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Initial Environmental Examination

Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Prepared by Office of District Level Project Implementation Unit (Solukhumbu)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environmental Assessment Document

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001

Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road

Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu

Submitted to Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted through Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by District Level Project Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu

November, 2017

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page i

Nepali Executive Summary (sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1)

k[i7e"ld

@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 / u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

ufdf{–g]n]–af]un ;8ssf] -@@=))& ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf klg e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pkcfof]hgf xf] . k|:tfljt ;8s :t/f]GgtLsf] qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ;f]n'v'Da'n] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] xf] .

k|:tfljt ufdf{—g]n]—af]un ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8snfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ / b'wsf}lZfsf ufpkflnsf !, ^, & / * -tTsflng g]n], d'SnL / b]p;f uf=lj=;_ sf hf]/ a'¢, ufdf{, tf]lhË g]n], af]un h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'a{ tkm{sf cGo jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;Nn]/L tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;+u ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .

k|:tfjs

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ufdf{–g]n]–af]un ;8s -@@=))& ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, ;f]n'v'Da' /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf—lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, ;f]n'v'Da' ;Nn]/L, ;f]n'v'Da' ;Dks{ kmf]g M )#* — %@))@! O{d]n [email protected]

1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page ii

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo

e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL +sfo{ljlw, bf];|f] ;+;f]wg @)&$ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw

k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ sf] hf]/ a'¢ (CH 0+000) af6 k|j]z ub{5 / b'wsf}lzsf ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ & -tTsflng b]p;f uf=lj=; ^_ sf] af]un (CH 22+007) eGg] 7fFpdf cGTo x'g]5 . of] ;8snfO{ lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{n] k'glg{ld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df u|fe]n / sf]an :t/df k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf ul/g] 5 . @@=))& ls=ld nDafO{ / gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= #(^,#^(,$)^=)& / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=#%),(*(,*((=&& /x]sf] 5 .

of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f !! b]vL !& ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .

pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf

k|:tfljt ;8s @,)#$ ld b]lv @,#*@ ld sf] ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 -8f]a|]d]h !(&^_ . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df @# l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf )=& l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxFf jflif{s ;/b/ !,&!% ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf lkmnfO6, SjfhfO{6 kfOG5 eg] sf]n'leon / l/;'l8on k|sf/sf] df6f] kfOG5 . leQ] vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo vf]nf xf] .

of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] !#±))) b]lv !$±$$), !$±$$) b]lv !*±)%) tyf @)±^)) b]lv @)±&)) ;Dd qmdzM >L 3'Dg]kfgL, d'Sn] d}bn tyf sf]/bfk ;fd'bflos jg ck|ToIf c;/ x'g] If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;8sdf vf]6] ;Nnf, uf]a|] ;Nnf, plQ;, s6';, nfs'/L, a};, c+u]/L, cflb /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;8ssf] al9 efudf gLlh ag If]q kg]{ xF'bf jGohGt'x?sf] vf; af;:yfg kfO{Pg .

k|:tfljt ;8s ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ & sf] hf]/ a'¢, af6 ;'? x'G5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t tf]lhË, g]n], af]un h:tf k|d'Vf jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf #@$ 3/w'/Ldf (*( k'?if

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page iii

/ ($! dlxnf u/L hDdf !(#) hg;+Vofsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf If]qL hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf tfdfª, /fO{, z]kf{ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &^=*( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . k|Tos a:tLdf Pp6f :jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 eg] af]undf eg] s'g}klg :jf:Yo ;+:yf /x]sf] kfO{Pg . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu $@=@* k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf dfq ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxFfsf] k|d'v :yfgLo ahf/ g]n] xf] eg] glhs ahf/ If]q eg] ;Nn]/L /x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?

;sf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] !)!,#$) JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;f]n'b'ws'08 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ &, -tTsflng b'ws'08 ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ &, * / (_ / b'wsf}lZfsf ufpFkflnsf & -tTsflng b]p;f uf=lj=; ^_ sf hf]/ a'¢, ufdf{, g]n], af]un h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'a{ tkm{sf hgtfnfO{ jif{e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 o; pkcfof]hgfn] k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|bfg ug{]5 . o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh ljif]z ul/ l;dL, cfn' cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .

gsf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . xfn ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] hDdf ^=@% ld hUuf vf]lnO ;s]sf] ca:yfdf 5 . h;dWo] lghL hUufdf %=!*$ x]=, ;fd'bflos agsf] #=@@ x]=, gLlh ag If]qsf] #=& x]=, cfjflb If]qsf] !=)& x]=, ;/sf/L hldg )=$% x]= tyf vf]nf vf]NrLsf] )=@@ x]= hldg k/]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] lnO{ ;8s rf}8f ul/;s]sf]n] yk c;/ gkg]{ b]lvG5 t/ af6f] la:tf/df df @ j6f lghL ;+/rgfdf / Ps j6f wfdL{s ;+/rgfdf -dfg]_ eg] Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdlu|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f hn tyf df6f] k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s'g}klg jg:kltx? x6fpg' kg]{

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page iv

b]lvb}g . To;}n] o;sf] k|efa guGo b]lvG5, t/ af6f] lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf pko'St k|lalw gckgfO{ u/]df e'Ifo eO ag:kltsf] If]lt x'g] b]lvG5 .

;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo

lgdf{0f Aoj;foL / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @)% dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .

gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?

cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dlxnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .

lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .

;f:s[lts w/f]x/ -dfg]_ sf] xsdf ;se/ To;sf] ;+/If0f jf Iflt k'u]df k'glgdf{0f kZrft k'g:yf{kgf ul/g]5 .

k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 .

pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .

jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf @)&$÷)%÷!) ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page v

o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ldlt @)&$.)%.!% df ul/of] .

u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq

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IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page vi

Executive Summary

Background

In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake

Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan assistance of

Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected district. Through this project, the ADB will support the

Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools,

return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for

families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about

135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and

landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing government

agency. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) - District Level Project

Implementation Unit (DLPIU) is the implementing agency.

Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project is one of the sub-

pojects under EEAP with the length 22.007 km. This IEE report has been prepared by

DLPIU Solukhumbu to address the likely environmental and social impact, both beneficial

and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.

The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Garma-Nele-Bogal road will make the

existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major

aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate the road access to ward 7 of

Solududhkunda Municipality (then Dudhkunda Municipality 7, 8 & 9) and ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 of

Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (then Nele, Mukli & Deusa VDCs) following major

settlements such as Jor Buddha, Garma, Tojing, Nele, Bogal thereof as well as the rural

eastern part of Solukhumbu District to the district headquarter Salleri and other parts of the

country.

The Proponent

The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Solukhumbu is the executing agency

at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) and the

proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road (22.007 km) in Solukhumbu District.

Full Address of the Proponent

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Solukhumbu

Salleri, Solukhumbu

Telephone No. : 038-520021

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page vii

Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study

Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction

of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with Environmental

Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, second

Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the

appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the

environmental impact of the proposal.

The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-

economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and

site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement

environmental management plan for the sub-project.

Project Description and Study Methodology

The proposed sub-project starts from Jor Buddha (Ch 0+000) of Solududhkunda Municipality

ward 7 (then Dudhkunda Municipality ward 7, 8 & 9) and ends at Bogal (Ch 22+007) of

Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 7 (then Deusa VDC-6) of Solukhumbu District. DLPIU

Solukhumbu has proposed to reconstruct the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and

reconstructed into a District Road Core Network (DRCN) standard road with gravel and

cobble pavement. The road will have 22.007 km length with 6.25 meter formation width

including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total project cost is NRs. 396,369,406.07

and the engineering cost is NRs. 350,989,899.77.

This IEE report has been prepared to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN and following

the ToR approved on 2017-07-09 by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of National

Reconstruction Authority (NRA). The findings and conclusions of the initial environmental

examination report are based on the analysis of the information collected from the field from

25/07/2017 to 01/08/2017 A.D (2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/17 B.S) by undertaking a walk-

through environmental survey along the proposed route and secondary information

supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the resettlement survey and

detail survey.

Existing Environmental Condition

The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level. So, it

lies in temperate climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the average maximum and minimum

temperature is 23°C and minimum of 0.7°C respectively. The average annual rainfall in the

district is 1,715 mm. The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include Phyllite

and Quartzite and the common soil types include colluvial and residual soils. Bhitte Khola is

the major stream of the project area.

The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There

are three CF namely Ghumne Pani, Mukle Maidal & Kordap CFUG in between the chainage

(13+000 to 14+440, 14+440 to 18+050 & 20+600 to 20+700) respectively which lie in the

indirect impact area. The major plant species found along the proposed road alignment are

Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Sallo), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis),

Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Fraxinus floribunda (Lakuri), Salix babylonica (Bais), Lyonia

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page viii

ovalifolia (Angeri) etc. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly private forest

and area is not a significant habitat for wildlife.

The proposed sub-project started from Jor Buddha of Solududhkunda Municipality, ward 7.

The major settlements along the alignment are Tojing, Nele, and Bogal. Around 1930

persons with 989 male and 941 female live in 324 households in the ZoI of the sub-project.

The population of the project area is dominated by Chhetri; other main castes include

Tamang, Rai and Sherpa etc. Total literacy of the project area is 76.89%. People of the

project area are involved in agriculture as their main occupation. Among the other main

occupations, small businesses, wage labour and aboard jobs are important. Besides Bogal

health care service is being delivered by a health posts in each settlement. Almost 42.28%

of the households use piped water for drinking. Almost all of the households in the project

area have been supplied with electricity. Nele is the local market center and the major

nearest market is in Salleri.

Environmental Impacts

Beneficial Impacts

The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of

temporary employment opportunity of 101,340 person days. The major beneficial impacts

after operation of project includes year round transportation facility and accessibility to the

people of Solududhkunda Municipality, ward 7 (then Dudhkunda Municipality ward 7, 8 & 9)

and Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 (then Deusa VDC-6) and rural eastern part of

Solukhumbu District that promotion of agro-enterprises based on local agricultural products

and economic development. Once in operation the road will offer easy, comfortable and

quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health, education, market

and other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the supply of daily

consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local agricultural products,

especially beans and potato which will improve the living standard of and help the

earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.

Adverse Impacts

Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing

service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational

health and safety are of chief concern. The 6.25 m formation width of the road had been

already cleared. Changes of land use due to the construction of road had mainly conversion

of 5.184 ha of agricultural land, 3.22 ha of community forest area, 3.7 ha of private forest

area, 1.07 ha of settlement area, 0.45 ha of governmental land and 0.22 ha of river/ stream

area. Only two private structures and one religious site (Mane) will be affected. Other

impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to unhygienic living condition,

communicable diseases and STDs, etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the

project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road

alignment.

Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during

construction activities may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of

waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.

Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page ix

and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological

environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. The

6.25 m track of the road is already clear so, site clearance withtree cutting for construction

works is not necessary along the road but if appropriate engineering design will not be

applied during the construction of the road there is possibility of loss of vegetation due to

landslide along the road.

Benefit Augmentation Measures

Life skill training such as income generation activities, construction of soft engineering

structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted to improve their

livelihood. Awareness raising for environmental awareness will be conducted. More

emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.

Adverse Impact Mitigation Measures

A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to

prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The

project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and

operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation

measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:

Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and capacity

development training.

Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after

compensation.

Religious site (Mane) will be reconstructed or rehabilitated in proper site after

consultation with religious group.

To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will

be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses

and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning

signs, posts, barriers and guard-rail will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized

persons to storage areas.

Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers in proper site.

Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed

properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage

structures.

Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-

engineering technique.

All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste

collection pits away from the water path.

Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and

stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.

Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching

of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page x

Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members

of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of draft IEE report in order to

aware them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the

possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project. After prepararation of the

draft IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2073/05/10 B.S (2017/08/26 A.D) on

Rajdhani, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned

stakeholders.

Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit

augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared in for public disclosure for

comments and suggestion on the 2017/08/31.

Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

The IEE report has specified four (4) levels of Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRMs) to

receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory

manner.

Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including

issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring

methods and schedule in Chapter 10. In addition, agencies responsible for executing

environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.

Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during

reconstruction and operation phase. The total cost allocated for environment management of

the sub-project is NRs. 950,000.00 of which NRs 250,000.00 has been allocated for the

environmental monitoring.

Conclusion

Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared

to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the adverse impacts

can be minimized and/or compensated and limited to locality and construction period. Once

the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no risk for residual impacts that

may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project

area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the impacts through the

mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE, considering the nature of the

project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.

This IEE study is considered sufficient for this project.

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xi

Table of Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Proponent ................................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Consultant .................................................................................................................. 2

1.4. Objectives of ToR ....................................................................................................... 3

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study .............................................................................................. 3

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ..................................................................................... 3

2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work .......................................................... 5

2.1. Location and Access .................................................................................................. 5

2.2. Salient Feature ........................................................................................................... 8

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project .......................................................... 10

2.3.1 Construction Approach .................................................................................. 10

2.3.2 Construction Materials Required .................................................................... 10

2.4. Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 11

2.5. Human Resource ..................................................................................................... 11

2.6. Land Requirement .................................................................................................... 11

2.7. Cost .......................................................................................................................... 12

3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 13

3.1. Desk Study and Literature Review ............................................................................ 13

3.2. Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................... 14

3.3. Field Investigation .................................................................................................... 14

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation .......................................................................... 16

3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of

Impact ............................................................................................................................. 17

3.6. Study Team .............................................................................................................. 18

3.7. Information Disclosure .............................................................................................. 19

4. Description of the Existing Environment ....................................................................... 20

4.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................... 20

4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology................................................................... 20

4.1.2 Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................... 22

4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology ................................................................................... 23

4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ................................................................. 23

4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality .......................................................................... 24

4.2. Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 24

4.2.1 Vegetation Type based on Species in IIA ....................................................... 24

4.2.2 Forest type on legal category in IIA ................................................................ 26

4.2.3 Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 27

4.2.4 Birds .............................................................................................................. 27

4.2.5 Reptile ........................................................................................................... 28

4.2.6 Fish ................................................................................................................ 28

4.2.7 Protected Fauna in the IIA ............................................................................. 28

4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................................... 28

4.3.1 District Context .............................................................................................. 29

4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area ....................................................................................... 36

4.3.3 Direct Impact Area ......................................................................................... 39

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xii

4.3.4 Core Sub-project Area ................................................................................... 49

4.3.5 Sub-project Affected Families ........................................................................ 62

5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ................................. 64

5.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................................... 64

5.1.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 64

5.1.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 65

5.2. Adverse Impacts ....................................................................................................... 66


5.2.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 70

5.3. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 72

6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 73

6.1. No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 73

6.2. Project Alternatives .................................................................................................. 73

6.3. Alternative Alignment ................................................................................................ 73

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ......................................................... 73

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ............................................................................ 73

6.6. Alternative Resources .............................................................................................. 74

6.7. No Forest Alternative ................................................................................................ 74

7. Benefit Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures .......................... 75

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ................................................. 75

7.2. Detailed Survey and Design ..................................................................................... 75

7.3. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures .......................................... 75


7.3.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 76

7.4. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................................... 76


7.4.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 80

7.5. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 82

8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Sub-project ........................... 83

9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 89

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...................................................................................... 89

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ........................... 91

9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ....................... 103

9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ...................................... 103

9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ................................... 104

9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal ...................................... 105

9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring ..................................................................................... 105

9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring ................................................................................ 105

9.4.3 Impact Monitoring ........................................................................................ 105

9.5. Monitoring Parameters ........................................................................................... 106

9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase ............................................................................... 106

9.5.2 Construction Phase...................................................................................... 106

9.5.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................... 107

9.6. Monitoring Indicators .............................................................................................. 107

9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................................................. 115

10. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................. 118

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xiii

List of Tables

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road..................................................................... 8

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites ........................................................................................... 10

Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ................................................................... 11

Table 4: Land Use along the Road ...................................................................................... 11

Table 5: Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................ 14

Table 6: Impact Evaluation Matrix ....................................................................................... 18

Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser and Higher Himalaya ............................................ 20

Table 8: Geology and Soil Type along the Road Alignment ............................................... 22

Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment .................................................................... 22

Table 10: Landslide Detail along the Road Section ............................................................. 24

Table 11: Vegetation Type base on Species Composition in IIA of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road

........................................................................................................................................... 25

Table 12 : Forest along Road .............................................................................................. 26

Table 13: Private Forest along Road ................................................................................... 27

Table 14: Protected Fauna .................................................................................................. 28

Table 15: Demographic Characteristic in Solukhumbu District ............................................ 29

Table 16: Religion in Solukhumbu District ........................................................................... 30

Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Solukhumbu District ................................................... 30

Table 18: Languages Spoken in Solukhumbu District ......................................................... 31

Table 19: Educational Status inSolukhumbu District ........................................................... 32

Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Solukhumbu District ................................................. 32

Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Solukhumbu District ................................................. 32

Table 22: Types of Toilets in Solukhumbu District ............................................................... 33

Table 23: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Solukhumbu District .................................. 33

Table 24: Ownership of House in Solukhumbu District ........................................................ 34

Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Solukhumbu District .......................................... 34

Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Solukhumbu District ........................................... 34

Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Solukhumbu District .................................................... 35

Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Solukhumbu ........... 35

Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Solukhumbu District................... 35

Table 30: Demographic Feature in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ..... 36

Table 31: Caste and Ethnicity inSub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ......... 37

Table 32: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality ................ 37

Table 33: Absentee Population and Household in the sub-project affected municipality/Rural

Municipality ......................................................................................................................... 38

Table 34: Demographic Characteristics in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 39

Table 35: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................... 40

Table 36: Major Ethnic Groups in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 41

Table 37: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards ......................................... 42

Table 38: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................. 42

Table 39: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................... 43

Table 40: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards .................................. 43

Table 41: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ..................................................... 44

Table 42: House Ownership in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................ 45

Table 43: Outer Wall Structure in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 45

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xiv

Table 44: Type of Foundation in Sub-project Affected Wards .............................................. 46

Table 45: Type of Roofs in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................................... 46

Table 46: Access to Facilities/Amenities in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................. 47

Table 47: Types of Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................ 47

Table 48: Usage of Available Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 48

Table 49: Cultures of the people in Sub-project Affected Areas .......................................... 49

Table 50: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Highway in Solukhumbu District......... 50

Table 51: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District .............................. 50

Table 52: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District ......................................... 51

Table 53: Religion Followed in PAS(s) ................................................................................ 52

Table 54: Migration Trend in PAS ....................................................................................... 52

Table 55: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement ................................................... 53

Table 56: Livelihood Status in PAS ..................................................................................... 53

Table 57: Solid Waste Management Techniques ................................................................ 54

Table 58: Available Health Service in PAS in Solukhumbu District ...................................... 55

Table 59: Major Disease in PAS ......................................................................................... 55

Table 60: Educational Status in PAS ................................................................................... 56

Table 61: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ............................... 56

Table 62: Status of Drinking Water in PAS .......................................................................... 57

Table 63: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS .......................................................... 57

Table 64: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS .......................................................... 57

Table 65: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS .................................................................. 58

Table 66: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS ....................................................... 58

Table 67: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS ............................................... 59

Table 68: Land Price in PAS ............................................................................................... 59

Table 69: Major Financial Institutions in PAs ....................................................................... 60

Table 70: Land ownership pattern ....................................................................................... 60

Table 71: Major crop of PAS(s) ........................................................................................... 61

Table 72: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS(s) ................................................................ 61

Table 73: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading ............................................... 61

Table 74: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ........................ 62

Table 75: Social Centers ..................................................................................................... 62

Table 76: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-sub-project ................................... 63

Table 77: Detail of Janajati Households .............................................................................. 63

Table 78: Potential Beneficial Impacts of the Sub-project .................................................... 65

Table 79: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 83

Table 80: Institutions and Their Roles ................................................................................. 89

Table 81: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ....................................... 92

Table 82 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................... 94

Table 83: Environemntal Monitoring Cost .......................................................................... 104

Table 84: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ................. 104

Table 85: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ........................................................ 107

Table 86: Compliance Monitoring for Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project ...................... 109

Table 87: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project ..................... 112

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map .................................................................................. 6

Figure 2: Ecological Map of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road ........................................................... 7

Figure 3: Geological Map of the Project Area ..................................................................... 21

Figure 4: Population in Solukhumbu District by Different Age Group ................................... 29

Figure 5: Literacy Status in Solukhumbu District ................................................................. 31

Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Solukhumbu District ................................... 33

Figure 7: Major Languages of Project Affected Wards ........................................................ 41

Figure 8: Educational Attainment Level in Project Affected Wards ...................................... 44

Figure 9: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ............................................ 91

Figure 10: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism ............................................ 116

Appendixes

Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study .......................................................................... 121

Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ............................................................................. 136

Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...................................... 137

Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected Area ........................ 140

Appendix V: Project Cost .................................................................................................. 145

Appendix VI: Public Notice ................................................................................................ 154

Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry ............................................................................................ 156

Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter ............................................................................ 163

Appendix IX: Consultation and IEE Disclosure .................................................................. 164

Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods ......................... 173

Appendix XI: Vegetation Detail .......................................................................................... 179

Appendix XIII: List of Person Consulted ............................................................................ 211

Appendix XIIII: Detail Information of Affected structure ..................................................... 212

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB: Asian Development Bank

AP: Affected Person

CBO: Community Based Organization

CDC: Compensation Determination Committee

CF: Community Forest

CFUG: Community Forest Users Group

Ch: Chainage

CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora

CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit

DFO: District Forest Office/Officer

DIA Direct Impact Area

DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants

DLPIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit

DTMP: District Transport Master Plan

DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads

DRCN: District Road Core Network

DRILP-AF Decentralize Rural Infrastructue Livlihood Project-Additional Financing

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework

EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

EMS: Environmental Management Section

FGD: Focus Group Discussion

GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

GoN: Government of Nepal

GRC Grievance Redress Committee

Ha: Hectare

Hh: Household

IIA Indirect Impact Area

IEE: Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Km: Kilometer

LAC Local Area Committee

LC Least Concern

LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory

LR/NT Lower Risk/Near Threatened

MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development

NCB National Competitive Bidding

NF: National Forest

NRA National Reconstruction Authority

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NRs: Nepali Rupees

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page xvii

NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products

PAS(s): Project Affected Settlements

PF: Private Forest

RM Rural Municipality

RoW Right of Way

RP: Resettlement Plan

SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SSO: Social Safeguard Officer

ToR: Terms of Reference

VDC: Village Development Committee

ZoI: Zone of Influence

IEE of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu Page 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented

with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It

aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will

support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into

schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and

income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected

districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu,

Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Solukhumbu,

Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least

700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to

disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of

strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides.

The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand

future disasters and the impact of climate change.

2. The proposed road alignment is 22.007 km which starts at Jor Buddha of

Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and ends at Bogal of Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 of

Solukhumbu District. Then District Development Committee (DDC) of Solukhumbu has

opened the track of 3-4 m for initial 5 km (upto Najin). Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and

Livlihood Project (DRILP) had prepared Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Garma-

Nele-Budhidanda road subproject and was approved by the Ministry of Federal Affairs &

Local Development (MoFALD) on 11 Kartik 2067 B.S (28 October 2010 A.D). DRILP

constructed and rehabilitated initial 9.60 km (from Jor Buddha to Nele) in 2011 A.D. Later,

12.83 km of road was constructed from Nele to Bogal in 2012 A.D by Decentralized Rural

Infrastructure and Livlihood Project-Additional Financing (DRILP-AF). DRILP and DRILP-AF

project had opened good weather earthen track from Jor Buddha of Garma to Bogal. This

road has not been damaged by earthquake. However, it connects the major settlements

along the road alignment like Jor Buddha, Garma, Tojing, Jogara, Nele Bazaar and Bogal,

which are affected by earthquake, to Salleri and other part of country through Sagarmatha

Highway.

3. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of this road will provide easy access to the South

part of Solukhumbu District to the district headquarter and other parts of the country.

Transportation of goods and services from the market centers to the rural areas and vice-

versa has been difficult, insufficient and costly due to poor geometry, standards and earthen

nature of the road. Further, the enhanced road network will provide access to the rural

people of these areas to the basic service facilities like health, education and daily economic

activities hence improving their living standard. More importantly, improved road condition

will accelerate the transport of construction material of major settlements along the road.

Hence, there is an urgent need of rehabilitating and upgrading this road to speed up

reconstruction activites of earthquake affected settlement and it has also attracted DTMP

priority No-11DR002.


4. The sub-project affected wards 7, 8 & 9 of Dudhkunda Municipality (then Garma

VDC) is now restructured as wards no 7 of Solududhkunda Municipality and affected VDCs

i.e. Nele, Mukli and Deusa is now restructured as ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 of Dudhkaushika Rural

Municipality respectively.

1.2. Proponent

5. The proposed Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project is for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction in Solukhumbu District. The District Level Project Implementation Unit

(DLPIU) of Solukhumbu District, being responsible for the district roads is the proponent for

conducting Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road under ADB/SDC and

GON funded Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP). The National

Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the IEE study

report.

6. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal

Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district roads

sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU),

headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU)

headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District Implementation

Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support Consultant

(CISC) and CLPIU at central level.

Address of the Proponent

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Solukhumbu

Salleri, Solukhumbu

Telephone No. : 520021


1.3. Consultant

7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of

EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt Consultant/ TSE/ ECN/

EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service to prepare Detailed

Project Report (DPR) including IEE Report of the above mentioned road sub-project on

behalf of the proponent adhering with all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.

Address of the Consultant

Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)

Ekantakuna, Lalitpur

P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu

Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43

Fax No: 977-1-5543144

E-mail: [email protected] website: www.drilpnepal.org

http://www.drilpnepal.org/


8. Address of Consultant preparing IEE report is listed below.

SILT consultants (P.P Ltd.

P.O. Box 2724, Kathmandu

Telephone No: 977-1-4473573

E-mail: [email protected]

1.4. Objectives of ToR

9. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive

and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of

schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact

Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (second amendment,

2017). The specific objectives of the study were to:

Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods.

Identify major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed road sub-project on

biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area,

Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and

subsequent sub-project implementation.

Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study

10. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to

implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help

decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the

environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:

Provide information on the general environmental setting of the sub-project area as

baseline data

Identify, predict and evaluate the major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed

works on biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project

area

Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement

measures

Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the sub-

project

Carry out alternative analysis of the sub-project to minimize environmental impacts

Carry out consultative meetings with local people, affected parties and concerned

stakeholders and provide them opportunities to raise their concerns and suggestions

Inform decision makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the

sub-project

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE

11. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental

consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest

appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District


Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision,

September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural

Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction

of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with Environmental

Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, second

Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the

appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the

environmental impact of the proposal.

