garlic cultivation

45
1. Introduction Nature has gifted us lots of things to keep our self healthy. One of those gifts is Garlic. There are lots of saying & proverbs about Garlic which reflects its importance & quality such as Garlic is as good as 10 mothers & Garlic a day keep sickness at bay. Moreover, it is regarded as a miracle by naturopaths & herbalists. Various researches have proved it that Garlic is good for health and is beneficial in curing various health problems. Garlic's benefits are due to its rich array of antioxidants like selenium and ascorbic acid. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the important bulb crop grown which is used as a spice and condiment throughout India. It is also on important foreign exchange earner for India. Garlic shares about 17 % total spices grown in India (Fig 1). Healthy garlic bulbs contain allicin, colorless, odorless and water- soluble amino acids. On crushing the garlic bulbs the enzyme allinase breaks down into allin to produce allicin of which the principal ingredient is odoriferous diallyl disulpide. The volatile oil consists of more than 29 volatile components and chief components of oil are Diallyl disulphide (60%), Diallyl trisulphide(20%) and allyl-propyl polysulphides (15%) and a small quantity of diallyle polysulphides. Diallyle disulfide possesses the true garlic odour. Garlic is a most important bulbous vegetable, spice or condiment with medicinal value, belongs to onion family 1

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Page 1: garlic cultivation

1. Introduction

Nature has gifted us lots of things to keep our self healthy. One of those gifts is Garlic.

There are lots of saying & proverbs about Garlic which reflects its importance & quality such as

Garlic is as good as 10 mothers & Garlic a day keep sickness at bay. Moreover, it is regarded as

a miracle by naturopaths & herbalists. Various researches have proved it that Garlic is good for

health and is beneficial in curing various health problems. Garlic's benefits are due to its rich

array of antioxidants like selenium and ascorbic acid.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the important bulb crop grown which is used as a

spice and condiment throughout India. It is also on important foreign exchange earner for India.

Garlic shares about 17 % total spices grown in India (Fig 1). Healthy garlic bulbs contain allicin,

colorless, odorless and water-soluble amino acids. On crushing the garlic bulbs the enzyme

allinase breaks down into allin to produce allicin of which the principal ingredient is odoriferous

diallyl disulpide. The volatile oil consists of more than 29 volatile components and chief

components of oil are Diallyl disulphide (60%), Diallyl trisulphide(20%) and allyl-propyl

polysulphides (15%) and a small quantity of diallyle polysulphides. Diallyle disulfide possesses

the true garlic odour.

Garlic is a most important bulbous vegetable, spice or condiment with medicinal value,

belongs to onion family Amaryllidaceae and it is commonly used throughout the world. Garlic is

used in various culinary preparations to enhance the aroma of dishes and is widely used as for

seasoning in Indian cuisine. In Pickles it acts as a preservative-flavourant. Garlic pickles and

freshly ground garlic chutneys are popular side dishes for rice, snacks and chappathis. Garlic oil

is used in ready-made spice-mixes, pharmaceuticals and disinfectants.

Nutrient Composition

Garlic is an excellent source of protein, Carbohydrate, and minerals like phosphorous,

calcium, manganese, a very good source of niacin and vitamin C, selenium. It is a rich source of

Protein (6.30 %), Carbohydrate (29.80%), Phosphorus (0.45%), Calcium (0.30%), Iron (0.13%),

Vitamins (0.13%) and energy 145 K cal / 100g.

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Table 1: Global production data for garlic

India is the 2nd largest garlic producing country after China with annual production of

8.33 lakh tons from 1.65 lakh hectare area. Garlic contributes 17% of total Indian spice

production. China controls over 85-90 per cent of the world's garlic production.

Top 10 garlic producers (2009-10)

Country Production (lakh t)

China 179.68

India 10.70

South Korea 3.80

Egypt 1.75

Russia 2.27

United States 1.79

Spain 1.54

Argentina 1.20

Myanmar 2.00

Ukraine 1.50

World 222.80

Fig 3: Productivity (t/ha) of major garlic producing countries (2009-10)

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Indian productivity is just 5.22 metric tons per hectare, which is much lower than the

potential productivity and compare to the other leading producing countries (Anon., 2011). This

is due to unawareness of farmers about improved varieties, suitable agro-techniques and

incidence of pest and diseases.

Table 2: State wise area and production data for garlic

States Area ('000 ha) Production

('000 MT)

Yield (t/ ha)

Andhra Pradesh 0.40 4.00 10.00

Bihar 4.25 29.75 7.00

Gujarat 40.00 275.00 6.88

Himachal Pradesh 3.60 44.70 12.42

Jammu & Kashmir 2.30 32.00 13.91

Karnataka 4.20 30.20 7.19

Madhya Pradesh 54.00 228.00 4.22

Maharashtra 3.50 34.10 9.74

Orissa 11.00 35.80 3.25

Uttaranchal 35.10 190.50 5.43

West Bengal 1.20 7.30 6.08

These are the major garlic producing states Gujarat stands first in production followed by

Madhya Pradesh and Uttaranchal.

05

101520253035 Export from India

(tons)

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The major destinations for export of Indian garlic are Bangladesh, Philippines, Singapore,

UK and USA. In 2010-11, 19,000 metric tons of garlic was exported from India. The export has

been 2-3% of the total production. The quantum of exports has been fluctuating due to frequent

and sudden change in the policy of garlic-importing countries. In India, production of bigger-

cloved garlic is though not on big scale, it is picking up in northern hills and Nilgiri hills in view

of increasing demand in export market.

CROP IMPROVEMENT

Most of the garlic varieties through introduction, clonal selection and mutation breeding

methods. Clonal selection is most important breeding method. Method of improvement by cross

pollination id not viable in Garlic.

Garlic has been classified as long and short day varieties and it has also been classified as

hard neck (produce a flower but sexually sterile) and soft neck varieties (do not flower at all).

