically onshoreGas Compression Applications

ProcessingThree roles of compression in a gas processing plant:Inlet Service: boosts pressure entering the plantResidue Service: boosts pressure leaving the plant. Residue gas is a lower btu: heavy hydrocarbons removedRefrigeration: propane is chilled and circulated to cool plant processesGas Compression Applications

Processing at the RefineryRaw natural gas is mostly made of methane, but also contains a large number of other hydrocarbon gases. 1.The first stage is to remove acid gases by amine or membrane treatment. This acid is usually processed into sulfur products. 2.Then any remaining water is removed, which is followed by the removal of mercury by filtering the gas through activated carbon. 3.Finally, nitrogen and natural gas liquids are taken out by low temperature, cryogenic distillation. 4.This results in the "natural" gas that is used for cooking and heating in homes. (E-how)

Gas Compression

ProcessingReciprocating compressors are required for most full-scale gas processing operationsGas Compression Applications

Where are the Gas Processing Plants?

TransmissionCompressors are used to boost pressure in pipelines to transport processed gas to marketTransmission pipelines are located onshoreTend to be made up of larger pipelines (12 - 48)Usually transport processed or treated gas and extend for long distances (50 - 5000 miles)Operates at elevated pressures (600 1200 psi) psig)


TransmissionCompressors provide the step-up in pressure required to introduce gas into main transmission pipelinesCompressors also serve in booster stations that offset frictional losses along the way


TransmissionReciprocating and turbine compressors are used for transmission pipeline compressor stations


TransmissionPipelines


StorageCompressors are used to boost pressure to place gas into storageMost gas storage formations are managed from facilities located onshoreGas Compression Applications

StorageCompressors provide the pressure needed to move gas from the pipeline into large geologic formations used for storageCompressors are also used to withdraw the gas from the storage reservoir for deliveryGas Compression Applications

StorageReciprocating compressors are used, with the size of the engine-compressor package determined by the needs of the specific applicationGas Compression Applications

Where is the Gas Storage?

Gas Lift CompaniesBlue Sky MidstreamCDM Resource Management LLCFrontier Energy Services, LLCTrinity Energy ServicesLycon Inc Oilfield Lift ServicesAccess Midstream PartnersCenterpoint Energy Services


Wellhead Compression CompaniesValerusCDM Resource Management LLCFrontier Energy Services, LLCTrinity Energy Services


Wellhead Compression CompaniesJ W Power/J W Operating/J W EnergyMustang CompressionGas Compression ServicesAEREONTotal Compression


Gathering CompaniesMidCon CompressionEnable Compression (formerly Enogex)Axip Energy ServicesExterran PartnersUSA CompressionCompresscoNatural Gas Compression SystemsSouthwestern Energy Talisman


Gas Processing CompaniesEnable CompressionEnterpriseOneokAtlas PipelineAnadarko PetroleumDevon EnergyEncanaDuke EnergyMarkwest EnergyPiedmont Natural GasEnbridge Energy Partners, L.P.


Gas Transmission CompaniesAtlas Pipeline PartnersBoardwalk Pipeline PartnersColumbia GasCrestwood Midstream LPDCP Midstream Partners LPDominion GasEnable Midstream Partners LPKinder MorganEnergy TransferMarkwest EnergyTall Grass


Gas Storage Companies-more than 125 WilliamsKinder MorganJefferson Island Storage & HubSempra U.S. Gas and Power-Mississippi Hub and StorageDominionAnr PipelineOneok Texas Gas Storage LLCMarkwest Liberty Midstream & Resources, LLcSpectra Bobcat Gas StorageColumbia Gas Transmission


Information contained in this publication may be considered confidential.Discretion is recommended when distributing.Materials and specifications are subject to change without notice. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, Caterpillar Yellow, the Power Edge trade dress as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission. (5/10)2010 Caterpillar All rights reserved.

*This is a typical compressor station with a mix of compressor sizes and different engine models; G3512, G3516, G3516B, Waukesha.Many gas compression packages are not owned/operated by the owners of the natural gas being moved by the unit. There are many companies that offer compression services with a guaranteed availability percent. These companies become the end users to Caterpillar.**This map shows where the natural gas fields are in the USA 2014.*This map shows where the natural gas in in the world fields 2014.*The illustration shows the several elements of getting the gas out of the ground. The system may use only one or may use a combination of the gathering modes to get the gas from the wellhead to the processing plant.**********There is generally a speed increase between the engine and a screw compressor to get up to the screw operating speeds.***************The underground storage reservoirs may be salt domes where salt has been mined. The storage can also be formations that are controlled to contain the unused gas.***********

gas compression 101.ppt

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