2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a

neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.


2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work

2.1. Location and Access

12. The sub-project is located in Southern side of Solukhumbu district, Solududhkunda

Municipality and Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and Deusa

VDC) of Solukhumbu District. The proposed road alignment starts at Jor Buddha which is

connected to Sagarmatha Highway (Solududhkunda Municipality-7) and ends at Bogal,

Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7 (then Deusa VDC – 6) of Solukhumbu District. The major

settlements along the road alignment are Jor Buddha, Nemar, Garma, Tojing, Najing,

Jogara, Tumse, Nele Bazaar, Kattike, Jhareni and Bogal.

13. The road is accessible through Okhaldhunga-Faplo road, near Salleri. The land use

of the sub-project area is mainly covered by cultivated land, forest and built-up area. The

elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level. The sub-

project area is located in temperate climatic zone. The road does not pass through any

protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas. This road has been

proposed for upgrading. The road passes through forests, cultivated land, barren land and

settlement area are crossing streams (khola/kholsi) at some location.Length of this road is

22.007 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost of the road is estimated

NRs. 396,369,406.07 and the total civil work cost is NRs. 350,989,899.77 as shown in

Appendix V. The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.


Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map


Figure 2: Alignment Map of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road


2.2. Salient Feature

14. The salient features of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road, including the features described in

the preceding sections are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road

Parameter Descriptions

Name of the sub-project Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-

project

Start point Jor Buddha, Solududhkunda Municipality -7 (then Dudhkunda

Municipality 7, 8 and 9) Solukhumbu District

27° 27' 31'' N and 86° 42' 20E

End point Bogal, Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7(then Deusa VDC-6),

Solukhumbu District

27° 28' 25'' N and 86° 34' 15E

Sub-project starting date December, 2016

Project ending date December, 2018

Geographical features

Terrain Hilly

Alignment Rolling and Hilly

Altitude 2,034 m to 2,382m

Altitude at starting point 2,034m

Altitude at ending point 2,382m

Climate Temperate

Geological Feature Basically characterized by Phyllite and Quartzite and the

common soil types include colluvial and residual soils

Classification of road District Road Core Network (DRCN)

Length of road 22.007 km

Existing road Earthen

Proposed pavement Gravel, Cobble Standard

Construction period Three Years

Minimum radius in

horizontal curve

10 m

Minimum grade 0.5%

Maximum grade 12%



District Transport

Management Plan

(DTMP) code

11DR002

Name of settlements Jor Buddha, Nemar, Garma, Tojing, Najing, Jogara, Tumse,

Nele Bazaar, Kattike, Jhareni and Bogal

No. of households 324

Municiplity/ Rural

Municipality (then VDCs)

along the road

Solududhkunda Municipality & Dudhkaushika Rural

Municipality (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and Deusa VDC) of

Solukhumbu District

Cross-section

Right of way 10 m on either side from centerline of the road

Formation width 6.25 m

Carriage way 3.75 m

Retaining structures

Stone Masonry wall 12,849.60 m3

Gabion retaining and

breast wall

15,008.22 m3

Bioengineering works

(NRs.)

6,204,309.55

Earthwork

Cutting 175,640.73 m3

Filling 16,707.65 m3

Total civil cost (NRs.) 350,989,899.77

Cost per Kilometer of

construction work (NRs.)

13,703,077.30

Mitigation cost (NRs.) 700,000.00

Monitoring cost (NRs.) 250,000.00

RP cost (NRs) 44,229,506.3

GESI plan cost (NRs.) 200,000.00

Total EMP cost (NRs.) 950,000.00

Total Sub-project cost

(NRs.)

396,369,406.07



Employment generation (Total person days)

Skilled 23,393

Unskilled 77,947

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project

15. Total length of the road is 22.007 km with 6.25 m formation width. Sub-project

components are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as

earthwork like site clearance. The road surface will be upgraded to gravel and cobble

surface. Bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the

activities during the construction of this road sub-project.

2.3.1 Construction Approach

16. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor,

selected through NCB with following features:

Use of heavy machinery for construction.

Balancing cut and fill and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and

thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.

Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil

engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.

2.3.2 Construction Materials Required

17. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the sub-project

sites along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows

areas of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and residual deposits). The prospective borrow

sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates. The construction material survey was

carried out for the following purposes:

Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand and other possible construction

material in and around the construction site.

Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that

can be used as concrete aggregates.

18. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along

the road alignment as well as at river bank, possible quarry sites are shown below in Table

2.

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites

Chainage Materials Location (Place, ward, municipality)

4+800, 7+300 Sand, gravel,cobble Solududhkunda, 7

18+840 Stone. Dudhkaushika 7, Bogal

Source: Garma-Nele-Bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project, DPR (2016)


2.4. Implementation Schedule

19. Following Table 3 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.

Table 3: Sub-project Implementation Schedule

S.N Activities 2016 2017 2018

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

1 Detailed survey, design and estimate

2 Preparation of resettlement plan

2.1 Life skill and income generation training

3 Environmental Assessment and

Implementation

3.1 ToR preparation and approval from NRA

3.2 Field study

3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice publication

3.3 IEE report finalztion and approval from ADB

and NRA

3.4 Implementation of EMP

3.5 Environmental monitoring

4 Work implementation

4.1 Civil construction work by contractor

Note:

I - January, February, March

II - April, May, June

III - July, August, September

IV - October, November, December

2.5. Human Resource

20. The sub-project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total 23,393

person days skilled and 77,947 person days unskilled human resource are required to carry

out civil work activities. There will be involvement of around 200 person per day during peak

working time.

2.6. Land Requirement

21. Following Table 4 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.

Table 4: Land Use along the Road

S.N. Land Use Area

ha %

1 Cultivated Land 5.184 37.45

2 Forest (Community) 3.22 23.25

3 Forest (Private) 3.7 26.78

4 Government Land 0.45 3.22

5 Built-up Area 1.07 7.72

6 River/Stream 0.22 1.58

Total 13.844 100

Source: GIS Map prepared for the road Alignment Field Survey; 2017


2.7. Cost

22. Length of this road is 22.007 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost

of the road is estimated to be NRs. 396,369,406.07 and the total civil work cost is NRs.

350,989,899.77 as shown in Appendix V. This road links and provides accessibility to

people of affected settlements of Solukhumbu with district headquarters. In addition people

of nearby Rural Municipality and Municipality will be benefitted.


3. Methodology

23. ToR was approved on 2074/3/25 B.S (09/07/2017 A.D) by Chief Executive Officer

(CEO) of National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as per Act

Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, rule relating to

reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016, Working Procedure Related with

Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures

(second amendment, 2017). Total road length in ToR was 22.007 and IEE report has been

prepared for the length of 22.007 km. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and

environmental checklist of affected settlement area (Appendix IV) were also considered

during IEE report preparation. Necessary information was collected through literature review

and field study to accommodate all issues as included in the approved ToR to analyze

environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural issues.

24. The IEE approach, methodology and procedure were followed according to the

provisions of the Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015,

rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016, Working Procedure

Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected

Structures (second amendment, 2017). It followed methodology suggested in the approved

ToR for IEE Study (review of literature, sample survey/inspections/observations making

simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team

judgment).

25. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have been identified, mitigation

measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.

3.1. Desk Study and Literature Review

26. Available primary and secondary literature in the form of reports and maps;

topographic maps, land use maps, land capability maps, land system maps, aerial

photographs, cadastral survey maps etc. were collected and reviewed from different sources

by the proponent. Moreover, the geographical boundary or the Zone of Influence (ZoI) of the

sub-project area was delineated on the topographical map. Further, specific checklist and

questionnaire related to the sub-project were prepared. However, the focus of the literature

survey was concentrated on proposal specific issues and related baseline environments.

27. The following steps were followed during the desk review:

Collection and review of secondary information from various sources

Preparation of sub-project specific checklist

Collection and Review of Secondary Information from Various Sources:

28. Secondary information was collected through published and official reports and

interpretation of maps and photographs. The sources of information were Populationn and

Housing Census-CBS 2011, District Technical Office (DTO), District Coordination Committee

(DCC), District Forest Office (DFO), other line agencies, related NGOs and other sub-project

offices in the district. Similarly published and unpublished reports pertaining to environmental

standards, Acts, Regulations etc. were also collected and reviewed.


Preparation of sub-project Specific checklist:

29. A checklist was prepared to collect physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment related information in the field. This check list was based on APPROACH

manual produced by DoLIDAR. Similarly, household listing survey report was used for the

listing of agricultural land, forest, trees, houses and other affected properties prepared during

resettlement survey.

3.2. Impact Area Delineation

30. The sub-project will have direct impact on Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and

Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality (RM) ward 1, 6, 7 & 8 (then Nele VDC, Mukli VDC and

Deusa VDC) of Solukhumbu District) and indirect impact on Solududhkunda Municipality and

Dudhkaushika RM of Solukhumbu District. Area within 20 m (10 m on either side of

centerline as Right of Way (RoW)) is considered as Direct Impact Area (DIA) and area

beyond the DIA but within 100 m on either side of centerline of road is considered as Indirect

Impact Area (IIA) for physical and biological environment. However, administrative boundry

is considered for impact area delination of socio-economic and cultural environment. Project

affected wards of Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika RM are considered as DIA

and Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika RM are considered as IIA. Since DIA

considered for socio-economic and cultural environment is huge area covering the sub-

project affected ward (then VDC itself, irrespective of physical distance measurement),

consideration of 100 m distance on eitherside from centerline as IIA for physical and

biological environment is within affected ward. Detail on delineation of impact area is given

in Table 5.

Table 5: Impact Area Delineation

Category Description

Direct

Impact

Area

Construction areas which include road alignment & RoW along with sub-project

facilities such as construction camp, quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage

etc.

(Considering administrative boundary: Solududhkunda Municipality-7 and

Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 1, 6, 7 & 8)

Indirect

Impact

Area

Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low impacts. Such area covers

area beyond the DIA and within 100 meters each side from the centerline of road

(Considering administrative boundary: Solududhkunda Municipality and Dudhkaushika

Rural Municipality)

3.3. Field Investigation

31. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site

inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 25/07/2017 to 01/08/2017 A.D

(2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/17 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (District Team Leader,

Sub-Engineer, Social Safeguard Officer, Assistant Sub-Engineer) and field assistant.The

following tools were used for the collection of primary data:

Consultation meeting and Focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with

the local communities at different settlements, 3 consultation meeting and one FGD was

organized with local people to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed back towards


sub-project.

Key informants Survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different

settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment

related information using a checklist

Walk through Survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land,

forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the

formation width and right of way of the road alignment.

Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features

according to the chainage.

Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during

walkthrough survey.

Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental

features.

Physical Environment

32. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which

might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road

main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use,

topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall,

meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information

on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local

communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly landslide/erosion

prone areas etc.

Biological Environment

33. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by walkthrough survey throughout the

road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type (NF, CF, and PF), floristic composition,

ethno-botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified in the impact area based on the species

composition.

34. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the IIA as per IUCN

Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on consultation

with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the sub-project.

35. Wildlife (Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and herpetofauna) bio-diversity in the indirect

impact areas was studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field.

The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES

Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was identified through consultation ans review of

different secondary sources.

Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

36. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the sub-project

affected wards of Municipality/Rural Municipality was collected through group discussions

and informal public consultation at the ward level by the use of key informant interview

(Appendix XII), consultation meeting, focused group discussions-Appendix IX(A). The

information was collected through pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-

economic characteristics of the people of all class, caste and economic categories. The


information include demographic features of the settlement, migration pattern, employment,

landholding size, agricultural production, food sufficiency, other productive resources,

livestock raising, access to different social infrastructures such as drinking water, education,

health-posts, general health, hygiene and sanitation condition etc.

37. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through

direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of

sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and

loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 113, out of

320 HH (207 were absentee households).

38. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water

etc. was collected from the ward offices of Municipality, consultation with village elites and

through focus group discussions at ward levels to assess the current situation of these

facilities and the general sanitation status of the sub-project area. Information was also

collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary population.

39. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the direct sub-project

affected area were visited and observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values

and significance of these sites was noted through consultation with the communities.

Possibilities of protecting, conserving or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly

in consultation with local people, priests and village elite.

40. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross checked and

analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation

41. During the IEE report preparation, consultant team as well as district sub-project

team met, discussed and interacted with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal,

Municipality, RM in the district head quarter and teachers, community based organization

member and knowledgeable key persons of surrounding areas within the Zone of Influence

(ZoI) (please refer Appendix XII). In order to ensure public involvement, the following

procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.

Publication of notice and draft IEE disclosure

42. According to Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016, 7 days public notice was published

in 2074/05/10 B.S (26/08/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix

VII) seeking written opinion from concerned RM, DFO, Municipality, schools, health posts

and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR. A copy of the public

notice was also affixed in the above mentioned organizations and a deed of enquiry

(muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VII for deed of inquiry). Recommendation letter

from municipality and rural municipality was also collected (please see Appendix VIII).

43. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and related

stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions on

2074/04/19 BS (2017/08/03 AD) to 2074/04/20 BS (2017/08/04) in ward number 7 of Solu

Dudhkunda Municipality and ward number 1 and 7 of Dudhkaushika Rural municipality.


Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information

regarding the biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Garma-Nele-Bogal

Road sub-project. Meeting minutes are presented in Appendix IXa and a summary of

meeting minutes with local people is given in Appendix IXd.

44. Similarly, draft IEE was discosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on

2074/05/15 B.S (2017/08/31 A.D) at Red Cross Building, Tumsedanda. The role of public

consultation and participation was to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness, effectiveness

of IEE as well as to ensure that the public views are adequately taken into consideration in

order to ease the decision making process. The issues, queries, concerns raied during the

Public meeting are listed below and also refer Appendix IXb and IXc.

3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and

Evaluation of Impact

Data Analysis and Interpretation

45. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source

as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed

qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical,

biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the

questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and

interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were

carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the

results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.


46. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography

(i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative

data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure

discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. The output of analyzed

information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.


47. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird

species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. Forest type with

management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and

verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare

and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN.

Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

48. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as

required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was

analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestions made by the local people and

stakeholders’ during public consultation, and public disclosure of draft IEE suggestion were considered for benefit augmentation measures and mitigation measures for adverse impacts

are proposed.


Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method

Impact Identification

49. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may

trigger due to sub-project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both

types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were

categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and

cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of sub-

project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the

assessment.

Impact Prediction

50. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend

analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge

of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.

Impact Assessment/Evaluation

51. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline

environmental conditions of the affected environment with the sub-project activities in

relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of

impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and

high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term).

Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative

setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with

stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria. The numerical scale is presented

in Table 6.

Table 6: Impact Evaluation Matrix

Magnitude Extend Duration

High (H) 60 Regional (R) 60 Long term(LT) 20

Medium (M) 20 Local (L) 20 Medium Term (MT) 10

Low (L) 10 Site Specific (SS) 10 Short Term (ST) 5

3.6. Study Team

52. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site

inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 25/07/2017 to 04/08/2017 A.D

(2074/4/11 B.S to 2074/4/20 B.S) by the IEE study team. The study team members are listed

below:

Team Member:

Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environmental Expert/Social Expert

Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Specialist /Forester

Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist

Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist

Mr. Sashwot Sharma- Environmental Engineer

Mr. Suraj Nepal- Civil Engineer


3.7. Information Disclosure

53. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts,

recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language has been prepared and

distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned Municipality/RM for public disclosure. The

draft IEE report was also be kept in DLPIU, Solukhumbu for public disclosure. Information

was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews and group discussions.

The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and the general public

through the information centre of DLPIU, Solukhumbu and websites of EEAP-CLPIU, NRA,

CISC, MoPE and ADB.


4. Description of the Existing Environment

54. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio-

economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:

4.1. Physical Environment

55. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of

the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.

4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology

4.1.1.1 Geology and Soil type

56. Limited earlier geological works has been carried out in this area. Schelling and Arita

(1991) put the rocks of the study area under Okhaldhunga window of the Lesser Himalaya.

Geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology (Shrestha S. S 1984)

divided rocks into Seti Formation (Phyllite and Qaurtzite) and Ulleri Formation (Augen

Gneiss and Schist). They have traced a local thrust between Seti Formation and Augen

Gneiss. The detail on geology of the sub-project area is shown in Figure 3 below.

57. The sub project area lies in the Lesser Himalayan unit. The main lithological units of

the Lesser Himalayan succession in the Sub-project area are: Unit of Phyllite with few bands

of Quartzite; thin discontinuous unit of white Quartzite and Augen Gneiss.

58. The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034m to 2,382m from mean sea level.

The sub-project area is located in temperate climatic zone. The proposed sub-project site

falls under High mountain physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch,

Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The dominant rock types present in the sub-sub-

project area include Phyllite and Quartzite and the common soil types include colluvial and

residual soils. Bhitte Khola is the major stream of the sub-project area.

59. The road alignment belongs to the rocks of the Higher Himalaya. The Higher

Himalayan rocks are composed of thick bedded gneiss, schist and migmatite also. The age

of the rocks are considered as pre-cambrian. The road alignment passes through the rocks

of the Formation I and Formation II of the Higher Himalaya. Gneiss and schist are well

exposed along the road alignment. Table 7 shows the Lithostratigraphy of the lesser and

Higher Himalaya.

Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser and Higher Himalaya

Zone Formation Rock types Zone

Tibetan-

Tethys

Himalaya

Higher

Himalaya

Tibetan-Tethys Himalaya

Formation III Augen gneiss Higher Himalaya

Formation II Banded

gneiss/schist/marble

Formation I Gneiss/schist



60. Formation I is the lowest formation of the Higher Himalaya and consists of gneisses

and schists of pelitic to arenaceous composition. The thickness is reaching up to 5,000 m.

The presence of augen gneisses and intercalations of quartzite characterize the upper part

of the formation (Le Fort, 1975).

61. Formation II often begins with a coarse quartzite bed several tens of meters thick. It

is mainly composed of pyroxene gneisses and marbles. The total thickness is 1,700 m. This

formation is also composed of the banded gneisses.

62. Formation III is represented by augen gneisses with total thickness about 3,000 m

thick. This formation gradually passes upward to the limestone of the Tibetan-Tethys

Himalaya.

Figure 3: Geological Map of the Project Area

63. The Main Central Thrust is the main geological structure of the area and traverses

within the road alignment. The MCT separates the Lesser Himalayan rocks -low-grade to

sedimentary rocks (eg: phyllite, quartzite, slate) and Higher Himalayan rocks -high-grade

metamorphic rocks, (eg: gneiss, migmatite, schist). The road alignment has crossed the

MCT zone near Bhitte Khola. Before Bhitte Khola bedrocks of quartzite and phyllite were

observed. After Bhitte Khola towards north gneiss and schist were observed. Nearby this

point East-West oriented regional thrust exists.

64. Mainly three types of soil are found along the road alignment between Garma-Nele-

Bogal Road i.e., colluviums, residual soil and very few alluvium where the road is near to


river bed. Among these, colluviums and residual are dominant along the road alignment.

Thickness of soils on the bedrocks ranges from 1 to 6 m. Colluvial deposits along the road

alignment covers more than 20%. Most of the alignment passes through the river valley area

with steep topography. In general, the type of soil found in the sub-project area is presented

in Table 8.

Table 8: Geology and Soil Type along the Road Alignment

Chainage Geology Soil Type

0+000-1+600 Schist / Gneiss Colluvial / residual soil

1+600-1+800 Schist Rock

1+800-3+000 Gneiss Colluvial and residual soil

3+000-3+600 Gneiss Colluvial deposits

3+600-4+000 Gneiss Colluvial and residual soil

4+000-4+600 Gneiss Rocks with colluvial deposits

4+600-6+800 Gneiss Colluvial and alluvial soil

6+800-7+600 Gneiss Rocky and colluvial deposits

7+600-10+500 Gneiss Colluvial, residual and alluvial soil

10+500-10+700 Gneiss Colluvial deposits

10+700-13+200 Gneiss Colluvial, alluvial and residual soil deposits

13+200-17+600 Gneiss Rocks

17+600-21+400 Gneiss Colluvial deposits with residual soil also


4.1.2 Land Use Pattern

65. The sub-project road traverses from Jor Buddha to Bogal through the settlement

area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. The detail of land use pattern is listed in Table

9 below.

Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment

Chainage Description

0+000-1+600 Dry cultivated land


3+000-3+600 Bushes to barren


4+000-4+600 Forest



Chainage Description

6+800-7+600 Forest with barren land

7+600-10+500 Cultivated land with settlement

10+500-10+700 Barren

10+700-13+200 Cultivated land and settlement

13+200-17+600 Forest and barren land

17+600-21+400 Cultivated land


4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology

66. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The sub-project has temperate

climatic condition with average maximum temperature of 23°C and average minimum of

0.7°C. As per the records of the climatological station at Chialsa (Index No. 1220) in the

Solukhumbu District, the mean daily temperature in the area varies from 0.7C in the month

of January to 16.3C in the month of July, the extreme minimum and maximum reaches to -

9.8C and 23C respectively. The average relative humidity varies from 44% to 98%. This

may not be truly representative of the sub-project area because of the location and elevation

difference.

67. The sub-project area, in fact the entire Solu basin is under the influence of southwest

monsoon. The climate of the basin is also influenced by the physiography of the region. The

difference between the warm humid summer and the cold dry winter becomes more marked

with the change in altitude. The basin rainfall has been estimated at about 1,715 mm per

year.

68. The alignment crosses one major khola (Bhitte khola Ch 8+600) and three medium

types of Khola; Thang river Ch 6+700, Gaude river Ch 11+650, and Harkade river Ch

12+990 requiring bridge and culvert. In addition, there are several streams (including dry

streams/kholsi) at different chainages along the proposed road such as Ghatte Khola Ch

2+000, Bajavali Khola Ch 2+800, Kharere Khola Ch 4+600, Chardhara Khola Ch 4+700,

Thang Khola Ch 6+700, Gande Khola Ch 11+650, Kattike Khola Ch 12+770, Harkette Khola

Ch 12+800, Rai Khola Ch 12+980, Litpane Khola Ch 13+250 etc. Causeways have been

recommended for these major streams. No wetlands are found within the vicinity of the road.

4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area

69. Though most of the road passes through hill area, there are significant problems of

active landslides. However, loose deposit failure, cutting by kholsi (stream) and erosion

prone areas are seen. Along the road alignment where the loose soil exposed and prone

area of the groundwater, it is suggested to manage the drainage surface water and apply the

bioengineering works. The detail on landslide along the road alignment is given in Table 10

below.


Table 10: Landslide Detail along the Road Section

S.N Chainage Length

(M)

Height

(M)

Municipality/Rural Municipality, Settlement

1 1+300 3 10 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Jorbauddha



4 3+000 50 12 Solududhkunda Municipality, ward-7,Tozing





9 9+100 17 15 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Najing

10 10+500 100 12 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Najing

11 11+600 50 10 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-1,Nele

12 19+450 70 15 Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality, ward-7 & 8,Bogal


4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality

4.1.5.1 Ambient Air Quality

70. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality

observed is normal.

4.1.5.2 Noise

71. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.

4.1.5.3 Water Quality

72. Water quality in the proposed road section is observed to be good since it is used for

drinking purpose and there is no biotic interference. There is no defecation problem

observed near and around the drinking water sources. However, during the monsoon

season the quality of water may be polluted due to the accumulation of silt.

4.2. Biological Environment

73. There is no sensitive area such as wildlife sanctuary, national parks, buffer zone etc.

in the sub-project area vicinity Thus, the proposed sub-project site is not located in any

conservation areas or ecologically significant site of aesthetic value.

4.2.1 Vegetation Type based on Species in IIA

74. The elevation of proposed road varies from 2,034 m to 2,382 m from mean sea level.

So, it lies in temperate climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976). Major forest types found in the sub-

project area is temperate forest dominated by Pine and Castanopsis forest. The major plant

species found along the proposed road alignment are Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Pinus


wallichiana (Gobre Sallo), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Fraxinus

floribunda (Lakuri), Rhododendron sp.(Lali Guras), Salix babylonica (Bais), Lyonia ovalifolia

(Angeri), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo), Quercus lanata (Banjh), Myrica esculenta (Kafal) etc.

Similarly Berberis aristata (Chutro), Swertia chirayita (Chirieto), Paris polyphylla (Satuwa),

Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in the forests along road.

75. The Formation width of the road which is needed for upgrade is already cleared.

Hence species of trees is not neccessary to cut down during reconstruction phase of the

sub-project. But if effective engineering measure is not applied during the construction phase

there is the chance of loss of the vegetation due to land slide during the construction phase.

76. The Vegetation type base on species composition in IIA of proposed road alignment

is listed in Table 11 below.

Table 11: Vegetation Type base on Species Composition in IIA of Garma-Nele-Bogal

Road

SN. Local Name Scientific Name

1 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia

2 Aru Prunus persica

3 Arubokhada Pyrus domestica

4 Arupati Prunus nepalensis

5 Bais Salix babylonica

6 Bais Salix babylonica

7 Banjh Quercus lanata

8 Banpila Sapium Baccatum

9 Bhalayo Rhus succedanea

10 Bomboo Dendrocalamus strictus

11 Chilaune Schima wallichii

12 Dhupi Juniperus indica

13 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis

14 Gobre Sallo Pinus wallichiana

15 Gogane Saurauia napaulensis

16 Guras Rhododendron barbatum

17 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia

18 Kaphal Myrica esculenta

19 Katus Castanopsis sp.

20 Khote Sallo Pinus roxburghii

21 Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda

22 Maina kaath Tetrameles nudiflora

23 Mayal Pyrus pashia

24 Naspati Pyrus communis

25 Nigalo Arundinaria intermedia

26 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii

27 Okhar Juglans regia


SN. Local Name Scientific Name

28 Patale Salla Pinus patula

29 Seti kath Myrsine capitellata

30 Siltimur Litsea citrate

31 Uttis Alnus nepalensis

Source: Field Survey; August, 2017

4.2.2 Forest type on legal category in IIA

77. Government managed forest is not found in this road section. Only community forest

and private forest are recorded along the road alignment. The road along the Indirect Impact

Area (IIA) passes through three community forest (CF) namely Ghumne Pani Community

Forest, Mukle Maidal Community Forest, and Kordap Community Forest. The detail is given

in Table 12 and Appendix XI.