Improved varieties of Garlic from India

Varieties Organization

Agrifound white, Yamuna Safed 1-5 and Agrifound Parvathi NHRDF, Nasik

Godavari, Sweta and Phule Baswant MPKV, Rahuri

Ooty-1, CO-1 and CO-2 TNAU, Coimbatore

Bhima Omkar and Bhima Purple DOGR, Rajguru nagar

HG-01 and HG-02 HAU, Hissar

Pusa Sel-10 IARI, New Delhi

Pant lohit-01 and 02 Pant Nagar

1. Bhima Omkar

The bulbs of this variety are medium in size, compact and white in color, 18-20 cloves

per bulb, leaves narrow with medium green color and yields about 8-14 t/ha.

2. Godavari

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Medium size bulbs, average 24 cloves per bulb, highly pungent, ready for harvest 140 to

145 days after sowing, yield 10-12 t/ha.

3. Agrifound White (G-41)

Susceptible to purple blotch and Stemphyllium blight, highly pungent, average 26 cloves

per bulb, Ready for harvest 130 to 135 days after sowing, Yield 10 to 13 t/ha.

4. Yamuna Safed (G-01)

Solid bulb and attractive white colour, equatorial diameter 3.5 to 4.5 cm, yield 15 to 17

t/ha, tolerant to thrips and purple blotch.

5. Yamuna Safed 03 (G-282)

Bigger bulb sizes, Yellowish white in color, medium storability, yield 17 to 20 t/ha and

suitable for export.

6. Agrifound parvathi

Suitable for North-India, Pinkish white in color, Yield 17.5 to 22.5 t/ha. Medium

storability, Good for export.

2. Varietal Evaluation

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Table 3: Mean performance of garlic genotypes in relation to different Horticultural traits

Singh and Chand.,

2003

Genotype Bulb

wt. (g)

No.

cloves/bulb

Avg. wt. of

cloves (g)

Days to

maturity

TSS

(%)

Dry

matter(%)

Yield

(q/ha)

AFP 53.17 14.30 3.63 224 40.83 36.54 265.83

G-313 29.23 28.23 1.02 209 45.50 43.14 146.17

G-1 30.33 24.60 1.09 209 46.17 42.20 151.67

G-41 31.67 13.61 2.05 209 44.17 43.30 158.33

Sel. 360(B) 27.67 3.67 1.25 218 45.67 43.79 138.33

G-1 (B) 23.27 23.23 0.96 209 45.17 43.28 116.33

BJ-1 47.63 13.40 3.05 224 42.33 37.63 238.15

G-4 24.70 10.98 2.03 209 42.33 41.79 123.50

Local (A) 22.87 15.20 1.52 209 45.83 42.93 114.33

HPG-I 22.67 30.67 0.75 218 43.08 41.23 113.33

GHC-1 47.33 12.90 3.48 224 43.08 38.01 236.67

HPG-12 31.67 10.47 2.73 218 43.67 40.24 158.33

HPG-4 28.50 17.60 1.52 218 47.75 45.80 132.00

CD(P=0.05) 3.46 0.42 0.21 1.75 1.61 2.35 17.10

Singh and chand studied 30 varieties/clones of garlic to assess the mean performance of

garlic genotypes in relation to different Horticultural traits tested Results revealed that Agrifound

Parvati produced significantly maximum bulb yield followed by BJ-1 and GHC-1. Bulb weight

(53.17 g) was highest in Agrifound Parvati and was significantly higher to all the remaining

clones. The maximum number of cloves per bulb recorded was highest in HPG-1 (30.77).

Average clove weight (3.63 g) was maximum in Agrifound Parvati and was at par with GHC-1.

The maximum TSS (47.75 %) was observed in HPG-4. HPG-4 contained highest dry matter

(45.80 %) and was at par with Sel. 360 (B), HPG-6. The results revealed that the garlic cultivar

Agrifound Parvati was significantly superior for yield of bulbs (265.83 q/ha) as compared to all

other clones.

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SOIL AND CLIMATE

A wide range of soils with good drainage can be used for garlic cultivation. The soil

depth should be at least 45-60 cm. Garlic requires medium black well drained loamy soils, rich in

humus with fairly good potash content. Crops raised on sandy or loose soils have poor keeping

quality and bulbs produced are lighter in weight. Bulbs produced in heavy soils are deformed.

And during harvest many bulbs are broken and bruised. Extremely acidic as well as heavy clay

are not suited for this crop.

It can be grown under a wide range of climatic condition. However it cannot tolerate

weather that is too hot or too cold. Garlic is extremely hardy and survives long periods at

temperature below 00 C. Consequently in low temperature regions, it may be planted in autumn

or in spring. Studies on sowing dates in temperate regions have consistently showed that autumn

planting gives higher yield the mid-winter or spring planting. It prefers moderate temperature in

summer as well as in winter. It is a frost hardy crop requiring a cool 12-18o C and moist period

during growth and a relatively dry period during bulb maturity. Bulbing takes place at longer

days and at high temperatures. An average temperature of 25-300 C is conducive for bulb

initiation.

3. Cultivation Aspects

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Propagation

Garlic is propagated by cloves or bulblets that have been stored at 50 C for several

months. The size of the seed clove is important, larger cloves give higher yield. The seed should

be virus free and cloves used for planting should weigh between 3.0 to 5.5 grams. Highest yield

would be obtained using 5 g of cloves planted at 30 x 6 cm.

Bigger bulbs may be used for consumption and small bulbs for planting purposes. Here the size

of the clove can be regulated by plant spacing. Close spacing produces smaller bulbs.

Table 4: Effect of clove weight on growth and yield of garlic on cv. GG-3

Memane et al., 2008

Treatment

s

Plant

height

(cm)

No. of

leaves

Neck

thickness

(cm)

Avg.wt.

of Bulb

(g)

Diameter

of bulb

(cm)

No. of

cloves/

bulb

Avg.

wt. of

Clove

Yield

(t/ha)

Clove weight (g)

C1 (> 1.5) 54.40 9.94 0.49 15.90 2.98 23.08 0.89 11.37

C2 (1-1.5) 52.67 9.69 0.47 15.32 2.90 22.47 0.85 10.94

C3 (< 1) 49.82 9.50 0.45 14.33 2.66 20.50 0.81 9.94

C4 (mixed) 46.89 8.21 0.43 13.94 2.43 20.25 0.77 8.67

C.D. @5% 1.57 0.44 NS 0.42 0.11 0.75 0.03 0.53

Memane et al., studied on the Effect of clove weight on growth and yield of garlic on cv.

