gandhi a global event. on this occasion, we publish

ग कल इटरन नल पि ल ग स सस, पण. Celebrating 150th Birth Anniversary of the Father Of Nation, Mahatma

Gandhi a global event. On this occasion, We Publish,

Special Issue on

Thoughts on Mahatma Gandhi

with Peer Reviewed Journal, ISSN NO.2394-8426 with Impact Factor 4.374.

Published On Date 02.10.2018 Issue Online Available At : http://gurukuljournal.com/

Organized & Published By

Chief Editor, Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Mo. +919273759904 Email: [email protected]

Website : http://gurukuljournal.com/

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Research Journal (GIMRJ)with

International Impact Factor 4.374

Peer Reviewed Journal

Page 1

ISSN No. 2394-8426


Issue–II, Volume–VIII(I)

Quarterly Journal Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No. 2394-8426 Indexed JournalReferred Journal http://www.gurukuljournal.com/

INDEX

Paper

No. Title Author Page No.

1 Gandhian Thought And Peace Building Ajay Gajanan Murkute 1-5

2 Educational views of Mahatma Gandhi Dr. S. M. Satpute 6-9

3 The Relevance of Gandhi to-day Prof. Dr. S. K. Singh 10-14

51 महा�मा गाधी आ�ण ाम�वरा�य �ा.डॉ.राज��साद पटल 101-104

52 महा�मा गाधीच �व!छत $वषयीच $वचार डॉ. पी. एन. वाघ 105-107

53 महा�मा गाधी याच श+�णक योगदान �ा. डॉ. .हराचद चोखाजी व�कड 108-111

54 मलो1योगी 2श+णा!या 2स3ाताची अ5नवाय6ता डॉ. राजश शकरराव प�तीवार 112-114

55 महा�मा गाधी याच स�या हासबधीच $वचार �ा. मनोज क.सरोद 115-118

101 Gandhi The Architect Of Modern Indian Nationalist

Politics And Social Structure आध5नक भारतीय रा9:वाद;

राजनीती और सामािजक सरचना क ‘2श?पी’ गाधीजी

डॉ..दनश कमार पाAडय 201-205

102 गाधीवाद; $वचारधारा- ामीण $वकास क सदभ6 Cीमती चताल; सलजा 206-211

103 Necessity And Importance Of Gandhi Philosophy In

Cantemporary Discussion समकाल;न $वमश6 मE गाधी दश6न कF

आवGयकता और मह�व

डॉ.मजला पाAडय 212-216

104 Seven Decade Of Independence And Commemoration

On The Pretent Of Gandhi Vision गाधी Hि9ट क बहान

आजाद; क सात दशक और �मती शष

डॉ. शJा 2मCा 217- 221

105 महा�मा गाधी आ�ण म.हला स+मीकरण �ा.रखा बबाजी मCाम 222-225




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Gandhian Thought And Peace Building Ajay Gajanan Murkute

R.D. Arts & Commerce College, Mulchera.

Dist. Gadchiroli. Maharashtra.

Abstract:-

In Gandhi’s theory of peace, human values take great prominence. Non-Violence (Ahimsa) is a way of

life rather than a tactic, and together with the search for truth (Satyagraha), makes the difference between passive

submission to injustice and an active struggle against it. This struggle excludes both physical violence and casting

the opponent in the role of enemy and hence presupposes compassion and self-criticism. Peace is not seen as an end

state, but as a continuous revolutionary process where ends can’t be separated from means. Today, Gandhian

pacifism is the need of the day to clear critical problems and conflicts and violence. Peace is a powerful weapon to

root out all kinds of conflicts. The present paper is an attempt to throw light on Gandhiji’s strategy to make peaceful

nation and let people live peacefully in the same. And another object to show how Gandhiji became ideal person for

our nation as well as other countries. This year we are celebrating hundred and fiftieth birth anniversary of Gandhiji

and on this occasion it is my pleasure to throw some glimpses on his work to maintain peace and how Non violence

is very vital to build nation.

Key-Words:-

Nationalism, Moral crisis, Truth and non violence, Peace, Approach to world Peace, democracy etc.

Introduction:-

In today’s human predicament, every person of world is committed to search peace. It is

caused by religious fundamentalism, misguided nationalism, economic injustice and inequality.

M. K. Gandhi knew the role of various kinds of conflicts to think over the obstacles and as

opportunity to find peaceful way to resolve them. Because of his positive attitude Gandhi

propounded his philosophy of peace to achieve positive aim. Today it is need of day of Gandhian

passifism to clear crucial problems of conflicts and violence. In his livelihood he put forwarded

theories with ideals of Satyagraha, swadeshi, Decentralization of power and wealth, social

harmony and communal unity, etc. Some salient features of Gandhian Philosophy of peace are

moral crisis, religious fundamentalism; Educational reform, social disturbances, political

conflicts and economic problem etc.

Ahimsa and Non-Violence: major principles of philosophy

According to M.K. Gandhi fundamental principal of philosophy of peace is “Ahimsa” or

Non Violence which is law of love, life and creation which must be cultivated not personal level

but social, national and international level. It is powerful weapons to root out conflict because it

comes up from inner realization of the equality of all. Non –Violence can be defined as altruistic

approach to resist injustice and it leads to self suffering and sacrifice. Moral degradation is the

root cause of all evils and conflicts. So he suggest some moral values such as truthfulness, Non

Violence or love, Self control, Forgiveness, friendliness, compassion, mercy, etc. Being a great

political thinker he recommends moral values should be adhered to by politicians. Public

Awareness of those values which are essential to peace building should be evoked through

exhibition, education, public lectures, dialogue and mass communication, etc. Satyagraha as a

method of resolving conflict and getting justice has been appreciated worldwide by many

thinkers, politicians and social workers. If we want peace we must replace the humanity negating

Industrial consumerist culture by idealistic humanism. Gandhiji always gave stress on all




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religions are true and man can’t live without religion so he recommends attitude of respect and

tolerance towards all religions. As scientist and technocrats aimed at material comforts to ruin

human sensitivity and sentiments but they must realize their first and prior duty towards

humanity. Gandhiji followed democratic way of governance and life. As he believed on vedantic

view of unity-in-diversity he preferred all political, economic, spiritual and social democracy to

show equality. To propagate the peaceful atmosphere in our nation we need total disarmament

and it is possible when we get success in changing the mind of person who manufacture, sale and

purchase weapons.

For bringing peace into our mind awareness and awakening of creative qualities must

be a part of education policy and curriculum. Encourage every person to be cultured to cultivate

constructive aspects of his personality. Since Gandhiji’s philosophy of peace is based on

psychology of human nature, awareness of social, realities and knowledge of economic and

political system and situation, it endorses the truism.

Once Gandhiji said “Each one has to find his peace from within. And PEACE to be

real must be unaffected by outside circumstances.”