78. Ghumne Pani Community Forest: Ghumne Pani Community Forest has been handed

over to community forest user group (CFUG) in 2056 B.S. The total area covered by this

forest is 127 ha and number of forest users is 456 households that belong to Rai, Gurung,

Tamang, Sherpa, Chhetri, Bhujel, Magar, and Limbu. All the users of this community forest

belong to Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 6 (former Mukli VDC ward 8). There are

altogether 13 members in executive committee including women and Dalit (4 women and 2

Dalit).

79. Mukle Maidal Community Forest: Mukle Maidal Community Forest is managed by

community forest user group (CFUG) since 2049 B.S. The total area covered by this forest is

190 ha and numbers of forest users are 250 households that belong to Gurung, Tamang,

Kafle, Chhetri, Darji, Bhujel, Bisho Karma and Jogi. All the users of this community forest

belong to Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality ward 6 (former Mukli VDC ward 2, 5 & 7). There

are altogether 13 members in executive committee including women and Dalit (3 women and

1 Dalit).

80. Kordap Community Forest: Kordap Community Forest is managed by community

forest user group (CFUG) since 2049 B.S. The total area covered by this forest is 93 ha and

numbers of forest users are 230 households that belong to Gurung, Rai, Tamang, Chhetri,

Bisho Karma, etc. All the users of this community forest belong to Dudhkaushika Rural

Municipality ward 7 (former Deusha VDC ward 6). There are altogether 13 members in

executive committee including women and Dalit (3 women and 2 Dalit).

Table 12 : Forest along Road

Name of

Forest

Chainage Length

(m)

Total

Area

(ha)

Main Species

From To

Ghumne

Pani CF

13+000 14+440 1440 0.90 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Katus (Castanopsis

sp.),Patale Salla (Pinus patula), Banjh

(Quercus lanata), Guras (Rododendron

barbatum)

Mukle 14+440 18+050 3610 2.26 Patale Salla (Pinus patula), Angeri (Lyonia


Name of

Forest

Chainage Length

(m)

Total

Area

(ha)

Main Species

From To

Maidal

CF

ovalifolia), Bhalayo (Rhus succedanea),

Guras (Rododendron barbatum), Salla

(Pinus Sp.)

Kordap

CF

20+600 20+700 100 0.06 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Patale Salla (Pinus

patula), Dhupi (Juniperus indica)

Total 5150 3.22

Source: Field survey, 2017

81. Similarly private forest has been found along the road alignment in IIA, which is

provided in Table 13.

Table 13: Private Forest along Road

Location Chainage Length

(m)

Main Species

From To

Solududhk

unda-7

0+770

4+250

4+600

8+400

2+400

4+500

4+700

8+600

2180 Salla (Pinus Sp.), Katus (Castanopsis sp.), Guras

(Rododendron barbatum), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia),

Bhalayo (Rhus succedanea), Dhupi (Juniperus indica),

Naspati (Pyrus communis), Mayel (Pyrus pashia),

Paiyu, Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Dudilo (Ficus

nemoralis) Dudhkaus

hika-7

18+050 20+600 2550

Total 4730

Source: Field survey, 2017

4.2.3 Wildlife

82. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly private forest and area is not

a significant habitat for wildlife (mammals, birds and reptiles). However, some wild animals

are occasionally observed nearby the forests traversed by road alignment

Mammal 83. The main wildlife species reported in sub-project area are panthera pardus (Chituwa)

Muntiacus mulatta (Ratuwa Mriga), Canis aureus (Syal), Naemorhedus goral (Ghoral),

Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus arctos (Bhalu), Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Felis cabus

(Ban Biralo), Martes flavigula (Malsapro), Herpestes auropunctatus (Nyauri Musa), Ratufa

bicolar (Lokharke), Naemorhedus sumatraensis (Thar) etc

4.2.4 Birds

84. The bird reported in the sub-project area are Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Gallus

gallus (Luiche), Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur), Eudynamys scolopacea (Koili), Psittacula sp.

(Suga), Psilopogon virens (Nyauli), Centropus sinensis (Kokale), Turdoides nipalensis

(Bhyakur), Tersiphone paradise (Lampuchhre), Corvus splendens (Kaag), Milvus migrans

(Chil), Alectoris chukar ( Chyakhura), Passer domesticus (Sparrow) etc.


4.2.5 Reptile

85. The reptiles reported in the sub-project area are Ophiophagus harna (Ghurbe Sarpa),

Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa),

Hemidactylus frenatus (Mausuli), Lacertia sp. (Chheparo), Varanus bengalensis (Gohoro),

Bufo bufo (Paha), Rana Tigerina (Bhaggutto) etc.

4.2.6 Fish

86. The fish reported in the streams like Bhitte khola, Thang khola etc. of the sub-project

area are Schizothorax richardsonii (Asala), Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei

(Buduna) etc.

4.2.7 Protected Fauna in the IIA

87. The protected fauna found in the forest along road corridor area given in Table 14.

Table 14: Protected Fauna

SN Local Name Scientific Name Remarks

IUCN 2008 CITES Code GoN

1 Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3

2 Syal Canis aureus LC Appendix III4

3 Dumsi Hystrix indica LC

4 Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I5

5 Ghoral Naemorhedus goral NT Appendix I

6 Bhalu Ursus sp. Appendix I

7 Ban biralo Felis cabus Appendix II

8 Malsapro Martes Flavigula LC Appendix III

9 Nyauri Musa Herpestes auropunctatus LC

10 Thar Naemorhedus

sumatraensis

Appendix I

11 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC

12 Chil Milvus migrans LC Appendix II

Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017

4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

88. The socioeconomic level of the proposed sub-project is presented at district level,

Municipality/Rural Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the

sub-project premises. The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to

give a fair knowledge of the directly impacted people in relation to the district,

Municipality/Rural Municipality.

3Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled

4Species that are protected by individual countries within their borders, and for which co-operation of other convention

signatories is sought. 5 Species threatened with extinction.


4.3.1 District Context

89. The sub-project road is located in Solukhumbu District such it is termed as Sub-

project Affected District. It is located Province no. 1 of Nepal. The socioeconomic information

of this district is presented in the following sub-sections.

Demographic Information

90. The total population in Solukhumbu District is 105,886 with male population (48.35%)

slightly lower than female population (51.65%) at the ratio of 1.06. The total household of the

district is 23758 with average household size 4.45 (refer Table 15).

Table 15: Demographic Characteristic in Solukhumbu District

S.N Description No. %

1 Total Population 105886

2 Total Male Population (No.) 51200 48.35

3 Total Female Population (No.) 54686 51.65

4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.06

5 Total Nos. of Household 23758

6 Average Household Size 4.45

Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS

Population by Age Group

91. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (43.23%)

among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 34.67% of the total

population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating

the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59)

represents 56.16% of the total population, please refer Figure 4 for detail.


Figure 4: Population inSolukhumbu District by Different Age Group

Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years60 years and

above

Male 4,976 13,507 21,195 6,685 4,837

Female 5,016 13,212 24,580 6,901 4,977

Total 9,992 26,719 45,775 13,586 9,814

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Po

pu

lati

on


Religion

92. Hindu (40.21%), Kirat (30.16%) and Buddhism (27.15%) are the major religion

followed by the population in Solukhumbu District; please refer Table 16 for detail.

Table 16: Religion in Solukhumbu District

S.N. Religion Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Hindu 20466 19.33 22109 20.88 42575 40.21

2 Buddhism 13852 13.08 14901 14.07 28753 27.15

3 Christianity 1131 1.07 1212 1.14 2343 2.21

4 Islam 9 0.01 4 0.00 13 0.01

5 Kirat 15611 14.74 16329 15.42 31940 30.16

6 Prakriti 30 0.03 35 0.03 65 0.06

7 Other 101 0.10 96 0.09 197 0.19

Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100


Caste/Ethnic Composition

93. In Solukhumbu District, Sherpa (16.71%) is the predominant caste among the

population followed by Chhetri (15.06%), Rai (11.11%), Tamang (9.90%), Kulung (8.90),

Brahman-Hill (4.62%), Kami (5.59%), Magar (4.91%), Newar (2.45%) etc., please refer

Table 17 for detail.

Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Solukhumbu District

S.N. Caste/Ethnic Group Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Rai 6250 5.9 16021 15.13 22271 21.03

2 Sherpa 8459 7.99 9233 8.72 17692 16.71

3 Chhetri 7675 7.25 8268 7.81 15943 15.06

4 Tamang 5113 4.83 5372 5.07 10485 9.90

5 Kami 2806 2.65 3111 2.94 5917 5.59

6 Magar 2419 2.28 2782 2.63 5201 4.91

7 Brahmin-Hill 2393 2.26 2499 2.36 4892 4.62

8 Nachhiring 1852 1.75 1844 1.74 3696 3.49

9 Newar 1263 1.19 1330 1.26 2593 2.45

10 Gharti/Bhujel 942 0.89 1030 0.97 1972 1.86

11 Damai/Dholi 732 0.69 855 0.81 1587 1.50

12 Gurung 368 0.35 410 0.39 778 0.73

13 Dashnami/Sanyasi 372 0.35 405 0.38 777 0.73

14 Sarki 277 0.26 286 0.27 563 0.53

15 Other 10279 9.71 1240 1.17 11519 10.88

Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100



Mother Tongue

94. Majority of the population (36.77%) in Solukhumbu District speaks national language

Nepali. Other languages of the district are Sherpa (16.84%), Tamang (9.34%), Kulung

(9.15%), Thulung (8.70%), Magar (1.53%) etc, please refer Table 18 for detail.

Table 18: Languages Spoken in Solukhumbu District

S.N.

Mother

Tongue

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Nepali 18566 17.53 20371 19.24 38937 36.77

2 Rai 16836 15.91 17644 16.66 34480 32.55

3 Sherpa 8512 8.04 9314 8.8 17826 16.84

4 Tamang 4848 4.58 5046 4.77 9894 9.34

5 Magar 819 0.77 802 0.76 1621 1.53

6 Maithali 433 0.41 327 0.31 760 0.72

7 Newari 308 0.29 339 0.32 647 0.61

8 Other 878 0.83 843 0.8 1721 1.63

Total 51200 48.35 54686 51.65 105886 100


Literacy

95. Majority of the population (64.22%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in

this district. However, the illiterate population (they can’t read and write) is also notable (32.55%) with female number (41.17%) significantly higher than male number (23.28%),

please refer Figure 5 for detail.


Figure 5: Literacy Status in Solukhumbu District

Education Status

96. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (69.29%) have

obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is

remarkable low with 21.27%. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.37%) has obtained

education of graduate and post graduate levels, please refer Table 19 for detail.

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

Can read and

write

Can read only Can't read and

write

Literacy not stated

33,922

1,523

10,762

17

27,662

1,535

20,450

23

61,584

3,058

31,212

40

Male Female Total


Table 19: Educational Status inSolukhumbu District

S.

N

Description Population that have completed the educational

level of

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Beginner 1188 3.41 1178 4.12 2366 3.72

2 Basic level (Upto 8) 24099 69.03 19917 69.61 44016 69.29

3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 7509 21.51 6002 20.98 13511 21.27

4 Graduate and above 706 2.02 161 0.56 867 1.37

5 Others 1407 4.03 1356 4.74 2763 4.35

Total 34909 100.00 28614 100.00 63523 100.0

0


Drinking Water

97. Majority of households (88.82%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water

supply, followed by Spout Water (5.86%), uncovered Well/Kuwa (2.87%) etc, please refer


Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Solukhumbu District


1 Tap/Piped 21102 88.82

2 Spout water 1393 5.86

3 Uncovered well/Kuwa 682 2.87

4 Covered Well/Kuwa 91 0.38

5 River/Stream 415 1.75

6 Other 75 0.32

Total 23758 100


Sanitation

98. About 75.20% households have toilets but the remaining 24.59% households don't

have toilet till now. Thus, open defecation can be seen as sanitation issue of the district,

please refer Table 21 for detail.

Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Solukhumbu District


1 With-toilet 17867 75.20

2 Without toilet 5842 24.59

3 Not stated 49 0.21

Total 23758 100


99. Among the households having toilet facility, few households (29.68%) have flush

toilet with septic tank and significant nos. of household (70.32%) has ordinary toilet, please

refer Table 22 for detail.


Table 22: Types of Toilets in Solukhumbu District


1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 5303 29.68

2 Ordinary 12564 70.32

Total 17867 100


Energy Used for Lighting

100. Electricity is the major source of energy for lighting purpose in Solukhumbu District.

62.79% households are using solar for lighting purpose. The utilization of kerosene by the

households for lighting purpose is 19.81% while only 10.39% household’s use solar energy, refer Figure 6 for detail.


Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Solukhumbu District

Energy Used for Cooking

101. Majority of households (95.54%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from

community and other forest. 3.21% using electricity and only 0.38% households are using

LP Gas for cooking purpose, please refer Table 23 for detail.

Table 23: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Solukhumbu District


1 Wood/firewood 22699 95.54

2 LP Gas 91 0.38

3 Bio-gas 13 0.05

4 Kerosene 125 0.53

5 Electricity 762 3.21

6 Cow dung 19 0.08

7 Other 49 0.21

Total 23758 100


14,918

4,706

2,469

212 1,453

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Electricity kerosene Solar Bio-gas Other

Ho

use

ho

ld


House Ownership

102. Majority of households (88.37%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some

households (9.42%) live in rented house too, please refer Table 24 for detail.

Table 24: Ownership of House in Solukhumbu District


1 Owned 20995 88.37

2 Rented 2238 9.42

3 Institutional 150 0.63

4 Others 375 1.58

Total 23758 100


House Type

House with Foundation Type 103. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with mud bonded

brick/stone (95.47%). Some households (3.48%) comprises of foundation of houses

constructed with wooden pillar. However, the household with their foundation constructed

with RCC with pillar is comparatively low (0.08%), please refer Table 25 for detail.

Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Solukhumbu District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 22681 95.47

2 RCC with pillar 19 0.08

3 Cement bonded bricks/stone 114 0.48

4 Wooden pillar 827 3.48

5 others 51 0.21


Total 23758 100


House with Outer Wall Type

104. In Solukhumbu District, significant households (93.70%) have constructed their outer

wall of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Some households (2.85%) have constructed their outer

wall with wood/planks, please refer Table 26 for detail.

Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Solukhumbu District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 22261 93.70

2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 178 0.75

3 Wood/Planks 678 2.85

4 Bamboo 508 2.14

5 Unbaked brick 25 0.10

6 Others 37 0.16


Total 23758 100



House with Roof Type

105. Majority of households (36.34%) has constructed their roof of house with

Thatch/Straw followed by Wood/Planks (24.50%) and Galvanized iron (23.85%). Very few

households (0.11%) have RCC roof, please refer Table 27 for detail.

Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Solukhumbu District


1 Galvanized iron 5666 23.85

2 Tile/slate 2674 11.26

3 Thatch/Straw 8633 36.34

4 RCC 28 0.11

5 Wood/Planks 5820 24.50

6 Mud 5 0.02

7 Others 856 3.60


Total 23758 100


Facilities to Accessories

106. Majority of households in this district possess at least one facility (76.62%), please


Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Solukhumbu


1 Without Facility 4776 21.95

2 At least one facility 16671 76.62


Total 21758 100


107. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (76.64%),

Mobile phone (48.46%), and Television (8.46%), please refer Table 29 for detail.

Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Solukhumbu District

Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH

Radio 16675 76.64

Television 1841 8.46

Cable Television 1204 5.53

Computer 342 1.57

Internet 165 0.76

Telephone 1242 5.71

Mobile Phone 10545 48.46

Motor 8 0.04

Motorcycle 34 0.16


Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH

Cycle 26 0.12

Other Vehicle 7 0.03

Refrigerator 274 1.26


4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area

Household and Population

108. The total population of sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality is 30871

with male population (47.47%) slightly lower than female population (52.53%). The total

household of the district is 6903 with average household size 4.47, please refer Table 30 for

detail.

Table 30: Demographic Feature in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural

Municipality

Name of

Municipality /

Rural

Municipality

Merging VDC /

Municipality

HHs

(No.)

Average

HH Size

Population

Male Female Total

(No.) No. % No. %

Solududhkunda

Municipality

Dudhkunda

Municipality

472 4.34 984 48.07 1063 51.93 2047

Taksindu VDC 510 4.27 1065 48.92 1112 51.08 2177

Kerung VDC 873 4.13 1600 44.42 2002 55.58 3602

Gorakhani VDC 328 4.11 643 47.74 704 52.26 1347

Tapting VDC 480 4.22 931 45.95 1095 54.05 2026

Sub-Total (A) 2663 4.21 5223 46.64 5976 53.36 11199

Dudhkaushika

Rural

Municipality

Nele VDC 484 4.54 1054 47.97 1143 52.03 2197

Mukli VDC 535 4.56 1143 46.81 1299 53.19 2442

Deusa VDC 875 4.72 2002 48.47 2128 51.53 4130

Kagel VDC 439 4.67 939 45.76 1113 54.24 2052

Panchan VDC 333 4.53 718 47.61 790 52.39 1508

Jubu VDC 826 4.59 1819 47.98 1972 52.02 3791

Lokhim VDC 748 4.75 1756 49.44 1796 50.56 3552

Sub-Total (B) 4240 4.64 9431 47.94 10241 52.06 19672

Grand Total (A+B) 6903 4.47 14654 47.47 16217 52.53 30871


Caste/Ethnic Composition

109. In sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality, Rai (23.32%) is the

predominant caste among the population followed by Tamang (17.24%), Chhetri (17.05%),

Sherpa (12.43%), Brahmin-Hill (1.59%), Kami (5.53%), Newar (2.35%) etc, please refer



Table 31: Caste and Ethnicity inSub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality

Name of

Municipality /

Rural

Municipality

Merging VDC /

Municipality

Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group Total

Ch

hetr

i

Bra

hm

in

Kam

i

Rai

New

ar

Sh

erp

a

Tam

an

g

Oth

er

Solududhkunda

Municipality

Dudhkunda

Municipality

464 12 107 13 349 546 184 372 2047

Taksindu VDC 73 26 252 645 0 896 171 114 2177

Kerung VDC 356 14 93 0 179 687 760 1513 3602

Gorakhani VDC 0 0 65 0 11 563 617 91 1347

Tapting VDC 60 0 113 0 51 832 349 621 2026

Sub-Total (A) 953 52 630 658 590 3524 2081 2711 11199

% 8.51 0.46 5.63 5.88 5.27 31.47 18.58 24.21 100.00

Dudhkaushika

Rural

Municipality

Nele 1319 0 142 82 52 52 134 416 2197

Mukli 664 0 165 912 82 0 124 495 2442

Deusa 357 0 353 2712 0 0 512 196 4130

Kagel VDC 1250 74 90 311 0 0 0 327 2052

Panchan VDC 149 311 94 419 0 0 18 517 1508

Jubu VDC 570 55 182 650 0 54 679 1601 3791

Lokhim VDC 0 0 52 1455 0 206 1773 66 3552

Sub-Total (B) 4309 440 1078 6541 134 312 3240 3618 19672

% 21.90 2.24 5.48 33.25 0.68 1.59 16.47 18.39 100.00

Total No. 5262 492 1708 7199 724 3836 5321 6329 30871

% 17.05 1.60 5.53 23.32 2.35 12.43 17.24 20.50 100.00


Literacy

110. Majority of the population (63.08%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in

sub-project affected Municipality/Rural Municipality. However, the illiterate population (that

can’t read and write) is also notable (34.01%), please refer Table 32 for detail.

Table 32: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Municipality/Rural Municipality

Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

Population above 5 years Total

Can read

and write

Can read

only

Can't read

and write

Literacy

not stated

Solududhkunda

Municipality

Dudhkunda

Municipality

1132 106 668 0 1906

Taksindu VDC 1213 62 712 3 1990

Kerung VDC 2097 55 1166 2 3320

Gorakhani VDC 837 14 391 0 1242

Tapting VDC 1196 8 634 0 1838

Sub-Total (A) 6475 245 3571 5 10296

% 62.89 2.38 34.68 0.05 100.00

Dudhkaushika

Rural

Nele 1310 57 603 0 1970

Mukli 1504 54 664 1 2223


Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

Population above 5 years Total

Can read

and write

Can read

only

Can't read

and write

Literacy

not stated

Municipality Deusa 2332 230 1185 1 3748

Kagel VDC 1295 22 566 0 1883

Panchan VDC 859 58 446 0 1363

Jubu VDC 2042 53 1291 0 3386

Lokhim VDC 1873 91 1212 0 3176

Sub-Total (B) 11215 565 5967 2 17749

% 63.19 3.18 33.62 0.01 100.00

No. 17690 810 9538 7 28045

% 63.08 2.89 34.01 0.02 100.00

Source: Population and Housing Census2011

Absentee Population and Household

111. 9200 population are absentee with more than 2000 households, please refer Table

33 for detail.

Table 33: Absentee Population and Household in the sub-project affected municipality/Rural Municipality

Municipality/Rural

Municipality Merging VDCs

Total

HH

Absent

HH

Absent Population

Total Male Female

Soludhdhkunda

municipality

Salleri 1682 361 486 400 86

Garma 472 88 127 98 29

Tamakhani

Loding 240 91 127 112 15

Beni 395 107 179 122 57

Taksindu VDC 510 106 138 113 25

Kerung VDC 873 187 243 215 28

Gorakhani VDC 328 69 88 77 11

Tapting VDC 480 140 166 143 23

Dudhkoshika

Rural Municipality

Nele VDC 484 65 87 79 8

Mukli VDC 535 157 217 196 21

Deusa VDC 875 212 272 232 40

Kagel VDC 439 57 80 60 11

Panchan VDC 333 78 116 103 13

Jubu VDC 826 201 258 226 32

Lokhim VDC 748 105 138 117 21

Total 9220 2024 2722 2293 420

Source: Population and Housing Census2011


4.3.3 Direct Impact Area

112. The sub-project road is aligned along ward 7 of Solududhkunda Municipality & ward

1, 6, 7 & 8 of Dudhkaushika Rural Municipality. The socioeconomic information of these

affected wards is presented in the following sub-sections.


113. The total population of sub-project affected wards is 10816, with the male population

(47.92%) slightly lower than female population (52.08%). The male to female ratio is 1:1.08.

The total households of these five affected wards are 2366 with an average household size

of 4.57, please refer Table 34 for detail.

Table 34: Demographic Characteristics in Sub-project Affected Wards

Wards of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

Former

VDC/Municipality

No. of

HHs

Average

HHs Size

Population

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda

Municipality-7,8 & 9

472 4.34 984 48.07 1063 51.93 2047 100.00

Dudhkaushika-1 Nele VDC 484 4.54 1054 47.97 1143 52.03 2197 100.00

Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli VDC 535 4.56 1143 46.81 1299 53.19 2442 100.00

Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa VDC 875 4.72 2002 48.47 2128 51.53 4130 100.00

Total 2366 4.57 5183 47.92 5633 52.08 10816 100.00


Population by Age Group

114. In sub-project affected wards, the economic active age group (15-59 years)

represents 55.13% of the total population. However, the age group of 15- 44 years (42.15%),

replicates the dominating population of the area. The older age group (above 60 years)

represents only 10.73% of the total population, please refer Table 35 for detail.


Table 35: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Ward of Municipality / Rural Municipality Former VDC / Municipality Age Group Total

Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years 60 years and above

1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda Municipality-7,8 & 9 141 483 959 254 210 2047

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele VDC 227 532 937 281 220 2197

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli VDC 219 643 956 327 297 2442

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa VDC 382 1065 1707 542 434 4130

Total No. 969 2723 4559 1404 1161 10816

% 8.96 25.18 42.15 12.98 10.73 100.00



Caste and Ethnicity

115. The predominant caste/ethnic groups of the sub-project affected wards are Rai

(34.38%), Chhetri (25.92%), Tamang (10.11%), and Kami (7.09%), followed by Sherpa

(5.53%), Newar (4.47%), and Brahmin (0.11%). The 13.67 % of the population that fall under

―Other‖ comprise of Magar, Gurung, Bhujel, and many other minorities, please refer Table

36 for detail.

Table 36: Major Ethnic Groups in Sub-project Affected Wards

Name of

Municipality / Rural

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group Total

Ch

hetr

i

Bra

hm

in

Kam

i

Rai

New

ar

Sh

erp

a

Tam

an

g

Oth

er


Municipality

464 12 107 13 349 546 184 372 2047

Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 1319 0 142 82 52 52 134 416 2197

Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 664 0 165 912 82 0 124 495 2442

Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 357 0 353 2712 0 0 512 196 4130

Total No. 2804 12 767 3719 483 598 954 1479 10816

% 25.92 0.11 7.09 34.38 4.47 5.53 8.82 13.67 100.00


Language

116. Nepali and Thulung are the major languages of the sub-project affected wards, the

former being spoken by 48.14% of the total population and the latter by 33.12% of the total

population. Tamang (8.83%) and Sherpa (5.83%) were the other frequently spoken

languages within the area, please refer Figure 7 for detail.


Figure 7: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Solududhkund

a-7

Dudhkaushika

-1

Dudhkaushika

-6

Dudhkaushika

-7 & 8

Total

Other 103 93 143 102 441

Sherpa 576 55 - - 631

Tamang 127 209 114 505 955

Thulung - 79 872 2,631 3,582

Nepali 1,241 1,761 1,313 892 5,207


Drinking Water

117. Majority of the households (92.27%) within the sub-project affected area utilize tap/

piped water for drinking purposes, with some households relying on spout water (3.63%) for

the same purpose, please refer Table 37 for detail.

Table 37: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards

Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources Total

Tap/

Piped

Spout

Water

Uncovered

well/Kuwa

Covered

well/Kuwa

River/

Stream

Tube

well

Other


Municipality

455 5 4 2 6 0 0 472

Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 415 45 3 3 11 0 7 484

Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 494 26 0 3 6 0 6 535

Dudhkaushika-7 &

8

Deusa 819 10 8 20 11 0 7 875

Total No. 2183 86 15 28 34 0 20 2366

% 92.27 3.63 0.63 1.18 1.44 0.00 0.85 100


Sanitation

118. 81.07% of the total affected households have access to latrines, with 31.87% of

these households having flush toilets and 48.82% having ordinary toilets. 18.93% of the

affected households have no access to toilets, please refer Table 38 for detail.

Table 38: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

HHs

without

Toilet

HHs with Toilet Total

Flush Ordinary Others Total

1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda

Municipality

95 206 171 0 377 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 36 436 6 6 448 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 152 65 317 1 383 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 165 47 661 2 710 875

Total No. 448 754 1155 9 1918 2366

% 18.93 31.87 48.82 0.38 81.07 100



119. 99.32% of the sub-project affected households use firewood as their main fuel source

for cooking, please refer Table 39 for detail.