GG-3 with respect to growth, bulb development and yield an experiment was conducted. Except

for neck thickness, all other characters under study were significantly affected by clove weight.

Maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant average weight of bulb, average weight of

clove, number of cloves per bulb were recorded from the sowing of garlic with higher weighted

cloves (>1.5 g). Significantly highest bulb yield per hectare was recorded at highest weight of

cloves i.e. >1.5 g. while lowest yield was recorded in ungraded mixed cloves.

Higher vegetative growth under large clove size might be due to maximum reserved food

materials present in the cloves in the initial stage of growth.

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Max average weight of bulb was observed from large size cloves and it was minimum

from ungraded lot. This had happened due to heavy weighed seed cloves encouraged better

initial growth and higher photosynthesis rate.

Planting season and Spacing

Season:

1. September to November (Plains of North India)

2. August to November (South India)

3. March to April (Hilly region)

Spacing:

Spice board recommended spacing is 15x10cm and UAS Bangalore and UAS Darwad

recommended 15x7.5cm. General recommendation of spacing for Garlic is 15cm row to row and

10 cm from plant to plant.

Table 5: Effect of Planting dates on growth and yield characters of garlic

Chand et al., 2010

Treatment

s

Plant

height

(cm)

No. of

leaves/

plant

Plant girth

(cm)

Bulb yield

(t/ha)

Wt of bulb

(g)

Wt of

clove (g)

Planting dates

Nov 15th 56.30 20.00 3.22 5.40 16.20 0.99

Dec 5th 55.60 15.20 2.96 4.16 12.60 0.80

Dec 25th 51.60 10.10 2.62 2.93 8.80 0.39

C.D. @ 5% 0.63 0.17 0.03 0.66 2.01 0.14

A field experiment was conducted to assess the performance of garlic under three sowing

dates. Vegetative growth parameters significantly influenced with the earliest dates of planting

(November 15). The weight of individual clove was reduced by nearly 60% with delayed

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planting on December 25. Maximum yield of bulb was recorded (5.4 t ha-1) with early planting

date (November 15) along with application on NPK at the same level. Plant height and girth

were significantly influenced by different dates of planting. There was an increase in plant height

and basal girth with early planting (November 15).

Delayed planting reduced drastically the clove size. The weight of bulb was recorded

higher (16.2 g) with November 5 planting followed by 12.6 g (December 5) and 8.8 g (December

25). Thus delay in planting gradually decreased the weight of bulb. The individual clove weight

was reduced by 60 per cent with planting on December 25. The bulb yield was recorded

maximum (5.40 t ha-1) with first planting date followed by 0.629 kg plot-1 and 4.19 t ha-1 and

0.439 kg plot-1 and 2.93 t ha-1 with second and third planting dates respectively.

The reduction in bulb yield was nearly 22 and 45 per cent with December 5 and

December 25 planting respectively over 15 November planting. It appears from the results that

garlic should be planted during the second fortnight of November for better yield.

4. Integrated Nutrient Management

Table 6: Effect of spacing and different levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of garlic cv.

Yamuna Safed Singh and Singh, 2010

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Characters Plant height

(cm) No. of leaves

Diameter of

bulb

No. of Cloves

per bulb

Bulb Yield

(q/ha)

Spacing

S1 (10x10cm) 44.03 6.33 3.66 21.83 92.67

S2 (15x8cm) 44.13 6.42 3.68 22.49 92.28

S3(15X10cm) 44.35 6.54 3.86 23.57 91.09

C.D. (0.05) 0.24 0.07 0.072 0.24 1.03

Nitrogen (kg/ha)

N1 (50) 43.25 6.11 3.55 19.66 85.76

N2 (75) 43.77 6.36 3.62 21.77 90.28

N3 (100) 44.30 6.49 3.74 23.44 93.28

N4 (125) 45.36 6.77 3.83 25.66 97.74

C.D. @ 5% 0.28 0.08 0.06 0.51 1.78

Interaction (Spacing x Fertilizer)

S1N1 43.10 5.97 3.50 18.66 85.87

S1N2 43.72 6.27 3.60 21.33 91.20

S1N3 44.22 6.47 3.65 22.33 95.37

S1N4 45.09 6.63 3.83 25.00 98.23

S2N1 43.33 6.13 3.60 19.66 86.20

S2N2 43.76 6.37 3.60 21.66 90.70

S2N3 44.10 6.47 3.73 23.33 94.32

S2N4 45.44 6.74 3.80 25.33 97.92

S3N1 43.41 6.23 3.56 20.66 85.20

S3N2 43.82 6.43 3.66 22.23 88.94

S3N3 44.59 6.53 3.76 24.66 93.14

S3N4 45.56 6.94 3.83 26.66 97.07

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C.D. @ 5% 0.48 0.13 0.10 0.89 1.78

Singh and Singh studied on the Effect of spacing and different levels of nitrogen on

growth and yield of garlic with the three different spacing's i.e 10 cm x 10 cm, 15 cm x 8 cm and

15 cm x 10 cm and four level of nitrogen i.e. 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg per hectare in the form of

urea in garlic variety Yamuna Safed (G-1). The highest yield of 98.23 q ha -1 was obtained by

sowing the cloves at closer spacing of 10 cm x 10 cm and applying highest dose of nitrogen at

125 kg ha-1.

A considerable change in various growth characters and yield per hectare was noticed

due to variation in spacing between plants. The garlic plants planted at the distance of 15 cm x

10 cm keeping the lowest plant population per hectare produced highest average weight of garlic

bulb. The other characters indicated by diameter of bulb or weight of whole plant were also

maximum at this spacing. On the other hand highest population of plants per hectare i.e. spacing

the plants 10cm x 10cm. resulted the maximum yield of both bulb and whole plant. However,

diameters, weight per bulb and growth characters were minimum at this spacing.