Gandhiji is called a man of action. His thought of peace is worldwide acknowledged.

Name of Gandhi is synonyms with peace and Non violence hence United Nation announced

world peace day on 2nd

October i.e. on the Birth date of Mahatma Gandhi. Now a Day it is a

humble duty of international agency, educators, academicians, activist, civil society actors and

policy makers to take Non Violent Agenda forward. Humanity is passing through a very difficult

period. Violence and terrorism have become main activity of international politics. After the 9/11

attacks on world trade centre and Pentagon, there is increasing realization that existing military

solution are inadequate to provide security to the people concerned. All the people are living in

constant fear and insecurity. This dangerous situation and the futility of the weapons of mass

destruction in ensuring peace prompt one to think about Non Violent method.

M.K. Gandhi totally changed the meaning of peace and Non Violence. He has

revolutionized these concepts and practically demonstrated its use on a massive scale. This

concept of Peace and Non Violence is integrally related to his world view. The path of violence

was seen by him as a downward path away from our humanity and closure to that of brute while

the path of Non Violence was closure to humanness. If one person gains in Non Violence, the

entire humanity gains with him and vice versa.

‘Truth’ was a sovereign principle for M.K. Gandhi. He called a truth realization as the

realization of god. He was of view that the truth known to human being is never absolute but

relative. He wanted that all struggle and conflicts should be approached as a contestation between

the notions of relative truth held by the conflicting parties. For him Non Violence is not a weapon

of expediency. It was a spiritual weapon and he successfully employed it at the mundane level.

He confessed that Ahimsa or love has a universal application and it can be employed in once own

family, society and the world. The redemptive character of self suffering was emphasized by

Gandhi and a constituted a key element of his Satyagraha technique. He came to conclusion that

it is non violence that has sustained the world so far and will sustain it in future too.




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Gandhiji’s concept about peace is broad one. He reveals that peace emerged from the

way of life. Hence peace is intimately linked up with justice, Development, environment. He

wrote Hind Swaraj in1909 to show philosophical concept of peace, where he criticized the

modern model of development as inherently violent. In the ideal society of Gandhiji’s vision the

organization and relationship of the member of the society must be based on the law of Non

violence or love. The real task before those who dream a peaceful and Non -violence, Gandhi

placed before humanity and contributes towards the transformation of the existing society into a

peaceful non violent one.

GANDHIJI’S APPROACH TO WORLD PEACE:-

In everyday life individuals are enjoined to trust each other and keep their word. No nation

ever keeps its word with another nation if it considers that their interests are involved. Nation

betraying each other is not the exception but the rule. Even after a war fought to end war, Nations

who were allied betray each other when the war is over. After the world war II, Nations whose

territories were invaded and occupied by the armies of Hitler and who organized inside and

outside their country resistance movement and helped the allies to win the war, were enslaved. If

some of them have escaped this fate they have done so by the skin of their teeth. A nation which

trusts another would be lost.

During the last word war Gandhi advised England not to fight Hitler with arms. He

said that the result would be that Hitler’s armies would march in England. He would allow them

to march in but there should be perfect Non Cooperation with them from every Englishmen. If

Gandhi would have been alive today he would have wanted and advised an Indian nation to

dispense with its fighting forces whatever the consequences. He would have advised that this

question of India’s Disarmament should be irrespective of what others did or did not. If it was the

good it must be done irrespective of consequences. He had the faith to believe that India making

such a sacrifice could never die. But if even Physical extinction was the result it would be

welcomed in the service of Humanity.

Political leaders of all countries have always compelled people to take the risks of

war. But when it comes to the question of taking risk in the course of peace, which after all is

fewer as evidenced by India’s struggle, they take refuge behind the people will. The leaders have

never, even in democracies taken the people into their confidence when declaring war. It is

government that decides the question of peace and war. There are no schools and colleges where

national ideologies and moralities can be learnt. Leaders should have a burning faith in Non

Violent résistance. It must be nothing put on or dramatic. It must be the genuine staff. It must be

a belief that will stand all pressure. It need be, the leaders must be prepared to give up power and

office in the pursuits of their ideal. Such a belief Gandhi held can come only from a belief in

God. But for Gandhi God and the moral law were synonymous. He said that truth is God. He

helped that there is no difference between the law and the law giver. A person who observe the

moral law, whether he believed in God as popularly conceived or not, according to Gandhi had a

spiritual belief. This is necessary because without faith nothing great can be done. It is faith

which makes people believe that ultimately victory will be with them. Even if there is defeat it

will be good with them.




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When the battle for Non Violence in international relation is won, it will not be difficult

to device institutional measure to check anti-social nations. But first the victory must be won on

the moral and spiritual plane. Why did the League of Nations fail? It failed because the leaders of

the members. Nation had not reformed their minds and purifies their hearts. They believe in

aggression, conquest and exploration of weaker peoples so long as this is the case any

organizational devices will break down at critical movements.

The contribution of Gandhi is that he changed the very meaning of peace and Non Violence.

In other words, he has revolutionized these concepts and practically demonstrated its use on a

massive scale. Although, Gandhi has not used terms like conflict resolution, Conflict

transformation and so on, he acknowledged one of the precursors of conflict resolution

techniques. His concept of peace and Non Violence is integrally related to his world view.

Gandhiji evolved his world view from a concept of ‘Self’ and human Nature. Acknowledging the

inherent of human beings, Gandhi emphasized the capacity of all human beings to develop their

full potential of Non Violence. He believed in the unity and openness of all including the sentient

`and non sentient beings. He believed that all human being are part of divine and they are inter

dependent and interrelated.

Peace has become main concern in these days. Today humanity is facing a terrible

challenge of its own existence. In the world in a way or other total restlessness is spread, may be

due to violence. Therefore Gandhiji’s advice is of communal unity is the best policy to lessen the

chaos. We are now surrounded by the force of darkness. Gandhi was a man of courage, telling

always truth and after overcoming violence with non violence he shows us light of hope, hence

Gandhiji’s philosophy about peace is very relevant and a need of global peace. Gandhi

propounded universality of religion would benefits us through the universalization of education

and it brings fourth national integration. Gandhian philosophy of peace reveals us totally absence

of war, sense of inner peace and well being, sense of tranquility, harmonious relationships,

Balance in Nature (Ecology), Forgiving Nature, working for social justice, human rights,

poverty, etc.

According Gandhiji if human values such as truth, Non Violence and humanity,

forgiveness, tolerance, love, fairness, unselfishness, which are mainly for peace, prosperity and

harmony, are not their then, humanity will be destroyed. Gandhiji taught us that we can bring

harmony to our world by becoming champions of love and peace for all. Dr. Martin Luther King

and Dr. Nelson Mandela were greatly influenced by Gandhiji’s principles. American president,

Barak Obama is also impressed on Gandhi’s philosophy. National curriculum framework (NCF-

2005) by NCERT asserts that education must be able to promote values that foster peace,

humanness, and tolerance in multi culture society.