Table 39: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC/

Municipalit

y

Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel Total

Wood/

Firewoo

d

Bio

Gas

LP

Gas

Kerosene Electricity Other


Municipality

467 0 0 0 5 0 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 477 0 0 1 0 6 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 534 0 0 0 0 1 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 872 0 0 1 0 2 875

Total No. 2350 0 0 2 5 9 2366

% 99.32 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.21 0.38 100



120. Of the entire sub-project affected households, 63.27% rely on electrical energy to

fulfil their lighting necessities, while 18.98% use kerosene, 11.50% use solar panels, and

6.25% use other lighting sources, please refer Table 40 for detail.

Table 40: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards

Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC /

Municipality

Households Utilizing Lighting Sources Total

Electricity Kerosene Bio gas Solar Other


Municipality

416 53 0 2 1 472

Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 443 34 0 1 6 484

Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 341 119 0 70 5 535

Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 297 243 1 199 135 875

No. 1497 449 1 272 147 2366

% 63.27 18.98 0.04 11.50 6.21 100.00


Literacy

121. 63.76% of the affected population has the ability to read and write, while 4.54% have

the ability to only read. On the other hand, 31.68% of the population is illiterate, please refer



Table 41: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Name of

Municipality/

Rural Municipality

VDC/

Municipalit

y

Population Above 5 years Total

Can read

and write

Can read

only

can't read

and write

Literacy

not stated


Municipality

1132 106 668 0 1906

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 1310 57 603 0 1970

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 1504 54 664 1 2223

4 Dudhkaushika-7 &

8

Deusa 2332 230 1185 1 3748

Total No. 6278 447 3120 2 9847

% 63.76 4.54 31.68 0.02 100.00


Educational Attainment

122. Of the population that is literate, 46.34% have attained primary level education,

22.11% have attained lower secondary level education, 10.74 have attained secondary level

education, and 8.28% are SLC graduates. Only 4.55% of the population have academic

qualifications beyond SLC (Intermediate, Graduate, and Post Graduate), please refer Figure

8 for detail.


Figure 8: Educational Attainment Level in Sub-project Affected Wards

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkaushika-1 Dudhkaushika-6 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8

Beginner

Primary

Lower

secondary

Secondar

y

SLC

&Eqiv.

Intermedi

ate

&Equiv


House Ownership

123. Of the sub-project affected households, 90.74% are registered under their respective

ownership while 6.13% are rented households. 3.13% of the households are listed as

institutional and others, please refer Table 42 for detail.

Table 42: House Ownership in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N

Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC/

Municipality Owned Rented Institutional Others Total


Municipality 364 96 11 1 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 448 29 2 5 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 484 9 0 42 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 851 11 1 12 875

Total 2147 145 14 60 2366

% 90.74 6.13 0.59 2.54 100


Outer Wall of House

124. Of the total affected households, 96.93% of the houses have mud bonded bricks

and/or stone as their outer walls. Of the remaining households, 1.94% have bamboo walls,

0.55% have wooden plank walls, 0.25% have cement bonded bricks and/or stone, and

0.04% of houses have unbaked bricks for their outer walls, please refer Table 43 for detail.

Table 43: Outer Wall Structure in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N

Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC/

Municipality

Mud

bonded

bricks

/stone

Cement

bonded

bricks/

stone

Wood/

Plank Bamboo

Unbaked

brick Others

Not

stated Total


Municipality 466 4 2 0 0 0 0 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 471 1 6 3 1 1 1 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 517 1 3 11 0 1 2 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 &

8 Deusa 839 0 2 32 0 0 2 875

Total 2293 6 13 46 1 2 5 2366

% 96.93 0.25 0.55 1.94 0.04 0.08 0.21 100



Foundation of House

125. 97.42% of the affected households have a mud bonded brick/stone foundation, while

1.78% of those households have wooden foundations, please refer Table 44 for detail.

Table 44: Type of Foundation in Sub-project Affected Wards

Name of

Municipality/Rural

Municipality

VDC/

Municipality

Mud

bonded

bricks/

stone

Cement

bonded

bricks/

stone

RCC with

pillar

Wooden

pillar Others

Not

stated Total


Municipality 467 0 5 0 0 0 472

Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 474 0 0 9 0 1 484

Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 517 1 1 10 4 2 535

Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 847 0 0 23 3 2 875

Total 2305 1 6 42 7 5 2366

% 97.42 0.04 0.25 1.78 0.30 0.21 100


Roof of House

126. 50.85% of the sub-project affected households have thatched roofs, 34.45% have

galvanized iron roofs, 10.14% have tiled roofs, and 3.97% have wooden roofs, please refer


Table 45: Type of Roofs in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N

Nam

e o

f

Mu

nic

ipality

/ R

ura

l

Mu

nic

ipality

VD

C/

Mu

nic

ipality

Th

atc

h /

str

aw

Galv

an

ized

iro

n

Tile / s

late

RC

C

Wo

od

/

pla

nks

Mu

d

Oth

ers

No

t sta

ted

To

tal


Municipality

39 339 32 0 60 0 2 0 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 194 252 2 0 33 0 1 2 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 370 89 72 0 0 0 2 2 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 600 135 134 0 1 0 3 2 875

Total 1203 815 240 0 94 0 8 6 2366

% 50.85 34.45 10.14 0 3.97 0.00 0.34 0.25 100



Facilities

127. Of the sub-project affected households, 77.26% have access to at least one facility,

whereas 21.51% of the households do not have access to any form of amenities, please


Table 46: Access to Facilities/Amenities in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Name of Rural

Municipality /

Municipality

VDC/Municipality Without

Facility

At least one

facility

Not

stated

Total

1 Solududhkunda-7 Dudhkunda Municipality 37 435 0 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 51 406 27 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 158 377 0 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 & 8 Deusa 263 610 2 875

Total 509 1828 29 2366

% 21.51 77.26 1.23 100.00


Types of Facilities

128. Among the households with at least one facility, 69.95% have access to radio and

50.63% have access to mobile phones. Only 6.72% of the households have access to

television, and only 1.90% have access to landline phones, refer Table 47 and 48.

Table 47: Types of Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N

Nam

e o

f M

un

icip

ality

/ R

ura

l M

un

icip

ality

VD

C/M

un

icp

ality

Wit

ho

ut

An

y F

ac

ilit

y

At

least

on

e f

acilit

y Household facility

To

tal

Rad

io

Tele

vis

ion

Cab

le T

ele

vis

ion

Co

mp

ute

r

Inte

rnet

Tele

ph

on

e

Mo

bile p

ho

ne

Mo

tor

Mo

torc

yc

le

Cycle

Oth

er

Veh

icle

Refr

ige

rato

r

No

t sta

ted


Municipality

37 435 416 73 0 5 1 17 335 1 1 0 0 1 0 472

2 Dudhkaushika-1 Nele 51 406 376 53 0 4 1 8 282 0 0 0 0 0 27 484

3 Dudhkaushika-6 Mukli 158 377 329 18 0 3 3 8 241 0 0 0 0 0 0 535

4 Dudhkaushika-7 &

8

Deusa 263 610 534 15 1 2 0 12 340 0 0 0 0 0 2 875

Total 509 1828 1655 159 1 14 5 45 1198 1 1 0 0 1 29 2366



Table 48: Usage of Available Facilities in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N. Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH

1 Radio 1655 69.95

2 Television 159 6.72

3 Cable Television 1 0.04

4 Computer 14 0.59

5 Internet 5 0.21

6 Telephone 45 1.90

7 Mobile Phone 1198 50.63

8 Motor 1 0.04

9 Motorcycle 1 0.04

10 Cycle 0 0.00

11 Other Vehicles 0 0.00

12 Refrigerator 1 0.04


Cultural Information

129. Majority of the people (Chhetri, Brahmin, Newar and Kami which is 51.26%) in the

sub-project area follow Hindu culture and thus celebrate Dashain and Tihar as their major

festival. While there is a significant Buddhist population (Tamang and Sherpa) as well that

celebrates Losar as their major festival.A major portion of the population is Rai communities

that follows Kirat culture and celebrate festivals such as Udhauli and Ubhauli. While few of

the population also flow Christmas as they follow Christian religion, please refer Table 49 for

detail.


Table 49: Cultures of the people in Sub-project Affected Areas

Name of Municipality / Rural

Municipality

Solududhkund

a-7

Dudhkaushika

-1

Dudhkaushika

-6

Dudhkaushika

-7 & 8

Total Major cultures

VDC / Municipality Dudhkunda

Municipality

Nele Mukli Deusa No. %

Households

Population

with

Caste/Ethnic

Group

Chhetri+ Kami+

Newar+

Brahmin+ Other 1304 1929 1406 906 5545 51.26

Dashain, Tihar,

Janai Purnima,

Rai 13 82 912 2712 3719 34.38 Udhauli, Ubhauli,

Christmas

Sherpa+Tamang 730 186 124 512 1552 14.35 Losar, Dashain,

Tihar, Buddha

purnima

Total 2047 2197 2442 4130 10816 100

Source: Field Survey, 2017

Market Survey

130. Market Survey was conducted in major settlements of the proposed road alignment. The price list of commodity and other goods were

recorded during the survey. The detail of market survey is presented in Appendix X.

4.3.4 Core Sub-project Area

131. Sub-project affected settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most of the section of road alignment completely

lack settlements. The major settlements located along the road alignment of Solukhumbu District are presented in the Table 50 below:


Table 50: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Highway in Solukhumbu District

S.N Name of Settlement District Name of Rural Municipality/ Municipality

and Ward Number

1 Tojing Solukhumbu Solududhkunda-7

2 Nojing Solukhumbu Solududhkunda-7

3 Nele Solukhumbu Dudhkaushika-1

4 Bogal Solukhumbu Dudhkaushika-7

Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017


132. The total households and population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District is 324 and

1830 respectively. The representations of male and female population are 54.04% male and

45.96% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 5.37, please refer Table 51 for

detail.

Table 51: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District

S.N Name of Settlement Households

Population

HH Size Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 26 65 50.00 65 50.00 130 100.00 5.00

2 Nojing 100 202 44.89 248 55.11 450 100.00 4.50

3 Nele 72 182 52.00 168 48.00 350 100.00 4.86

4 Bogal 126 540 60.00 360 40.00 900 100.00 7.14

Total 324 989 54.04 841 45.96 1830 100.00

Average Household Size 5.37



Caste/Ethnicity

133. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, the major ethnic/caste groups are Chhetri (33.64%), Tamang (26.23%) and Rai (11.73%), please


Table 52: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Solukhumbu District

S.N Name of Settlement Caste

Chhetri Sherpa Kami Magar Bhujel Tamang Newar Rai Damai Gurung Yadav Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 6 23.08 11 42.31 0 0.00 3 11.54 6 23.08 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100

2 Nojing 58 58.00 15 15.00 2 2.00 0 0.00 9 9.00 0 0.00 16 16.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 100

3 Nele 25 34.72 6 8.33 2 2.78 8 11.11 0 0.00 5 6.94 1 1.39 18 25.00 2 2.78 4 5.56 1 1.39 72 100

4 Bogal 20 15.87 0 0.00 5 3.97 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 63.49 0 0.00 20 15.87 1 0.79 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100

Total 109 33.64 32 9.88 9. 2.78 11 3.40 15 4.63 85 26.23 17 5.25 38 11.73 3 0.93 4 1.23 1 0.31 324 100



Religion

134. Majority of households of PAS(s) follow Hinduism (75.00%). Moreover, the

households following Buddhism religion is also significant (25.00%), please refer Table 53

for detail.

Table 53: Religion Followed in PAS(s)

S.N Name of

Settlement

Religion By Household (Nos.)

Hindu Buddhism Total

1 Tojing 15 11 26

2 Nojing 85 15 100

3 Nele 57 15 72

4 Bogal 86 40 126

Total (No.) 243 81 324

Total (%) 75 25 100


Migration

135. Majority of households (59.26) of PAS(s) are living since generation, 21.30%

households are living from last 20-30 years and 10.80% of households were living from last

20 years. However, 8.64% households have temporarily out-migrated from village in past

few years, please refer Table 54 for detail.

Table 54: Migration Trend in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement

Household (No.)

Living

from

generation

Living

from 20-30

years

Living from

last 20

Years

Temporarily

out-migrated in

past few years

Total

1 Tojing 14 11 1 0 26

2 Nojing 99 1 0 0 100

3 Nele 22 36 11 3 72

4 Bogal 57 21 23 25 126

Total 192 69 35 28 324

Total (%) 59.26 21.30 10.80 8.64 100.00


Occupation

136. The major occupation of PAS(s) is agriculture (28.03%). The other occupations are

student (24.32%), wage labor (22.62%), business (11.09%), foreign employment (10.55%)

and service (3.39%), please refer Table 55 for detail.


Table 55: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement

S.N Name of Settlement Occupation of Population (%)

Ag

ric

ult

ure

Bu

sin

es

s

Se

rvic

e

Wa

ge L

ab

or

Stu

de

nt

Fo

reig

n

Em

plo

ym

en

t

To

tal

1 Tojing 57.69 10.00 3.08 15.38 11.54 2.31 100.00

2 Nojing 17.78 4.44 8.89 26.67 31.11 11.11 100.00

3 Nele 25.14 40.00 2.29 12.57 14.29 5.71 100.00

4 Bogal 30.00 3.33 1.11 25.56 26.67 13.33 100.00

Total 28.03 11.09 3.39 22.62 24.32 10.55 100.0


Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation

Livelihood

137. Majority of households (76.23%) in PAS(s) have sufficient earning without surplus to

fulfill their livelihood. While few households (9.26%) have sufficient earning with surplus.

However, 14.51% have not sufficient earning to fulfill their livelihood, please refer Table 56

for detail.

Table 56: Livelihood Status in PAS

S.

N

Name of

Settlement

Earning of household

Sufficient with

surplus

Sufficient

without surplus

Inadequate to

meet livelihood

Total

Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. %

1 Tojing 18 69.23 8 30.77 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Nojing 5 5.00 95 95.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 7 9.72 58 80.56 7 9.72 72 100.00

4 Bogal 0 0.00 86 68.25 40 31.75 126 100.00

Total 30 9.26 247 76.23 47 14.51 324 100.00


Solid Waste Management Techniques

138. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated

from their day to day activities. Majority of (69.14%) the inorganic wastes are burned and few

(30.86%) are dumped in open. No municipal collection has been done yet, please refer



Table 57: Solid Waste Management Techniques

S.N Settlement Name Solid Waste Management Techniques

Organic Waste Total Inorganic Waste Total

Co

mp

osti

ng

Oth

er

Incin

era

tio

n

Op

en

du

mp

ing

Mu

nic

ipal

co

llecti

on

HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. %

1 Tojing 26 100 0 0.00 26 100 26 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Najing 100 100 0 0.00 100 100 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 72 100 0 0.00 72 100 72 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 72 100.00

4 Bogal 126 100 0 0.00 126 100 126 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100.00

Total 324 100 0 0.00 324 100 100 69.14 100 30.86 0 0.00 324 100.00


Health

139. In Solukhumbu District, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in Municipality and Rural Municipality for general health treatment.

However, in major health treatment, they visit the district hospital as well as clinic of Solukhumbu District. Majority of them walk for 5 to 20

minutes to reach the health institutions. Most of the clinics and health posts have average of 10-15 patient visits every day. Primary level of

treatment is conducted in all of the available health institution, please refer Table 58 for detail.


Table 58: Available Health Service in PAS in Solukhumbu District S

.N

Nam

e o

f

sett

lem

en

t

Nam

e o

f

neare

st

healt

h

insti

tuti

on

Lo

cati

on

Dis

tan

ce

or

du

rati

on

No

. o

f sta

ff

mem

bers

A

vail

ab

le

serv

ice

s

Inco

min

g

pati

en

ts p

er

day

M

ajo

r

dis

eas

es/

Illn

ess

es

1 Tojing Tojing Health Post Lower

Garma

5 km 5 Primary

Level

Treatment

15-20 Asthma, cough,

typhoid, sugar

related, pressure

fluctuations

2 Nojing GaunGhar Clinic Najing 20 minutes 2 Primary

Level

Treatment

5-10 Seasonal Illnesses

and minor injuries

3 Nele Nele Health Post Nele 5 minutes 3 Primary

Level

Treatment

20 Dysentery, jaundice

Dudhkunda Polyclinic Nele 5 minutes 3 Primary

Level

Treatment

10-15 Pneumonia, cough,

cold, measles

Ayurvedic Centre Nele 10 minutes 5 Primary

Level

Treatment

15 Jaundice, cough,

cold, diarrhea


140. The major diseases reported are fever, common cold & cough, asthma, skin disease,

blood pressure, etc., please refer Table 59 for detail.

Table 59: Major Disease in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Major Disease

1 Tojing Asthma, cough, typhoid, sugar related, pressure fluctuations

2 Nojing Seasonal Illnesses and minor injuries

3 Nele Dysentery, jaundice

Pneumonia, cough, cold, measles

4 Bogal Asthma, cough, typhoid, sugar related, pressure fluctuations


Education

141. The educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate (22.62%), Basic (56.86%),

Secondary (16.08%) and graduate and above (4.44%), please refer Table 60 for detail.


Table 60: Educational Status in PAS S

.N

Nam

e o

f S

ett

lem

en

t Education Status

Illiterate Basic

(Up to class 8)

Secondary

(Up to 12)

Graduate and

Above

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

1 Tojing 4.62 6.15 5.38 86.15 86.15 86.15 9.23 7.69 8.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

2 Nojing 0.00 0.00 0.00 85.15 77.42 81.28 12.87 21.37 17.12 1.98 1.21 1.59 100

3 Nele 3.30 2.98 3.14 51.10 53.57 52.34 29.12 29.17 29.14 16.48 14.29 15.38 100

4 Bogal 80.56 83.33 81.94 9.26 6.11 7.69 8.89 10.28 9.58 1.30 0.28 0.79 100

Total 22.12 23.11 22.62 57.92 55.81 56.86 15.03 17.13 16.08 4.94 3.94 4.44 100


Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status

142. The available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from primary level to higher

secondary level. Majority of educational institutions are of primary level. Students need to

walk from 5 to 45 minutes to reach their school, please refer Table 61 for detail.

Table 61: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s)

S.

N

Name

of

Settlem

ent

Available Educational

Institution

(Private / Government)

Educationa

l Level

Number

of

Students

Average

Distance in

Km or Time

Taken

(Minute)

Location

1 Tojing Siddhartha Primary School Primary 70 1.5 km Garma-7

Tallo Garma Secondary School Secondary 250 2 km Lower

Garma

2 Nojing Shree Sekarsingh Awasiya

School

Primary 101 150 m Dudhkunda-

7

3 Nele Jeevan Jyoti Secondary School Secondary 500 5 minutes Nele

4 Bogal Deurali Adharbhut School Primary 84 60 minutes Bogal-7

Namse Adharbhut School Primary 22 60 minutes Namse-6


Drinking Water

143. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, Pipe water supply (42.28%) is the main source of

drinking water. However, majority of households (37.04) rely on well/spring for the drinking

water purpose. Significant populations (19.14%) also rely on Communal Tap while very

insignificant populations (1.54%) depend on river water, please refer Table 62 for detail.


Table 62: Status of Drinking Water in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement

Household Benefited Total

Communal Tap River Water Well/Spring Pipeline

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 26 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Nojing 0 0.00 5 5.00 95 95.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 36 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 36 50.00 72 100.00

4 Bogal 0 0.00 0 0.00 25 19.84 101 80.16 126 100.00

Total 62 19.14 5 1.54 120 37.04 137 42.28 324 100.00



144. In Solukhumbu District, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (79.32%) for

cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (20.68%),


Table 63: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Household Utilization

Firewood LPG Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 10 38.46 16 61.54 26 100.00

2 Nojing 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 36 50.00 36 50.00 72 100.00

4 Bogal 111 88.10 15 11.90 126 100.00

Total 257 79.32 67 20.68 324 100.00



145. In Solukhumbu District, all (100%) of households of PAS(s) use Electricity for the

lighting purpose, please refer Table 64 for detail.

Table 64: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Energy for light

Kerosene Electricity Solar Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 0 0.00 26 100.00 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Nojing 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 0 0.00 72 100.00 0 0.00 72 100.00

4 Bogal 0 0.00 126 100.00 0 0.00 126 100.00

Total 0 0.00 324 100.00 0 0.00 324 100.00



Sanitation

146. In Solukhumbu District, the entire households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their

houses (95.68%). While few (4.32%) have their toilets built inside their houses, please refer


Table 65: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Household

without Toilet

Household with Toilet Type

In-house Toilet Out-House Pit Latrine Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 0 0.00 2 7.69 24 92.31 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Nojing 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 100.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 0 0.00 12 16.67 60 83.33 0 0.00 72 100.00

4 Bogal 0 0.00 0 0.00 126 100.00 0 0.00 126 100.00

Total 0 0.00 14 4.32 310 95.68 0 0.00 324 100.00


Telecommunication

147. In PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District, there are no landline telecommunication facilities in

PAS of Solukhumbu District. NTC is the major telecom facility (63.27%) along with Ncell

(36.73%), please refer Table 66 for detail.

Table 66: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Telecommunications

NTC N-Cell Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 15 57.69 11 42.31 26 100.00

2 Nojing 50 50.00 50 50.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 40 55.56 32 44.44 72 100.00

4 Bogal 100 79.37 26 20.63 126 100.00

Total 205 63.27 119 36.73 324 100.00


Refreshment and shops

148. There are 13 hotel and lodges, 1 restaurant, 53 teashops and 31 ration stores in

PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District. Other shops include 2 stationery, 1 cosmetics shop, 1

pharmacy, 2 hardware shops, 3 meat-shops and 1 tailor, please refer Table 67 for detail.


Table 67: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS S

.N

Na

me

of

Se

ttle

me

nt

Amenities Type (Nos.)

Ho

tels

an

d

Lo

dg

es

Re

sta

ura

nts

Tea

Sh

op

s

Ra

tio

n S

tore

Sta

tio

nery

Co

sm

eti

cs

Ph

arm

acy

Clo

thin

g

Sto

re

Ha

rdw

are

Me

at

Sh

op

s

Tail

or

Total

1 Tojing 3 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10

2 Nojing 2 0 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

3 Nele 8 0 30 20 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 67

4 Bogal 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20

Total 13 1 53 31 2 1 1 0 2 3 1 108


Land Value

149. The land price of various PAS(s) varies in PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District. The land

price is high nearby district capital 'Salleri'. The detail of land price of PAS(s) is presented in

Table 68.

Table 68: Land Price in PAS

S.N

Name of

settlement

Land Price (Rs.)

Irrigated

land (khet)

in ropani

Non-Irrigated

Land in ropani

Ghaderi

(residential

plot)

Khar bari

in ropani

Pakha/

bari in

ropani

1 Tojing - 100,000 60000 (per m2) - 20,000

2 Nojing - - - - -

3 Nele - 750,000 15500 (per m2) 4,500 11,000

4 Bogal 300,000 67,000 10,00,000 (Per

ghaderi)

- 67,000


Financial Institutions

150. Majority of the financial institutions in the PAS(s) are Laghubitta (66.67%) and 4 in

number. While Shahakari and Banks are equal in number i.e. one each which is 16.67%,



Table 69: Major Financial Institutions in PAs

S.N. Settlement name Financial institutions

Banks Laghubitta Sahakari Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Tojing 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -

2 Najing 0 0.00 3 100.00 0 0.00 3 100.00

3 Nele 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 3 100.00

4 Bogal 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -

Total 1 16.67 4 66.67 1 16.67 6 100.00


Land Ownership

151. Majority of the households (37.35) in PAS(s) owe more than 20 ropani of land.

19.14% HH have 10-20 ropani of land, 13.27% have 5-10 ropanis while 27.28% have less

than 5 ropanis of land. 2.47% however are landless, please refer Table 70 for detail.

Table 70: Land ownership pattern

S.N Settle

ment

name

Land ownership Total

> 20

ropani

10-20

ropani

5-10 ropani Upto 5 ropani No Land

(Sukumbasi)

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Tojing 7 26.92 2 7.69 5 19.23 12 46.15 0 0.00 26 100.00

2 Najing 35 35.00 40 40.00 15 15.00 10 10.00 0 0.00 100 100.00

3 Nele 15 20.83 0 0.00 0 0.00 56 77.78 1 1.39 72 100.00

4 Bogal 64 50.79 20 15.87 23 18.25 12 9.52 7 5.56 126 100.00

Total 121 37.35 62 19.14 43 13.27 90 27.78 8 2.47 324 100.00


Irrigation

152. None of the agriculture areas of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation systems.

Crops

153. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are maize, potato, bean(simi) and wheat. Millet is

cultivated in Bogal village only, please refer Table 71 for detail.


Table 71: Major crop of PAS(s)

S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops

1 Tojing Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi

2 Najing Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi

3 Nele Maize, Potato, Wheat, Simi

4 Bogal Maize, Potato, Wheat, Millet


Livestock

154. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Pig and Chicken are also

some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s), please refer Table 72 for detail.

Table 72: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS(s)

S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock

1 Tojing Cow, Goat, Buffalo

2 Najing Cow, Goat, Buffalo

3 Nele Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Pig

4 Bogal Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Ox, Chicken


Economic Activities

155. Majority of people of PAS(s) believe that the proposed road sub-project will enhance

business and trade in the district through the export of local agricultural production and

increment of business activities. However Livestock rearing and Agriculture are other major

economic activities, please refer Table 73 for detail.

Table 73: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading

S.N Name of Settlement Description

1 Tojing Livestock Rearing

2 Nojing None

3 Nele Business Growth

4 Bogal Agricultural Training


Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance

156. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism

importance in PAS(s) of Solukhumbu District is presented in Table 74.


Table 74: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites

S.

N

Name of

Settlement

Description

1 Tojing Mane, Buddhist Stupa

2 Nojing Kalika Mandir, Ganesh Mandir, Jaleshwor Mandir, Kamalkodhi

Mandir, Gumba

3 Nele Shiva Mandir

4 Bogal Gumba, Kuti


Social Centers

157. The various social centers in the PAS(s) were recorded and listed in Table 75 below.

Table 75: Social Centers

S.N Settlement

name

No. of

social

centres

Name of social centre Physica

l status

Affected due to

road rehabilitation

(Y/N)

1 Tojing 0 - - -

2

Najing

2

Community Centre Good Y

Community Centre Good N

3

Nele

4

Ayurvedic Centre Good N

Police Station Good N

Forest Office Fair N

Post Office Fair N

4 Bogal 1 Orgen Chholing Service

Centre

Good N


4.3.5 Sub-project Affected Families

158. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households

income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures and other assets. Of the

total 320 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 113 (35.1%)

households consisting of 517 populations. The absentee households seem very high but this

is because they are residing out of sub-project site during census. Most of the families are

residing in the capital city, Kathmandu and foreign countries like UK and USA. The Table 76

provides summary of the affected households.


