gardening presentation (document) final 5

8/12/2019 Gardening Presentation (Document) Final 5

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Begin Your Food Garden



Why We Grow FoodWhy We Grow Food● Provide f or the LarderProvide f or the Larder● Improve HealthImprove Health● Good ExerciseGood Exercise● Improve BudgetImprove Budget● Resist ShortagesResist Shortages●

Resist InflationResist Inflation

● Living ProvidentlyLiving Providently● Part of Establishing ZionPart of Establishing Zion



Words from the Brethren● “We are m ost grateful for the excel lent

response by t he peo ple of the C hurch toour urging t hat gardens be p lanted andthat fruit trees b e cu ltivated and ourplaces cleaned up an d made m orelivable.”

- Spencer W. Kimball (1976)

● “I do not want to be a cal amity h owler. Idon’t know in detail what’s go ing t ohappen in the f uture. I know what the

prophets h ave predicted. But I tell youthat the w elfare p rogram, organized toenable u s to take car e of our own needs,has not yet performed the f unction that itwas set up to perform. We w ill see t he d aywhen we live on what we pr oduce.”

- Marion G. Romney (1975)

● “We encourage you to be m oreself-reliant so that, as t he L ord hasdeclared, “notwithstanding thetribulation which shall descendupon you, … the church maystand independent above al l othercreat ures b eneath the c elestialworld” (D&C 78:14). The Lordwants us to be independent andself-reliant because t hese w ill bedays of tribulation. He h as warnedand forewarned us of theeventuality.”

- Ezra T aft Benson (1980)



“We encourage you to grow all the food that youfeasibly can on your own property. Berry b ushes,

grapevines, fruit trees–plant them if your climate i sright for their growth. Grow vegetables and eat them

from your own yard. Even those r esiding i napartments or condominiums can generally gr ow a

little food in pots and planters. Study the b estmethods of providing you r own foods. Make your

garden … neat and attractive as well as productive. If

there ar e c hildren in your home, involve t hem in theprocess with assigned responsibilities” ( in Conference

Report, Apr. 1976, 17071; or Ensign, May 1 976,124).

“



“When we conclude t o m ake a Zion we will make it, and this work com mences in theheart of each person. When the father of a f amily wishes to make a Z ion in his ownhouse, he m ust take t he l ead in this good work, which it is impossible f or him to dounless he h imself possesses the s pirit of Zion. Before h e can produce t he w ork ofsanctification in his family, he m ust sanctify h imself, and by t his means God can helphim to sanctify h is family (D BY, 118).”

“The Lo rd has done hi s share of the work; he has surrounded u s with elementscontaining wheat, meat, flax, wool, silk, fruit, and everything with which to build up,beautify a nd glorify t he Z ion of the l ast days, and it is our business to mould these

elements to our wants and necessities, according t o the kn owledge we n ow have an dthe w isdom we can obtain from the h eavens through our faithfulness. In this way w illthe Lord bring agai n Zion upon the e arth, and in no other (DBY, 294).”

“There i s not one t hing wanting in all the works of God’s hands to make a Z ion uponthe earth when t he peop le conclude to make i t. We can make a Zion of God on earth

at our pleasure, upon the s ame p rinciple t hat we can raise a f ield of wheat, or buildand inhabit. There h as been no time when the m aterial has not been here from whichto produce corn, wheat, etc, and by t he judicious management and arrangement ofthis e ver-existing material a Z ion of God can always b e b uilt on the ear th. (DBY,118)”

Teachings of Brigham Young Manual, Ch. 16, pp 10-12



Basic Food Storage Amounts

For One Year

● 400 lbs of Grains● 60 lbs of Beans and Legumes● 60 lbs of Sugars● 20 lbs of Fats● 16 lbs Dry Skim Milk●

8 lbs S alt

Per Day

● 17.5 o z G rains● 2.6 oz B eans and Legumes● 2.6 oz Su gars● .87 oz F ats● .7 oz Dry Skim Milk

● .35 oz S alt

Food Storage w ill only g o so far as to keep a p erson alive, but notactive; gardens extend and replenish a f ood storage p rogram

Home Storage Center's Recommended Amounts



Planning Ahead● In the earl y sp ring, plan your

garden for the s easons ahead● Research how much space each

plant needs, how muchsunlight is needed, and if yourplanned g arden area canprovide t hat

● Check what pests, varmints,and predators are i n your area

● Discuss which foods you wouldlike t o eat, which ones you'dlike to try



Plant Pathology● Plant seeds at a d epth 3X the

size of the see d● Root systems respond to water

saturat ion● Plants manufacture their own

food (glucose) by u sing w ater,sunlight, CO2, and nutrients

●

By u sing t he p lant's naturalgrowth, and pruningmethodically, most plants canbe t rained to grow in certainways; i.e. espaliers



Genetically Modified Crops (GMO's)● Plants t hat are g enetically altered

or spliced to gain an attribute n otpossible i n the o riginal species

● Advantages such as higher yields,disease resi stance, etc. - al lows afamily to gr ow more food insmaller s paces

● Seed costs are ver y h igh andsaving see d probably n ot possible

due t o genetics, or is protected bycopyright laws

● Some concerns about long-termeffects on people an d cross-pollination



Plant Hardiness ZonesPlant Hardiness Zones● Certain plants, especiallyCertain plants, especially

peren nials, will only live inperen nials, will only live incertain temperature zo nescertain temperature zo nes

●

Plant Hardiness ZoningPlant Hardiness ZoningMaps help with planningMaps help with planningwhat can be d one with awhat can be d one with agardengarden

● Average first /last frostAverage first /last frostdates must also bedates must also beconsidered: May 18considered: May 18 thth September 29thSeptember 29th