On the other hand at wider spacing or lower plant population per unit area the plant could

get more area for plant nutrients and open space in air for spread which gave better chance of

development of growth character. As the density of plant population per unit area increased it

brought about a keen competition among plants for nutrients, light and air and resulted in poor

growth, ultimately causing reduced size of bulb and minimum fresh weight per bulb.

The most interesting point to note was that at 15cm x 10cm spacing the better

development of morphological characters and larger size of bulb could not compensate by the

reduction in yield due to lower plant population per unit area.

The application of nitrogen to the garlic plant increased the yield of both bulbs and whole

plant. The number of cloves and other morphological characters also increased significantly and

increase in the level of nitrogen up to 125 kg ha-1 produced a corresponding significant increase

in yield. This increase in yield and other growth characters might have been due to availability of

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nitrogen in greater amount. At lower fertility i.e. 50kg or 75 kg ha-1 the plants did not get

enough nitrogen for their growth and development thus smaller yield was obtained at lower

nitrogen amount. All the growth characters gave poor performance.

Table7: Influence of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth of garlic cv.

GG-1 Mohd et al., 2011

Treatments 90 Days After planting Bulb yield

(q/ha)

TSS

(o Brix)

Ascorbic

acid

(mg/100g)

No. of

leaves/pl

Plant height

(cm)

T1 9.36 64.96 179.43 46.28 14.12

T2 8.73 62.22 168.79 42.78 13.73

T3 8.67 62.63 164.53 45.20 13.76

T4 9.26 63.25 175.88 43.85 14.05

T5 9.20 62.61 164.18 42.31 12.92

T6 8.54 62.67 163.12 42.82 13.87

T7 9.04 61.26 165.24 43.54 14.00

T8 8.67 61.58 158.86 44.63 13.97

T9 8.67 61.94 155.31 45.09 13.74

Control 8.48 59.40 173.40 43.26 12.58

C.D. @ 5% 0.28 1.51 3.27 1.87 0.67

T1– 25% RDF + 75 % through FYM

T2- 25% RDF + 75 % through Vermicompost

T3- 25% RDF + 75 % Bio compost

T4- 50% RDF + 50 % through FYM

T5- 50% RDF + 50 % Vermicompost

T6- 50% RDF + 50 % Bio compost

T7- 75% RDF + 25 % FYM

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T8- 75% RDF + 25 % Vermicompost

T9- 75% RDF + 25 % Bio compost

T10- Control (NPK 100:75:75 kg/ha

A field experiment was conducted on effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on

growth, yield and quality of garlic cv. GG-1 and from the results, it is seen that 25 per cent RDF

+ 75 per cent through FYM produced more average bulb weight. In case of quality parameters 25

per cent RDF + 75 per cent through FYM was showing maximum TSS and ascorbic acid over all

other treatments. The 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent through FYM also showed beneficial effect

over all other treatments with control in respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of garlic.

In general, it is seen that application of organic manures with their different level of combination

with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizer significantly influenced the growth characters.

Number of leaves per plant: significantly more number of leaves per plant in T1 as

compared to other treatments this effect could be attributed to the solubilization effect of plant

nutrients by addition of FYM and chelating effect of metal ions leading to higher subsequent up

take of NPK by plant. And FYM might have enhanced the efficiency of fertilizers also.

Height of the plant: highest in T1 this is because it is a well known fact that plants require

number of macro and micro elements for their normal and healthy growth which were

subsequently supplied by organic manures.

Yield per hectare significantly increased in plants given integrations of fertilizers of

fertilizers with FYM treatment receiving 25% RDF + 75 % through FYM received significantly

highest bulb yield per hectare. The healthy top growth might have responsible for higher rate of

photosynthesis, this might have accumulated carbohydrates which resulted increased the overall

yield. And also integrated effect of the nutrients had been responsible for growth characters

might have definitely been responsible for increase in yield.

Table 8: Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield of garlic cv. Yamuna Safed-03

Patil et al., 2007

Treatment Cured wt. of No. of cloves / Wt. of clove / Bulb yield q/ha

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bulb (g) bulb (g) bulb (g)

T1 30.26 14.00 2.13 188.26

T2 27.17 19.00 1.40 177.15

T3 25.46 20.00 1.26 175.50

T4 29.06 15.00 1.93 180.81

T5 28.66 17.00 1.66 180.68

T6 30.93 14.00 2.40 189.33

T7 34.40 12.00 2.73 193.31

T8 (Control) 20.40 16.00 0.88 170.47

C.D. @ 5% 3.30 1.04 0.34 6.07

Patil et al., 2007 conducted an experiment on the Effect of organic and inorganic

fertilizers on yield of garlic cv. Yamuna Safed-03. The experiment consists of seven treatments.

The biometrical observations as well as bulb characters and yield of garlic were significantly

influenced by the combine use of inorganic chemical fertilizers with organic sources of nutrients.

This might be due to gradual and steady release of nutrient during the growth period as well as

enhanced biological activity and proper nutrition to the crop. Thus, for better biometric and bulb

character and marketable yield of garlic, combined use of inorganic and organic sources of

nutrient supply is suggested.

This table shows the data on bulb characters and yield of garlic. Significant differences in

respect of fresh weight of bulb and cured weight of bulb were observed in treatments receiving

organic and inorganic fertilizers. Maximum cured bulb weight is observed in T7, which was

significantly higher than other treatments. The treatments T2, T3, T5, and T8 were statistically

on par with each other.

Significantly lower cured weight of bulb was recorded in the treatment T8. the maximum

number of cloves per bulb was recorded in the treatment T8 followed by T3 and T2. The lower

number of cloves per bulb was found in the treatment T7. As regards clove weight, maximum

mean weight of clove was recorded in the treatment T7. This was significantly superior to the

rest of the treatments except treatment T6.