Table 76: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-sub-project

SN Variable Count

1 Total Affected HHs 320

2 Interviewed HHs 113

3 Interviewed Population 517

3.1 Male 243

3.2 Female 274

3.3 Average HHs Size 4.6

3.4 Dalit HHs 4

3.5 Janjati HHs 46

3.6 Brahmin/Chhetri HHs 63

3.7 Women HHs 30

Source: Household Survey, 2016

159. The sub-project affects HHs of indigenous people mostly Janajati households are

found in resettlement survey. Out of 46 Janajati households Tamang are of highest

proportion (43.48) followed by Sherpa (23.91), Rai (8.70) and Shrestha (8.70), Lama (4.35),

Magar (4.35) and Singh (4.35) and Gurung (2.17). Table 77 shows the details of the Janajati

households residing along the road alignment.

Table 77: Detail of Janajati Households

S. N. Description No. of HHs Percentage

1 Tamang 20 43.48

2 Sherpa 11 23.91

3 Rai 4 8.70

4 Shrestha 4 8.70

5 Lama 2 4.35

6 Magar 2 4.35

7 Singh 2 4.35

8 Gurung 1 2.17

Total 46 100.00

Source: Household Survey, 2016

160. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road alignment

but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People in the area

grow mostly potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat. Paddy production is not

appropriate because of topographical setting of the sub-project site. The average

agricultural income of the 320 affected families is NRs 30,752.21 annually. Similarly, the

average food sufficiency of the Aps from their agricultural production is 6.10 months.

However, the APs major income source is the non-agricultural sector which remains

unaffected by the sub-sub-project. The APs are involved in small business activities like tea

shop, restaurants etc. The other non-agricultural incomes of the interviewed HHs are foreign

jobs, non-agricultural labor etc. The APs will be incorporated in Income Restoration and

Rehabilitation Training program under RP.


5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on

Environment

161. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out considering the

proposed proposal activities which were examined in terms of the construction and operation

stage. Several such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey,

information obtained from the stakeholders, and few on value judgment. The impact of the

activities will be on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources within the ZoI.

Impacts from the proposed road sub sub-project can be both beneficial as well as adverse.

Most of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The impacts have

been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific,

local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit

enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7:

5.1. Beneficial Impacts

5.1.1 Construction Phase

Employment Generation to Local People

162. The construction works offers a wide range of works for unskilled, skilled and semi-

skilled labors. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the road during the construction

stage is the creation of employment opportunities for the local community. The road

construction will create of 77,947 unskilled and 23,393 skilled person day’s work. Employment generation for the local people will minimize seasonal migration to other parts

of the country, as well as to foreign countries. There will be positive impacts in other

economic activities in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. This is

one of the direct, high short-term and local in nature.

Economic Increment of Local People

163. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of wage

earnings and various commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic

increment in the sub-project area. The local people of the sub-project area will have

opportunity to sell their agro products (such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on

better price to the contractors, construction workforce as well as the personnel of sub-project

office. Besides to meet the daily demands of the contractors and construction workforce,

there are possibilities of opening of new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops.

The local community can get maximum benefits of these new commercial and economic

activities. This impact is direct, low, local and short-term in nature

Skill Enhancement

164. The construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large

number of people will get practical hands on training. Furthermore, the sub-project will also

organize training on road construction and maintenance that will enhance the technical skills

of local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the sub-project during construction

will enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn livelihoods from

similar sub-project in future. This impact is indirect, moderate, local and long-term in nature.


5.1.2 Operation Phase

165. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Road will offer easy, comfortable and quick

access to the people of the sub-project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time

will be reduced and the cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct,

high, regional impacts and will have long-term benefits.

Improve Access

166. Reconstruction of road will enhance the access of people to social services, and

quick transportation of goods. Travelling time will be reduced by three times and the cost of

transportation will be cheaper by around three times. This is the direct, high, regional

impacts and will have long-term impact.Majority of people of PAS(s) consider that the

proposed sub-project will enhance the transport facility of the district, please refer Table 78

for detail.

Table 78: Potential Beneficial Impacts of the Sub-project

S.N Name of Settlement Description

1 Tojing Ease in Commuting, Health and educational services will

prosper, Transportation facilities will help decrease the

prices of commodities,

2 Nojing Transportation services will foster, Commodities will

become cheaper, Business growth, Health and

educational services will prosper

3 Nele Ease in transportation and commute

4 Bogal Access to transportation services


Possible Market Development and Business Promotion

167. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and

industrialization of the sub-project area, which will lead to the regional development of the

area. There are extensive economic opportunities and significant chances of growth and

extension of the minor local markets and promotion of small businessalong the road. This

will provide non-farm employment opportunities to the growing rural population. These non-

farm employment opportunities will benefit especially occupational caste groups due to

extension of market centre and development of small towns. The sub-project will have

indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Increase in Land Value

168. Upgrading of the road leads to appreciation of land values, particularly near the

market and settlement areas. People from the different village will migrate near the road

because of facilities and commercial purpose which increase the demand of plot land near

the road alignment. Increase in the demand will increase the land value. The impact is

indirect, high, local and long term in nature.

Development of Cottage Industries

169. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of

the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of cultivating Kibi & apple. But because


of the lack of the market they have not got sufficient benefit from their product. After

completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due to increase in the

commercial farming of these two products because of enhanced transportation and market

facilities. Similarly, there are also chances to develop forest based small and cottage

industries such as saw mill, Veneers production industries with facilities of transportation.

The sub-project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Increase in Crop Productivity

170. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to

many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased

agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase

agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in

occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence

farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs

that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and

will have long term benefits.

Increase in Sale of Local Products

171. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cash crops, fruits and livestock products will

be increased almost all the settlement along the road corridor. Due to market accessibility

the local product like simi and potato also take place in local market in reasonable price

which preserve time and money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in

the product increases in the sale. This is the direct, moderate, local and will have long term

benefits.

Tourism Development

172. There are several trails that connect the tourists from Solukhumbu district with other

neighbouring districts such as Khotang and Sankhuwasabha. The trail will ease the

transportation of tourism related materials for both camping and tea house tourism. In

addition the road construction will ease the development of improved tourism related

infrastructures such as bridges, hotels, lodges, museum, etc. This is the direct, moderate,

local and will have long term benefits.

5.2. Adverse Impacts


Physical Aspects

Change in Land Use

173. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term

permanent change in the land use. Changes of land use due to the construction of road are

mainly conversion of 5.184 ha of agricultural land, 3.22 ha of community forest area, 3.7 ha

of private forest area, 1.07 ha of settlement area, 0.45 ha of governmental land and 0.22 ha

of river/ stream area which already exist. Similarly, there will be some change in land use

due to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from changes in land use will be high,

direct, local and long term in nature.


Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

174. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road section during

the upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The total amount of spoil generation will

be 158,933.08m3. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are:

gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water

runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of vegetation, crops and property at downhill.

The impact from spoil disposal will be direct, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.

Slope Instability

175. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may

create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the

unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified

the problematic areas from the geological point (Refer Table 10). The stability of slopes

along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock

discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil

erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.

Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works

176. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The

concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting

the stability of the road. Also, this leads to the cultivated land being damaged, as well as

putting a settlement named Barane under severe risk of inundation. The impact will be

direct, moderate, site specific and medium term.

Air and Dust Pollution

177. Although the air quality of the sub-project area is not measured, the air does not

appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of

dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may

affect the local people and workers. Dust may create nuisance to markets, schools and

health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.

Noise Pollution

178. The sub-project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However,

use of rock breaker, excavator and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the

workers and people living in nearby areas. During the construction phase the existing water

source (Kuwa) at the chainage 10+050 might be affected. The impact of noise will be direct,

low, local and short term in nature.

Water Pollution

179. The water quality within the sub-project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of

water in the water bodies within the sub-project area appears to be fairly good as they are

widely used by households for drinking purpose. The haphazard disposal of various types of

waste generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper

sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be

contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact

will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.


Impact due to Quarrying

180. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials.

Potential quarry sites are at Ch 4+800, 7+300, 9+600 (Dudhkaushika-1),18+220

(Dudhkaushika-7) and 18+840. The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in

excessive amounts can damage the local environment. The potential adverse impacts of

quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns,

water logging and water pollution. The likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be

direct, low in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.

Impact due to Camp Sites

181. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction

camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate

the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover,

such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may

cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water

problems. Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 4+720 (Solududhkunda-7), Ch

10+250 (Dudhkaushika RM-7). Impact will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and

for short-term.

Construction Equipment Vehicles

182. The contractor based construction will use heavy machineries. The related negative

impacts are increase in air pollution due to emission of smoke and dust, and increase in

vibration due to vehicular movement. The likely impact from the operation of vehicle and

equipment will be direct, high in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.

Biological Aspects

Pressure in Community and Private Forest in IIA

183. Local people and labors and/or their dependents in the forest area (Ghumne Pani

CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest) of IIA may be involved in collecting,

using and selling the forest products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking

demand of construction camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall,

restaurants, and lodges will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers

and sub-project staffs. These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber.

Moreover, large and small sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts

such that the construction workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site for

such purpose resulting in the loss of natural forest and vegetation resources. The impact will

be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.

Impact on Wildlife/Bird Habitat due to Loss or Degradation of Habitat, Increased

Hunting and Other Form of Human Pressure in Community and Private Forest of IIA

184. The forest resources of IIA have already been in a degraded and disturbed condition

due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and human intervention.

Majority of forest areas of the road section is private forest and community forest (Ghumne

Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF) comprising less floral species of the biodiversity

significance. However, the construction of the road may disturb wildlife and bird species

present along the road corridor. Increased hunting activities due to the movement of labor,


use of construction equipments, and noise during construction may affect the home range of

the fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.

Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna (as listed in

CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) in IIA

185. The proposed area is not significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However,

the construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present in Ghumne Pani CF,

Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest of IIA due to increased noise level. Some

protected wild fauna such as Syal (Canis aureus), Badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos), and Dumsi (Hystrixindica) are in IUCN list. The impact will be indirect, low,

local and short term in nature.

Socio-economic Aspects

Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

186. In total 5.184 ha of agricultural land is the existing land acquired for the sub-sub-

project. Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is

clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the sub-project will have adverse

impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the

agricultural productivity of their land. Total 752 plots are found to be affected by road,

average land loss is going to be decreased by 0.78 ha and food sufficiency will decrease to

6.04 to 6.6 months. Agricultural production of annual 20.791158 MT maize, 1.263 MT of

millet, 2.079 MT of wheat and 6.420 MT of potato will decrease due to conversion of 5.184

ha of agriculture land into road. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local

in extent and of long term in duration.

Impact on Private Properties

187. Two private residences at Ch (4+000 & 4+200) along the road corridor will be

affected as given in Appendix XIIa. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long term

in nature.

Impact on Community Infrastructure

188. There is no any Community Infrastructure that will be affected due to this sub-project

along the road alignment.

Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

189. One religious sites (Mane) belongs to Buddhist at Ch 4+210 along the road will be

affected as given in Appendix XIIb. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long term

in nature.

Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety

190. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks

and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the Sub-

project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be

encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope

stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease

due to exposure to dust. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines


and washing facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as

dysentery, diarrhea and cholera. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.

Impact on Public Health and Safety

191. For the sub-project construction works, people from various parts of the sub-project

affected Municipalities/Rural Municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the

sub-project area. Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in

sub-project area in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people

might be suffering from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be

transmitted to local people arising threat to community health.

192. The sanitation condition of sub-project area is good with entire households of sub-

project affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and

around the sub-project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp.

The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.


Physical Aspects

Road Slope Stability and Management

193. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making

the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be

destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, and faulty

construction, re-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may

also be expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying

stones or soil, animal grazing and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct, moderate,

local and long term in nature.

Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution

194. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will

produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road

corridor. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water

sources. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact will be

direct, low, local and long term.

Biological Aspects

Pressure in Private and Community Forest Resource in IIA

195. Due to easy access, forest areas (Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF

and private forest) on the roadside may suffer from human interference such as trampling;

grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may hinder natural regeneration and

growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of smuggling of forest products due to easy

access and easy transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and

long term in nature.


Forest Fire in Community and Private Forest of IIA

196. With increase human influence in forest area of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF,

Kordap CF as well as private forest, there is the chances of increase forest fire intentionally

and unknowingly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting in IIA

197. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the

frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the community as well as

private forest area will have impact on the wildlife and bird species. There may occur illegal

hunting during operation period by the people from market areas due to easy accessibility.

The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Impact on Protected Species in IIA

198. Protected plants are not reported in this area. But some protected fauna is reported,

detail as in Table 13. There will be possibilities of impact on these species due to increase

in human influence. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.


Public/Forest Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development along the

Road Alignment

199. Along the most of the existing road alignments of Nepal, ribbon settlement growth is

quite common. Encroachment of the RoW (Right of Way) of public land, Ghumne Pani CF,

Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF as well as private forest is a common phenomenon during the

ribbon settlement development. There is thus, high possibility of ribbon settlement

development along the RoW on this road sub-project as well.

200. If so, this will not only limit the possibility for future road expansion but also will

increase possibilities of road accident. In addition, the settlement growth along the roadside

is likely to increase the volume of household wastes as well as generation of waste-water.

The continued waste-water generation could block the drain constructed for surface water

runoff which in long run could damage/degrade the condition of road. This will result in high

cost for maintainence and repair. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term

in nature.

Increased Traffic Congestion

201. After the upgrading of road to all weather gravel standard road, there will be increase

in vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can

get disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community

will get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution

due to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns.The impact will be direct,

moderate, local and long term in nature.

Road Safety

202. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of

enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road


accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long

term in nature.

5.3. Climate Change Impacts

203. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future

planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas.

The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged

precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme

events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather

contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are

indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly

affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.

204. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions,

of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to

extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures)

which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g.

Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and

operations.

205. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future

impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes

and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation

operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather

events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future

climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport

performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences

could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures) for more detail refer Appendix II.


6. Analysis of Alternatives

206. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which

involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub-sub-

project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes

the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the

sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following

sub-sections:

6.1. No Action Alternative

207. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the Proposal. This

alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is

not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district

headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship

of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental

adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.

6.2. Project Alternatives

208. DLPIU has selected Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project as it provides access to

southern part of district. It will be upgrade road constructed by EEAP and through this road it

will be connected eastern part of Solukhumbu to district headquarter and national highway.

Other means of transport like constructing a rope way is not feasible in the sub-project area.

There is an airport in Nele but it is not in operating right now.

6.3. Alternative Alignment

209. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with

vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other

socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past.

Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability,

etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the

current context.

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach

210. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NBC approach by high use

of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction. Simple dry

stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are used to the maximum extent possible.

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process

211. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as

well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would

be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as construction workers. The

construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages

and waterways during irrigation period.


6.6. Alternative Resources

212. The construction materials to be used for the sub-project are boulder for gabion & dry

walls, coarse aggregates/gravel/cobble of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base,

base course and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local

hill slopes. In addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost

effective alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement

construction is intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork,

construction of simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually.

6.7. No Forest Alternative

213. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction. The 6.25

m formation width of the road is already clear so that no further vegetation is needed to

clear. Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road sub-project.


7. Benefit Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization

Measures

214. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse

consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the

sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures

and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the

sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified,

predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation

measures.

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase

215. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are

preventive in nature and have two basic objectives.

Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and

Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road

construction and operation.

7.2. Detailed Survey and Design

216. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The

works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the

contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is

sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and

manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link

local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.

7.3. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures


Employment Generation to local People

217. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Uplifting the socioeconomic condition of the affected people through the life skill training

Awareness programme for the locals.

Local people will get direct monetary benefit during the road rehabilitation and

reconstruction.

Economic Increment of local People

218. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Awareness raising**6 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and

other financial institutions, NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.

Increase in market demand and opportunity

Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 250,000.00 in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.


Skill Enhancement

219. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:

Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry

wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and

bio-engineering works.


Improve Access

220. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Possible Market Development and Business Promotion


Increase in Land Value


Development of Cottage Industries


Increase in Crop Productivity


Increase in Sale of Local Products


Tourism Development


7.4. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures


Physical Aspects

Change in Land Use

227. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the land use change.

Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the

remaining land will not be lost due to erosion.

During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.

Roadside plantation along the COI to reduce encroachment.

Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

228. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.


Adopting cut and fill balance.

Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and

depressed areas etc.

Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land

Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner

and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques

after surplus material is tipped.

Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farmland, marshy land, forest areas, natural

drainage path, canals and other infrastructures.

After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and

adequate protection against erosion.

Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.

Preparation spoils disposal management plan and its implementation.

229. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are

used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing

undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and

engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses (adopted

guidelines for retaining structures are as per DOR). In this sub-project, the types of retaining

structures are gabion retaining wall, stone masonry retaining wall, stone masonry Breast

Wall and Stone Masonry Revetment Wall.

230. Spoil disposal sites are proposed at the chainage 2+960, 4+540 and 8+360. Suitable

materials obtained from excavation will be used for embankment filling, and backfilling of

structures. Despite this, the surplus excavated materials obtained will be disposed at

construction site as required. Wherever possible, the surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded

gullies, quarries and depressed areas. Dry stone toe walls are required in some locations for

disposal of spoils.

Slope Instability

231. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be

adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the

construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.

Ensuring minimum cut slope.

Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type.

Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native

plant species.

Adoption of bio-engineering techniques.

Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction.

No construction work during rainy season.

Mass balancing in cut and fill volume.

Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes.

Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Work

232. In order to address this, following mitigation measures will be under taken.


Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have

minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area,

Avoid surface water discharge into farmland, settlement area or risky locations,

Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal

of spoils.

Adopt outward road slope as per green road standard to minimize water accumulation

The sub-project should construct a 200 m drain that reaches up to a kholsi to avoid any

adverse circumstances in Barane Settlement

233. Stone Masonry causeways will be constructed at following chainage required to

mitigate the water induced adverse impacts; Ch 3+450, 7+295, 8+100, 8+330, 8+500,

9+765, 12+305, 13+240, 13+470, 13+550, 17+330 and 19+670 and slab culvert at ch 3+070

and 12+835. 70 pipe culverts of diameters 900 mm (15 in nos.), 600 mm (50 in nos.) and

300 mm (5 in nos.) were proposed.

Air Pollution


Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust

source.

Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier

Noise Pollution

Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking

Restrict horn near school, Hospital and settlement

Water Pollution

Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies

Rehabilitation of Kuwa, (if required) as suggested in public consultation and disclosure

Construction of toilets in camp sites..

Quarry Operation


Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government

Quarry operation plan will be prepared.

After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local

landscape, plantation will be done and drainage will be provided.

Camp Sites Management

236. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp

to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas at ch 4+720 and

10+250; pay compensation for using private farm. Toilet, water and other basic facilities will

be provided to workers. Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed.


Construction Equipment Vehicles


All equipment/vehicles deployed for construction activities shall be regularly maintained.

All the vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent

possible.

In any case all material movement routes shall be inspected daily twice to clear off any

accidental spills.

Materials under transportation shall be covered.

Biological Aspects

Pressure in Community and Private Forest Product in IIA


Encouragement to use LPG as fuel in camp and collection of firewood from dead and

dying trees from Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest

Restricting workers to collect and sell forest products

Awareness programme allocates NRs. 250,000.00 for the construction workers before

the implementation of sub-project.

Impact on Wildlife/Bird Habitat due to Loss or Degradation of Habitat, Increased

Hunting and Other Form of Human Pressure in Community and Private Forest of IIA


Reconstruction activities near the forest areas will be done only in day time.

Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers

Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts

and regulations strictly.

Errecting signboard to increase awareness

Conducting awareness programme allocates for the construction workers before the

implementation of sub-project (NRs. 250,000.00)

Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna (as listed in

CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) in IIA

240. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals.

Coordination with DFO to control the activities like illegal hunting and poaching by

enforcing acts and regulations strictly.


Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

241. Mitigation measures will be as follows.

Compensation for loss of land equivalent to NRs. 12,472,588.8 will be provided to AP


Impact on Private Properties

242. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 2,356,877.5 will be provided as per the

resettlement plan to the affected person for the displacement of houses,

Impact on Community Infrastructure

243. No mitigation measures are required as there is no impact.

Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

244. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 100,000.00 will be provided as per the

resettlement.

Occupational Health, Safety and Sanitation


The workers will be provided with helmets, vest, masks, muffles and boots depending on

the nature of the construction work.

First aid box will be kept at work sites.

Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.

First aid training will be provided to field staff.

Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water,

mosquito net, sanitary facility, temporary pit latrine and solid waste management.

Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be

strictly prohibited.

Impact on Public Health and Safety


First aid facility will be provided.

NRs. 250,000.00 is allocated for awareness raising** training on Public health and

safety.

Provision of informative signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades aroung the

construction site


Physical Aspects

Road Slope Stability and Management


Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical

areas.

Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.

Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with

appropriate technology (bioengineering).


Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution


Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized

Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and

settlements.

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust

and noise barrier.

Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

Biological Aspects

Pressure in Private and Community Forest Resource in IIA


Maintenance workers will be restricted to collect and sell forest products from Ghumne

Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and private forest

Awareness raising** programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals

for the conservation of forests, NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.

Forest Fire in Community and Private Forest of IIA

NRs. 250,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes for local people and

members of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and owner of private forest

Disturbance to Wildlife and Illegal Hunting

250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned

impacts.

Appropriate sign boards will be erected in section of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF,

Kordap CF and private forest along the road, informing drivers.

Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas along the road

Potential areas for wildlife crossing

Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and

regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with.

Awareness raising** programmes about importance of biodiversity to the local people,

students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit the speed and horn, NRs.

250,000.00 has been allocated. Awareness programmes for conservation of forest

resources, enforcement of law along with community participation also will be conducted.

Impact on Protected Species

251. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned

impacts.

awareness raising** programmes about importance of biodiversity and protected

species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will be conducted., NRs.

250,000.00 has been allocated.



Public/Forest Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development

252. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.

Awareness raising** programs to regulate settlements along the road, awareness

against the encroachment of Ghumne Pani CF, Mukle Maidal CF, Kordap CF and public

land along the road; NRs. 250,000.00 has been allocated.

Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within

RoW.

NRs. 350,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is

not encroached

Increased Traffic Congestion

253. The mitigation measures adopted will be as following.

Required traffic signs will be used along the road.

Applying appropriate traffic rules.

Road Safety Measures

254. The mitigation measures adopted will be as following.

Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering,

Enforcement and Education.

Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area.

Awareness program on road safety will be organized with the budget of NRs. 250,000.00

for school student

7.5. Climate Change Impacts

255. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the

construction and operation of the road.

Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and

regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.

Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done.

Awareness raising** activities will be conducted about climate change issues and

adaptation and mitigation measures


8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Sub-

project

256. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure

the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and

legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed sub-project are given

in Table 79. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process

and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 79: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines

A Constitution

The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean

environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State

policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse

environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.

B Plans and Policies

National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has

identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental

resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.

Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly

physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.

Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D):

This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic condition of project

affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable

compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and

implementation of infrastructure development projects.

Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S.: Aimed for economic growth through

infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development.

Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road

damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been

introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of

road is pointed.

ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and

Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in

the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential

adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed

and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of

development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include

all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road


linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and

countries

Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056

B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected

people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental

assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It

suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE, EIA

and Monitoring.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to

provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the

international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of

benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long

term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and

priorities for action.

C Acts

Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years

(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated

NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It

has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce

necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).

Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local

government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection

and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities

detrimental to the intentions of the Act.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging

children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against

his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in

works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the

conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental

conservation activities

Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest

values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of

timber and other commodities.

Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for determining

beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects

thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned

that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial


wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the

water resource as prescribed.

The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with

occupational health and safety.

Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers

GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the

borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to

implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural

practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the

commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of

the acts has been done

Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission from

the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision

of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the

limits of the public roads.

National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act provides

protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles.

Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the

roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in

repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing

and maintenance works of the roads.

D Rules and Regulations

Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it

defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA

and District Coordination Committee.

Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural guidelines

for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.

Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation

of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the

Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority

in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the

proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.

Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is

responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and

forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall

segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized


waste pickers.

E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others

Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the

name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality

with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4

metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.

Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and Second

Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for

undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive

suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land

acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S) and grievance

management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE and EIA.

The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It

prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and

reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE

study and approval.

The second amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It

prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the project. Project

requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry EIA and equal to or less

than 7.5 ha need IEE study.

Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074

B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features:

• EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance.

• Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.

• Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil

Conservation before approving IEE/EIA

• Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of 1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's and

forest fire

ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for

EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the

Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the

preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.

ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation of

resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and


ADP SPS.

Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance for

local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;

construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.

Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D):

This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local

institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are

different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special

indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main

objectives of this framework are as follows:

Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in

local development planning process.

Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.

Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.

Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.

Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable

development of environment.

Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design

standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the

development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,

DoLIDAR and its development partners.

National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been

instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has

developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation

needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including

infrastructure.

Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road

Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing

environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.

Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical

implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental

impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different

phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.

APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S (1999

A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource

oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.

Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural

Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions.

GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly

technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management,


bioengineering and phased construction.

Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR,

2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be

incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic

consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12

categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation

measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation

measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and

operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like

land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and

forest fire

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D):

Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation

measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of

materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of

stone crushing plants etc.

F International Conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It regulates

international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or

eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal

from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade

in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some

exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in

case of their trade.

Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the conservation

of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable

sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA

of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological

diversity.

Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent

Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and

tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates

participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding

national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories

traditionally occupied by them.


9. Environmental Management Plan

257. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation

of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,

environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure

and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles

258. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these

institutions are given in Table 80. The environmental management organizational structure

is given in Figure 9.

Table 80: Institutions and Their Roles

Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project

National

Reconstruction

Authority

Executive agency and

concerned IEE approval

authority as per Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the

Earthquake Affected Structure

2015, rule relating to

reconstruction of earthquake

affected structure.