Light Requirements● Plants use l ight to crea te

their own food (glucose)through Photosynthesis

●

Plants u tilize visible light;between the b lue-redspectrum

● Check for lighting

requirements of each planttype some n eed full sun (6-10 hours), part sun (3-6hours) or shade ( 1-3 hours)



Weather● Use o f irrigation and other methods

has reduced d ependency on weatherto grow gardens

● Severe w eather i s s till an issue, andlight rains are still needed

● High winds, sudden t emperaturechanges, hail and early f reezes canruin entire gard ens

● Weather is very u npredictable, even

for NOAA supercomputers● Check 3- day f orecasts and look w ith

your own eyes to d etermine whatmust be do ne with your garden; lookonline for plans for homemade

weather instruments



Frost● Frost occurs when the h umidity in

the ai r reaches the d ew pointfollowed by a d rop intemperature, freezing the w ater

vapor

● Frost damage i s done o n a ce llularlevel; freezi ng the cytoplasminside a plant cell, causing itsfunctions to cease: can ruin most

annuals and can kill peren nials ifthe f rost reach es t he ro ots

● No treatments for frost damage,only p reven tion is useful; coverplants day before a f rost issupposed is hit



Air Pollution●

Plants breathe i n through their leavesmost of what we consider airpollution: that's w hy p ollution ismore evi dent in wintertime

● Plants thrive o n carbon dioxide,

water vapor, and smoke p articulates● Pine t ree c ones will not open and

seeds not germinate w ithout fire h eatand smoke, so some p ollution isuseful

● Plants are h armed b y o zonepollution: ozone (O 3) i s a d isinfectantto all carbon-based life; O3 decaysquickly i n water vapor



Types of Gardens● Choose a garden type a nd

layout to suit your l ifestyleand desires

●

Take i nto account allaspects: what is t o begrown, what is yourbudget, your own mobility

and how much time can bespent working, waterissues, and so on



Traditional Garden● Utilizes t he so il already presen t

on a p roperty● May n eed a lot of

improvements to cr eate good,arab le so il (loam)

● Can grow a lot more food persquare i nch than any o thermethod

● The larger the gar den, the m orepowered tools might be n eeded

● Not suitable f or w heelchairs o rpersons with mobility i ssues



Raised Bed Gardens● Raised beds are go od for

intensive gar dening with handtools

● Necessary for places with moleproblems (attach h ardwarecloth underneath)

● Easy to maneuver around;excellent for t hose w ithmobility problems

● Burying strips o f sod, right-sideup, one f oot under the t opsoilwill maximize garden

production for decades



Container Gardens● Helpful for those r enting, have

little sp ace, or w ish to maximizetheir space by gr owing wherethere i s n o soil

●

Most any thoroughly cleanedcontainer with suitable d rainagecan be u sed

● Bucket gardens, elevated beds, andgrowing directly i n a b ag ofcompost are popular method

● Water each container 'til watercomes out the bo ttom

● Also good for persons withmobility issues



Square-Foot Gardening● Utilizing the rai sed bed

method and minimum plantspacing requirements, thismethod can produce a goodamount of food in a smallspace

● Very labor and timeintensive: requires a lot ofpreparation and sterile so il(perfectly free o f weeds andpests) and attention todetails



French Method● Mixing ed ible p lants and

decorative f lowers in alandscape p lan is commonlyreferred to as t he ' FrenchMethod'

● West Valley Zoningregulations does not allowtraditional cultivation infront yards; it's consideredmore o f a p ublic s pace thismethod is allowed so long asthe c rops are w orked into

the d esign



Victory Gardens● A response t o rationing an d

shortages during W orld War's 1and 2, along w ith other times inhistory

●

Victory Gardens r equire i ntensivegrowing and maximum foodproduction grown anywhere t hereis soil; no flowers or n on-foodproducing plants

● Growing f lowers in a V ictoryGarden during wartime wasactually i llegal in WWII Britain it carried a h efty fine, and apossible p rison sentence



Community Gardens● For large groups who have no

private y ards, such asapartment renters and condoowners, or for families looking

to expand their productivereach● A vacant lot or section of a

public p ark is rented by the

members● Some community garden

agreements have everyonework a c ertain amount of timefor a s hare o f the p roduce, orallow a plot rental



Indoor Gardens● Citrus, aloe v era, and other

tropical plants d o well indoors; very useful fo

in the w intertime●

A commercial system with redto blue s pectrum lights can be very expensive● To grow indoors on a bu dget,

get “daylight” f lorescen t bulbs;provide p lenty o f space● Water regularly



Clay Soil Improvements

● Clay soil is abundant inWest Valley and can be

improved● Add sand and compost, or

sand and peat moss● Adding s and to clay w ill not

turn the so il to “concrete” a sconcrete r equires highamounts of slaked lime

●

Aerate b efore p lanting



Soil pH and Liming● Acid soil is n atural in nature

created by chemical forcesof soil decomposition

● Acidic so il retains n utrientsand starves plants

● Adding h ydrated limereleases the n utrients

● Chances are good that nopH testing i s needed forWest Valley s oils add limeanyway



Soil Salinity● Utah is notorious for high

soil salinity (sa lted soils)● To remove saline, the s oil

must be washed in binswith hot water; drain outthe s alty water separatefrom the s oil

● Salt reclaimed from theground can be refined andused as normal salt



Soil Erosion● Erosion is topsoil depletion by ei ther

water or wind● Caused by a l ack o f vegetation on

slopes, or by l ack of vegetation theyear round

●

If a garden is t o rest , it's b est t o planta g reen mulch of winter rye, grass,etc. that w ill be tilled in the followingyear d o not allow it to go to seed orgrow over 1 yea r