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The treatments T2, T3, T4 were statistically on par with each other. Significantly lower

weight of clove was recorded in the treatment T8. Highest bulb weight per plot was recorded in

the treatment T7, followed by T6 and treatment T1 which was significantly superior over to rest

of the treatment under study. As regards to yield per hectare, the treatment T7 recorded highest

bulb yield. The treatment T1 and treatment T6 were statistically on par with the treatment T8.

Table 9: Effect of micronutrients on yield of garlic var. G-41

Rohidas et al., 2010

Treatments Fresh wt

of bulb (g)

Cured wt

of bulb (g)

Length of

clove (cm)

Diameter

of clove

(cm)

Wt of

clove (g)

Bulb yield

(q/ha)

Zinc

2ppm 32.81 30.50 3.00 1.31 2.14 150.45

3ppm 30.93 28.45 2.79 1.23 1.65 143.61

4ppm 35.55 33.15 3.47 1.7 2.65 155.39

Boron

0.25ppm 28.78 25.59 2.45 1.20 1.25 137.53

0.50ppm 31.72 29.04 2.89 1.25 1.93 142.85

0.75ppm 34.78 32.10 3.21 1.33 2.29 151.21

Molybdenum

2.5ppm 27.69 26.91 2.60 1.21 1.38 142.85

5.0ppm 28.80 25.57 2.47 1.17 1.24 137.91

7.5ppm 30.92 28.46 2.78 1.24 2.63 143.23

Control 24.02 20.45 2.50 1.05 0.90 129.17

C.D. @ 5% 0.95 3.94 0.41 0.13 0.45 0.11

Rohidas et al., 2010 conducted an field experiment on Effect of micronutrients on yield

of garlic var. G-41. By using three different micronutrients i.e zinc, boron and molybdenum at

various concentrations. This revealed that application micronutrient T3 significantly increased

the mean fresh weight and cured weight of bulb (35.55g) and (33.15g), length of clove and yield

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per hectare over control. Among all level of micronutrient application of zinc 4ppm was found

best which is followed by T6 boron at 7.5 ppm over control.

The result indicated that healthy top growth might be responsible for higher rate of

photosynthesis, might have been accumulated in bulb. Therefore it increased size and weight of

bulb. Cell division, fruit and seed development, sugar transport, and hormone development. Zinc

also helps in production of auxin, an essential growth hormone, formation of chlorophyll and

carbohydrates and enables plants to withstand lower air temperatures

Table 10: Effect of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and quality

attributes of garlic (Allium sativum) Chattoo et. al., 2007

Biofertilizers

Bo- No biofertilizer

B1- Azospirillium + Phophobacteria

B2- Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria

Chemical fertilizers (60 kg K2O Common)

To- No nitrogen and phosphorus

T1- 50 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1

T2- 75 kg N + 45 kg P2O5 ha-1

T3- 100 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

Treatments Plant

height

(cm)

Avg.

bulb wt.

(g)

Bulb

diameter

(cm)

Yield/ha

(q)

No.

cloves/ha

Dry

matter

cont. (g)

TSS (o

Brix)

Biofertilizer

Bo 60.91 17.35 2.82 115.79 7.94 38.15 18.68

B1 70.76 25.83 `4.21 172.47 9.88 41.05 21.35

B2 75.01 29.08 4.80 193.99 10.74 43.40 23.35

CD (P=0.05) 1.06 0.74 0.11 4.89 0.28 0.86 1.11

Chemical

fertilizer

To 67.33 22.97 3.78 153.30 9.18 40.00 20.88

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T1 68.26 23.32 3.80 155.56 9.40 40.66 21.04

T2 68.61 24.35 3.96 162.42 9.56 41.24 21.13

T3 71.38 25.73 4.23 171.62 9.94 41.56 21.47

CD (0.05) 1.23 0.85 0.13 5.65 0.33 1.00 NS

Chemical X

biofertilizers

To Bo 57.93 14.93 2.46 99.63 7.10 35.66 17.90

To B1 59.30 15.93 2.56 106.40 7.70 38.20 18.63

To B2 60.90 18.23 2.96 121.60 8.26 39.63 19.21

T1 Bo 65.53 20.30 5.33 135.53 8.73 39.13 19.00

T1 B1 68.23 23.30 3.80 155.53 9.33 40.26 20.75

T1 B2 71.36 26.13 4.26 174.56 10.10 40.86 21.50

T2 Bo 70.23 26.26 4.26 175.16 9.83 40.96 21.17

T2 B1 73.23 27.73 4.53 184.83 10.26 42.10 22.00

T2 B2 75.83 30.70 5.13 204.73 11.13 44.06 24.00

T3 B0 74.13 27.90 4.565 186.23 10.40 42.93 23.00

T3 B1 74.70 28.56 4.66 190.50 10.60 43.13 23.00

T3 B2 75.40 29.16 4.83 194.50 10.83 43.46 23.41

CD (P=0.05) 2.13 1.48 0.23 9.78 0.57 1.73 NS

Biofertilizer had a beneficial effect on growth, yield and quality of garlic. Biofertilizer

mixture of Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria proved significantly superior to Azospirillium +

phophobacteria. Increasing levels of chemical fertilizers, enhanced growth, yield and quality

attributes, recording maximum values with 100kg N + 60kg P2O5/ ha. The effects were much

more pronounced when Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria was applied in conjugation with 75 kg N

+ 45 kg P2O5 ha-1, resulting in a fertilizer economy of 25% without affecting crop yield. The

treatment included three levels of biofertilizers Bo, B1, B2 and four levels of chemical

treatments. The fertilizer potassium and FYM applied to all treatments at the rate of 60 kg and 20

tons per hectare. Full phosphorus, potash and 50% of nitrogen was applied as a basal dose, while

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remaining nitrogen was applied as top dose in two splits. The maximum value of 75.01cm was

recorded in B2 (plant height)

Growth regulators

Cycocel at 1000 ppm during the 3rd, 12th and 18th weeks after planting.

To increase the storage life of the bulbs over a period of 6 months, the plants have to be

sprayed with Cycocel at 1000 ppm during the 3rd, 12th and 18th weeks after planting.

 Plant height was depressed under the treatment of Cycocel 1000 ppm than control.