To review and approve IEE Report

Conduct environmental monitoring

from central level.

MoFALD Co-ordination of project

activities with EEAP Representation in IEE review team

constituted by NRA

Conduct environmental monitoring

from district level.

CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof sub-project

activities from center Technical Unit to support and

coordinate all activities for

implementation of EEAP.

Review, comment and forward ToR

for IEE and IEE report to ADB for

concurrence and to NRA for

approval.

CISC Support consultant at Central

Level. Technical and management support

to CLPIU-EEAP

Supervises and monitors sub-

project consultants and contractors.

Implements and monitor

resettlement plans and

IEEs for the relevant sub-project s

and prepares consolidated reports

on these.


Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project

Ensures timely and effective

implementation of the

activities set out in the Gender

Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI)

Action Plan.

Prepares progress reports, as

outlined in PAM

District Level

Project

Implementation

Unit

DLPIU is project implementing

agency in district

Prepare ToR for IEE and submit for

approval to NRA through CLPIU

Conduct IEE study, public

consultation and prepare draft IEE

and public disclosure and then

submit for concurrence from ADB

and approval from NRA through

CLPIU

Implement IEE and EMP of sub-

projects and conduct environmental

monitoring and reporting.

District

Implementation

Support

Consultant

Supporting consultants at

district level Technical and management support

to DLPIU for the implementation of

sub-project activities in the districts.

Responsible for supervision and

monitoring at field level.

Grievance

Redress

Committee

Support in addressing

grievances caused due to road

construction related to

environment.

Responsible for addressing

grievances due to road construction

which affects their livelihood.

Project

Steering

Committee

Provides overarching guidance

and policy level support to the

sub-project.

Monitors and reviews sub-project

performance at an

inter-ministerial level and addresses

key policy

related issues.

Ensures collaboration and

cooperation among

central level agencies.

259. To support for smooth implementation of the sub-project, there are various district

level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the sub-project.


Figure 9: Environmental Management Organisation Structure

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures

260. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and

mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. Various agencies including DPO, DISC, local

bodies and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU for the implementation

of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment

beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of

the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in

environmental management plan is presented in Table 81and 82.

CLPIU-EEAP Environment safeguard focal person

CISC Environment Safeguard Unit

(Environment Specialist)

DLPIU CDE Engineers Accountant

(Environmental Safeguard Focal Person)

DISC

Contractor

Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA)

Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local/ PCC

ADB, SDC


Table 81: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures

Activity Effect Related

Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation

Measures

Responsible Agencies

Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing

Agency

Supporting

Agency

Construction Phase

Construction

of road

Employment

Generation

(23,393 skilled

and 77,947

unskilled person

days) and

increase in

income level

Increase in

income level

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

VS

(85)

Life skill training for income

generation activities to

improve the livelihood of

the affected peoples.

NRs. 90,429,200.00 will be

injected as local economy

during the road

construction.

DLPIU CL-PIU/

DISC/CISC

Construction

work

Economic

Increment

Increase in

income level

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

awareness raising** to

local entrepreneurs for

promoting linkage with

cooperatives and other

financial institutions (NRS.

250,00.00)

Increase in market demand

and opportunity

DLPIU CL-PIU/

DISC/CISC

Construction

of road

Skill

Enhancement

Increase in

income

generating

activities,

employment

opportunities

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Providing skill training in

construction techniques,

small engineering

structures (masonry wall

construction, netting wires

and construction of gabion

wall, slope cutting etc.) and

bio-engineering works.

DLPIU DISC

Operation Phase

Operation of Improve Access Saving in travel D H R LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/RM


Activity Effect Related

Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation

Measures

Responsible Agencies

Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing

Agency

Supporting

Agency

Road time and travel

cost

(60) (60) (20) (140) measures are planned

Operation of

Road

Possible Market

Development and

Business

Promotion

Extension of

local market,

non-agricultural

employment

opportunity.

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

No benefit augmentation

measures are planned

Municipality/RM Municipality/RM

Operation of

Road

Increase in Land

Value

Improvement in

local economic

condition

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




Operation of

Road

Development of

Cottage

Industries

Employment

opportunities

and self-

employee

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




Operation of

Road

Increase in Crop

Productivity

Enhancement

in local

economy

D M

(20)

R

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality/RM DADO

Operation of

Road

Increase in Sale

of Local Products

Shifts towards

improved

agriculture

farming and

local goods

production

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality/RM DADO

Operation of

Road

Tourism

Development

Development of

improved

tourism

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)





Table 82 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation Measure

Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Agency Supporting Agency

Construction Stage


Earth

Excavation

5.184 ha existing

agrculture land

will be

permanently

converted into

road

Loss of

agricultural

land

production,

loss of property

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

Applying additional

protective measures

(bio-engineering and

toe-wall) that the

remaining land will not

be lost due to erosion.

Contractor/DLPIU DISC/CLPIU/CISC

Hazard due

to Spoil

Disposal

Spoil disposal

and imposed

weight of spoil on

fragile slopes

Gully erosion,

landslide,

disruption of

road, damage

to farmland,

water pollution

etc.

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Separation and

utilization of top soil and

proper management of

spoils and waste,

provision of proper

drainages, toe walls.

The Spoil will be

disposed in proper

location (Ch 2+960,

4+540 and 8+360)

Contractor/DLPIU DISC/CLPIU/CISC

Site

clearance,

earth

excavation

Slope Instability

at GPS chainages

1+300, 1+800,

2+000, 3+000,

3+950, 4+300,

4+500, 6+600,

Erosion,

landslide, loss

of property

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Bio-engineering

application will be used

to stabilize the slopes.

Necessary slope

stabilization structures

DLPIU/Contactor DISC/CLPIU/CISC


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



9+100, 10+500,

11+600, 19+450.

will be constructed

Construction

of Road

Disruption of

natural water flow

due to drainage

and cross

drainage works

Erosion,

landslide due

to increase in

surface runoff

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

MT

(10)

S

(50)

Proper drainage

structures (causeways

and drain) will be

constructed.

No blockage or

diversion of natural

channels due to

construction of road and

spoil disposal.


Construction

works, spoil

and waste

disposal

Air pollution due

to dust from

exposed surface,

from construction

equipment

Effect on local

people and

workers health

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Use of face mask while

working on dust prone

areas, covering of dust

sources.

DLPIU/Contactor/

RM/Municipality

DISC/CLPIU/CISC

Noise pollution Disturbance

and annoyance

around school,

health posts

and people

living in nearby

areas.

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Restrict horn near

school, health posts and

settlement area etc.

DLPIU/Contactor

RM/Municipality

DISC/CLPIU/CISC

Water pollution

due to sediment

level

Risk of water

borne diseases

Risk of water

pollution in

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Proper spoil

management and

restriction in urination

and defecation in open

DLPIU/Contactor

RM/Municipality

DISC/CLPIU/CISC


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



existing Kuwa

near the

chainage

10+050.

areas and water bodies.

Quarrying Quarry operation

at ch 4+800,

7+300, 9+600 &

18+220 and

18+840 and its

potential effect on

instability,

landslide

Water pollution,

damage to

farmland,

disturbance in

natural

drainage

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Quarry operation plant.

Rehabilitation of quarry

sites after completion of

work.


Establish

labor camp

and storage

deposit

Pollution and

impact due to

location of camp

sites at the

chainage 4+720

and 10+250 and

storage deposit

Encroachment

of forest,

agriculture

land, solid

waste, and

waste water

may cause

pollution

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Camp site will be

located away from

productive land and

forest area.

Local houses will be

used as labour camp

rent/compensation will

be paid to land owner of

camping area.


Operation of

construction

equipment

Construction

machineries and

tools (Rollers,

tippers, spreader,

water tanker etc.)

Air pollution

due to

emission of

smoke,

increase in

vibration and

D H

(60)

LS

(20)

ST

(5)

VS

(75)

Equipment/ vehicles

deployed for

construction activities

shall be regularly

maintained.

All the vehicles



Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



noise pollution deployed for material

movement shall be spill

proof to the extent

possible.


Firewood Impact on

Community and

Private Forest

within IIA and

pressure in forest

product

Loss of

vegetation,

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

S

(40)

Use kerosene for

heating, fuel wood is

prohibited.

NRs. 250,000.00 for

awareness programme

to the workers.

Contractor/ DLPIU DFO//DISC/CLPIU/CISC

Construction

activity

Impact on

wildlife/birds

habitat in IIA due

to loss or

degradation of

habitat, increased

hunting and other

form of human

pressure

Disturbance to

wildlife

including birds

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Work only in day time;

no disturbance to

wildlife

NRs. 250,000.00 for

awareness programme

to the workers.

Contractor/DLPIU DFO/CFUGs/ DISC/

CISC

Construction

activity

Impact on Fauna

as listed in

CITES, IUCN and

GoN in IIA

Loss of

biodiversity

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Prohibiting workers for

hunting/harassing

wildlife

DLPIU/Contractor DFO/ DLPIU

/CFUGs/DISC

Socio-economic Environment


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



Acquisition of

land for

maintaining

road width

Loss or

Degradation of

5.184 ha Land

and Productivity

Reduced

production,

loss of income

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

Minimize productive

land acquisition through

selection, compensation

of NRs. 12,472,588.80

will be provided to

affected people

DLPIU CDC7/DISC

CLPIU

Demolition of

structures

along road

Two Private

residence at the

chainage 4+000

and 4+200 along

the road corridor

will be affected.

Loss of

services

provided by

these

structures

D L

(10)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

INS

(40)

Compensation of NRs.

1,924,000 is allocated

for affected private

structures and

Rehabilitation of public

infrastructure will be

done according to the

Resettlement Plan.

DLPIU DISC / CLPIU/

Municipality/RM

Demolition of

structures

along road

Impact on

Cultural, religious

site: one religious

sites (mane) at

chainage 4+210

belongs to

Buddhist will be

affected

D L

(10)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

INS

(40)

Compensation of NRs.

100,000.00 is allocated

as per Resettlement

Plan.

DLPIU/RM/

Municipality

DISC / CLPIU/

Municipality/ RM/DLPIU

7The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1991 specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Construction Committee (also known as Compensation Determination

Committee, “CDC”) for fixing the rate of compensation of private properties to be acquired, consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the DCC and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary.


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



Construction

activity

Impact on

Occupational

health and safety

Injury, fatal

accidents,

outbreak of

epidemics and

diseases,

decline in

capacity to

work

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

First aid facility at sites

with health treatment

arrangements, proper

drinking water and toilet

facility for construction

workers, safety gears

(helmet, face masks,

goggles, gloves, boots)

and accidental

insurance of workers

DLPIU/Contractor DLPIU/DISC

Construction

activity

Impact on Public

health and safety

Work force and

migrating

people might

be suffering

from several

communicable

diseases such

that their

disease could

be transmitted

to local people

arising threat to

community

health

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

First aid facility at sites

with health treatment

arrangements.

NRs. 250,000.00 is

allocated for awareness

raising** training on

public health and safety

Provision of information

of signboards,

cautionary ribbons and

barricades

DLPIU/Contractor DLPIU/DISC

Operation Stage


Operation of Road Slope Slides and D M LC LT S Regular maintenance of RM/Municipality Rural/Municipality


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



road Stability and

Management

slope failure,

Disturbance to

traffic flow,

pollution of

water bodies,

impacts on

agriculture

land, loss of

vegetation.

(20) (20) (20) (60) slope protection

structures and

bioengineering

techniques on slopes.

Operation of

vehicles

Air, Noise and

Water Pollution

Disturbance to

students,

patients, local

people effect to

nearby

agriculture land

and crops

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Community awareness,

no horn signs near

schools, health posts.

Restriction on washing

of vehicles in local

streams.

RM/Municipality Rural/Municipality


Road

operation

Depletion of

Forest Resources

Loss of timber,

forest

resources and

benefits

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

awareness raising**

programmes for

conservation of forest

resources, enforcement

of law along with

community participation

(NRS. 250,00.00)

RM/Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Road

operation

Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

NRs. 250.000.00 is

allocated for awareness

RM/Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



raising** programmes

Road

operation

Disturbance to

the Wildlife and

Illegal Hunting

Collision of

wildlife with

vehicles,

disturbance in

their normal

activities

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Warning traffic signal,

awareness raising**

(NRS. 250,00.00)

training to drivers to limit

speed and horn use

RM/Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Road

operation

Impact on

protected species

Possibilities to

impact in

protected fauna

due to increase

in human

influence

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Conduct awareness

raising** programmes

(NRS. 250,00.00)

Strictl prohibition to

enter the forest area,

enforcement of law

RM/Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Socio-economic Environment

Road

operation

Public/Forest

Land

Encroachment

and Ribbon

Settlement

Development

along the road

alignment

Encroachment

of RoW,

increased

accidents,

depletion of

local

resources,

water pollution

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

MT

(10)

S

(50)

awareness raising**

programmes (NRS.

250,00.00)

Enforcement of law,

planning of land

development, plantation

of trees in RoW

Rm/Municipality DFO/CFUG

Operation of

Road

Increase Traffic

Congestion

delay in traffic

movement,

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Manage traffic

congestion by applying

RM/Municipality RM/Municipality


Activity Potential

Negative Effects

Related

Adverse

Impacts



noise pollution appropriate traffic rule

Operation of

Road

Road Safety Increase in

accidents

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Appropriate road safety

measures, safety sign

boards along the road.

NRs. 250,000.00 for

awareness raising**

program for students

RM/Municipality RM/Municipality

Note:

Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)

Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific

Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)

Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect


9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan

261. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising

program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities

will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration

component of the Sub-project. Costs for income generation and awareness programme

activities for Affected Persons (APs) are included in Resettlement Plan. The design and cost

estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil

disposal,

9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities

262. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP

implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work,

deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake

site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress

toward the final outcome.

263. DISC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CISC and

CISC will submit to CLPIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit

the quarterly monitoring and implementation report as well as semi-annual monitoring

reports to the ADB/NRA. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the

public.

264. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective

actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. The CLPIU in each quarter will study the

compliance with the action plan developed in the previous quarter. Compliance with loan

covenants will be screened by the executing agency.

265. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as

agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will

be commensurate with the Project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of

environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management

system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is

issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project

implementation:

266. Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts;

Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to

ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed

with ADB.

267. Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply

with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and

exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and

268. Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and

desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into

account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.


269. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and

report preparation) is estimated NRs. 250,000 as given in Table 83.

Table 83: Environemntal Monitoring Cost

Manpower requirement Duration

(days)

Rate (NRs) Amount

(NRs)

Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 6 7,000 42,000

Engineer 4 5,000 20,000

Forestry expert 4 5,000 20,000

Socio-economist 4 5,000 20,000

Support staff 4 1500 6,000

Transportation cost LS 30,000

Report preparation LS 27,000

Central level monitoring LS 85,000

Total 250,000

9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures

270. The environmental management cost of this project is NRs. 950,000.00 and is

summarized in Table 84. In addition to this cost, different environmental mitigation and

management activities like bio-engineering, insurance of workers etc. are covered by civil

work cost.

Table 84: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) Remarks

1.1 Environmental management cost

1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 250,000.00

1.1.3 Road side plantation 350,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 250,000.00

Sub-total (i) 950,000.00

1.2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also)

1.2.1 Toe wall for spoil management 1,500,000.00

1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA

insurance)

1,000,000.00

1.2.3 Bioengineering works 6,204,309.55

Sub-total (ii) 8,704,309.55

Total (i+ii) 9,654,309.55


9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal

271. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a

basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.

Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the

actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with

regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the

environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the

mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It

will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

272. The Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second ammendment, 2074 B.S) requires

a monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility to be identified in the IEE

report. The National EIA Guidelines, 1993 has suggested three stages of the monitoring i.e.

baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.

9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring

273. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during

IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal

implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the

preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality

is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of

this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.

9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring

274. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection

measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval

of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the

actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

275. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation

measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures

and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage

sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

9.4.3 Impact Monitoring

276. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the

environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence

an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction

phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on

each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will

also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps,

wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible,

condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to

human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in


other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status,

impediment to wildlife movement, etc.

9.5. Monitoring Parameters

277. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series

and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and

diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following

physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and

operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase

278. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that

the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the

Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are

sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.


279. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social

setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the

practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.

The specific monitoring tasks will include

Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying

measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely

consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of

responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their

consequences;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;

Verify and make scheduled proposals for improving the contractor’s and DISC’s efforts in awareness training both for the work forces and the public general in the affected

communities;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;

Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;

Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences

to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.



280. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:

Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and

demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;

Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and

hindrance of traffic on the road;

Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former

functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope

protection and erosion control;

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these

structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal

lands, as well as on aquatic resources;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project

activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the

identification of responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.

9.6. Monitoring Indicators

281. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.

Following Table 85 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 85: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE

Monitored sector Parameters selected for monitoring

Soils, landslides, erosion, waste

management sites

Number, location and extent of slope failures

Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made

Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected

Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement

failures

Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures

Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and

garbage

Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-

engineering, disaggregated by protective function

Water pollution, water resources

and their uses

Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary

impacts

Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of

waste and spoil


Monitored sector Parameters selected for monitoring

Damage to farm lands

Air and noise level in relation to

traffic volume Assessment of noise level in site by direct observation

and interview with stakeholders

Visual assessment of dust development at selected

sites/sensitive spots and interview with local

stakeholders

Traffic volume measurements

Road safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the

Traffic Police and in local health service centers

Suitability of local road signs

Wildlife/ habitat disturbance

Impacts on forest resources Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife

DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife

trade

Observations and handling of invasive species.

Socio-economic development

near Road

Number and extent of new settlements /types and

ethnic groups

Number and extent of new businesses

Number and extent of new services and utilities

Resettled households and

livelihood restoration Number of HHs resettled

Income situation and opportunities for the resettlers

Verification of compensation and assistance to

resettlers

Community awareness

programmes relating to

environment protection and

avoidance of social conflicts

Number /schedule of campaigns and number of

beneficiaries

Revision of training agenda & information material

Number of beneficiaries having received awareness

training

282. The following Table 86 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.

Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible

implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring

refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 87 details

the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.


Table 86: Compliance Monitoring for Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project

Parameters/

Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods

Schedule Responsible

Monitoring Agency

Final alignment

selection

DLPIU Incorporation of

walkover

recommendations into

alignment selection

process and design

document

Walkthrough along

final road

alignment, verifying

sensitive areas

Initial stage of

preconstruction

phase

CLPIU

Land and property

acquisition and

compensation

DLPIU and CDC

with assistance of

DLPIU/DISC

Cadastral records, land

and properties

acquisition procedures;

verification report

Public consultation,

photos; geo-

referencing

Initial stage pre-

construction phase

NRA

Site selection and

preparation of

construction logistics

DLPIU/Contractor Project’s arrangement for materials storage, and

construction activities

Site observation,

geo-referencing

and photographic

documentation

Beginning of

construction period

CLPIU/MoFALD

Use of local labour,

particularly vulnerable

groups and women

DLPIU/Contractor Local labour, especially

vulnerable groups and

women, use of child

labour

Site observation,

interviews

During the entire

period where labour

work is contracted

CLPIU

Awareness and

orientation training on

road construction to

technicians, and

locally employed

laborers

DLPIU/DISC Training programmes for

skill development,

occupational safety and

environmental protection

associated with road

construction works

Specifications;

training records,

check training

programme

reports, assess

feedback from

Beginning of

construction and

during construction

CLPIU / NRA / RM /

Municipality


Parameters/

Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

participants

Compliance to

occupational health

and safety matters

DISC/Contractor/

DLPIU

Health and safety

regulations, first aid and

medical arrangements,

number and type of

safety equipments such

as mask, helmet, glove,

safety belt, accidental

insurance

Spot checks at

work sites, photos,

accident records,

interviews

Throughout

construction

activities

MoFALD/NRA/CLPIU

/CISC

Grievance Redress

Mechanism

Contractor/DISC/D

LPIU/CLPIU/CISC

Project arrangements for

the affected people's

concerns and grievances

about the project's

environmental and social

performance

No of complaints

and grievances

record

During construction NRA

Measures to avoid

pressure on forest

and wildlife

DISC/DLPIU Use of firewood or fossil

fuel by construction

crew, events of hunting

and poaching of wildlife

Inspection,

interview with local

people

Once a month

during construction

DFO/CFUGs

Measures to protect

environment from air

& noise pollution

Contractor/

DLPIU/DISC

Dust level and noise

level at work sites, major

settlements and sensitive

spots like health centers

and schools

Visual observation

and discussion with

residents and

workers

Once in a month

during construction

RM/Municipality/NRA


Parameters/

Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

Measures to protect

water bodies from

pollution

Contractor/

DLPIU/DISC

Visual observation,

observation of open

defecation and waste

disposal around water

sources near

construction sites

Site inspection,

interview with local

people

Once in a month

during construction;

upon demand for

testing with field kit

RM/Municipality/

DLPIU

Adequate technical

and environmental

supervision

DLPIU Adequate number of

technicians regularly at

site with ability to

implement labour based

road construction

concept

Check number and

type of technicians

available at site,

skill of work carried

out, discussion

Twice a month

during construction

CLPIU/CISC/NRA

Clean up and

reinstatement of the

construction sites

(camps, quarries)

Contractor/DISC/

DLPIU

Decommissioned sites

indicate no

adverse/residual

environmental impacts,

and are rehabilitated to

the satisfaction of the

supervisor and land

owners

Site observation;

comparing photos;

consultation with

land owners and

community based

organizations

At the end of

construction period

CLPIU/CISC/NRA


Table 87: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Sub-project

Parameters

/Indicator Verifiable Indicators

Verification

Methods Location Schedule

Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Slope stability

and

erosion

Inclination, slope failures, causes;

drainage facilities such as catch

drain, side drains and functionality

of cross drainage structures; fresh

gullies and erosion; success/failure

of bio-engineering solutions

Site observation, photos

discussion with people

and technicians

Near steep slopes

and at landslide

areas and sites

Continuously

during

construction and

operation

DLPIU during

construction;

District Soil

Conservation Office

during operation

Bio-engineering

of disturbed

slopes

Re-vegetation through bio-

engineering application on disturbed

slope; establishment of nursery

Site observation;

inspection of nursery and

its production rate,

photos, measurements

Cut slope area,

where vegetation is

cleared;

nursery sites

During and at the

end of sub-project

construction

DLPIU/NRA/CLPIU

Disposal of spoils

and construction

wastes

Affected aesthetic value, affected

forest and agriculture land, initiated

land erosion by local blocked

drainage, hazard to downhill slope

residents and agricultural lands

Site observation and

interviews, photos, geo-

referencing sites

At specific locations

where such sites

occur

During

construction

DLPIU/CLPIU/NRA

Loss or

degradation of

farmland, houses

and properties

Status of road side land;

production/yield;

status of road side houses; status of

standing crop along alignment

Observation, data

collection and analysis

and interview with

stakeholders

Road side land and

houses

During

construction

DLPIU/NRA

Water quality Observation of open defecation and

waste disposal around water

sources near construction sites

Visual observation Local streams During

construction;

upon demand for

DLPIU/CLPIU


Parameters


Verification


Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

testing with field

kit

Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites

and at sensitive

spots

During

construction

DLPIU/CLPIU

Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by

work force, trade of wildlife, road

accidents inflicting wildlife

Interview with local

people/CFUGs/DFO and

observations

Forest areas at

roadside

Twice a year

during

construction and

routine during

operation

DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs

during construction;

DFO/CFUGs/ during

operation

Change in

economy

Numbers of people employed by the

project during construction,

numbers of women in work forces

Records kept by the

project management,

discussion with

stakeholders

Sub-project area Trimester during

construction

phase

DLPIU/MoFALD/

CLPIU

Trade and

commerce

Numbers of shops increased or

decreased, rental of houses and

land spaces

Records, interviews,

observations, photos

Throughout sub-

project area

Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality/

RM

Occupational

safety and

hazard

Type and number of accident

occurred during construction;

adequacy of occupational safety

measured provided; compensation

provided in case of fatal accidents

Observations, photos,

spot checks,

contractors/BGs and

health centre records

interview with workers

Throughout sub-

project area

During

construction

DLPIU/CLPIU/NRA


Parameters


Verification


Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Change in socio-

economic

structure

Number and extent of new

settlements/types and ethnic

groups; nos. and extent of new

businesses; nos and extent of new

services and utilities, social conflicts

Observations, interview

with local people,

Municipality/Rural

Municipality record

Throughout sub

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality/

RM/CLPIU

Ribbon

settlement

Congestions to road users and nos.

of accidents, RoW encroachment

Records, observations Throughout sub

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality/

RM


9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism

283. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as

quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not

possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance

redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints

in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their

rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective

public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:

284. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for

the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants

on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local

community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary

disturbances, and to inform them of the Project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in the

area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and

DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved in

grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be posted

in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a

grievance related to the project works can contact the project to file a complaint. The DLPIU

offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The safeguards

(environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and immediately

address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains

unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the consultant

safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to

resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU safeguards focal

person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The DLPIU safeguards

focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date

complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was

resolved.

285. Second level of GRM: if the grievance remains unresolved; the DLPIU will forward

the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be

notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU

safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved

through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries

and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts.

Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal

person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the

person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how

the complaint was resolved.

286. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to

a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review

of the grievances, address them in consultation with the NRA, CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected

persons. The GRC will consist of NRA leadership, affected persons, and local area

committee, among others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues.

The GRC should consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if


necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process

will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when

there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field

level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The

functions of the GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems

arising from environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and

eligibility for entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected

persons, categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to

report to the aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the

GRC.

287. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the

contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the

grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal

court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal

redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure

10 below.

Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Implementation Unit, DSC- Design

and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District Implementation

Support Consultant

Figure 10: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism

288. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress

on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,

second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of

Grievance

2ndLevel Grievance

3rdLevel Grievance

1st Level Grievance

First Level: Contractor,

DISC, DLPIU

CLPIU, CISC

4thLevel Grievance

Grievance Redressed Committee

Grievance Redressed

Grievance Redressed

Grievance Redressed

Higher Authority/Court

of Law

1-2 days

Not redressed 7 days

Not redressed

15 days

Not redressed


pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared

with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing,

decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open,

closed, pending).

289. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations,

communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the project.

290. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.


10. Conclusion and Recommendation

291. The IEE study of the proposed Garma-Nele-Bogal Road sub-project does not pass

through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the

adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible

nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the

location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of

life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will

contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation

of the proposed road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to

the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised

during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.

