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Belarus Gap Analysis: Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human Capital USAID E&E Bureau Strategic Planning and Analysis Division July 2013

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Page 1: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Belarus Gap Analysis: Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and 

Human Capital

USAIDE&E Bureau

Strategic Planning and Analysis DivisionJuly 2013

Page 2: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Belarus Development Profile vs. EurasiaFigure 1

USAID, Monitoring Country Progress (MCP) system. E&E Graduates (n=11): Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Republic; Estonia; Hungary; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; and Slovenia. Balkans (n=6): Albania; Bosnia‐Herzegovina; Kosovo; Macedonia; Montenegro; and Serbia.

1 to 5 Scale

Belarus

CARs

Eurasia

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Democratic Reforms

Economic Reforms

Economic Performance

Human Capital

Peace and Security

Page 3: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Albania

Bosnia and Herz

Macedonia

Serbia

Montenegro

Kosovo

Croatia

Romania

Bulgaria

Czech Rep.Estonia

PolandLatviaLithuania

HungarySlovakia

Slovenia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Georgia

Ukraine

Russia

MoldovaKazakhstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Kyrgyszstan

Uzbekistan

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Ratings are based on a 1 to 5 scale, with 5 most advanced. Freedom House, Nations in Transit (June 2013), & EBRD, Transition Report 2012 (November 2012). 

Economic and Democratic Reforms, 2012

Democratic Reforms

Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia Threshold, 2006

Econ

omic Reforms

Figure 2

E&E Graduates

Balkans

E&E Eurasia

CARs

Page 4: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

BelarusEconomic and Democratic Reforms

Actual 1998‐2012 Projected 2013‐2017

The projections are extrapolations from the average annual trends from 2008‐2012.  The economic reform data  are drawn from the EBRD’s annual Transition Report, and the democratic reform data  are drawn from  Freedom House’s annual Nations in Transit.

Figure 3

Romania-Bulgaria-Croatia 2006 Threshold (3.53)

Page 5: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Economic Reforms, 2011Electoral 

Process, 1.0

Civil Society, 1.5

Independent Media, 1.2

National Governance , 

1.2

Local Governance, 

1.2

Rule of Law, 1.0

Corruption, 1.5

1

2

3

4

5

Democratic Reforms, 2011

Belarus

Small‐scale Privatization, 

2.3Trade and Foreign 

Exchange, 2.0

Price Liberalization, 

3.0

Large‐scale Privatization, 

1.7

Enterprise Restructuring, 

1.7Competition Policy, 2.0

Banking Reform, 2.0

Non‐bank Financial 

Reform, 1.7

Infrastructure Reform, 1.5

1

2

3

4

5

Figure 4

Country graduates = Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

USAID Country Graduates

Page 6: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Belarus

Counter‐Terrorism, 4.5

Combating Weapons of 

Mass Destruction, 

3.0

Stabilization and Security Reform, 2.8Counter‐

Narcotics, 3.1

Transnational Crime, 2.5

Conflict Mitigation, 2.8

1

2

3

4

5

Peace & Security

GDP Growth, 5 yr , 5

Macro Stability, 3 yr., 3.2

FDI,  5 yr , 1.6

Export Share & Composition, 

2.7

Services as % GDP, 2.0

Private Sector Share of GDP, 

1.0

Energy Security, 1.7

Environmental Sustainability, 

3.1

Income Inequality Ratio, 

5.0

1

2

3

4

5

Economic Performance, 2009‐2011GNI per capita, 

1.5Under‐5 Mortality Rate, 4.9

Life Expectancy, 

2.3

Environmental Health, 4.1

TB Incidence, 1.0

Public Exp.  Health, 3.0

Public Exp. Education , 3.2

Education Gaps, 5.0

1

2

3

4

5

Human Capital, 2009‐2011

Figure 5

Country graduates = Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

USAID Country Graduates

Page 7: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

USAID MCP system. Drawn from the EBRD Transition Report series.  The E&E Graduates (n=11) consist of Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, and Croatia. The Balkans (n=6): Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro. E&E Eurasia (n=7): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.  The Central Asian Republics or the CARs (n=5): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Figure 6

E&E Graduates

E&E Eurasia

Balkans

CARs

1

2

3

4

5

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 to 5 Scale

Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe & Eurasia 

Page 8: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Drawn from the EBRD Transition Report (2011 and earlier editions).