Maximum plant height was recorded under the treatment 50 ppm NAA.

IRRIGATION

Irrigation at 60 mm CPE is optimum for a good garlic crop. Irrigation frequencies should

be decreased towards crop maturity as more moisture causes regeneration and emergence of

sprouts which results in non uniform maturity.

Table 11: Effect of irrigation intervals on yield attributes of garlic (Allium sativum L.).

Ahmed et al., 2007

Irrigation

interval

2002-2003 2003-2004

Bulb

weight (g)

No. of

cloves/

bulb

Clove

weight (g)

Bulb

weight (g)

No. of

cloves/

bulb

Clove

weight (g)

3 days 12.8 10.5 0.70 12.8 10.5 0.81

5 days 10.5 9.5 0.58 10.5 9.5 0.69

7 days 8.4 8.7 0.58 8.4 8.7 0.68

9 days 8.4 7.5 0.55 8.4 7.5 0.44

Among the different treatments studies, irrigating the crop after every 3 days could be

attributed to availability of water at the root zone and this increased photosynthetic ability of the

crop and also very vital for both transpiration and tissue formation and this resulted in increased

bulb size and quality.

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Based on the two seasons experiment, it is deduced that the application of water at 3 days

interval and the use of large sized cloves appeared optimum for maximum performance of garlic.

Based on the 2 seasons experiment, it is deduced that the application of water at 3 days interval

appeared optimum for maximum performance of garlic.

Mulching

Mulching conserves moisture, moderates soil temperatures and inhibits weeds.

Table 12: Effect of different mulches on yield and yield components of garlic

Haque et. al.,

2003

Treatments No. roots

/pl.

No.

leaves/

pl.

Cloves

No.

/bulb

Fresh

bulb(g

)

Dry

bulb(

g)

Yld.

(t/ha)

Length

of bulb

(cm)

Diameter

of bulb

(cm)

M1 72.33 9.0 30.00 13.81 5.29 9.16 3.41 3.4

M2 69.83 8.4 31.83 13.36 4.65 8.87 3.22 3.83

M3 42.33 4.4 10.50 2.62 0.90 1.67 2.9 1.65

M4 63.33 7.8 27.83 12.37 3.45 8.2 3.05 3.05

M5 66.33 8.2 28.67 12.70 4.19 8.44 3.15 3.15

M6 45.17 4.9 14.67 4.37 1.58 3.5 2.75 2.08

M7 49.83 4.9 17.33 7.10 2.17 4.65 2.80 2.68

A study conducted by Haque et al., (2003) on effect of natural and synthetic mulch on

garlic revealed that, significant variations exist among the different mulches in respect of

morphological characters and yield of garlic. Water hyacinth mulch produced the tallest plant

with maximum number of leaves and roots per plant, higher fresh and dry weight of bulb and

highest yield per hectare. Bulb diameter and number of cloves per bulb were higher in black

polyethylene mulch.

Plant height was comparatively higher (55.48 cm) with water hyacinth mulch probably

due to the retention of maximum available soil moisture. Plants with transparent polyethylene

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mulch could not accomplish vegetative growth compared to water hyacinth mulch due to

excessive weed infestation as was observed in this study. A yield increase with the water

hyacinth mulch may be attributed to soil moisture conservation, recycling of plant nutrients,

entrapment of Aeolian materials and stimulation of microbial activity. The yield reduction by the

application of the transparent polyethylene mulch may be due to the competition of the crop with

weed that grew under it.

Table 13: Effect of different manual weeding intervals on quality parameters of garlic

Habib et al., 2011

Weeding

intervals

(Days)

Bulb

diameter

(cm)

Bulb wt

(g)

Bulb yld.

(t/ha)

Weed

density (m2)

Fresh weed

biomass (g/m2)

Dry weed

biomass

(g/m2)

15 5.54a 19.50a 15.00a 7.60f 62.20f 8.22f

30 4.12b 16.60b 12.00b 38.40e 345.20e 43.80e

45 3.06c 15.60c 10.70c 47.80d 413.20d 55.60d

60 2.62cd 14.60d 9.70d 59.20c 514.60c 68.60c

75 2.32de 13.50e 9.00e 70.60b 635.20d 84.40b

Control 2.00e 12.40f 7.00f 8.20a 754.40a 95.40a

The data recorded in different plots, where weeds were uprooted manually at intervals of

15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days, were compared with control, where weeds were left free to grow

throughout the crop season. Garlic bulb yield and yield related parameters i.e. bulb diameter,

bulb height and bulb weight were highly significantly (p≤0.01) influenced by different weeding

intervals as compared to control (no weeding).

The maximum bulb yield was found in plot with 15 days weeding interval whereas,

minimum bulb yield was recorded in control. Similarly weed density, weed fresh and dry

biomass reduced significantly (p≤0.01) with decrease in weeding intervals. It is concluded from

the study that weeds density, fresh and dry weed biomass decreased significantly with an

increase in manual weeding intervals, resulting in increased garlic yield (t ha-1) because of

significant increase in the attributing components (bulb diameter, height and weight).

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In spite of the fact that manual weeding is a tedious, laborious and time consuming job;

maximum crop yield can be achieved with frequent manual weeding intervals throughout the

crop season. As the labour is cheaper and easily available during the crop season therefore,

maximum profit could be obtained due to low cost of production to raise the economic status of

the farmers in the area under study.

Table also explains that bulb weight gradually decreased with increase in weeding

intervals. As garlic has a very small canopy and there is enough space for weeding at early

growth stages therefore it necessitates weeding as an important cultural practice for getting

higher marketable bulb yield.