Mahatma Gandhi was a most influential spokesman for peace and non-violence. In 1908

Russian novelists Leo Tolstoy wrote “A Letter to a Hindu”, which reveals that only by using love

as a weapon through passive resistance, the Indian people could overthrow colonial rule. Gandhi

was strongly influenced by the pacifist ideas of Leo Tolstoy, though Gandhi sharply differed on

political strategy.




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Many political leaders, who attempted to achieve independence through violent

means, criticized Gandhi. Then Gandhiji responded them, “There was time when people listened

to me because I showed them how to give fight to the British without arms when they had no

arms ---------But today I am told that my non violence can be of no avail against the (Hindu-

Muslim riot) and therefore people should arm themselves for self defense”.

Now peace has become a great issue for all countries. How can we help to build a

society where peace will be the central concern of its entire people. First of all people in power

need to develop a holistic view of peace. If we want our country better for our coming generation

we must adopt this holistic view of peace. It is our duty to ensure that the community understands

and approves of this approach. We must not take risk of changing government to do this. We can

take the responsibility for bringing about changes. We need to develop a climate of love, Caring,

Sharing and communal consciousness. We must create a culture of work and recognized the

dignity of work so that we can learn not only to meet our needs but also those of whole

community. We must lay foundation for the society where one can access to opportunities. Now

we are facing the problem of unemployment, which needs to be challenged and work

opportunities created for all people.

These are the goals Gandhiji Set for development, in India and I guess they must apply

for us today, Perhaps only when these goals have been achieve we will be able to say to our self

that we have achieved in our country, a peace for which Gandhiji lived, sacrificed his life for the

sake of motherland.

CONCLUSION:-

A world of peace can be achieved if we learn and adopt the power of Non Violence, as

shown by the life of M.K. Gandhi. Let us join Hands together and “Pray for peace, Work, and let

live in peace and harmony”. Gandhian philosophy of peace reveals us totally absence of war,

sense of inner peace and well being, sense of tranquility, harmonious relationships, balance in

nature, forgiveness, working for social justice, human right and poverty etc. As peace has

become a very essential commodity, it is ones loyal duty towards the nation to retain it forever.

REFERANCES:-

� R. Weber, Thomas, 1991, conflicts Resolution and Gandhian ethics, The Gandhi Peace

Foundation, New Delhi

� M. M. Sankhdhar, “Gandhism :A political interpretation, Gandhi Marg (1972) pp. 68-74

� Green, Martin Burgess (1986). The origin of Non Violence : Tolstoy and Gandhi in

their historical setting. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-00414-3

retrieved 17 June 2012

� Asirvatham, Eddy. Political theory:S. Chand ISBN 81-219-0346-7

� James Geary, Geary’s Guide to the Worlds Great Aphorists (2007) p. 87

� William Boman (1986) Gandhi and Non Violence. SUNY PRESS p. 253

� Research Papers on: International conference organized on September 2-3, 2013.

� NU focus (University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg), Third Quarter 1993, Volume 4 No. 3.

� Papers in, International seminar on conflict resolution February-15-17,2003.




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Educational views of Mahatma Gandhi

Dr. S. M. Satpute,

Assistant Professor

Janata College of Education,

Chandrapur

Abstract :

Generally people regard Gandhiji as a great politician only but the fact is that he valued social

reform and development more than political growth. Gandhi’s vision on education was truly

visualized for the betterment of society as well as whole country. Education not only educate the

people but brings a new change in the society. Gandhi is universally known as the most

renowned theorist and also the practitioner of truth, love, non-violence, tolerance, freedom,

peace & equality. He was very much concerned with the nature, Poor, deprived, woman, adult

and their education. His methods for education were simple and practical. His scheme of

education aimed at the truth-full & non-violence.

Introduction :-

Education is backbone of society and is largely responsible for the upliftment of the society.

Education is the dynamic side of Philosophy. The history of education is the history of the life

and experiments of great educational philosophers whose gems of ideas continue to inspire

educational thought and practice across the world. Education is a sub social system. It is a

lifelong process. Education makes the man perfect and capable to perform certain duties during

the year to come. Education helps the man to bring out the hidden talent in every and each

person who are living in the universe.

Gandhiji vision for new India entitle that every religion has its full and equal place. There is a

need to prepare enlighten citizen for bright India. The mother India given birth to so many

heroes in the country. Gandhiji was also one of them. His educational idea’s based on love,

peace and equity. His scheme of education aims at the truthful and non-violent way of life and

the ultimate goal of self-realization. His methods were simple and practical.

Meaning and Definition of Education :

Gandhi’s thought on education form the dynamic site of his general philosophy. The ultimate

aim of education is character development which is a sure stepping stone to nation-building. His

highest desire was that each individual of India should be educated, but by literate he did not

mean only the knowledge of how to read and write. He said, “Literacy is not the end of

education not even the beginning. It is only one of the means whereby man and woman can be

educated”.

Gandhiji defined Education that “by education he meant the all-round development of the most

sublime qualities found in a child and man, in body, mind and soul”. All human qualities in a

child should be developed by education. Education means the construction of a perfect man.

Aims of Education :

Gandhiji has mentioned several aims of life. These aims can be divided into two classes.

1. Immediate Aim

2. Ultimate Aim




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Immediate aims of Education :

Gandhiji has mentioned the following immediate aims of education.

a. Aims of Self-dependent :

According to Gandhi ji the aim of education is to enable an individual to earn his livelihood by

which he can become self dependent. Education should secure a child against unemployment. A

child at the age of fourteen years, after having completed the seven year’s curriculum, he should

go out of the school as earning hand.

b. Complete Development Aim :

Gandhiji said that “The real education is that which fully develops the body, heart, mind and

soul of children”. The complete development means, the education of 3 H’S-hand, heart and

head. The major aim of education is to develop physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual

faculties of the child. It will lead to absolute development of personality.

c. Character building Aim :

The Gandhi vision of education, has character building as one of its aims. It is the education that

guides and enables an individual to develop into a better human being and provides direction in

the diverse aspects of human development. He felt, education is the right medium in directing

the formation of character. Altruism and other centeredness constitute some of the pillars of

human character.

d. Moral and spiritual Aim :

Gandhiji rightly insisted on morality and spirituality as necessary ingredients for balanced

development. Gandhiji passionately advocated the importance of moral and spiritual

development.

Gandhiji believed that apart from imparting physical and mental training to a child, training in

the moral and spiritual aspects are crucial to personality development. His sole aim was to build

moral and spiritual character through love, tolerance and non-violence. He often resorted to

fasting to bring about a positive change in the attitude of the pupils.

e. Cultural Aim :

Gandhiji said that a child should be trained to express his culture in his conduct. Culture is the

foundation the initial thing which should be manifested in your abstract behavior. He has

considered cultural development as an important aim of education.