●

Build horizontal terraces on contoursgreater than 8 degrees

● The du st bowl of 1935-1940 is thecostliest disast er i n US history: 30,000killed; 2.5 million displaced; damage

in $ is still unknown



Water and Irrigation● An irrigation system is n ecessary

for today's modern gardens

● Can be exp ensive t o water largergardens o n utility water

●

A simple, cheap irrigation systemcan b e home built

● Harvesting rai nwater is a go odmoney savi ng activity

● Rainwater cannot be p otableunless i ts b een filtered and treat ed

● Harvesting rainwater i s n ow legalin Utah; sign up online for a F REEwater right up to 2,500 gallons



Sample of Water Right's Web Page



Garden Construction andMaintenance

● After planning what kindof garden will work for ahome, and preparing allthe su pport for t he p lants;start creating your ga rden

● Many simple tools andmethods can keep costs

down and provide plentyof return for the w ork



Hand Tools for Gardening● Hand tools are t he l east

expensive an d easiest touse but can be timeconsuming with a l arger

garden● Hand tools can be bought

for less at DeseretIndustries or made athome

● Basic h and tools includerakes, shovels, spades,

hoes, forks, water ca ns, etc.



Powered Tools for Gardening● When gardens expand, hand

tools may not be enough tokeep up with the work load

● Most powered garden toolscan be pu rchased f or a go odprice at Deseret Industries,or can be b uilt at home.

●

www.vintageprojects.comhas f ree y ard and tractorplans

SdBdPi



Seed Bed Preparation



Stones in Soil● Most gardens will develop

issues with stones; duringwinter, the f rost and ice t endsto open soil and push the r ocks

from the bed rock s ubsurfaceupwards● These s tones w ill interfere w ith

plants and make gr owthdifficult

● Build and utilize a ro ck screenout of wood and hardwarecloth to remove unwantedstones



Fertilizer Facts

● Fertilizer i s not plant food: it's the m ultivitaminsthat plants use t o produce the f oods we eat

● Lack of fertilizers has h istorically led to long-termfamines, dust bowls, and ends of states and nations

● In 1945, the British Government stated in aninternal memo that food production had stalleddue t o intensive cr opping and lack of all kinds offertilizers (tired soils). If VE-Day did not come t hatyear, Britain would've f aced a full-blown famine

and surrendered to the A xis Forces



Transplanting●

Grow seedlings early i n the year and use t hem for transplanting● Especially go od for growing warm

climate cr ops in colder areas

●

Transplant seedlings into pots,and a m onth later transplant intothe gar den

● Transplant potted plants intolarger p ots 1 inch deeper, and 1inch wider than previouscontainer

● Growing indoors under lights is very hard to ge

best to grow seedlings o utside



Greenhouse● A greenhouse i s a h eated

enclosure u sed to grow plantsyear round

● Excellent for seed lings,transplants, citrus o r an y plantsthat do not grow in ourtemperature zone

● Can be made of cheapmaterials such as PVC pipes,lumber, plastic l ined withbubble wrap

● Heating co sts might beexpensive



Cold Frame and Hot Bed● A cold frame i s a gr eenhouse

with no heater; good forstarting seed lings early byprotecting them from frost

● A hot bed is a cold framewith plenty o f manure u ndera 6 inch layer o f topsoil; thedecaying m aterial andsunlight heats the b ed

● A set of old windows or clearplastic, and some l umberwill make a good frame



Cloches and Tunnels● Most homes might not have

the s pace for a gre enhouse o rcold frame

● Cloches and tunnels are agreat greenhouse-replacementmethod to ext end growingseasons

● Most cloches are i nexpensive

to make o ut of waste m aterials● Great way to start transplants

such as tomatoes andcucumbers



Weeding● Weeds are any plants growing

in an undesirable l ocation;most are n ative o r invasiveplants

● Invasive p lants are n on-nativespecies that have n o naturalpredators

● Weeding removes competition

of nutrients and space f or crops● Do not allow weeds to go to

seed: one year of germinatedweeds is seven years of weeding



MulchingMulching

● Mulches help gardensMulches help gardensfight off weeds, retainfight off weeds, retainmoisture, and addsmoisture, and adds

nutrientsnutrients● Mulches can be woodMulches can be wood

chips, compost,chips, compost,

newspaper, weed-freenewspaper, weed-freegrass cl ippings, straw,grass cl ippings, straw,or any o ther slow toor any o ther slow todegrade organicdegrade organicmaterialsmaterials



No-Till Gardening●

The t rend in agriculture t oday is t onot till the en tire acreage anymore,but just the i mmediate p lace where aseed is bedded with previous plantsleft on top to naturally d ecompose

●

Good for preventing soi l erosion,avoid the n eed to bring i n mulch,retains w ater; needs ext ra n utrients

● Requires s terile so ils: free o f weedsand crops rotated without exception

● Can be do ne in the home garden, buthas n egative aesthetics an d possibleodor problems



Companion Planting●

Plants are s usceptible t ocertain pests and diseases

● Companion planting pairsplants that have sp ecific

properties that symbioticallythrive together

● Some p lants releasenutrients t hat it doesn'tneed, or releases enzymesthat inhibit a p est or diseaseof another plant; both worktogether to maximize t heir

chances



Crop Rotation

● Success ive plantings o fthe s ame p lants foryears will lead to soil

depletion, disease an dpest buildup, and poorharvests

●

Crop rotation keepsthe so il fresh and useseach plants strengths



Saving Seeds● Plants that are l abeled “hybrid”

might not be able t o p roducesustainable offspring it's t henature o f the p lant