Table 14: Effect of different weedicides on yield parameters of garlic

Shakeel et

al., 2007

Treatments Fresh weed

biomass (kg/m2)

Avg. Bulb wt (g) Bulb yield (t/ha) Yld. increase

over weedy

check (t/ha)

Oxadiazon* 0.47b 29.2b 8.85a 7.32

Glyphosatee* 1.06b 26.6c 7.39b 5.87

Pendimethalin* 0.73c 31.9a 9.51a 7.98

Metribuzin * 0.87b 29.5b 8.91a -0.93

Weedy check 3.10a 12.52d 1.52c -

In different weed control treatments, manual hoeing over the application of herbicide

resulted in lower fresh biomass of weeds as compared to herbicide application alone followed by

no hoeing. each additional hoeing after the application of pendimethalin resulted in further

reduction in fresh biomass of weeds. Control plots having no weed control produced maximum

fresh biomass (3.29 and 3.10 kgm2). The variability in weed fresh biomass in different herbicide

treatments may be attributed to the fact that some herbicide treatments were more effective for

weed control than the other was. The highest fresh weed biomass was recorded in weedy check

because of the prolonged growth period of weeds.

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All herbicide treatments followed by hoeing except metribuzin gave bulb yield at par

with weed free treatment. Metribuzin resulted in minimum bulb yield (0.59 t/ha) because of its

extreme phytotoxicity to garlic crop, which resulted in the survival of a few plants.

Pendimethalin in combination with manual hoeing gave the highest bulb yield and monetary

returns.

These studies suggest that pendimethalin in combination with manual hoeing can be

successfully applied to boost up the bulb yield in garlic and to harvest the maximum profit for

raising the economic status of farmers.

5. Plant protection measures

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Garlic is mainly affected by two diseases they are, Stemphylium blight and purple blotch

diseases.

Table 15: Performance of garlic varieties against Purple blotch disease and yield

Mehra and Batra, 2005

Highly resistant- (0%)

Resistant (less than 5%)

Moderately resistant (6-10%)

Susceptible (26-50 %)

Highly susceptible (more than 50%)

Genotype % disease

intensity Disease reaction

Wt. of

bulbs (g) Yield (q/ha)

G-01 6.60 Moderately resistant (6-10%) 32.00 143.7

G-41 81.60 Highly susceptible (more than 50%) 32.20 94.20

G-50 31.60 Susceptible (26-50 %) 30.90 102.70

G-282 5.00 Resistant (less than 5%) 40.70 158.80

HG-1 30.50 Susceptible 23.00 52.20

HG-17 1.50 Resistant 36.00 159.00

HG-19 0.60 Resistant 43.00 147.50

LG-1 4.30 Resistant 20.10 97.50

Sel-10 10.00 Moderately resistant 27.10 121.20

C.D. @ 5% 0.70 - 1.40 15.80

Nine varieties of garlic viz., G-1, G-41, G-50, G-282, HG-1, HG-17, HG-19, LG-1 and

Sel-10 were evaluated against purple blotch disease caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. and

their yield potential. The varieties categorized based upon per cent disease intensity as highly

resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible. Among

them, four varieties namely HG-17 (0.5%), HG-19 (2.6%), LG-1 (4.3%) and G-282 (5.0%) were

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found resistant and two varieties Sel-10 (10.0%) and G-1 (6.0%) showed moderately resistant

reaction. G-50 (31.6%) and HG-1 (30.5%) varieties exhibited susceptible reaction and G-41

(81.6%) was found highly susceptible against purple blotch disease.

Resistant varieties showed significantly higher yield than susceptible varieties. The

highest yield was recorded in HG-17 variety (159 q/ha) followed by G-282 (158.8 q/ha), HG-19

(147.5 q/ha) and G-1 (143.7 q/ha). Lowest yield was observed in variety HG-1 (52.2 q/ha). The

result revealed that resistant varieties and moderately resistant varieties can be used by breeders

as source of resistant and by farmers for cultivation. The high yielding variety HG-17 could be

cultivated in areas where purple blotch is severe problem.

Table 16: Effect of fungicides spray on Stemphyllium blight disease intensity and yield of

garlic (G-15) Kumar et al., 2011

Fungicides Conc. (%) Avg. disease

intensity (%)

Avg. yield

(Kg/plot)

% increase in

yield over

control

Mancozeb 0.25 9.80 3.86 36.30

Bavistin 0.10 14.30 3.44 34.50

Captan 0.20 21.30 3.23 25.60

Topsin 0.20 25.50 3.16 23.80

Benomyl 0.20 27.70 2.83 12.70

Zineb 0.20 31.60 2.79 9.60

Control 0.20 47.50 2.56 -

C.D. @ 5% - 3.98 0.39 -

Kumar et al., 2011 tested ten fungicides on Effect of fungicides spray on Stemphyllium

blight disease intensity and yield of garlic in vitro. Out of ten fungicides these seven chemicals

were found most effective and inhibited the growth of the fungus completely. Then all these

fungicides were used in field in controlling the disease in comparison to control (without

fungicide). Here spraying of mancozeb at 0.25% and bavistin at 0.10% were found most

effective in reducing disease intensity at 15 days interval during experimentation. Mancozeb,

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Bavistin, Captan, Topsin gave significantly increased yield being on par to each other. However

mean maximum yield, 3.86 kg/plot was obtained by applying mancozeb which gave 36.3%

increased in mean yield over control.

Table 17: Effect of treated garlic cloves and foliar spray of mancozeb on Stemphyllium

blight disease intensity and yield of garlic

Kumar et al.,

2011

Mancozeb Disease intensity

(%) Avg. yield (q/ha)

% increase in yield

over control

Clove treatment (0.25%) 30.80 100.70 17.80

Clove treatment + Single

foliar spray (0.25%) 20.60 111.60 30.65

Clove treatment + two

foliar spray (0.25%) 8.70 119.30 39.55

Control 47.50 85.50 -

C.D. @ 5% - 06.42 -

Further studies on Effect of treated garlic cloves and foliar spray of mancozeb on

Stemphyllium blight disease intensity and yield of garlic clove treatment of mancozeb (0.25%)

along with two foliar sprays of same fungicides gave the lowest disease intensity (8.7%). This

treatment is also resulted the maximum increase in mean yield over control (39.55%).

In conclusion, mancozeb (0.25%) was the most effective in controlling stemphylium

blight of garlic caused by Stemphylium botryosum in both laboratory and glass house condition.