292. The project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working

Procedure related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake

Affected Structures, 2016 and (Second Amendment 2017). And the IEE has shown that

none of the anticipated environmental impacts of rehabilitating the road are significant

enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA. Therefore, this IEE is sufficient for approval of the

sub-project

293. The road sub-project is recommended for implementation with incorporation of

mitigation measures and the environmental management plan


References

Asian Development Bank. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila: ADB. Department of Road. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a

guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading. Kathmandu: Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works.

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project: Resettlement Framework:. Manila: ADB.

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project. Manila: ADB.

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Population and housing census. Kathmandu: CBS.

Department of Road. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated Road Development. Kathmandu: Ministry of Physical Planning and Works.

Dhital, MR. (2015). Geology of Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Dobremez, J. (1976). Nepal Ecologie et Biogeography. Paris, France: Editions du Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1992). Water Resources Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority.

Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Kathmandu.


APPENDICES


Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study


Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist

Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Sector: Sub-sector: Division/Department:

Screening Questions

Score Remarks 1

Location and Design of project

Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely to be affected by climate conditions including extreme weather related events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?

2

Sub-project area is vulnerable to drought and soil erosion.

Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc.)?

0

There is no river (except one stream in 0+400) in the sub-project area.

Materials and

Maintenance

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. Construction material)?

0

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)?

1

Performance of project outputs

Would weather/climate conditions and related extreme events likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their design life time?

1

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Likely Not 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2 Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): High Other comments: Sub-project site is vulnerable to extreme weather related events mainly drought and soil erosion. Apart from small stream in chainage 0+400, there is no rivers and stream in and along the road. So, there are no possibilities of flood and landslide. Prepared by: ______________________________________________ 1 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered InDesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.


Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The proponent completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is

to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are

adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous

Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d)

gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Project Title:

Sub-project:

IA:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. Project sitting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any

of the following environmentally sensitive

areas?

Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites.

Protected area No protected areas.

Wetland No wetlands.

Mangrove No mangroves.

Estuarine No estuaries.

Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any buffer

zone.

Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity

protection.

B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause…

Encroachment on historical/cultural

areas; disfiguration of landscape by

road embankments, cuts, fills, and

quarries?

Demolition and relocation of

Scripting Stones (माने) is to be done.

Encroachment on precious ecology

(e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

No encroachment.


Garma-Nele-Bogal Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Solukhumbu



Alteration of surface water hydrology of

waterways crossed by roads, resulting

in increased sediment in streams

affected by increased soil erosion at

construction site?

The existing road is muddy

throughout, which poses problems

as heavy rain causes erosion along

the hill slopes, which consequently

increases sediment deposit in the

existing water sources.

Deterioration of surface water quality

due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes

from worker-based camps and

chemicals used in construction?

No haphazard waste dumping from

camping sites.

Increased local air pollution due to rock

crushing, cutting and filling works, and

chemicals from asphalt processing?

Very insignificant level of air

pollution.

Risks and vulnerabilities related to

occupational health and safety due to

physical, chemical, biological, and

radiological hazards during project

construction and operation during

project construction and operation?

No such hazards are present.

Noise and vibration due to blasting and

other civil works?

Minor vibrations only on the road

during excavator usage; insignificant

effect on surrounding households.

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement

of people?

1 owner has another house built;

another owner's live majority of their

time spent in the capital city.

Dislocation and compulsory

resettlement of people living in right-of-

way?

No mandatory resettlement.

Disproportionate impacts on the poor,

women and children, Indigenous

Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

No such discrimination.

Other social concerns relating to

inconveniences in living conditions in

the project areas that may trigger cases

of upper respiratory problems and

stress?

Absence of such conditions.

Hazardous driving conditions where

construction interferes with pre-existing

roads?

Road clearing has created a very

muddy landscape along certain

sections of the road, especially

during monsoon. Also, there are

landslide prone areas in certain parts

long the road that might prove

hazardous for commuters.



Poor sanitation and solid waste

disposal in construction camps and

work sites, and possible transmission

of communicable diseases (such as

STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to

local populations?

No such conditions are present.

Creation of temporary breeding

habitats for diseases such as those

transmitted by mosquitoes and

rodents?

Mosquitoes were seldom found as

the location is at a higher altitude

and the weather conditions are

generally cold.

Accident risks associated with

increased vehicular traffic, leading to

accidental spills of toxic materials?

Very less vehicle numbers, which do

not pose any problems with traffic

congestion.

Increased noise and air pollution

resulting from traffic volume?

No such conditions.

Increased risk of water pollution from

oil, grease and fuel spills, and other

materials from vehicles using the road?

No such problems.

Social conflicts if workers from other

regions or countries are hired?

Unlikely, as all workers are hired

locally.

Large population influx during project

construction and operation that causes

increased burden on social

infrastructure and services (such as

water supply and sanitation systems)?

Very unlikely for the creation of such

circumstances.

Risks to community health and safety

due to the transport, storage, and use

and/or disposal of materials such as

explosives, fuel and other chemicals

during construction and operation?

No risks to community health as no

harmful and/or hazardous chemicals

will be used.

Community safety risks due to both

accidental and natural causes,

especially where the structural

elements or components of the project

are accessible to members of the

affected community or where their

failure could result in injury to the

community throughout project

construction, operation and

decommissioning.

No such safety risks as all existing

structures are well designed and

there are engineering measures in

place (gabion wall, breast wall) in

case of natural calamities such as

landslides.


Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected

Area

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!= a:tLsf] hfgsf/L

s= a:tLsf] gfdM v= xfnsf] uf=kf=÷g=kf M u= xfnsf] jf8{ g+= M 3= ;flas ufla;÷ g=kf, jf8{ g+= ª = 3/w'/L ;+VofM r = hDdf hg;+Vof 5= dlxnf ÷k'?if hg;+VofM

@= ;fdflhs tYofÍ

s|=; laa/0f 3/w'/L ;+Vof wd{ s= d'Vo hfthftL

!=! !=@

!=# !=$

!=% !=^

!=& !=*

v= a;fO;/fO{ 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot @=! Ps k':tf cuf8L b]lv

@=@ @) – #) jif{ cufl8 b]lv @=# xfn} - ! b]lv @) jif{ cufl8 _

@=$ s]lx aif{ clu o; 7fFp 5f]8]sf kl/jf/ u= k]zf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot

#=! s[lif #=@ Aofkf/

#=# gf]s/L #=$ Hofnf dhb'/L

#=% a}b]lzs /f]huf/

#=^ laBfyL{

#=& cGo 3 lhlasf]kfh{g 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot

$=! cfDbfgLn] vfg k'uL art ;d]t x'g] $@ h;f]t;f] vfg k'Ug]

$=# Vffg gk'Ug] ª 3/sf] ;+/rgf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot

%=! kSsL %@ sRrL


#= :jf:Yo ;]jf

s|=; :jf:Yo ;:yfsf] gfd

:yfg b'/L sd{rf/L ;+Vof

pknAw ;]jfx?

cfuGt's la/fdL ;+Vof

b]lvg] d''Vo /f]ux?

!=

@=

#=

$=

$ lzIff ;]jf

$=! z}lIfs ca:yf

hg;+Vof -g+= jf Ü_ lg/If/ k|fyflds tx dfWoflds tx :gfts jf ToFxf eGbf dfly k'?if dlxnf

$=@ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?

s|= ;= :s'nsf] gfd k|sf/ -

;/sf/L÷gLlh_ tx

laBfyL{ ;+Vof

b'/L jf k'Ug nfUg] ;do

7]ufgf

!= @= #=

%= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{

s= Vffg]kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

;fd'bflos wf/f Vff]nfsf] kfgL d'n÷Ogf/÷s'jf kfO{k cGo v= rkL{

nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

rkL{ gx'g] rkL{ x'g] :yfO{ c:yfO{ 3/ leq 3/ aflx/ vfN8] rkL{ cGo

u= kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Aoa:yfkg

nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

uNg] kmf]xf]/ guNg] kmf]xf]/ sDkf]l:6Ë cGo hnfpg] ;fa{hlgs

:yfgdf km\ofSg] gu/kflnsfnfO{ k7fpg]

cGo


^= cGo ;]jfx?

;]jfx? s=vfgf ksfpg] OGwg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ bfp/f u'O7f Affof] Uof; Pn=lk=lh cGo v= phf{÷ aQL nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ dl§t]n lah'nL aQL ;f]nf/ cGo cGo

u= ;+rf/ ;]jf n]g nfOg g]kfn 6]lnsd Pg ;]n x'nfs ;]jf cGo 3= ahf/ != :yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L @= c:yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L ª= sn sf/vfgf 7'nf] dWood ;fgf] cGo cGo r= xf]6n, nh÷k;n÷cGo -;+Vofdf_ xf]6n tyf nh

/]i6'/]G6 lrof k;n ls/fgf k;n cGo -:6];g/L, s:d]l6s, cf}iflw, km]G;L, xf8{jo/, :kf]6{ df;' k;n, cflb_

5=lalQo ;+:yfx? -;+Vof_ a}s nB'laQ ;xsf/L cGo


&= hUuf hdLgsf] ca:yf

hUuf hdLg

@) /f]kgL eGbf dfly

!) b]lv @) /f]kgL ;Dd

% b]lv !) /f]kgL ;Dd

% /f]kgL ;Dd hUuf hdLg gePsf] -;'s'Daf;L_

3/w'/L ;+Vof

l;+rfO{sf] ca:yf l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf ePsf] hdLg -Ü_ l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf gePsf] hdLg -Ü_

*= ;fd'bflos k|of]hgsf eagx?÷:yfgx?

;fd'bflos eag÷:yfgx?sf] gfd

ca:yf Aff6f] la:tf/n] c;/ kfg]{÷gkfg]{

(= o; If]qdf nufOg]] k|d'v afnLx?

!)= o; If]qdf u/Lg] k|d'v kz'kfngx?

!!= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v af]6 la?jfx?

!@= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v h+unL hgfj/x?


!#= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v r/fr'?ËLx?

!$= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v df5fsf k|hfltx?

!%=o; If]qdf kfOg] ;/L;[a k|hfltx?

!^= k|d'v d7dlGb/ tyf ;f:s[lts w/f]x/x? / To;sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj !&= o; If]qdf /x]sf] jf ;DefAo cfly{s pGgtLsf If]qx? !*= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efj jf kmfObfx? !(= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj jf c;/x? @)= cfof]hgf k|lt hg;d'bfosf] wf/0ff @!= cfof]hgf k|lt tkfO{sf] ;Nnfxf ;'emax?


Appendix V: Project Cost

a. Total Civil Cost

Item

No.

Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)

PART 01: GENERAL

1.01 Establish, maintain and operate

laboratory at the site with

equipments furnishing required

for testing specified quality of the

materials as per DoR-SSRBW,

Section-511

LS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00

1.02 Carry out maintenance of the

existing road to keep the road

serviceable throughout the

contract period. Also provide

and maintain traffic safety,

control measures and temporary

diversions during construction

including water spraying thrice a

week to avoid dust pollution as

per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for

LBCWARR Clause No. G-12.

month 18 38,000.00 684,000.00

1.03 Provide and installation of

project information board of size

1.80 mx1.2 m along with iron

posts including excavation,

concreting, backfilling etc all

complete as per DoR Standard

Specification for Road and

Bridge Works (SSRBW) July

2001,Section-108

no 2 11,500.00 23,000.00

1.04 Insurance of works, plants,

materials, loss and damage to

equipments, Contractor's

workmen and employees and

third party insurance against

damage to other persons and

property as per GCC clause 13.

LS 1 1,209,491.62 1,209,491.62

1.05 Providing site office with

accommodation at appropriate

location acceptable to the

project manager of the Client

month 18 42,969.75 773,455.50

1.06 Supplying and providing rental

four wheel drive double cab

pick-up vehicle with full option

including fuel, driver's wages,

maintenances etc for the

month 18 149,500.00 2,691,000.00


Item

No.


Engineer / Consultant

1.07 Provision and maintenance of

labour camps payable monthly

in equal instalments as per DoR

Standard Specification for Road

and Bridge Works (SSRBW)

July 2001,Section-109 (3)

month 18 23,000.00 414,000.00

1.08 Environmental mitigation

measures (dust and noise

mitigation measures, personal

protective equipment, first aid

facility etc)

PS 1 400,000.00 400,000.00

1.09 Relocation of the utilities (water

supply, telephone, etc,) and

services as instructed by the

Engineer as per DoLIDAR-

Technical Specifications for

Labour Based Construction

Work of Agricultural & Rural

Roads (Tech. Spec. for

LBCWARR Clause No. G-10.

PS 1 300,000.00 300,000.00

1.10 Social compliance and safe

guards as instructed by the

Engineer

PS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00

1.11 Carry out additional tests for

material and works as required

and instructed by the

Engineer.(GCC Clause No.

33.1)

PS 1 200,000.00 200,000.00

Total Part 01 7,094,947.12

PART 02: SITE CLEARANCE

2.01 Clearing and grubbing including

the cutting of trees (only if

necessary) having girth of less

than 30 cm when measured at

1m above the ground.

m2 88,028.00 17.26 1,519,363.28

2.02 Cutting of trees having girth of

above 30 cm when measured at

1m above the ground including

the removal of trunk, branches

and stumps up to a lead of 100

m along the lead route for trees

of size:

2.02 a) Above 30 cm to 60 cm girth no 195.44 0.00


Item

No.


2.02 b) Above 90 cm to 180 cm girth no 977.21 0.00

2.03 Dismantling of culverts, bridges,

pavements and other structures.

The operations covered are

dismantling, excavating,

backfilling, stacking, disposing,

handling and haulage up to a

lead of 100 m along the lead

route. The activity includes

safety precautions and

incidentals.

2.03 a) Stone masonry m3 20.00 1,302.95 26,059.00

2.03 b) Concrete (Plain and Reinforced)

Masonry

m3 5.00 1,954.43 9,772.15

2.03 c) Gabion work m3 582.50 729.65 425,021.12

2.03 d) Cobble stones m3 15.00 119.87 1,798.05

2.04 Clearing landslides, debris from

causeways, culverts and side

drains including haulage and

disposal.

m3 2,060.00 116.25 239,475.00

Total Part 02 2,221,488.60

PART 03: EARTHWORK

3.01 Excavation of soil and hard rock

in roadway and drain including

removal and satisfactory

disposal of all materials up to a

lead of 50 m along the lead

route. This includes handling

and stacking or hauling (to sites

of embankment construction) of

suitable cut materials as

required and also the disposal of

unsuitable cut materials in

specified manner. This further

covers trimming and finishing of

the road way.

m3 158,967.73 74.67 11,870,120.39

3.02 Excavation for structures

including cutting of slopes,

shoring, shuttering, planking,

ordinary sealing and disposal of

materials up to a lead of 50 m

along the lead route

m3 16,673.00 77.22 1,287,489.06

3.03 Formation of embankment with

excavated soil including

m3 14,003.66 361.35 5,060,222.54


Item

No.


haulage, compaction in layers

not exceeding 150 mm and

watering.

3.04 Backfilling in layers in foundation

pits, trenches, structures etc

including compaction and

watering

m3 2,703.99 373.20 1,009,129.06

3.05 Transporting of surplus material

beyond initial lead within 1 km

distance with safe disposal sites

m3 86,468.37 119.77 10,355,157.94

Total Part 03 29,582,118.99

PART 04: STRUCTURES

(STABILITY, CROSS

DRAINAGE AND SIDE

DRAINAGE)

4.01 Providing and placing machine

made gabion and mattresses of

hexagonal mesh size 100 mm x

120 mm with mesh wire 3 mm,

selvedge wire 3.9 mm and lacing

wire 2.4 mm including stone

placing.

4.02 a) Using new stones m3 13,306.66 3,992.66 53,128,969.11

4.02 b) Using stones from dismantling

item

m3 271.56 2,165.57 588,082.18

4.02 Stone masonry work (un-

coursed rubble masonry in

MM5) including full

compensation for all labour,

material and other incidentals

required to complete the work as

per the specification and

drawings. It includes full

compensation for using specially

dressed stones of the face of

walls with batter and makes

provision for weep holes as

necessary.

m3 12,777.10 7,588.65 96,960,939.91

4.03 Providing and placing cement

concrete M10/40 for foundation

and footing etc including

compaction and curing.

m3 399.23 10,206.87 4,074,888.71




m3 85.28 10,967.50 935,308.40


Item

No.







m3 294.65 12,584.65 3,708,067.12





m3 233.62 13,594.22 3,175,881.67


concrete M20/20 for precast slab

and other element including

compaction, curing and testing

m3 38.00 16,445.45 624,927.10

4.08 Reinforcement for RCC work. It

includes procuring steel, it's

bending, placing, binding and

fixing in position as shown on

the drawings and as directed by

the Engineer. It also includes all

devices for keeping

reinforcement in approved

position and jointing as per

approved method with due

allowance for wastage, overlaps,

spacer bars and annealed steel

wire for binding.

mt 22.42 86,280.87 1,934,417.10

4.09 Formwork where it is provided

as separate item with timber as

material. It includes all labour,

materials and other incidentals

required for the construction and

removal of forms as described in

the specification. It further

covers the framing work that is

required for properly supporting

the members until the concrete

is sufficiently cured, set and

hardened.

m2 2,801.85 553.17 1,549,899.36

4.10 Laying, fitting and fixing of hume

pipe. It includes all operations

required to complete the works

up to a trench depth of 2.2 m

below the ground level and the

jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement

sand mortar.


Item

No.


4.10 a) 900 mm dia (internal) m 112.50 17,119.10 1,925,898.75

4.10 b) 600 mm dia (internal) m 375.00 9,028.05 3,385,518.75

4.10 c) 300 mm dia (internal) m 37.50 4,354.10 163,278.75

4.11 Providing, laying and fixing geo-

textile (filter fabric)

m2 11,545.16 164.10 1,894,560.75

4.12 Providing and laying granular

bedding material including

compaction and watering

m3 2,390.80 1,597.26 3,818,729.20

4.13 Providing and laying PVC pipe

of 100 mm dia (pressure

4kg/cm2) for weep holes as

instructed by the Engineer

m 364.80 497.07 181,331.13

4.14 Providing and fixing in position

50 mm dia GI pipe railing.

m 64.00 1,018.24 65,167.36

4.15 Providing and laying filter

material adjacent to abutement

and other structures including all

other operations required to

complete the works as per the

specification

m3 828.81 1,654.80 1,371,514.78

4.16 Providing, jointing and laying

HDP pipes with complete fittings

as per drawing and specification

4.16 a) 200 mm dia (4kg/cm2) m 112.50 1,731.52 194,796.00

4.16 b) 160 mm dia (4 kg/cm2) m 150.00 1,065.39 159,808.50

Total Part 04 179,841,984.63

PART 05: PAVEMENT WORKS

5.01 Preparation of subgrade in all

types of materials including

compaction and watering

m2 122,861.63 16.52 2,029,674.12

5.02 Providing, laying, spreading,

watering, levelling and

compaction of natural gravel

subbase

m3 17,725.95 1,522.43 26,986,518.05

5.03 5 cm thick granular material

bedding above sub base and

below cobble stone pavement

m2 48,864.17 101.93 4,980,724.84

5.04 Laying cobble stones above the

granular material bedding

m3 3,909.13 7,181.87 28,074,863.47

5.05 20 cm thick stone pitching (edge

stone / kerb stone) on prepared

m3 364.28 7,344.74 2,675,541.88


Item

No.


bedding

Total Part 05 64,747,322.36

PART 06: ROAD FURNITURE

AND TRAFFIC SAFETY

MEASURES

6.01 Supplying and erecting traffic

sign in place including steel

tubes, steel plates, cement

concrete, painting, writing and

supporting steel angle, nut and

bolt etc as per the drawing.

6.01 a) Single post no 362.00 2,323.22 841,005.64

6.01 b) Double or more posts no 40.00 6,311.69 252,467.60

6.02 Supplying and placing RCC

kilometer post including

excavation, backfilling, painting

and writing etc as per the

drawing.

6.02 a) Standard kilometer post (placed

at each km)

no 18.00 2,550.89 45,916.02

6.02 b) 5th kilometer post( placed at 5

km)

no 4.00 6,012.84 24,051.36

6.03 Supplying and fixing in place

RCC delineator post with

reflective element including

excavation, backfilling, painting

and erection etc as per the

drawing.

no 2,978.00 1,085.94 3,233,929.32

6.04 Providing and placing gabion

safety barriers / parapet wall

m3 1,430.00 3,992.66 5,709,503.80

6.05 Providing and placing stone

masonry safety barriers /

parapet wall

m3 72.50 7,588.65 550,177.12

Total Part 06 10,657,050.86

PART 07: BIO-ENGINEERING

WORKS

7.01 Stripping of top soil for a

minimum depth of 150 mm

including storing or reapplication

within a lead up to 100 m along

the lead route.

m3 6,810.00 521.18 3,549,235.80

7.02 Stone pitching work on the m3 65.60 2,911.76 191,011.45


Item

No.


prepared granular bedding

7.03 Planting grass cutting on site

(planting rooted grass slip)

m2 6,810.00 316.65 2,156,386.50

7.04 Planting shrub and tree

seedlings and cutting on site

(planting containerised tree and

shrub seedlings including pitting,

transplanting, composting and

mulching on slopes)

no 3,405.00 52.53 178,864.65

7.05 Planting shrub and tree

seedlings and cutting on site

(planting rooted tree stump

cutting and bare root seedlings

including pitting, transplanting,

composting and mulching on

slopes)

no 3,405.00 37.83 128,811.15

Total Part 07 6,204,309.55

Part 08: DAY WORKS

8.01 Manpower

8.01 a) Unskilled labour pd 300.00 632.50 189,750.00

8.01 b) Skilled labour pd 100.00 759.00 75,900.00

8.02 Equipment

8.02 a) Excavator hr 500.00 1,380.00 690,000.00

8.02 b) Tipper hr 500.00 517.50 258,750.00

Total Part 08 1,214,400.00

Total (Part 01 to Part 08) 301,563,622.11

Base Cost (Part 01 to 08) 301,563,622.11 100.00

Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses

(3% of A)

9,046,908.66

Total Cost including Work Charge Staff and Small

Miscellaneous Expences (A+B)

310,610,530.77

VAT (13% of C) 40,379,369.00

Total Cost including Work Charge Staff, Small

Miscellaneous Expences and VAT (C+D)

350,989,899.77

Cost per KM as per Base Cost (A) 13,703,077.30

Provision of Physical Contingency (10% of A) 30,156,362.21


b. Total Project Cost

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)

1.1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 250,000.00

1.1.3 Road side plantation 350,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 250,000.00

Sub-total (i) 950,000.00

1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)

1.2.1 Toe wall for spoil management 1,500,000.00

1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,000,000.00

1.2.3 Bioengineering works 6,204,309.55

Sub-total (ii) 8,704,309.55

Total (i+ii) (A) 9,654,309.55

2 Civil Work Cost

2.1 Total civil work cost 350,989,899.77

2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in

item 1.2 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering

works, toe wall for spoil management

8,704,309.55

2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety,

bioengineering and toe wall for spoil management (B)

342,285,590.22

3 Resettlement Plan Cost

3.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and

community structures within RoW)

14,974,466.30

3.2 Supporting cost for deed transfer, management cost for

absentee families

579,200.00

3.4 Contingency (20%) 675,840.00

3.5 Income generation and livelihood improvement Program 28,000,000.00

Sub-total (C) 44,229,506.30

4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Plan Cost

4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show

on D & R Management

100,000.00

4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00

Sub-total (D) 200,000.00

Grand Total Project Cost (A+B+C+D) 396,369,406.07


Appendix VI: Public Notice


English Translation of Public Notice

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development


District Level Project Implementation Unit

Solukhumbu

Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

(Date of First Publication: 2017/08/26)

The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan

assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for

Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for

reconstruction and rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Solukhumbu, being the proponent of Garma-Nele-Bogal Road, has prepared Draft Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE) report and this notice has been published for the implementation of

report as per the provision of the section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake

Affected Structure 2016 (Second Amendment 2017).

Proponent: District Level Project Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu

Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Solududhkunda Municipality and Dhudhkaushika

Rural Municipality

Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Jorbudhha of Solududhkunda

Municipality-7 and ends at Bogal of Dhudhkaushika Rural Municipality-7. The total length of road is

22.007 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage.

Venue for Meeting: Redcross Building, Tumsedanda

Date: 30 August, 2017

As per section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school,

health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested

to present at Redcross Building, Tumsedanda on 30 August, 2017 for discussion environment

impacts, information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of

sub-project. The concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District

Coordination Committee, Solukhumbu; District technical Office, Solukhumbu; District Level Project

Implementation Unit, Solukhumbu and Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central

Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as per section 12 (5) of the working procedure

It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national

daily newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National

Reconstruction Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Address to send comments and suggestions:

District Technical Office,

Solukhumbu

Telephone no.: 038-

520031

Earthquake Emergency Assistance

Project

District Level project Implementation

Unit, Solukhumbu

Telephone no.: 038-520021


Central project Implementation

Unit, Earthquake Emergency

Assistance Project (EEAP),

Lalitpur

Telephone no.: 01-5260565





Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry


Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter


Appendix IX: Consultation and IEE Disclosure

a. Meeting with Local People


b. Meeting minutes of IEE Public disclosure:


c. Issues Raised during IEE Disclosure

The issues, queries, concerns raied during the Pubmic meeting are listed below:

Effect on residence due to landslide

Retaining structure along the stream

Change in road alignment (down) due to landslide

Land plot missing

Land compensation, quality control, no work during monsoon, working in systematic way,

gabion work near residence

Reconstruction of road as per geological condition

Involvement of land owner during construction

Gender friendly conversation practices

Proper valuation of land and property, implementation of agreement made during

delegation visit

High earthwork back cutting

No construction before compensation determination

Issues with spoil management

Impact on ―kuwa‖ Conservation of temple near Tumsedanda

Provision of training on nursery for ―Ghumne pani CF‖ Constructon of road as per detail design


D. Summary of Meeting Minutes

Date Place for

Public

Meeting

Participants Issues, Queries, Concerns, Demands

2074/04/19

B.S (2017/08/03

A.D)

Najing,

Solududhkunda

Municipality-7

(then Garma

VDC 4,5)

9 During the construction of drainage system, a

significant amount of water gets logged on the

underside of the road, leading to erosion. This

leads to the cultivated land being damaged, as well

as putting a settlement named Barane under

severe risk of inundation. Therefore, the project

should construct a 200-m drain that reaches up to a

kholsi to avoid any adverse circumstances.