● To save s eeds, grow plants labeled

“heirloom”● Good rule of thumb is to allow 1

of every 30 plants w ith excellentattributes t o go to seed

●

Collect by allowing seed heads tomature a nd dry; for squash andmelons, clean seeds and air dry store i n a d ark, cold, dry p lace



hich Plants to Grow● The majority of our diet come

from plant sources● “Every h erb in the s eason

thereof, and every f ruit in the

season thereo f; all these t o beused with prudence andthanksgiving.” D&C 89:11

● “All grain is good for the f ood

of man; as al so the f ruit of thevine; that which yieldeth fruit,whether in the gr ound orabove the ground” D&C 89:16



Grains in the Garden●

Grains are f ine t o grow in abackyard garden: if you can growa l awn, you can grow cereal grains

● An area of 110'X10' will grow anaverage 2 10 lbs of grain

● Oats germinate and mature in 2months and will eradicate w eedsin their immediate ar ea

● Don't use l awn fertilizers withherbicides an d pesticides, unlessdirected

● Start winter va rieties betweenSeptember - November; spring

varieties in



Tubers in the Garden● Potatoes can feed more peo ple per

square f ootage t han the s ame ar ea ca ngrow grains, which is why t hey ar emore p opular in a u rban garden setting

● Leave s eed potatoes in a m oist, lighted

area t o sprout; cut up tubers if needed,but make s ure t here i s one eye an dplenty o f starch below it plant eye u p

● Potatoes require ear thing u p as the n ewtubers grow on top of the s eed potato;

watch for s igns o f blight or d isease● Sweet Potatoes (not related t o common

potatoes, but are Morning G lories)don't require ear thing u p as they gro wfrom the r oot stock o utwards



Beans and Legumes●

Beans and legumes come ineither b ush or pole v arietiesto suit differen t gardenlayouts

● Does not require a nitrogenfertilizer; they extract it fromthe a ir an d restores n itrogento the so il - helps o ther

plants grow● Easy a nd prolific● Excellent source o f proteins,

fats, and fiber



Vegetables● Vegetables produced in the

home gar den is better inquality a nd flavor

● Greater n utrition value;local enzymes d istinct to thearea t hat imported foodslack

● Provides s avings for a t ightbudget

● Some veget able p lantsproduce d ecorative flowers;

useful in landscape d esigns



Culinary H erbs●

Growing herbs and spiceswill help your budget andcooking p rowess

● Herbs and spices in thegarden guard against pestsand disease; companionplanting with a suitablecrop will lessen the n eedfor p esticides an dfungicides

● Example: Carrots and

Parsley



Medicinal Herbs● Aloe Vera and Myrrh are two

of the b est medicine p lants inthe w orld

● Other useful herbs areValerian, Wormwood, St.John's Wort, Passion Flower,White W illow bark, Fever-few,and dozens more

● Use w ith skill and care;

sometimes the cu re i s just asbad as the d isease

● Tobacco, cannabis, and cacoashrubs are NOT legal to gr ow

and they damage/poison soil



Perennials●

Most garden produce is grownfrom annuals (plant dies at endof growing season)

● Perennials regrow year after

year; providing a st able f oodsource● Examples are ar tichokes,

asparagu s, rhubarb,strawberri es, etc.

● Some p eren nials are p rolific;such as strawberries, but somelike ar tichokes do not have ahigh return on investment



Trees, Brambles, and Vines● Fruits grow in many d ifferent

ways● All are p eren nials; they p rovide

a st eady, yearly food supply● Most brambles and shrubs will

last for 30 years, trees for 15-20 years before g oing wild;grape v ines can thrive f or

hundreds of years● Citrus can be gr own indoors in

containers in Central toNorthern Utah



Nut Trees and Bushes● Nuts provide a second

source o f fats and proteins● The t rees can take s everal

years before p roducing,while t he s hrubs take 1 2years to start.

● Walnut and Pine t rees,Hazel, Peanut, and Filbertshrubs are the most commonin our climate

● Many local nurseries do not

keep in stock; must order in



Edible Flowers

● Edible f lowers make aninteresting garnish

● Examples are r oses,black hollyhock, pinkmallow, vegetable an dherb flowers

● Some e dible f lowers donot have h igh nutritive

values, busome m edicinal value



Growing Cotton and Flax● Growing co tton or flax i n the

home garden will produce enoughto create yo ur own textiles

● Requires a l ot of specialized

equipment to make r aw fibers intocloth: cotton gin, flax breaker an dcomb, spinning wheel, loom, dyes,etc.

● Temperate Zone cotton is now

available● Cotton and flax ar e bo th

harvested by p ulling t he p lant upby the r oot when gone t o seed



Growing Sugar Crops●

A space o f 15'X15' will yield anaverage o f 82.4 lbs of finished rawsugar f rom beets; 3 10-yearmature sugar maples produce 1gallon of syrup per year

● Further processing throughdiffusion, evaporation, andcrystallization into raw sugar noother r efining is r eally needed

● Centrifuging d uring evap orationseparates white an d brown sugar,and m olasses

● Sugarcane i s a t ropical plant andnot suitable f or o ur cl imate



Sprouting● Sprouting seeds is an

excellent method forquickly growing greenswith no soil involved

● The s pouts have d ifferentnutritive va lues comparedto their s eeds

● Takes 3 5 d ays to grow ina moist environment



Composting● Composting is a gr eat way t o

save money an d soilnutrients

● Garden scraps, kitchenscraps, and some forms oftrash are recyc led into anutritious mulch for thegarden

● Do n ot use any foodscontaining fats, grease, yeast(or yeast raised), or anythingwith high salt orpreservatives



Plant Diseases● Diseases are i nevitable

most can be p revented andtreated

● Most diseases are c aused bybuildup in soils, nutrientdeficiencies, or p esttransmission