Ultimate Aims of Education :

a. Self realization :

Gandhian scheme of education support self-realization and spiritual development. Gandhi

advocated leading an ethically upright life and making it a firm basis of all actions. The stress on

inner-voice and value oriented views, as lead by Gandhiji , was a method towards inculcating the

religious and spiritual principles in student and making them realize their existential significance.

b. Synthesis between individual and social Aim :

According to Gandhiji individual and social aims of education at different level are of equal

importance. He believe in the fact that if the individuals are good the society is bound to be




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good. He always advocated the freedom of the individual but the regarded individual as a social

creature.

Educational philosophy of Gandhi :

Gandhiji in his philosophy of education rises above dualistic thinking and tries to resolve all anti

thesis between various opposing aims.

1. Literacy is not education. Education is the all around developmental child.

2. Education should develop all human qualities in child.

3. Education should effect harmonious development of a child’s body, heart, mind and soul.

4. Education should develop all faculties of a child according to the general well-being of the

community of which he is a member.

5. A child’s education should begin from a beneficial handicraft or skill by which he can meet

the economic needs of his future life.

6. Education should secure a child from unemployment. Education should be such that child is

involved in a vacation.

7. The children from seven to fourteen years of age in the country should be given free and

compulsory education. Education should be given by the medium of his mother tongue

8. A child should get his education actively and he should use it to understand his social

environment and have better control over it.

9. Education should make a person self-dependent. Student should learn lesson of love, truth,

justice, co-operative, endeavor, equality and brother hood of man and social service

Gandhi’s Ideas on Education :

1. Basic Education :

Basic education is an out came of Gandhi’s philosophy of life and education. It does not

represent his entire philosophy of education. It is said that the underlying philosophy of

education is that of democracy. The attainment of ideas, for which Gandhiji put forwards this

scheme of education, are clearly derived from a democratic philosophy. These ideas are:

1. Ideal of classless society .

2. Freedom and equality for all.

3. Dignity of labour.

4. A non-violent social order.

5. Development of a sense of social responsibility.

Basic Tenant of Basic Education:

Education for sarvodaya :

The chief aim in planning for education in India was to fulfill the needs of the country. India is a

country of villages. Most of the villages in India cannot afford to pay for their children’s

education. In addition to it they require their children’s resistance in their occupation. Therefore

Gandhiji planned for basic education which may not be burden upon the parents and through

which the children may be able to earn to meet the expenses of education themselves.

Sarrodaya Society :

One social philosophy of Gandhi may be termed as Sarvodaya. Sarvodaya aims at all round

development of all, without distinction of caste, creed, sex and nationality. The ideal of




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Sarvodaya does no aim at the maximum number but maximum good of all without expectations.

There is no place for any type of exploitation in Sarvodaya society.

Nai Talim :

Gandhi ji called it Nai Talim (New education) because it sought to built up a new society in the

country. He realized that what the country needs today is not so much higher education as the

education of masses. Therefore he did not lay so much emphasis upon higher education. The

basic education sought to fulfill the needs of the education in a Sarvodaya Society.

Social revolution :

Gandhiji said, social revolution provide a healthy and moral basis of relationship between the

city and the village and thus go a long way towards eradicating some of the worst evils of the

present social insecurity and poisoned relationship between the classes.

Non-violent Education :

Gandhi ji emphasized the principle of non-violence in every field of life. He considered non-

violence as the characteristic of human quality. Even truth was subordinate to non-violence.

Conclusion :

Gandhiji was well aware of the importance of education in building modern India. Gandhi’s

concept of education is highly relevant to this day. In the present time education has become

more theoretical. Gandhi ji proposed activity oriented education. It creates interest in learning.

The problem of indiscipline which is prevalent today can be solved through activity oriented

education. Gandhi ji said that education should enable the child to meet the future needs of his

life. He said education should be an insurance against unemployment. Whereas the present

educational scenario is quite different. There is no surety of employment even for highly

educated persons to solve this problem the education should become less theoretical and more

practical. The principle of utility should be followed. Teacher should act like a friend,

philosopher and guide. If India has to excel in both material and spiritual aspects, India has to

adopt a synthetic approach of Gandhi’s ideas.

References :

www.shreeprakashan.com

www.drsohanrajtater.com

www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream




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The Relevance of Gandhi to-day

Prof. Dr. S. K. Singh

Asso. Prof. & Head of Deptt. of English

Adrash Art’s & Commerce College, Desaiganj

Introduction :

The thought, philosophy and the message of Gandhi are very much relevant to-

day. We say they alone constitute the only positive factor which can save the modern civilization

which is heading for a disaster. We witness a sure and certain dilution of higher values of life in

the scheme of our lives. Permanent values of service before self, sacrifice before hoarding and

concern for others are fast dwindling and their place is being taken by selfishness, greed,

opportunism, deceit, cunning and falsehood. Gross materialism is eating into the vitals of society

and a certain agnostic attitude is in evidence almost everywhere. Even family ties are being

broken, love is losing ground to hatred, distrust and suspicion. The present civilization is growing

more and more mechanized and materialized and the old innocence born of simplicity stands at

bay. All human values are being sacrificed at the altar of Mammon. All this has given birth to

conflicts and confrontations and has led to the erosion of the noble standards of tolerance and

fellow-feeling. To complete this grim picture has come the unending race for armaments.

Destructive weapons of war are waiting in the nuclear arsenals of the superpowers to be

delivered one day on the innocent humanity. They menace the very existence of mankind. Efforts

for bringing about disarmament have never succeeded; on the contrary, they have always led to

further and more and more armament. The dropping of two atom bombs on Hiroshima and

Nagasaki and the total devastation of these cities thereby should serve a constant reminder to

everybody that a nuclear war whenever fought would bring about the extinction of mankind.

Basic Ideas :

No doubt mankind has been struggling since times of yore to find solutions to the

problems humanity is faced with. But the remedies have been far worse than the disease. The fact

is that we have been tinkering with the branches and ignoring the roots. In fact, we have allowed

ourselves, almost always, to adopt an ostrich attitude to problems. All the systems of laws,

contracts, treaties and alliances have failed to bring about human harmony and peace. The efforts

being made at present too will certainly founder on the rocks of failures because there is no

sincerity nor a sense of purpose behind them. Where shall we go then? What will the present




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civilization festered with the negative factors detailed above lead to? Certainly not to peace,

amity and happiness.