In field trial, the disease was reduced with increased yield by using mancozeb. This mancozeb

can be used in farmers’ field against stemphylium blight of garlic.

Pests

Garlic is mainly infected by thrips (Thrips tabaci)

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Table 18: Mortality of Thrips tabaci at different doses of two mycoinsecticides

Gajera et al.,

2009

Treatment 3 DA T 5 DA T 7 DA T Mean

V. lecanii @ 3 g/ liter of water 87.59 90.13 91.72 89.87

V. lecanii @ 4 g/ liter of water 91.05 92.94 93.54 92.54

V. lecanii @ 5 g/ liter of water 92.50 93.39 94.53 93.50

V. lecanii @ 6 g/ liter of water 94.20 96.25 96.77 95.81

V. lecanii @ 7 g/ liter of water 98.22 99.31 99.90 99.32

B. bassiana @ 4 g/ liter of water 75.15 77.99 79.93 77.72

B. bassiana @ 5 g/ liter of water 81.49 84.28 86.26 84.06

B. bassiana @ 6 g/ liter of water 87.51 91.01 92.02 90.26

B. bassiana @ 7 g/ liter of water 91.11 93.84 95.33 93.53

B. bassiana @ 8 g/ liter of water 96.02 96.75 97.71 96.86

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effective dose of two

mycoinsecticides against Thrips tabaci infecting garlic. Fresh garlic leaves are collected from the

unsprayed garlic field, washed properly with clean water and air-dried was used for the study.

The spray of each treatment was applied to garlic leaves separately with the help of atomizer.

Care was taken to obtain the uniform coverage of treatment. Treated leaves were allowed to dry

under ceiling fan for 5 minutes. The one day old third instar nymphs of T. tabaci were kept in

plastic boxes (7.5 cm´ 3.9 cm) along with lid made up of small holes for ventilation. Then these

treated leaves were provided as food for them. Twenty five nymphs per treatment in each

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repetition were kept. The nymphs were provided with fresh untreated food after 24 hours of

feeding on the treated food.

Mortality counts were recorded at 3, 5 and 7 days after the treatment. The data on percent

mortality of third instars nymphs of garlic thrips obtained at 3, 5, 7 days after the spray revealed

that among different treatments V. lecanii @ 7 g/ltr gave significantly the highest mortality as it

recorded 98.22, 99.31, 99.90, 99.32 % mortality respectively. However, it was statistically at par

with B. bassiana @ 8 g/l, V. lecanii @ 6 g/l, V. lecanii @ 5 g/l, B. bassiana @ 7 g/l and V.

lecanii @ 4 g/ltr. Looking to the results of V. lecanii and B. bassiana mycosis in relation to dose

indicated that both the treatments at higher doses were most effective. The study concluded that

the mortality of thrips was comparatively higher in the treatment of V. lecanii as compared to B.

bassiana. The mortality was increased with the increase in the dose of both the mycoinsecticides.

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6. Harvesting and yield

Generally the garlic crop is ready for harvest 130-150 days after planting, depends on

cultivar, soil and season. At the stage tops become partly dry and bend to the ground. An early

harvest results in poor quality bulbs, which cannot be stored for long periods. Delayed harvest in

the splitting and resprouting of bulbs in some cultivars. Normally 4-12 t/ha of bulbs are obtained.

The recovery of cloves from the bulbs would be 86-96%.

Conclusion

Evolution of new garlic cultivar and improved production technologies has resulted in

higher production of garlic in India.

But still there is a need to increase the productivity as it is low as compared to countries

like China and Egypt by adopting advanced agro-techniques.

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7. References

ANONYMOUS, 2011, National Horticulture Database, 2010-11, pp. 6.

CHATTOO, M, A., AHMED, N., FAHEEMA, S., NARAYAN, S., KHAN, S, H. AND

HUSSAIN, K., 2007, Response of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) to biofertilizer application.

The Asian J. Hort., 2 (2) : 249-252.

GAJERA, R. C., KAPADIA, M. N. AND JETHVA, D. M., 2009, Dose response of

mycoinsecticides against Thrips tabaci Lindeman on garlic. Agric. Sci. Digest. 29 (4) : 306-

309.

HAQUE, M, S., ISLAM, M, R., KARIM, M, A. AND KHAN, M, A, H., 2003, Effect of natural

and synthetic mulches on garlic (Allium sativum L.). Asian J. Pl. Sci., 2 (1), 83-89.

KUMAR, U., SINGH, J., NARESH, P. AND SINGH, R., 2011, Management of Stemphylium

blight of garlic through chemicals. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 19 (1) : 126-128.

MEHMOOD, T., KHOKHAR, K. M. AND SHAKEEL. M., 2007, Integrated weed management

practices in garlic crop in Pakistan Crop Protec. 26 (7) : 1031–1035.

MEHRA. R. AND BATRA. V,, 2005, Evaluation of garlic varieties against purple blotch disease

and yield, J. Med. Arom. Pl. Sci. 27 : 7-9.

MEMANE, P. G., RUKAM, S., TOMER, D. K. KULKARNI, G. U., and Chovatia, R. S., 2008,

Effect of clove weight and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of garlic (Allium

sativum. Linn.) cv. GG-03. Asian J. Hort., 3 (1) : 143-145.

MOHD, T, A., DESAI, J, D., PARMAR, S, B. AND PARMAR, B.R., 2011, Effect of organic

and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of garlic cv. GG-1. The Asian J.

Hort.; 6 (1) : 52-55.

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PATIL, M, B., SHITOLE, D, S., SHINDE, S, B. AND PURANDARE, N, D., 2007, Response of

garlic to organic and inorganic fertilizers. J. Hort. Sci., 2 (2) ; 130-133.

ROHIDAS, S, B., BHARADIYA, P, S., JATURE, S, D. AND GHATE, K, B., 2010, Effect of

micronutrient on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). The Asian J. Hort., 5 (2) :

517-519.

SINGH, P, K., AND SINGH, D. R., 2010, Effect of spacing and levels of nitrogen on growth and

yield of garlic. Indian J. Hort. 67 : 305-307.

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