● Aphids will always l ead tofungal infections

● Treat appropriately with skilland knowledge



Pest Control● Aphids are the most common

pests to infect a g arden● Other p ests are y ellow-jackets,

mealy b ugs, mice, and birds●

Use c rop rotation andcompanion planting● Bird netting a nd shiny m etal

will keep away m ost birds

● Make sure t hat what is in yourgarden IS a p est before d ealingwith it

● Use p esticides with care an d

skill



Helpful Animals● With plenty o f pests,

there's usually theirpredators nearby

●

Garder Snakes, toadsand frogs, spiders,earwigs, ladybugs,praying m antis, and

lacewing flies are h elpfulin controlling p ests andprotecting the g arden



Earthworms● Earthworms help digest

biological material in thesoil, creates u nder s oilaerat ion, and fert ilizes

● Worms digest by takingfoodstuffs in by m outh andexcreting out of the sk in,creating “worm casings”; an

excellent f ertilizer● Night Crawlers, a g reat

fishing bait, thrive on rabbitmanure an d fallen leaves



Snails● Snails an d Slugs are t errible p ests

in the b ackyard garden

● Snails, however, are n ot insect s;they are i nland shellfish... and iffed properly for a m onth, areedible

● A snail garden can be cr eated tosequester and cleanse t hem foreating

● Good source of trace vi tamins andminerals, especially iodine; snailsabsorb flavors well, plain theyhave a taste an d texture o f oysters



Honeybees● Honeybees are es sential for

the home garden as theypollinate y our p lants essential for growing most

crops● Must check with local laws

first, as h oneybees w illsocialize w ith commercial

apiary's● Provides pollination,

protection against somepests, honey a nd beeswax



Discouraging an d Trapping Birds● Birds can become a n uisance; best

not to encourage n esting n earyour garden

● Netting o ver plants is a go od wayto discourage b irds from eatingyour garden

● During crisis s ituations s omebirds will be a g ood source o ffood; during n ormal times this is

illegal● Arapuca-style t raps are t he m ost

efficient and easiest to build fortrapping pigeons, doves, and quail



Small Livestock● West Valley C ity an d Salt Lake C ounty re cently

changed their cod es; allowing chickens, ducks,and rabbits i n residential areas ag ain

● Small livestock provide a great s ervice t o thegardener i n extra k inds of foods, recycl ingwaste ef ficiently, and is t he d ifferen ce b etweengrowing a f ew vegetables an d true s elf-reliance

●

“If we have eno ugh land and live w here we canlegally k eep livestock, we s hould buy an d raisesome animals. efore we decide which animalswe w ill raise, however, we m ust be p repared tocare f or them properly. This means learningabout the f ood, shelter, and care t hey n eed inorder to be h ealthy. Some an imals t hat are eas y

to care f or are ch ickens, rabbits, ducks, andmilk goats.”

Duties and lessings of the Priesthood; Lesson22



Animal Products● Most common return from

livestock is recycling yourgarden waste an d kitchenscraps into manure

● Rabbits, ducks, chickens,and goats regularly p rovidemilk, eggs, meat, feathers,and pelts ( leather), etc.

● If raising small animals,research the many by-products that comes fromthem

HarvestingAnimalsinaR esidential



Harvesting Animals in a R esidentialArea

● Salt Lake C ounty s ent noticethey are al lowing theharvesting (s laughter) ofanimals for non-commercialpurposes only

● Utah Department ofAgriculture d oes not regulatenon-commercial, privatelivestock

● This is a g reat blessing forthose impoverished an dafflicted to have a choice t odistance t hemselves from or atleast to supplement welfare



Rabbit Facts● Rabbits ar e n ot rodents their cl osest

related species i s d eer

● A breeding s tock o f 1 b uck & 3 d oes willproduce aver age 4 00 lbs of meat in a year;roughly t he same am ount of meat as abeef cow

●

Rabbits have an average 4- 10 bunniesevery 5 2 d ays 16 bunnies at most; re-breed after 3 w eeks; harvest litter at 5weeks

● Angora ra bbits a re n ot good for f ood, butdo provide goo d spinner's wool and

manure; shearing n ot necessary, simplybrush off the wool

● Many ci ty an d suburban families from theGreat Depression era cred it their r abbitsas having saved them from starvation



Feeding Rabbits● Pellets are t he e asiest way to feed

your r abbits a b alanced diet, but alsothe m ost expensive

● They w ill thrive o n grass and hay,such as t imothy a nd alfalfa; and feed

a m ix of fresh leafy vegetables an dfruits provide a mineral salt lick

● Rabbits love c ertain weeds likedandelion, milkweed, clover andcrab grass; t hey w ill also t hrive o n

lawn grass so long a s no pesticides orherbicides ar e u sed

● Do not use a nything (leaves, fruits,roots) from peppers, tomatoes,potatoes, or noxious weeds



Harvesting Rabbits● Make s ure t he r abbit being

harvested has no food 24 hoursbeforehand; do provide water

● Perform the h arvest in the m osthumane and quickest way

possible; use a b reaking b oard● There ar e go od videos online t hat

can give a s tep-by-step method

● Salt Lake C ounty H ealth

Department requires the act isdone i n a n on-visible s pace(garage o r s hed), and that bloodand entrails are d isposed properly similar to how we d ispose o f

rotten m eat



Products From Rabbits

Fresh M eat: standard m eat cuts, heart s, kidneys, sweetbread s,and liver

Canned Rabbit Meat

Rabbit Sausages

Rendered Fat s

Glyceri n

Gelatin

Soaps

Candles

Pet Food and Treats

Fur P elts

Leather (l ight duty)