In such a climate Gandhism alone provides a ray of hope. The values and

principles, ideals and precepts which Gandhi stood for, propagated and preached, can give a right

direction to humanity to reach a destination of perpetual peace both internal and external. In this

connection it needs to be stressed that what Gandhi stood for was not simply an exercise in

idealistic, impracticable thinking. Gandhi preached what he practiced and said that what he

practiced was capable of being practiced by everyone if only one cared to practice his precepts.

Gandhiji’s experiments with truth had convinced him beyond doubt that truth always triumphs

and the only right path is the path of truth. Truth may be suppressed by adverse forces, but it can

never be put down. In Gandhiji’s own life occasions came when it appeared that falsehood and

tyranny based on it would triumph, but to his great bliss, the tables were turned and truth

ultimately became victorious. The deliverance of humanity to-day lies through the pursuit of the

path of truth. Gandhi identified Truth with God. He had an unshakable faith in God whom he

described as an unseen power that exists. Faith in God and pursuit of truth can save humanity

from disaster. Closely allied to his conceptions of God and truth is his faith in non - violence.

Non-Violence is very much related to truth. Violence is untruth, for it offends against the unity of

life and the path of violence is always fraught with serious dangers. Peace in the world can be

established if we follow the path of non - violence. Violence for violence’s sake will create a

vicious circle from which we cannot get out save at the cost of the extinction of humanity.

Gandhiji would reply violence with non - violent resistance. In Satyagrah principle Gandhiji has

bequeathed to us a weapon of unfailing power for the solution of individual and social problems.

Gandhiji was a non-violent fighter. He waged war against the adversary by undergoing suffering

and sacrifice. He would aim at the change of heart of the adversary. His non-violent warfare had

no room for fear and bitterness. On the otherhand, it generated goodwill and friendship between

the warring parties. By means of non-violence Gandhiji won independence for the country. He

created a precedent for other subject nations to win freedom by non-violent means.

Gandhiji’s faith religion and morality was deep. By religion he did not mean the

observance of rituals and religious ceremony. His religion was synonymous with morality. He

preached the path of religion not only for individuals but also for nations, not only in individual

life but also in politics. He introduced religion into politics and in this way spiritualized politics.

He never agreed with those who said that religion had nothing to do with politics. For Gandhiji,




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politics bereft of religion are a death trap that kill the soul. So much tyranny and blood-shed that

politics has witnessed from time immemorial have drawn strength from the separation of religion

from politics. “Activities that draw no sustenance from the spiritual nature of man, but derive all

their energy and motive power from the non-spiritual side of man’s composition, are bound after

running their allotted course, to end in disaster and ruin”.

He repudiated the stand of those to whom the end justifies the means. If the means

are immoral they have the tendency to infect the end. If we have good end in view our means to

achieve that end must be moral too. There is just an inviolable connection between the end and

the means as between the seed and the tree. As the means so the end. If the nations of the world

have good end in view, if they want to ameliorate the lot of their people, save democracy and

establish peace in the world, they would have to go in for the pursuit of moral or good means for

that purpose. All the ills we have inherited from the past, all the conflicts and confrontations we

witness at present are due to our distortion of the higher principle of ‘good means leading to a

good end’, to that of ‘the end justifies the means’. If only we could revert to the path shown by

Gandhi, much of violence, hatred and tyranny could be put an end to. Hence there is much

relevance of these Gandhian principles at the present time.

Gandhiji preached simplicity of life. He was at one with Gautam, the Buddha that

multiplication of desires leads to suffering. Our real good lies in the progressive reduction of

wants. Cessation of desire leads to the cessation of suffereing and hence to salvation. Gandhiji

himself practiced utmost simplicity in life. True culture or civilization consists in the reduction of

wants and heading a simple life. All the hurry and worry and mad rush for wealth will never give

us peace. According to Gandhiji, simplicity of life leads to purity of life. He gave the idea of

bread labour which indeed is based on his notion of simplicity. According to this idea, man must

earn his own bread by manual labour. This will be beneficial in two ways. First, it will generate a

climate of equality between man and man; Second, it will end exploitation of the manual workers

by those who earn their living by intellectual labour. Let those who possess superior intellect use

that intellect for the welfare of the society rather than for exploitation. Manual labour will also

exercise healthy influence on our capacity of intellectual exercise improving it and refining it.

Gandhiji advocated decentralization, both political and economic. Gandhi’s faith

in non-violence made him conscious of the violence inherent in centralization. Centralization

leads to the suppression of initiative and enterprise. It blunts innovativeness and inventiveness. It

strengthens exploitative tendencies. The way out of the evils of centralization lies through




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decentralization which can liberate the inherent capacity and talent of a large mass of humanity

both for the good of the individual and the good of the society. Gandhiji was in favour of the

establishment of self-sufficient and autonomous panchayats. The problems of the villagers should

be solved by the villagers themselves through the medium of an organization which they

themselves help create. The central authority should play only a supportive and sustaining role.

In the economic sphere too, Gandhiji was against centralized industry. He stressed the need for

the improvement and establishment of cottage industries. Simple crafts of the villagers must be

revived. Science should be employed to invent new tools and instruments which may eliminate

the boredom. This decentralized economy will be free from the problem of unemployment,

exploitation of labour by capital and the dehumanization of humanity. Today, when we are

painfully suffering from the evils of centralized industry, Gandhiji’s conception of

decentralization provides a ray of hope. Hence, Gandhism in this sphere is not only relevant to-

day but is the crying need of the hour if we have to prevent ourselves from sliding further into the

abyss of the evils of centralization.

Gandhiji’s unique contribution lies in his harmonizing and reconciling capitalism

and socialism. His principle of trusteeship achieves this objective. Gandhiji did not believe in

dispossessing the rich of their riches, nor would he distribute the hard-earned income of the rich

among the poor, for that would promote idleness on the part of the poor. He favoured the excess

wealth of the rich to be held in trust by the rich themselves for the betterment of the society. This

idea of Gandhiji is very much relevant to-day for it is not possible either to establish pure

socialism of the Marxian type or to ensure annihilation of capitalism. By his principle of

trusteeship Gandhiji struck a mean between capitalism and socialism, advocating a structure

which would promote the good points of both.

Gandhiji’s ideas on nationalism and internationalism are very much valid and

relevant to-day. In the world of to-day we cannot afford to be nationalist at the cost of

internationalism. The nationalism of the nazist and fascist type is out of order to-day, nay, it is

fraught with terrible dangers. What is necessary to-day is the adoption of an enlightened brand of

nationalism. We should be nationalists so that we may do the duty of internationalism. In other

words, our road to internationalism should be constructed through nationalism. Nehru wrote in

his book ‘The Discovery of India’, “Gandhi was an intense inationalist; he was also, at the same

time, a man who had a message not only for India, but for the world, and he ardently desired

world-peace. His nationalism, therefore, had a certain world outlook and was entirely free from




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any aggressive intent.” Indeed there is need to establish a happy synthesis between nationalism

and internationalism as Gandhi brought it about in the scheme of his ideas and practice. He

wanted the freedom of India so that India could develop its resources for the good of the entire

mankind.