Figure 7

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Georgia

Moldova

Russia

Ukraine

1

2

3

4

5

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 to 5 Scale

Macroeconomic Reforms in E&E Eurasia

Page 9: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Small‐scale Privatization, 2.3

Trade and Foreign Exchange, 2.3

Price Liberalization, 3.0

Large‐scale Privatization, 1.7

Enterprise Restructuring, 1.7

Competition Policy, 2.0

Banking Reform, 2.0

Non‐bank Financial Reform, 1.7

Infrastructure Reform, 1.5

1

2

3

4

5

Macroeconomic Reforms in Belarus in 2012

USAID Country GraduatesBelarus

Figure 8

Taken from MCP

Page 10: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Figure 9

World Bank, Doing Business (2013), 185 countries are included in the analysis. The business environment is gauged based on 10 aspects: starting a business; dealing with construction permits; getting electricity; registering a property; getting credit; protecting investors; paying taxes; trading across borders; enforcing contracts; and resolving insolvency.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Rank

Business Environment in 2012

E&E Grads

The Balkans

E&E Eurasia

CARs

Others

Page 11: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Figure 10: Microeconomic Reforms: The Business       Environment in Eurasia vs. E&E Graduates

World Bank, Doing Business 2012. Percentile rank was converted to MCP 1 to 5.

Better Enviro

nmen

t

Georgia

Ukraine

Moldova

Armenia

Belarus

Azerbaijan

Russia

E&E Grads 

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Page 12: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

The Greatest Advances in the Business Environment since 2005

World Bank, Doing Business 2012. Percentile rank was converted to MCP 1 to 5. The greatest advances from among the Balkans (n=6) and E&E Eurasia (n=7).

Georgia

Macedonia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Albania

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Better Enviro

nmen

tFigure 11

Page 13: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Figure 12: Economic Performance in Belarus

GDP Growth, 5 yr , 5

Macro Stability, 3 yr., 3.2

FDI,  5 yr , 1.6

Export Share & Composition, 2.7

Services as % GDP, 2.0Private Sector Share of GDP, 

1.0

Energy Security, 1.7

Environmental Sustainability, 3.1

Income Inequality Ratio, 5.0

1

2

3

4

5

Page 14: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Microeconomic Reforms vs. Macroeconomic Reforms

Business Environment

Macroeconomic  Reforms

(Microeconomic Reforms)

World Bank, Doing Business 2012 and EBRD Transition Report 2011.  

Albania

Armenia

AzerbaijanBelarus

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Croatia

Czech Republic

EstoniaGeorgia

HungaryKazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Latvia

LithuaniaMacedonia

Moldova

Montenegro

Poland

Romania

Russia

Serbia

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

TajikistanUkraine

Uzbekistan

Kosovo

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

45⁰

Figure 13

Page 15: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, 2011. Scores are based from 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (very clean).

Corruption Perceptions IndexFigure 14

EstoniaSloveniaPolandLithuaniaHungaryCzech Rep.LatviaGeorgiaCroatia

SlovakiaMontenegroMacedoniaRomaniaBulgariaSerbiaBosnia & HerzAlbania

MoldovaKosovoKazakhstanArmeniaRussiaBelarusAzerbaijanUkraineTajikistanKyrgyzstanUzbekistanTurkmenistan

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

France

New Zealand

Poland

Macedonia

Colombia

Belarus

Syria

Kyrgyzstan

Somalia

Page 16: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

E&E Graduates

Balkans

E&E Eurasia

CARs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Economic Structural Change: Private Sector Share of GDP

% of GDP

EBRD, Transition Report (2011 and earlier editions). The E&E Graduates are Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, and  Croatia. The Balkans are Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia,  and Montenegro. The E&E Eurasia countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.  The Central Asian Republics are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Figure 15

Page 17: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

The Lagging Economies in Economic Structural Change: Private Sector Share of GDP

% of GDP

EBRD, Transition Report (2011 and earlier editions). The lagging economies from among the Balkans (n=6) and the E&E Eurasian countries (n=7). 