Raw Hide

Rabbit Skin Glue

Blood Meal

Bile A cids; anti-inflammatory, used for gal l stones

Pepsin; digestive aid

Chondroitin Sulfate; blood c lot dissolution

Fibrinolysin; blood clot d issolution

Chalones; anti-cancer therapy

Phosphoric Acid

Calcium

Magnesium

GlucosamineInsulin

Blood Plasma

Prussian Blue

Lapinized B rains for A nimal Vaccines

Fur f orBedding/Stu ffing/Insulation

“Lucky” R abbit's Feet

Methane ( Natural) Gas

Charcoal

Fresh M anure

Compost

Liquid Fertilizer

Feed f or N ight Crawlers

Potassium Nitrate (Sal tpeter)

Ammonia

Bone H andles, Tools, andJewelry

Bone Meal



Poultry and Fowls● Poultry an d fowls in the gar den

provides a g reat service b y g razingweeds and weed seeds before cropplanting, eating pests, and layingeggs

● Examples include ch ickens, ducks,geese, pigeons, quail, etc.

● Requires a l ot of set-up and extrafeed

● Chicken roosters are s tillforbidden due t o noise o rdinancesand hostility issues

● Manure does require composting



Poultry an d Fowl Facts● Will lay for 2 years; at an average o f

1-2 eg gs per day

● Duck egg s are l arger than chickeneggs and have a h igher proteincontent, but ducks l ay less often;

geese l ay much less often● Ducks and geese require a po nd or

body o f water for health

● Quails can be r aised and thriveindoors; they l ay as o ften as d ucks

● Most fowls are s cavengers: during t heGreat Depression, families wouldfeed most anything to them goodway of disposing o f leftovers



Poultry and Fowl Housing● Only 4 chickens are al lowed by

law; so a l arge ch icken coop is notnecessary

● West Valley C ity re quires coopsmust be t horoughly cl eaned oncea week; manure an d waste e ithercomposed or disposed of in wastebin

● An Ark-Type Coop and Run may

work for m any families: small,easy t o clean, easy t o move, cheapto build

● If a large c oop is d esired, abuilding permit may be n eeded



Poultry an d Fowl Feeding● Poultry and fowls eat a v aried diet

that includes animal protein and finepebbles

● Chickens used to be f ed a f amily'sleftovers; this p ractice is g ood forthem and produces lots of good eggs,but is frowned upon by local HealthDepartment it's tolerated forresi dential activity, but still frownedupon

● The feed need t o be w ell-balancedand ground into m eal; probablybetter o ff purchasing

● Include a scrat ch into their d iet thrown onto the gr ound and theyscrat ch it out; they will also scrat chout grass and other vegetation



Poultry and Fowl Breeding● West Valley C ity co de w ill not allow a

rooster i n resi dential area s; maleducks are q uestionable an d probablyallowed

● Most poultry v arieties have h adsitting o n eggs (brooding) bred out ofthem, and will rarely h atch their ow n

● If your hens are s erviced by a rooster,then an incubator i s n ecessary; eggscan be sexed rounder eggs arefemale, pointy eg gs ar e m ale

● Rotate a f lock of chickens e very y ear(harvest and begin with chicks n extspring), keep ducks an d other fowllonger



Eggs

● By far, most peopleonly k eep poultry f orthe egg s

● Collect 3 times a d ay● If your flock has a m ale

(such as a m ale d uck),

candling the eg gs to seeif it's fertilized isnecessary

ild l



Harvesting Poultry an d Fowls●

Harvest in the m osthumane and quickest waypossible

● There ar e vi deos onlinethat provide go odinstructions

● Many folks do not like t opluck the f eathers andhairs off (yes, they havehair); a m otorized pluckersaves time an d effort, butcan be co stly

PdFPldFl



Products From Poultry and Fowls

EggsFresh Meat: standard m eat cuts,

hearts , kidneys, and liver

Various Meat and Egg Produ cts

Canned Chicken Meat and Eggs

Rendered Fat s

Glyceri n

Gelatin

Soaps

Candles

Pet Food and Treats

Writing Q uills

Downy Feathers forBedding/Stuffing/Insulation

Additives f or P lastics

Hyaluronic ac id: “Chicken Shot” KneeInjection Treatments

Chondroitin Sulfate; blood clotdissolution

Fibrinolysin; blood clot dissolution

Gene T reatment Proteins

Phosphoric Acid

Calcium

Magnesium

Glucosamine

Blood Plasma

Prussian Blue

Hormone Treatments

Cellophane P lastics

Carbon Paper Additive

Immunization (vaccine)Production


Charcoal

Fresh Manure

Compost

Liquid F erti lizer

Sulphates

Ammonia

Bone H andles, Tools, and Jewelry

Bone Meal

Blood Mea l

G



Goats● At this time g oats are n ot legal to

possess in West Valley C ityresidential areas; however t hatmay change depending oneconomic factors

● Goats are u sed more t han dairycows by more peopleinternationally very popularwith arid and rough countryside

●

A small dairy b arn along withplenty o f hay, grain, brush andshrubs, and root crops are n eeded

P/DfGF



Pygmy/Dwarf Goat Facts● Full-sized goats ar e n ot viable i n our area

without at least ½ acre t o live o n due t otheir bre eding f or c ommercial production

● Pygmy/Dwarf goats would work f or t hisarea as th eir si ze is 1 /3 of the fu ll-sizedNubian's and Saneen's; about the s ame as amid-sized d og

● Pygmy's can be kep t in a s mall corralled areafar better than Dwarfs, which relies on apasture ar ea