Conclusion :

Thus, we find that Gandhi has much relevance today. Rather we have to accept the

fact that the propagation and practice of Gandhism alolne may rid our present civilization of the

so many blemishes and negative points which forebode to crush humanity and the sound values,

it may survive on, under their steel heels. It is good that we have been able to enshrine a number

of Gandhian principles and ideas in the Constitution of free India and must endeavour to see

them installed on the righful place. We should aim at material prosperity and equality so as to

‘wipe tears from every eye’ but should not imitate the foreign models. Communism of the Soviet

type and Capitalism of the Western type, neither of them finds a congenial soil in India. Both in

their extreme form are bad for India. India requires its own brand of communism and its own

brand of capitalism, an order which may accord well with our national genius and our glorious

past traditions. Gandhism provides the best answer.




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GANDHI THE ARCHITECT OF MODERN INDIAN NATIONALIST POLITICS AND

SOCIAL STRUCTURE vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jk’Vªoknh jktuhfr vkSj lekftd lajpuk ds *f”kYih* xka/khth

MkW- fnus”k dqekj ik.Ms; lgk;d izk/;kid ¼bfrgkl½

“kkl- enuyky “kqDyk egkfo|ky;] lhir] ftyk&fcykliqj

¼NRrhlx<+½

Hkkjr esa ,d fojkV jk’Vªh; vkanksyu dk mn; vkSj Qyr% vaxzstksa }kjk lRrk dh ckxMksj Hkkjrh; gkFkksa esa lkSius dks etcwj gksuk 20oha lnh dh vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld izfdz;kvksa esa ls ,d gSA bl vkanksyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf”kd jkT; O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij Lora= jkT; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA fdUrq bl vkanksyu ds izHkko ,sls rkRdkfyd ifj.kkeksa rd gh lhfer ugha FksA blus ns”k ds vanj lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lRrk ds U;k;ksfpr iqfoZrj.k dh mu izfdz;kvksa dk lw=ikr fd;k tks vktknh ds n”kdksa ckn vkt Hkh bl egk}hi dh jktuhfr dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk cuh gqbZ gSA ns”k ds ckgj ns[ksa rks bl vkanksyu esa rhljh nqfu;k esa ,d dzkafr dks tUe fn;k] ftlds QyLo:i ,f”k;k vkSj vkfQzdk ds vU; vkSifuosf”kd lektksa us vius da/kksa ls ;wjksih; izHkqRo dk tqvk mrkj QsadkA bl izdkj vkarfjd rFkk ckg~; nksuksa izdkj ds izHkkoksa dh n`f’V ls Hkkjr esa jk’Vªokn dk mn; vkSj mldh lQyrk ,d vizrhe ,sfrgkfld egRo dh ?kVuk gSA O;kidrk] tfVyrk vkSj ifj.kkeksa dh n`f’V ls bldh rqyuk 1917 dh :lh dzkafr ;k 1949 esa u, phu ds mn; ls dh tk ldrh gSA

fo”o dzkafr ds bfrgkl esa ;g igyk volj Fkk tc lk/kkj.k turk us lkeqfgd :i ls ,d dzkafrdkjh vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k] blls igys u rks turk ls “kkfey gksus ds fy, dgk gh x;k Fkk vkSj u og dHkh bruh cM+h la[;k esa fdlh dzkafrdkjh vkanksyu esa “kjhd gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr esa] vkanksyu ds vkjaHk ls gh turk dks igyh ckj O;ofLFkr vkSj vfgald <ax ls mlesa “kkfey gksus dk fuea=.k fn;k x;k FkkA 1921 ls 1942&44 ds nkSjku bl fo”kky ns”k dh turk dh ,dkf/kd ihf<+;ksa us bl dzkafrdkjh la?k’kZ esa Hkkx fy;kA

fdlh Hkh vU; dzkafr us vius ?kksf’kr vkn”kksaZ dks dHkh izkIr ugha fd;k FkkA Qzkalhlh dzkafr lekurk] HkkrRo vkSj Lora=rk ds vkn”kZ ysdj pyh Fkh vkSj ;s vkn”kZ vkrad ds lkezkT; esa ifj.khr gks x,A ,d ds ckn ,d usrkvksa ds flj fxyksfVu dh HksaV p<+ x,A :l dh dzkafr LVkfyu }kjk pyk, x, ifj’dkj&vfHk;ku esa ifj.khr gks xbZA bl ckr dk dksbZ lgh vuqeku Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk fd LVkfyuokn dh “kq)rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fdrus gtkj vknfe;ksa dk lQk;k dj fn;k x;kA ysfuu dk ekuorkokn mlds mRrjkf/kdkjh ds va/ks vfrmRlkg dh HkssaV p<+ x;k vkSj lHkh “kh’kZLFk usrkvksa dk u dsoy nqfu;k ds insZ ls] cfYd :lh dzakfr ds bfrgkl ds iUuksa rd ls Hkh ukeksfu”kku feVk fn;k x;kA cksY”ksfod ikVhZ ds okLrfod laLFkkid vkSj ekxZn”kZd] ysfuu ds mPpkn”kksaZ dks 1917 dh dzkafr ds lHkh “kh’kZLFk usrkvksa ds lkFk cfy p<+k fn;k x;kA lkSHkkX; ls Hkkjr esa dzkafr ds vxznwrksa dk ,slk dksbZ lagkj ugha fd;k x;kA

Hkkjrh; dzkafr dks] vius y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy,] vius gfFk;kj ds :i esa turk dks vkanksyu esa [khapuk FkkA xka/khth ds uSfrd izHkko us muds mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks la;r vkSj e;kZfnr j[kkA vr% ;gka lkFkh dk;ZdrkZvksa dh lQkbZ vkSj gR;k tSlh dksbZ pht ugha gqbZA vkjaHk ls bl dzkafr ds




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usrk vkSj ekxZn”kZd xka/khth dh fuxkg ges”kk turk ij jgh tks mudh yM+kbZ dk gfFk;kj FkhA muds vkg~oku ij yk[kksa yksx vk,& ,d ckj ugha] ckj&ckjA neu pdz ftruk izcy gqvk turk dh izfrfdz;k Hkh mruh gh O;kid vkSj izHkko”kkyh gksrh xbZA 1930 ds n”kd esa tc ns”k esa yxHkx 2 ntZu v/;kns”k ykxw Fks ftuesa ljdkj dks fcYdqy euekuh djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k Fkk] tc turk esa bl vjktd “kklu dh vogsyuk djus dk tks”k Hkh lokZf/kd izpaM FkkA jktdh; vkns”kksa }kjk canh cuk;k tkuk vkSj fuokZlu ,d lkekU; izfdz;k cu xbZ FkhA eqdnes dk fn[kkok Hkj djds gtkjksa yksxksa dks tsy esa Mky fn;k x;k A dkaxzsl ds funsZ”kkuqlkj lkjs vfHk;qDr jktuSfrd :i ls opuc) Fks fd viuk dksbZ cpko is”k ugha djsaxsA gtkjksa yksxksa dks fcuk eqdnek pyk, utjcan j[kk x;kA blhfy, ;fn dgk tk, rks Hkkjrh; dzkafr okLro esa ,d “kkafriw.kZ pyus okyk tuvkanksyu Fkk] rks ;g nkok xyr ugha gksxkA

