gangrene · gas gangrene cardiac causes,anemia,nutrition, control of diabetes,analgesics exposed...
TRANSCRIPT
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Gangrene
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Definition:
• DEATH WITH PUTREFACTION OF MACROSCOPIC PORTIONS OF TISSUE
• AFFECTS DISTAL PART OF A LIMB
• ALSO APPENDIX,SMALL BOWEL LOOP,GALL BLADDER TESTIS
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CAUSES OF GANGRENE
• ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION THROMBOSIS,EMBOLI ARTERITIS, BUERGER’S DISEASE, RAYNUAD’S DISEASE
• DRUGS :THIOPENTONE
INFECTIVE: CARBUNCLE,GAS GANGRENE,
FOURNIER’S GANGRENE
TRAUMATIC : DIRECT INJURY – KNIFE,BULLET
CRUSHING INJURY ,HEAT,IRRADIATION,ELECTRICAL
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• PHYSICAL : CHEMICAL,BURNS,FROSTBITE
• VENOUS GANGRENE
CLINICAL FEATURES
• ABSENCE OF ARTERIAL PULSATION
• VENOUS RETURN
• CAPILLARY RETURN
• COLD
• LOSE OF FUNCTION
• COLOUR CHANGES:PALLOR,GREY,PURPLE
FINALLY DARK BROWN,BLACK.
DISINTEGRATION OF HB FORMATION OF Fe Sulphide
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CLINICAL TYPES
• DRY GANGRENE‐>DISICATION OF TISSUES DUE TO GRADUAL SLOWING OF BLOOD STREAM
• ATHEROMATOUS OCCLUSION
• AFFECTED PART DRY,DISCOLOURED
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• MOIST GANGRENE
• SUDDEN ARTERIAL OCCLUSION EMBOLUS
• VENOUS STASIS
• DIABETIC GANGRENE INFECTIVE
• OEDEMA
• DISCOLOURATION,BLEPS
• CREPITUS‐GAS FORMING ORGANISMS
• GANGRENE OF BOWEL,APPENDIX
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SEPARATION OF GANGRENE
• ZONE OF DEMARCATION‐BETWEEN LIVING
AND DEAD TISSUE
• A BAND OF HYPERAEMIA,HYPERAESTHESIA
• AREA OF GRANULATION TISSUE
• ULCERATION DEVELOPS IN DEAD TISSUE
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DRY GANGRENE:
• PROXIMAL BLOOD SUPPLY IS ADEQUATE
• LINE OF DEMARCATION SHARP
• NO INFECTION
• FINAL SEPARATION WITHIN DAYS
• BONE INVOLVER,SEPERATION TAKES LONGER TIME,CONICAL SHAPE STUMP
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MOIST GANGRENE
• INFECTION,SUPPURATION EXTENSIVE
• LINE OF DEMARCATION,MORE PROXIMAL,DIFFUSE
• SKIP AREAS:SPREADING OF GANGRENE PROXIMALLY
• DARK SKIN PATCHES
INFECTION CAUSES SPREAD OF GANGRENE
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TREATMENT OF GANGRENE
LIMB SAVING ATTITUDEARTERIAL DISEASE – PTA,BYPASS GRAFTINGAMPUTATION:CRUSH INJURY,
SPREADING GANGRENE GAS GANGRENE
CARDIAC CAUSES,ANEMIA,NUTRITION,CONTROL OF DIABETES,ANALGESICS
EXPOSED LIMB KEPT DRY – FANPROTECTION OF PRESSURE AREAS –HEEL,MALEOLI,WATER,AIR BEDSREMOVAL OF CRUST IMPROVE BLOOD FLOW
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• DIABETIC GANGRENE
CAUSES
• PERIPHERAL NEURITIS‐TROPHIC
• ATHEROMA OF ARTERIES – ISCHEMIA
• HYPERGLYCEMIA – INFECTIONS
• LOSS OF SENSATION – MINOR TRAUMA
INFECTION,DEFORMITIES OF JOINTS
• MUSCLE INBALANCE,CALLOSITIES,NIDUS FOR INFECTION,CHIROPODY‐MCR CHAPPALS
• SPREADING OF INFECTION SUB FACIAL PLANES,INVOLVING TENDONS,MUSCLE BONE
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• INVESTIGATIONS
• BLOOD SUGAR,GLYCOSILATED Hb
• PERIPHERAL PULSES – FEMORAL POPLITEAL DORSALIS PEDIS POST TIBIAL
• WOUND CULTURE
• DOPLER STUDY
• DSA
• MRA
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• TREATMENT
• DIABETES CONTROLED
• ANTIBOTICS
• WOUND CARE
• DEBRIMA – REMOVING INFECTED DEAD TISSUES,