● Pygmy go ats give up to ½ gallon of milk perday: the m ilk i s better suited to humans thancows milk; healthier for people w ith heartconditions an d better f or t oddlers; goat'smilk has a go od milk fat to butter f at ratio

● Goat meat is called “C hevon”; pygmy's anddwarfs are goo d for both meat and dairyuses

GHi



Goat Housing● Goats n eed a draft-less,

comfortable s hed or dairybarn that is 6X their ownmass

● The b est floor for a d airybarn is cl ay soil with cleanstraw

● Ensure t here's a h eater f orwinter; goats can tolerat ecold to 45°F, any lower isdangerous

GFdi



Goat Feeding● Goats ar e ru minants, like rab bits;

feed requirements are higher forgoats than rabbits, so e xpect to storemore r ations

● Goats can eat pretty m uch an ything arabbit can, except they also needsome shrub an d brush to chew on;but goats get their protein direct lyfrom their f ood, so feed more al falfaand root crops

● Unlike cart oons go ats w ill not eatanything l aying arou nd, but canaccidentally eat a p iece o f metal; ifthis h appens, then force f eed amagnet to the go at which will stay i nthe f irst stomach for t heir en tire l ife,

but will save their l ife

GtBdi



Goat Breeding● Might be d ifficult to keep a r am

in a resi dential area; willprobably n eed to arrange f oryour goat to be s erviced by alarger h erd's ram, or order infrozen seed and place bysyringe

● At the f irst sign of heat in thenanny, take h er to the r am assoon as p ossible, or order in thefrozen seed as fast as available;thaw and inject

● Gestation takes 145 days

GtMilki



Goat Milking● To m ilk, lead the lamb aw ay f rom the

nanny w ith a t reat, and then lure t henanny t o a m ilking s tand

● Goats require el evated milking s tandsdue t o their ground clearance an d

height; make su re s he's eat ing a t reatwhile o n the s tand

● Machine m ilking i s okay, but notpractical due t o cost and how littletime is needed t o m ilk a p ygmynanny; to hand milk close f irst fingerand thumb ar ound the teat, push upon her milk sack, then close t he o therfingers in succession while al lowingthe t eat to naturally d rop do notpull!

GtDiPdt



Goat Dairy Products

● After milking, be s ure t ostrain through cheeseclothor a f ine st rainer, followedby p asteurization, and

chilling● Separate t he c ream from the

milk by shallow pantechnique or a m echanical

separator● Milk is good for the same

products that cows milk isgood for

ChMkig



Cheese Making

● Cheese making is alaborious and long-termprocess

● Good way t o store excessmilk an d cream

● The p rocess on the r ight isfor harder, longer l asting

cheese, but a q uick cottageor farmer's cheese p rocesscan take a co uple h ours toa few days

HtigGt



Harvesting Goats

● Study o nline h ow to harvestgoats in the most humaneand efficient ways possibleand legal for our area ( no

firearms)● Harvest in a s hed or garage,

away f rom public vi ew; besure t o dispose o f all blood

and entrails appropriately sothere's n o trace left

● Red meat with a lower fatcontent than beef

PdtFGt



Products From GoatsFresh Meat (Chevon): standard

meat cu ts, heart s, kidneys,sweetbreads, and liver

Canned Chevon Meat

Chevon Sausages

Dairy P roducts: milk, cream,cheese, sour cr eam, yogurt, etc.

Baby Formula

Casein (Wood) G lue

Rendered Fat s

Glyceri n

Gelatin

Soaps

Facial Creams

Candles

Pet Food and Treats

Blood meal

Bile A cids; anti-inflammatory, used for gal l stones

Rennet Extract

Chondroitin Sulfate; blood c lot dissolution

Fibrinolysin; blood clot d issolution

Chalones; anti-cancer therapy

Phosphoric Acid

Calcium

Magnesium

Glucosamine

Insulin

Blood Plasma

Prussian Blue

Lapinized B rains for A nimal Vaccines

Fur Pelts

Leather (medium duty)

Rawhide


Charcoal

Fresh M anure

Compost

Liquid Fertilizer

Potassium Nitrate (Sal tpeter)

Ammonia

Bone H andles, Tools, andJewelry

Bone Meal

MethaneGas



Methane Gas● Aerobic Respiration works on animal

manure t o break i t down into the s oil;Anaerobic R espiration (lackingoxygen) extracts methane gasbacteri ologically

● Requires an air tight digester s ystem:raw manure goes in, methane(natural gas), industrial liquor, andliquid fertilizer are en d products

● Do not allow methane t o contact theair; will cause chemical react ion withoxygen an d expl ode

● Methane works for cooking, heating,and power g enerat ors; liquid fertilizeris pathogen free, safe an d good forgardens

StoringGardenProduce



Storing Garden Produce

● Storing excess at the h eightof the s eason will cut foodbudgets considerably

● Drying, canning (bottling),cellar, pickling, freezing,fermenting, etc.

● Some ve getables can be

stored outside d uringwinter, a m ethod called“heeling”

Drying



Drying

● Removing m oisture topreserve f oods requiredfor a ll cereal grains

● Concentrates sugars andlocks in nutrients

● Most economical method lowest cost for results

● Some foods need anti-oxidants ( citrus o rcommercial) or flavoringadded before p rocessing

Canningan dBottling



Canning an d Bottling● Uses 3 different methods of

preservation: heat, pressure, and acid● Canning i s done i n metals cans; dry

goods with oxygen absorber, or moistgoods using specialized eq uipment

● Bottling is done in tempered m ason jars with speci

● Water bath canners or steam cannersare ch eaper, less time consuming, andsafer t o operate only high acidfoods

● Pressure canners are m ore expensive,uses more t ime, and carries some r isk use for both high and low acidfoods, including m eats