Figure 16

Graduates

Ukraine

Bosnia‐Herz

Serbia

CARs

Belarus

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Page 18: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

IMF, World Economic Outlook, May 2013.

Figure 17

E&E Eurasia

Belarus

World

‐10.00

‐8.00

‐6.00

‐4.00

‐2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% of G

DP

Economic Growth and Contraction: E&E Eurasia, Belarus, and the World, 2004 ‐ 2013

Page 19: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

IMF, World Economic Outlook, May 2013.

Figure 18

E&E Eurasia

Belarus

Euro Area

‐10.00

‐8.00

‐6.00

‐4.00

‐2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% of G

DP

Economic Growth and Contraction: E&E Eurasia, Belarus, and the Euro Area, 2004 ‐ 2013

Page 20: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Figure 19

EBRD, Transition Report (2012).

Georgia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Moldova

Russia

Ukraine

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1989

=100

Real GDP as a % of 1989 GDP in Georgia vs. E&E Eurasia Countries 

Page 21: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

EBRD, Transition Report 2010 and Transition Report  2012 and IMF, World Economic Outlook (2013).

ALB

B‐H

KOS

MACSER

KAZKYR

TAJ

TRK

UZB

RUS

ARM

BEL

GEOMOL

UKR BUL

CRO

HUN

LAT

LITPOLROM

SLK

SLV

EST

GREECE

SPAIN

ITALY

USA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

‐20.0 ‐15.0 ‐10.0 ‐5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0

External Deb

t % of G

DP, 201

1

Current Accounts % of GDP, 3 Year Average 2010‐2012

Current Account Balance & External Debt in 2010‐2012

Balkans

CARs

E&E Eurasia

E&E Grad

Other

SurplusDeficit

MON (‐21.37,45.64)

AZE (25.08, 14.94)

Figure 20

Page 22: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Exports as a Percentage of GDP

World Bank, World Development Indicators (2011); International Monetary Fund (2011).

Figure 21

% ofGDP

E&E Graduates

Balkans

E&E Eurasia

CARs

Belarus

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Page 23: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Exports of Fuels, Metals, and Precious Stones in Eurasia

% of Total Exports

Economist Intelligence Unit, individual country reports.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russia Armenia Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Ukraine Belarus Turkmenistan

2002‐04

2005‐06

2007‐08

2009‐10

2010‐11

Figure 22

Page 24: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

I. Efficient but Dependent II. Inefficient and Dependent

IV. Efficient and IndependentIII. Inefficient but Independent

Energy Security, 2010

Energy Imports(Net % of energy 

use)

GDP per unit of energy use 

Global Average 

Figure 23

World Bank, World Development Indicators (2011).

Azer (5.5, ‐338) Turk (1.7, ‐265)

Alb

BH

BulCr

Mac

RomSrb

CzEst

HunLat Lth

Pol

Slk

Sln

Arm

Bel

Geo

Kyr

Mol

Rus

Taj Ukr

Uzb

USA

Argentina

Mexico

Denmark

Costa Rica

‐100

‐75

‐50

‐25

0

25

50

75

100

1234567891011

Australia (6.7, ‐119) Kaz (2.3, ‐109)

Page 25: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

I. Gill and M. Raiser, Golden Growth: Restoring the Luster of the European Economic Model, World Bank (2012).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1995 2009

Labor productivity in E&E vs. EU‐15(constant 2005 US$, thousands)

Figure 24

Page 26: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Fig. 25: Innovation: R&D Expenditures, Public and Private, 2005‐2010

% of GDP

Page 27: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

% of B

usinesses

World Bank and EBRD, Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (2009).  The percentage of businesses which perceives labor skills to be a significant business constraint.

Skills and Education of the Workforce as a Business Constraint

Figure 26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

E&E grads Serbia Bosnia‐H Albania Macedonia Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Russia Moldova Georgia Ukraine

2005 2008

Page 28: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Life Expectancy Gender Gap 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Years

Figure 27

World Bank, World Development Indicators (2012).

Page 29: Gap Economic Reforms, Economic Performance, and Human ... · 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Economic and Belarus Democratic Reforms Actual

Male and Female Adult Mortality Rates

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Male Female

Figure 28

World Bank, World Development Indicators (2012).

Per 1

,000