• AMPUTATION ‐ CONSERVATIVE
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Gas Gangrene
Bacterial Infection
Clostridium Perfringens, c.novyi,c.septicum
Anaerobes,in soil,Gut
Alpha Toxis – Necrotizing,hemolytil
Common in war wounds,crush injuries
Gas composed of
H2 ‐ 5.9 %
CO2 ‐ 3.4 %
N2 ‐ 74.5 %
O2 ‐ 16.1 %
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Myonecrosis, oedema, pus thin
sweety odour – Lysis of WBCS
Hosts immune system decreasing
Incidence 1%
Symptoms : Sudden onset of pain,wc,
heaviness of limb,fever crepitus,tenderness,
Tachycardia,hypotension,shocks,ARDS
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Gram Staining : Gram + Bacilli, no neutrophils
X‐ray :
Gas in muscular plane CT scan 100% sensitive
Treatment
Antibiotic :
Pencillin G 10 – 24m.units clindamycin metronidazole
ICU Care
Hyperbaric oxygen theraphy
100% o2 3 atmosphere
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Surgical
Fasciotomy compartment syndrome
Debrima of wound
Amputation
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TRAUMATIC GANGRENE
A. DIRECT
LOCAL INJURY – CRUSH
PRESSURE ‐>SPLINTERS,PLASTERS,BED SORE CRUSH INJURY – ACCIDENTS AMPUTATION
BED SORE CAUSES
1.PRESSURE
2.INJURY
3.ANEMIA
4.MALNUTRITION
5.MOISUTURE
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• SPINAL INJURY – PARALYSIS
• CHRONIC ILLNESS – IMMOBILITY
PRE CAUTIONS
1. PADDING OF PRESSURE POINTS
Ex.HEEL,MALLEOLI,SHOULDER
2. AIR BEDS
3. FREQUENT TURNING OF PATIENT
4. SKILLED NURSING – URINE MOTION
OPSITE
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BED SORE OCCURS ONCE DEVELOPS IT IS DIFFICULT TO MANAGE
PREVENTED AT ERYTHEMA STAGE
ULCER – MANAGED AS ELSEWHERE
HAEMOGLOBIN MAINTAINED
ROTATIONAL SKIN FLAP CONSIDERED
INDIRECT TRAUMATIC GANGRENE
• FRACTURES OF LIMB
• TRAUMTIC THROMBOSIS OF ARTERY
• LOCAL ANAESTHESIA WITH ADRENALINE
• TORNI
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TREATMENT
1. REDUCTION FIXATION OF FRACTURES
2. DIRECT ARTERIAL REPAIR
3. LIVE SAVING AMPUTATION
DRUG ABUSE
ARTERIAL INJECTION OF DRUGS
FEMORAL ARTERY INVOLVED
IF PULSES ARE ABSENT,ANGIOGRAM,INTRA ARTERIAL THROMBOLYSIS,HEPARIN,DEXTRON
RECOVER WITH CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
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• BRACHIAL ARTERY INJECTION – THIOPENTONE
SEVERE SPASM – 2% PAPAVERINE / HEPARIN
• BRACHIAL BLOCK
• DEXTRAN LMW
FROST BITE
• EXTREME COLD – HIGH ALTITUDE
• ELDERLY
• DAMAGE TO VESSEL WALL
• OEDEMA
• SEVERE PAIN,LATER WAXY PAINLESS LIMB
• BLISTERS,GANGRENE
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• TREATMENT
• WARMING GRADUALLY
• REST TO LIMB
• ANALGESICS
• CONSERVATIVE AMPUTATION
TRENCH FOOT
CAUSES
ILL FITTING SHOES
COLD,DUMPING CONDITIONS
MUSCULAR INACTIVITY
NUMBNESS,THEN PAIN
SKIM MOTTLED, BLISTERS , GANGRENE
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AINHUM
• UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY
• BLACK MALES‐ AFRICA
• FISSURE DEVELOP IP JOINT OF TOE 5th
• FIBROUS BAND DEVELOP ENCIRCLE THE TOE –NECROSIS
• Treatment
• 2‐ PLASTY
• AMPUTATION
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ERGOT
• COMMON IN MEDITERRANEAN RUSSIAN
• BREAD INFECTED WITH CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
• MIGRAINE PATIENTS – LONG DURATION
• FINGERS,NOSE EARS
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THANK YOU