●

Watch for signs of botulism

Freezing



Freezing

● Quickest way t o store gar denproduce

● Some f oods require ' blanching'before f reezi ng: place i n hot

water for several seconds, thentake o ut and plunge i nto icewater for several seconds

● Not economical for long-term

storage: most foods l ast 3months to a yea r beforenutrient depletion takes p lace;costs extra t o keep freezerpowered for that long

Cellar



Cellar●

Not a common method todayfor storing garden foods -might not be f easible f orapartments/renters

●

Can be made as a h ole-in-the-ground in backyards● Clamping i s a ce llar method of

storing root crops in thegarden under straw and soil

● Keeps foods at a s teadytemperature u sing the ear th.No power required

OilExtraction



Oil Extraction

● Extraction of essen tial oilsand fats f rom seed s i s a l ittledifficult, but the p ayoff isgreat

● Use p ressure ex traction,alcohol extract ion, or adistiller/condenser

● Sunflower, cottonseed, nuts,and some h erbs and spicesare go od sources

Fermentation



Fermentation● NOT FOR DRINKING!!!

● Yeast fermentation creates ethanol(ethyl alcohol); this i s t oxic toconsume i nternally a s ethanol starvesthe bo dy o f nutrients and oxygen

● Useful in hundreds of chemicalformulas for everyday u se, and usedin thousands of chemical processes

● First stage b eer f ermentation isexcellent for m aking bread in Utah'shigher altitudes

● Cooking with wines (deglazing)releases flavorings and helps keeppans clean ethanol vaporizes at84°F; food will not be t ainted

GardenyProducts



Garden y-Products

● Useful items for thehome can be madewith the l eftovers from

your garden andprimary products● Research how to

effectively use w aste:one p erson's waste i sanother person's rawmaterials

CraftProjects



Craft Projects

● Hand crafts have been atradition in the C hurchsince an cient times

● Sensible things l ike st rawbrooms and corn huskdolls

● Interesting items s uch as

corn stalk fiddles, jack-o-lanterns and such



LeatherWorking



Leather Working

● Rabbit and goat hides arefurther processed intoleather and furs

● Can be t ime consuming;takes 12 days to go fromfresh rawhide t o tannedleather

● Multiple st eps are r equired;along with weak acids,tannins, and lime; dispose o fall chemicals properly

Basketry



Basketry

● Using leftover t reebark, corn husks, straw,and grasses, many

kinds of baskets can beweaved● Baskets are weaved in

the s ame p atterns ascloth; except no loomis necessary

RopeandTwine



Rope and Twine

● Many p lants with stalks havethread-like f ibers; someplants such as f lax and birchare gro wn for their fibers

● When long fibers areextracted, spin them intothreads for use as twine

● Twisting fibers into twine,and then twisting severaltwines in the o ppositedirection creates r ope

Soap



Soap

● Using leftover r endered fats (plantor animal), soaps can be m adethrough a p rocess o f saponification

● Be caref ul using lye (caustic s oda) can cause ch emical burns; lye i sextracted f rom wood ash byleeching an d evaporation in a n on-metal container. Roebic© DrainOpener is 100% commercial lye

● Soap can be m ade us ing a c oldprocess o r h ot process; either o nstove t op or in the o ven

● Allow the s oap to age fresh soapcan burn the s kin

PaperMilling



Paper Milling●

Paper can b e made f rom any plantwith fine f ibers; longer t he f ibers,great er t he n eed for f urtherprocessing

● Most leftover p lants can beutilized; along w ith used paperand tattered cloth

● Using a chopping machine or byhand, turn the f ibrous m aterial

into pulp, strain through a scr een,press out the ex cess water, andhang u p to dry; cut to size w hendry (leaving in the su n will bleachthe p aper white)

WoodandOtherLeavings



Wood and Other Leavings●

Save d ead trees, or prune o ldertrees and limbs to use as firewoodor lumber

● Lumber can be made with achainsaw's sawmill attachment orcrosscut saw

● Corn cobs and sticks make goodcharcoal: place i n metal containerthat has a l id; when set ablaze,

cover a nd seal off all air after a day an d when the h eat is done,only ch arcoal remains

● Fall leaves and wood chips used asmulch or composted



Masonry



Masonry

● As mentioned earlier,gardens will grow rocks use them to your advantageand build

● Simple m asonry t ools andcement, with a l ot ofplanning an d imaginationcan creat e r etaining walls

and pathways● Concrete i s a m ix of slaked

lime, sand, and gravel (orsmall stones) good for

otherhomep rojects

Blacksmithing



Blacksmithing● Tools for gardening w ill eventually

wear ou t; blacksmithing i s an easyway t o m ake n ew or repair tools

● A cheap set-up includes a br ake d rumwith some pl umbing parts and a h airdryer, a st riking su rface, and a b ucketof water heat with h omemadecharcoal

● Requires few tools: hammer, grips(tongs), hot set, cold chisel, file, andbench vice

● A thick metal surface o r scraprailroad track m akes a go od anvil

● Be sure t o only smithy o n green burndays; between 9 A M and 5 P M be

careful not to start a fire



ResourcesforGardening



Resources for Gardening

Websites

providentliving.org● YU Independent

Study(Free classes o nline)

● LDS Charities.org● USU Cooperative

Extension

B ks & Publicati ns

● Home Production andStorage

● asic Self-Reliance● Duties and lessings of

the P riesthood parts A

and● The Latter-Day S aint

Woman parts A and



Give a m an a f ish and he w ill eat for a

day. Teach a m an to fish and he willeat for a lifetime...

Teach a man to garden, and the wholeneighborhood gets tomatoes, and

squash, and cucumbers, and carrots,and

gardening presentation (document) final 5

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