19oha lnh ds mRrjkZ/k esa Hkkjrh; lekt ds rkusckus ds lkekU; losZ{k.k ls bl ns”k esa lkekftd lajpuk rFkk jktuSfrd izfdz;k ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa ds ckjs esa vusd rkfRod igyqvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS fd jktuSfrd vkanksyuksa dh loZekU; fo”ks’krk muesa “kkfey gksus okys oxksaZ ds LokFkksaZ ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA

jk’Vªokn ds vius bl cks/k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;fn ge 1857 ds fonzksg ij fopkj djsa rks blesa vk”p;Z ugha gksxk fd bl fonzksg ds ihNs ns”k HkfDr dh izsj.kk Fkh] mRrjh Hkkjr ds foLrr {ks= blesa “kkfey gq,] lekt ds [kkls cM+s fgLlksa us blesa fljdr dh] blesa vaxzsth jkt ds f[kykQ pyh vk jgh f”kdk;rksa dks vfHkO;fDr feyh&;g lc viuh txg lp gS rFkkfi 1857 ds fonzksg dk gekjh ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj jk’Vªokn ls cgqr de ljksdkj FkkA ;fn buds usrk lQy gks tkrs rks Hkkjr esa os ikjaifjd O;oLFkk gh dk;e djrs] ,slh O;oLFkk tks vaxzstksa }kjk m[kkM+ Qsds x, eqxy lkezkT; ;k mlds dqN mRrjkf/kdkjh jkT;ksa dh laLFkkvksa dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+h dh tkrh gSA1

Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; jktuhfr esa xka/kh dk izos”k jk’Vªoknh jktuhfr ds ,d u, pj.k dh ?kks’k.kk djrk gSA ;g og pj.k Fkk ftl ij xka/kh dk O;fDrRo Nk;k gqvk FkkA2 vkSj ;gh pj.k gekjs “kks/k dk y{;osn fcUnq gSA bl pj.k dh egRoiw.kZ fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu oxksaZ vkSj leqnk;ksa ds chp ,d u, laca/k] ,d u, lehdj.k dh LFkkiuk] blh lehdj.k us vUr esa vaxzstksa dks jktuSfrd lRrk ds R;kx ds fy, ck/; fd;k ;|fi ;g lc gkfly djus ds fy, cgqr Hkkjh dher pqdkuh iM+h vFkkZr~ ns”k nks VqdM+ksa esa caV x;kA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds bl pj.k dks le>us ds fy, gesa mu lkekftd oxksaZ ls ijs ns[kuk gksxk ftudh vkdka{kkvksa dks dkaxzsl vius izkjafHkd nkSj esa Loj ns jgh FkhA blh izdkj gesa mu oxksaZ ls Hkh ijs ns[kuk gksxk ftUgksaus 20oha lnh ds izFke n”kd esa fgalk dk lgkjk fy;kA vkS|ksfxd rFkk ikjaifjd nksuksa rjg ds “kgjh lektksa ds fupys oxksaZ esa O;kIr {kksHkA Jfed o fo”kky “kgjh ekuo leqnk; ftldh dksbZ fuf”pr gSfl;r ;k dksbZ [kkl uke ;k igpku ugha FkhA bu oxksaZ ds vlarks’k] fdlh Hkh mdlkos ij dHkh Hkh eSnku esa mrj ldrs FksA blds vfrfjDr uxjksa esa uxjksa ds dkjhxhjksa] nLrdkjksa dh [kklh vkcknh ftudh vk/kqfud m|ksxksa ds mRikn ds dkj.k thou i)fr vLr&O;Lr gks xbZ Fkh vkSj bu oxksaZ dk vlarks’k fnu&c&fnu c<+rs tk jgk FkkA ,sls vlarq’V oxksaZ ds dsUnz ikjaifjd uxj gksus ds dkj.k os ck:n ds <sj cu x, Fks tks volj feyrs gh jktuSfrd vkanksyu ds :i esa QwV iMus dks rS;kj FksA bl rjg Hkkjr ds “kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa lekt ds lHkh oxksaZ esa O;kIr vlarks’k ds :i esa ,d tcjnLr tu&vkanksyu dk lkeku rS;kj iM+k FkkA ;g Hkh lp gS fd 1919 ds iwoZ vaxzsth gqdwer ds f[kykQ bl tuvkdzks”k dks ,d laxfBr vfHkO;fDr nsus okyh dksbZ laLFkkxr ;qfDr ugha fudkyh xbZ FkhA ;gha vc ge ml fcUnq ij [kM+s gSa tgka /khjksnRr uk;d dh efgek ls ;qDr ml




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jktuSfrd vfHkusrk dks eap ij ykuk vfuok;Z izrhr gksrk gS ftldk uke Fkk eksgu nkl djepan xka/khA xka/kh dh foy{k.krk bl ckr esa fufgr Fkh fd mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa O;kIr vlarks’k dks igpkuk vkSj mls uothou ls vuqizkf.kr Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl ds ek/;e ls laxfBr vfHkO;fDr iznku dhA

tc xka/kh 1915 esa fons”k ls Hkkjr ykSVs rc rd os jktuSfrd vkanksyu dh ,d vizfre i)fr fodflr dj pqds FksA blh izdkj nf{k.k vkfQzdk ds izokl ds nkSjku og viuh laxBu “kfDr dk Hkh izek.k ns pqds FksA jktuhfr ds vius vkjafHkd vuqHkoksa ds nkSj esa mudk ifjp; e/;e oxZ dh cspSuh ls gqvk] ftldks Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl ds :i esa eap iznku fd;k x;k FkkA blh rjg mUgksaus y?kq cqtqZok dh vkewy ifjorZuoknh ifjorZuksa dks Hkh igpkuk] ftudks izFke fo”o ;q) ds nkSjku gkse:y vkanksyu esa laxfBr :i fn;k x;k FkkA xjt ;g fd Hkkjr ykSVus ds izFke o’kZ es a gh xka/kh bl rjg ds oxksaZ ds laidZ esa vk, vkSj mls vaxzsth jkt ls muds eksgHkax dk iwjk ,glkl gks x;kA ysfdu bl ,glkl dk eryc drZO;iFk dk Li’V cks/k ugha Fkk] rFkkfi jk’Vªh; Lrj dh jktuhfr dh tSlh lw{e le> xka/kh us brus de fnuksa esa izkIr dj yh Fkh oSlh le> Hkkjr ds “kk;n gh fdlh ledkyhu jktuhfrKksa dks jgh gksA