The detail design for the road shows cutting from

one specific side. However, during the construction

phase, cutting was done from sides that were

previously not present in the design. As a result,

the households which were previously to be

demolished are not affected but the ones that

seemed to be unaffected are now under threat of

losing their land and/or house.

The public are in favor of permanent road

rehabilitation.

The owners whose houses as well as land are

affected due to road rehabilitation must be

compensated fully and the payment should be done

in a single transaction.

The project should be implemented with measures

and policies that will cause the least amount of

damage to existing environmental conditions.

2074/04/19

B.S 2017/08/03

A.D

Nele,

Dudhkaushika

Rural

Municipality-1

(then Nele

VDC ward 7)

12 Road rehabilitation is essential as there are no

possible alternatives to improve existing road

conditions. Furthermore, the rehabilitation process

must have proper management and quality control.

Construction of new road should start at one

specific point and progress accordingly. The road

should not be constructed as different sections at

different locations.

Cutting and engineering measures should be

carried out simultaneously.

Currently, roads have been cleared without

implementing any engineering measures such as

gabion wall, breast wall etc. Consequently,

erosions have taken places at multiple points along

the length of the road. This issue needs to be

resolved.

Nele bazar is the central and relatively dense


Date Place for

Public

Meeting

Participants Issues, Queries, Concerns, Demands

settlement within the entire road section. The road

width along the bazar is much higher than the one

stated in the ToR (6.25m). Therefore, the

rehabilitation should be done for the existing width

so that any possible issues of traffic can be

managed properly.

2074/04/20

B.S 2017/08/04

A.D

Dudhkaushika

Rural

Municipality -7,

(then Deusa

VDC ward 6)

8 Road design is shown to be along one side of the

road. However, cutting has been done along the

opposite side of the road. Hence, proper

management should be done and a public hearing

should be carried out in order to determine the best

course of action.

Deurali Adharbhut School is situated at the end

point of the road section. Road rehabilitation will

likely cause disturbances around the school

premises. So, proper fencing should be done to

avoid any calamitous event.

Road rehabilitation should be done that will cause

the least damage to the existing environment.

2074/04/19

B.S 2017/08/03

A.D

Najing (Women

Group, FGD)

Solududhkunda

Municipality-7

(then Garma

VDC 6)

6 The rehabilitation of the proposed road will enable

the public to commute back and forth from the

district headquarters. Furthermore, it would also

ease transportation of building materials and food

items, which would make lives easier for the public.

Road rehabilitation should be done without inflicting

any damage on the properties of local residents.

If the project would be on schedule, then it would

make it easier for us to transport ailing people to

the district hospitals and give them the necessary

means for their well-being.

We are in favor of this road rehabilitation project.


Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other

Goods

Former VDC: Garma Former Ward No.: 4, 5, and 8 Settlement Name: Tojing, Najing

Municipality: Solududhkunda-7

FOOD CROPS

S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Rice - -

2 Wheat 150 - Per pathi

3 Maize 140 - Per pathi

4 Millet 150 - Per pathi

5 Barley - -

6 Lentils 230 - Per kg (Moong)

210 - Per kg (Maas)

130 - Per kg (Musuro)

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 130 - Per pathi

2 Mustard 300 - Per pathi

3 Allo - -

4 Lokta - -

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Orange - -

2 Lemon/ Lime - -

3 Apricot 80 - Per kg

4 Plum 30-35 - Per kg

5 Guava - -

6 Apple 140 - Per kg

7 Banana 10 - Per kosa

8 Pear 40 - Per kg

9 Apple (Sukuti) - -

MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)

Price in Rs. (Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Mutton 600 - Per kg

2 Chicken - 400 Per kg

3 Fish - -

4 Pork 400 - Per kg

5 Buff 400 - Per kg

6 Eggs (Chicken) 30 - Per Egg

7 Yak - -


DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Milk 100 - Per liter

2 Yoghurt 100 - Per liter

3 Ghee 1,200 - Per liter

4 Vegetable Oil 150 - Per liter

5 Salt 25 - Per packet (kg)

6 Sugar 95 - Per kg

7 Kerosene - -

8 LPG 1,700 - Per cylinder

9 Cheese - -

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Cement 1,200 - Per bag (50 kg)

2 Bricks - -

3 Bamboo 75 - Per bamboo

stick

4 Stones/ Aggregates 4,000 - Per m3

5 Iron rods 120 - Per kg

6 Wood 200 - Per ft3

LAND PRICES

S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks

1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -

2 Non-Irrigated Land 100,000 Per ropani

3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 60,000 Per m2

4 Khar Bari -

5 Pakha/ Bari 20,000 Per ropani

WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR


1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 800 Per day

2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 500 Per day

3 Carpenter 1,300 Per day

4 Mason 1,200 Per day

LIVESTOCK

S.N. Livestock Price in Rs. (Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow 20,000-40,000 100,000 Per cow

2 Buffalo 100,000 - Per buffalo

3 Ox 10,000-15,000 - Per ox

4 He-Buffalo 55,000-60,000 - Per buffalo

5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat

(Male)

12,000 - Per goat

6 Chicken 1,400 400 Per kg


Former VDC: Nele Former Ward No.: 7 Settlement Name: Nele

Municipality: Dudhkaushika-1

FOOD CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Rice - -




5 Barley 160 - Per pathi

6 Lentils 160 - Per kg (Black lentils)

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 100-120 - Per pathi

2 Mustard 300-400 - Per pathi

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Orange 5 - Per orange

2 Lemon/ Lime 5-20 - Per lemon

3 Guava 5 - Per guava

4 Apple 160 - Per kg

5 Banana 10 - Per kosa

MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)


Hybrid)

Remarks


2 Chicken 1000 500 Per kg

3 Fish - -

4 Pork 500 - Per kg

5 Buff 500 - Per kg

6 Eggs

(Chicken)

25 - Per Egg



Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Milk 50 - Per mana

2 Yoghurt - -

3 Ghee 700 - Per mana



6 Sugar 100 - Per kg

7 Kerosene 150 - Per liter

8 LPG 2,200 - Per cylinder




Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks


2 Bricks 30 - Per brick

3 Bamboo 60 - Per bamboo stick

4 Stones/

Aggregates

6,000 - Per tractor

5 Iron rods 100 - Per kg

6 Wood 80 - Per foot length

LAND PRICES


1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -


3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 15,500 Per m2

4 Khar Bari 4,500 Per ropani




1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 700 Per day


3 Carpenter 1000 Per day


LIVESTOCK

S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.

(Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow 20,000 -

2 Buffalo 100,000 - Per buffalo

3 Ox 5,000 - Per ox

4 He-Buffalo 25,000-50,000 - Per buffalo

5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat

(Male)

500 - Per kg



Former VDC: Deusa Former Ward No.: 6 Settlement Name: Bogal

Municipality: Dudhkaushika-7

FOOD CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Rice - -




5 Barley 200 - Per pathi

6 Lentils 50 - Per mana

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 200 - Per pathi

2 Mustard 300 - Per pathi

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

3 Apricot 5 - Per apricot

4 Plum 30 - Per kg

MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)


Hybrid)

Remarks



3 Pork 700 - Per kg

4 Buff 300 - Per kg

5 Eggs (Chicken) 30 - Per Egg



Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Milk 40 - Per mana

2 Yoghurt 80 - Per mana

3 Ghee 650 - Per mana



6 Sugar 50 - Per mana

7 Kerosene 250 - Per liter



Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks


2 Bricks - -

3 Bamboo 100 - Per bamboo stick

4 Stones/ Aggregates 1,300 - Per pil

5 Iron rods - -

6 Wood 100 - Per foot length


LAND PRICES


1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 300,000 Per ropani


3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 10,00,000 Per ghaderi

4 Khar Bari -




1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 1,000 Per day


3 Carpenter 1,200 Per day


LIVESTOCK

S.N. Livestock Price in Rs. (Locally Available)

Price in Rs. (Broiler/ Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow 15,000 - Per cow 2 Buffalo 90,000 - Per buffalo 3 Ox 25,000 - Per ox 4 He-Buffalo 35,000 - Per buffalo 5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat

(Male) 17,000 - Per kg

6 Chicken 2,000 600 Per kg 7 Sheep 15,000 -


Appendix XI: Vegetation Detail

a. Plant Vegetation along the RoW (beyond the road width)

SN Alignment Chainage Species No. CBH (cm) Height (m) Regeneration/ Shurb Ownership of Land Remarks

Type No.

1 Right 0+000 Arupati 2 32 3 Sapling 4 Cultivated Land

2 Right Arupati 1 35 3 Cultivated Land

3 Left Arupati 1 34 3 Cultivated Land

4 Right Marilo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land

5 Right Salla 1 160 10 Cultivated Land

6 Left Tamtim 2 210 6 Cultivated Land

7 Left Tamtim 1 85 5 Cultivated Land

8 Left Salla 1 35 3 Cultivated Land

9 Left Uttis 3 34 4 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

10 Left Uttis Seedling 3 Cultivated Land

11 Left Marilo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land

12 Left Nigalo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land

13 Right Siltimmur Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

14 Left Utis Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

15 Right Painyu 2 72 5 Cultivated Land


17 Right Ghangaru Shrub 1 Cultivated Land









24 Right Seti Kath 1 32 4 Cultivated Land

25 Right Kaphal 1 95 7 Cultivated Land


27 Left Dhupi 2 85 5 Cultivated Land


29 Left Utis Seedling 1 Cultivated Land

30 Left Salla 7 95 12 Sapling 7 Cultivated Land

31 Left Salla 3 115 13 Seedling 18 Cultivated Land



34 Left Mayal 5 37 2 Cultivated Land

35 Left Painyu 5 58 7 Cultivated Land



38 Right Dudhilo 1 85 10 Cultivated Land




42 Right Gurans 2 48 4 Cultivated Land












52 Right Salla 3 205 16 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land

53 Right Salla 2 160 15 Seedling 3 Cultivated Land


55 Right Utis 3 32 3 Cultivated Land

56 Right 0+770 Gurans 2 47 3 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

57 Left Salla 7 180 15 Private Forest





62 Left Utis 5 42 4 Private Forest


64 Right Salla 5 42 4 Private Forest



67 Right Bains 1 78 5.5 Private Forest

68 Right Utis Sapling 5 Private Forest

69 Left Utis Seedling 25 Private Forest




73 Right Utis 12 45 7 Private Forest





78 Right Painyu 3 72 5 Private Forest



79 Left Salla 5 110 12 Sapling 10 Private Forest


81 Left Naspati 2 45 5 Private Forest






87 Left Gurans 2 65 5 Private Forest


89 Right Arubokhada 4 95 7 Private Forest

90 Right Arubokhada 2 65 4 Private Forest

91 Right Bains 2 42 3 Private Forest

92 Right Bains 2 68 5 Private Forest

93 Right Painyu 1 105 6 Private Forest





98 Left Salla 4 82 8 Seedling 5 Private Forest







105 Left Salla Seedling 200 Private Forest





108 Left Utis 9 38 7 Sapling 15 Private Forest

109 Left Utis 3 42 5 Seedling 25 Private Forest



112 Right Mayal 2 62 6 Private Forest

113 Right Banpipal 2 95 8 Private Forest




















133 Left Utis 6 45 10 Seedling 40 Private Forest























154 Left Utis Seedling 50 Private Forest





159 Right 2+000 Banpipal 1 140 16 Private Forest Ghatte Khola









166 Right Utis Seedling 500 Private Forest








174 Right Salla 3 120 12 Sapling 9 Private Forest







181 Left Utis Sapling 50 Private Forest















194 Right Utis Seedling 40 Private Forest













207 Left Painyu Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

208 Left Laligurans 3 68 4 Cultivated Land

209 Left Pipire 2 72 5 Cultivated Land

210 Left Utis 3 45 6 Cultivated Land


212 Right Utis Sapling 50 Cultivated Land












222 Right Aru Sapling 5 Cultivated Land

223 Right Banana Tree 2 Cultivated Land

224 Right Apple 13 40 4 Cultivated Land

225 Right Kimbu 2 38 4 Cultivated Land

226 Left Apple Sapling 7 Cultivated Land

227 Right Arubokhada 5 55 6 Cultivated Land


229 Right Pipire 3 40 4 Cultivated Land






235 Left Salla Sapling 12 Cultivated Land








243 Left Mayal 2 45 4 Cultivated Land

244 Right Painyu Sapling 2 Cultivated Land








250 Right Aru 5 38 4 Cultivated Land

251 Right Aru Sapling 5 Cultivated Land

252 Right 2+800 Bains 1 78 5 Cultivated Land Garma Chowk






258 Left 2+800 Salla 3 68 5 Cultivated Land Baansghari Khola

259 Left Utis 5 56 7 Gov. Land Mountaineering Assn. Land

260 Left Utis 5 68 8 Gov. Land


262 Left Utis 8 34 4 Sapling 12 Gov. Land



265 Left Salla 3 35 5 Sapling 7 Gov. Land

266 Left Salla 3 74 9 Gov. Land

267 Left Angeri Sapling 10 Gov. Land

268 Right Angeri Sapling 10 Cultivated Land











277 Right Angeri 3 64 5 Cultivated Land




281 Right Angeri 1 60 1.5 Cultivated Land

282 Right Phalat 1 180 10 Cultivated Land

283 Right Phalat 2 90 8 Cultivated Land


285 Left Salla 7 35 6 Gov. Land Mountaineering Assn




289 Left Angeri 3 72 6 Sapling 10 Gov. Land

290 Left Gurans 3 65 6 Gov. Land



293 Left Pipire 2 38 3 Gov. Land

294 Left Pipire 3 52 4 Gov. Land

295 Left Salla Sapling 25 Gov. Land

296 Left Salla Seedling 30 Cultivated Land

297 Left Utis 2 104 12 Sapling 7 Cultivated Land






301 Left Angeri 3 52 5 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land

302 Left Gurans Sapling 9 Cultivated Land

















319 Left Utis 3 56 7 Seedling 10 Cultivated Land





324 Left Angeri 5 62 6 Cultivated Land






328 Left Naspati 10 45 4 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land

329 Left Naspati 6 38 4 Cultivated Land

330 Left Aru 2 40 4 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land

331 Left Bains 3 52 4 Cultivated Land

332 Left Painyu 9 65 Cultivated Land





337 Left Apple 2 55 4 Cultivated Land

338 Left Apple 2 47 4 Cultivated Land Tojing, Dudhkunda-7

339 Left Apple 3 70 4 Sapling 9 Cultivated Land




344 Right Utis 6 120 10 Sapling 9 Cultivated Land


346 Right Naspati 6 38 4 Cultivated Land

347 Right Utis 6 190 10 Sapling 12 Private forest

348 Left Utis 12 120 10 Private forest

349 Left Gurans 9 35 4 Private forest

350 Left Utis 0 Sapling 30 Private forest

351 Right Utis 3 140 10 Private forest

352 Right Gurans 9 95 7 Private forest



353 Right Angeri 6 65 5 Private forest

354 Left Salla 3 105 10 Private forest

355 Left Utis 6 65 7 Seedling 30 Private forest








363 Right Sisi 6 42 3 Private forest

364 Right Sisi 6 32 2 Private forest

365 Left Sisi 6 52 4 Private forest

366 Left Angeri 3 52 3 Private forest




370 Left Angeri 3 45 4 Private forest






376 Left Bhalayo Sapling 2 Private forest

377 Left Gurans 2 62 5 Sapling 3 Private forest


379 Left Gurans Sapling 5 Private forest

380 Right 4+500 Utis 2 38 6 Sapling 6 Cultivated Land






384 Right Ghurmis 2 35 4 Cultivated Land


386 Left Angeri Sapling 4 Cultivated Land

387 Left Gurans 2 65 4 Cultivated Land


389 Right Dhupi 4 60 7 Cultivated Land




393 Right Banpipal 2 72 7 Cultivated Land

394 Right Bains 2 65 7 Cultivated Land










404 Left Kimbu 1 45 4 Cultivated Land

405 Right Bhalayo 2 36 3 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

406 Right Painyu 2 34 4 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

407 Left 4+600 Utis 1 54 7 Private forest




409 Left Bains 3 45 4 Sapling 2 Private forest

410 Right Dudhilo 1 35 6 Private forest


412 Right Salla 3 75 10 Private forest

413 Right Ghurmis 2 60 3 Private forest

414 Right Bains 2 70 5 Private forest

415 Right Bains 2 50 4 Private forest

416 Left Bains 2 65 5 Private forest

417 Left 4+700 Utis 2 45 4 Sapling 1 Cultivated Land



420 Left Gurans 4 33 3 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land


422 Left Dudhilo 3 45 7 Cultivated Land








430 Right Bhalayo 1 70 4 Cultivated Land






436 Left Painyu 2 95 6 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land



437 Left Dudhilo 3 35 4 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land

438 Left Arubokhada 2 62 5 Cultivated Land

439 Left Arubokhada 2 38 4 Cultivated Land

440 Left Kimbu 2 40 3 Cultivated Land




444 Left Dudhilo Sapling 2 Cultivated Land





449 Right Okhar 1 60 6 Cultivated Land



452 Right Utis 5 40 7 Sapling 10 Private Forest










462 Right Gurans 5 68 6 Sapling 10 Private Forest






466 Left Angeri 2 84 5 Sapling 10 Private Forest

467 Left Okhar 2 48 4 Private Forest






473 Left Painyu 3 60 5 Sapling 25 Private Forest

474 Left Painyu 2 75 7 Seedling 10 Private Forest





479 Right 8+600 Utis 45 65 8 Seedling 180 Private Forest Bhitte Khola, Dudhkaushika

- 1

480 Left Utis 4 62 6 Seedling 200 Cultivated Land
















494 Right Utis Seedling 30 Cultivated Land













507 Left Bamboo Shrub 2 Cultivated Land






513 Left Dudhilo 3 40 5 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land



516 Left Painyu 2 38 7 Sapling 5 Cultivated Land

517 Left Bhalayo 2 45 3 Cultivated Land











526 Right Sisi 2 55 5 Sapling 3 Cultivated Land

527 Right Sisi 7 45 4 Cultivated Land

528 Right Sisi 2 35 4 Cultivated Land












540 Left Bhalayo 2 60 4 Cultivated Land


542 Right Banana Ghari 6 Cultivated Land

543 Right Nigalo Shrub 1 Cultivated Land

544 Right Kimbu Sapling 4 Cultivated Land




546 Right Lakuri Sapling 1 Cultivated Land










556 Left 10+300 Bhalayo Sapling 2 Cultivated Land






562 Right Gurans Sapling 2 Cultivated Land








570 Left Salla 11 85 9 Red Cross Land

571 Left Salla 6 35 4 Red Cross Land





574 Left Angeri 9 40 4 Sapling 10 Cultivated Land


576 Left 8+610 Utis 1 98 7 Cultivated Land Dudhkaushika- 1



579 Left Nimaro 3 40 3 Cultivated Land








587 Left Patle 5 40 6 Cultivated Land






593 Right Patle 10 65 8 Cultivated Land

594 Right Patle 15 38 5 Cultivated Land








600 Right Utis 30 68 9 Seedling 75 Cultivated Land



603 Right Amriso Shrub 5 Cultivated Land

604 Right 11+650 Gurans Sapling 50 Cultivated Land Gaude khola



607 Right 12+770 Salla 3 42 7 Cultivated Land Kattike Khola


609 Right 12+800 Salla Cultivated Land Mukli starts, Harkate khola

610 Right 12+980 Salla Cultivated Land Rai khola

611 Right Patle 1 35 4 Sapling 5 Community Forest Ghumnepani CF

612 Right Patle 1 45 5 Community Forest


614 Left Patle 2 43 7 Sapling 5 Community Forest

615 Left Patle 2 35 5 Community Forest


617 Left Salla 3 65 10 Community Forest








625 Right Salla 5 100 17 Community Forest








631 Right Banjh 3 50 4 Community Forest


633 Left Patle Sapling 20 Community Forest









642 Left Patle Seedling 10 Community Forest





647 Left Gurans 4 40 4 Sapling 10 Community Forest

648 Left Kharane Shrub 2 Community Forest






654 Left Makai kaath 2 55 6 Community Forest



655 Left Makai kaath 2 42 7 Community Forest

656 Left Bhalayo 4 35 3 Community Forest


658 Left Gurans 6 40 4 Community Forest



661 Left Bhalayo Sapling 8 Community Forest













674 Left Gurans 45 42 4 Sapling 50 Community Forest




678 Right Kharane 8 40 3 Community Forest




682 Right Utis 20 40 7 Community Forest



683 Right Utis 16 48 7 Community Forest



686 Left Kharane 35 47 4 Community Forest




690 Left Bhalayo 10 42 4 Sapling 20 Community Forest



693 Left Utis 20 48 7 Community Forest








701 Left Patle 20 48 7 Seedling 25 Community Forest

702 Left Angeri 15 38 4 Community Forest

703 Left Angeri 10 42 4 Community Forest


705 Left Phalat 15 46 5 Community Forest















718 Right Gurans 10 38 3 Community Forest

719 Right Bhalayo 10 40 4 Sapling 15 Community Forest






725 Right Rodingo 1 75 6 Community Forest

726 Right Rodingo 2 65 6 Community Forest




730 Left Bhalayo 2 45 4 Sapling 3 Community Forest




734 Right Bhalayo 3 48 7 Community Forest


756 Left Angeri Sapling 3 Community Forest

757 Left Angeri Seedling 2 Community Forest




759 Right Patle 3 70 4 Sapling 10 Community Forest



762 Right Angeri 2 50 4 Sapling 5 Community Forest

763 Right Bhalayo Sapling 2 Community Forest




767 Left Ghangaru Shrub 2 Community Forest

768 Left Kharane 2 40 3 Sapling 4 Community Forest

769 Right Patle 25 60 6 Sapling 50 Community Forest








777 Left Patle 10 43 7 Seedling 25 Community Forest



780 Right Bhalayo 10 45 7 Sapling 10 Community Forest

781 Right Kharane 10 36 5 Sapling 15 Community Forest




785 Left Chutro Shrub 6 Community Forest











794 Right Angeri 2 40 4 Community Forest




















814 Right Angeri 10 64 7 Sapling 25 Community Forest






942 Left Patle Sapling 10 Private Forest




946 Left Dhupi 2 45 4 Private Forest


948 Left Angeri 5 40 2 Private Forest

949 Right Thotne Shrub 1 Private Forest

950 Left 20+600 Salla 5 68 9 Community Forest








958 Right Dhupi Sapling 2 Community Forest

959 Left Dhupi 1 40 5 Sapling 1 Community Forest

960 Left Salla 1 120 12 Sapling 2 Community Forest


962 Left Salla Sapling 42 Cultivated Land

963 Left Salla Seedling 40 Cultivated Land

964 Right Patle Sapling 20 Cultivated Land






968 Left Patle Sapling 7 Cultivated Land

969 Left Chutro Shrub 2 Cultivated Land



972 Left Dhupi Sapling 1 Cultivated Land





977 Left Jhigane Sapling 10 Cultivated Land

978 Left Chilaune 1 60 6 Sapling 2 Cultivated Land

979 Left Machhina Shrub 1 Cultivated Land


981 Left Mauwa Sapling 2 Cultivated Land



984 Right Nimaro Sapling 1 Cultivated Land














996 Right 22+140 Gogane 3 60 4 Cultivated Land End point, Dudhkaushika-7


Appendix XIII: List of Person Consulted

SN Name Designation Address

1. Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Acting Project Manager DTO, Solukhumbu

2. Narendra Kumar Rai Sub-Engineer DISC

3. Him Kumari Gurung Social Mobilizer DISC

4. Sarala Adhikari Social Mobilizer DISC

5. Man Bahadur Shrestha Ward representative Solududhkunda-7

6. BalaKagi Karki Political leader Solududhkunda-7

7. Niduram Khadka Secretary Ghumne Pani CF

8. Purna Bahadur Tamang Former President Kordap CF

9. Indra kumar Shrestha President (Sarokar Samiti) Solududhkunda-7

10. Phurtiman Tamang President Mukle Maidal CF

11. Hom Bahadur Karki School Teacher Dudhkaushika -1

12 Dhana Devi Magar School Teacher Dudhkaushika -1

13. Chandra Bahadur Karki School Teacher Solududhkunda-7


Appendix XIIII: Detail Information of Affected structure

a. Private structure

SN Picture Detail

1

Chainage 4+200

Name of Owner Karma Lama

Address Solududhkunda-7, Tojing

Structure Type Shop + Hotel

Built Year 2065

Present Status on use

Family Member (no.) 4

Food Sufficiency (Month)

12

Total Agricultural Income (NRs.)

40,000.00

Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.)

200,000.00

Total Affected Area (sqm)

78

Total cost (NRs.) 1150000

2

Chainage 4+000

Name of Owner Khil Bahadur Magar

Address Solududhkunda-7, Tojing

Structure Type House

Built Year 1990

Present Status Old And Deteriorated

Family Member (no.) 7

Food Sufficiency (Month)

3

Total Agricultural Income (NRs.)

35,000.00

Total Non-agricultural Income (NRs.)

110000

Total Affected Area (sqm)

7

Total cost (NRs.) 774000


b. Religious Site

S.N Picture Detail

1

Chainage 4+210

Structure Type Mane(Type Of gumba)

Address Solududhkunda-7, Tozing

Built Year 2000

Present Status On use

Total cost (NRs.) 100,000


Appendix XIV: Photographs

Photograph 1: Consultation meeting at Tojing Photograph 2: Consultation meeting at Bogal

Photograph 3: Consultation meeting with women group Photograph 4: Consultation meeting at Nele

Photograph 5: Consultation meeting with Kordap CFUGs Photograph 6: Consultation meeting with Ghumnepani CFUGs


Photograph 7: Road alignment at Jor Buddha (Ch 0+000)

Photograph 8: Road alignment at Bogal (Ch 22+001)

Photograph 9: Road alignment passing through cultivated land

Photograph 10: Vehicle movement along the Road alignment

Photograph 11: Road alignment at Nele Bazaar Photograph 12: Existing road conditions


Photograph 13: Measuring circumference at breast height at RoW of road

Photograph 14: GPS point entry at a nearby waterfall

Photograph 15: Road alignment at Maidal CF Photograph 16: Road alignment at Ghumnepanil CF

Photograph 17: Measuring the Formation width of the road

Photograph 18: Community forest in the RoW of road

garma-nele-bogal road rehabilitation and reconstruction ... sarki 277 0.26 286 0.27 563 0.53 15...

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