ysfdu vc og fnu Hkh nwj ugha Fkk tc xka/kh dks ml tehuh cspSuh esa vkdaB fueXu gks tkuk Fkk tks 20oha lnh ds nwljs n”kd esa iwjs Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa NkbZ gqbZ FkhA ysfdu mlds ckn Hkh ml dky dk LFkkfir usr`Ro mlls cs[kcj FkkA paikj.k dk ,d vnuk lk *fdlku* xka/kh dks ml ftys esa ys tkus ds fy, lky Hkj mlds ihNs iM+k jgk] tgka ckj&ckj fgalk dk foLQksV gks jgk Fkk] ;g laiw.kZ oRrkar vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;rkvksa dks HkyhaHkkarh ekywe gSA xka/kh dks ,sls gh vlarks’kksa dh var/kkZjk dk Hkku lkcjerh ds rV ij cls vius vkJe dh ,u ngyht ij Hkh gqvkA ;g vlarks’k lqyx jgk Fkk vgenkckn ds fey etnwjksa ds chp] tks uxj ds fey ekfydksa dks bl ckr ij jkth djus ds fy, iz;Ru”khy Fks fd ;q) ds nkSjku mUgksaus tks Hkkjh equkQk dek;k Fkk mldk ,d ekewyh fgLlk etnwjksa dks Hkh nsaA ;g vlarks’k mB jgk Fkk [ksM+k ds mu d’kd Hkwfe Lokfe;ksa ds fny esa ftUgsa ;g ckr ukxokaj xqtjrh Fkh fd u, cankscLr ds tfj, muds fljksa ij djksa dk vkSj cks> yknk tk jgk FkkA3

paikj.; ds fdlkuksa] vgenkckn ds etnwjksa] [ksM+k ds dkLrdkjksa esa O;kIr {kksHk dk Lo:i e/;e oxZ ;k y?kq cqtqZok ds vlarks’k ls fHkUu FkkA ;g ,slk {kksHk Fkk tks lekt ds eeZLFky dks izHkkfor dj jgk FkkA ;g {kksHk jk’Vªoknh jktuhfr ds fy, vfeV laHkkoukvksa dk }kjk [kksyrk FkkA [ksM+k rFkk paikj.; ds fdlkuksa vkSj vgenkckn ds etnwjksa ds chp NksVs&NksVs lQy vkanksyuksa ds lapkyu ds vuqHkoksa ls xka/kh bl urhts ij igqapk fd jk’Vªokn ds lkeus vlyh rdktk ;g Fkk fd **bu nks vyx&vyx jktuSfrd /kkjkvksa dks vkil esa tksM+ fn;k tk,A blesa ls ,d /kkjk dk mRl e/;e oxZ vkSj y?kq cqtqZok Fkk rFkk nwljh dk fdlku&etnwjA fdlku rFkk etnwjksa dh {kksHk dks igpkuus ds lkFk gh xka/kh us mu lkekftd laca/kksa dks le>us esa pwd ugha dh tks Hkkjrh; lekt dh fo”ks’krk Hkh Fkh vkSj varfoZjks/k HkhA rkRi;Z gS odhyksa vkSj muds xzkeh.k eqofDdyksa ds chp ds laca/k ls] lkgwdkjksa vkSj dkLrdkjksa ds chp ds ca/ku ls] vkSj d`’kd oxksaZ ds liwrksa ds fofHkUu mnkj is”kksa esa izos”k djus ls “kgjksa dh vksj xkoksa ds QSyko lsA ;gka vaxzsth jkt ds f[kykQ ,d l”kDr tu vkanksyu vkjaHk djus dk lkjk lkeku ekStwn FkkA bl dk;Z dh pqukSfr us xka/kh dh jktuSfrd foy{k.krk dks iwjs fu[kkj ij igqapk fn;kA4

fuLlansg 1921 ls 1946 ds chp xka/kh th mijksDr pqukSfr;ksa ds fo:) Hkkjrh; la?k’kZ ds ekxZn”kZd cusA xka/kh dh jktuSfrd ;k=k dks vxj ns[ksa rks 1919 rd os jktHkDr Fks vkSj fczVsu dh




4

ISSN No. 2394-8426




U;k; Hkkouk esa mudh n<+ vkLFkk FkhA fdUrq og vpkud Hkkjr esa fczfV”k ljdkj ls yM+us okys lsukuh dSls cu x, \ bldk dkj.k Fkk] ,d uSfrd vk?kkrA ek.V&QksMZ lq/kkj vkSj jksysDV desVh dh fjiksVsZa yxHkx lkFk&lkFk izdkf”kr gqbZA vU; jk’Vªoknh usrkvksa dh fnypLih 1919 ds lq/kkj vf/kfu;e esa vf/kd Fkh] fdUrq xka/khth us jksysDV desVh ds fjiksVZ dks T;knk egRoiw.kZ ekukA jksysDV fjiksVZ dks i<+us ds ckn og ,d dV~Vj jktHkDr ls dV~Vj jktnzksgh cu x,A xka/khth dks bl fjiksVZ dh fo’k;&oLrq esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha FkhA jksysDV desVh ds fjiksVZ esa fgald vkanksyu dks nckus ds mik; lq>k, x, FksA bl vkanksyu ds izfr xka/khth dks Hkh dksbZ lgkuqHkwfr ugha FkhA xka/khth ds fy, eq[; eqn~nk Fkk ljdkj dk vuhfrijd n`f’Vdks.kA ;g nkok fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fgalkRed dzkafrdkjh vkanksyuksa us varr% tuvkanksyuksa dks tUe fn;k D;ksafd mUgsa ;g vuqHko gks x;k fd eqV~Bh Hkj ukStoku dzkafr ugha yk ldrs vkSj ,sls le; esa xka/kh us tks lPps jk’Vªh; fonzksg ds fy, tehu rS;kj dh mls yksx le>us yxs vkSj xka/khoknh vkanksyu ds rjQ mudk >qdko gks x;kA

xka/khth dk gfFk;kj lfou; voKk FkkA ;|fi xka/kh VkyLVk; ds vuq;k;h FksA ftudk fl)kar Fkk *cqjkbZ dk izfrjks/k u djksA* bl fl)kar ij os dnkfi fo”okl ugha djrs FksA blds foijhr mudk n<+ er Fkk fd cqjkbZ dk izfrjks/k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ljdkj ds lkFk lg;ksx djus ls budkj djdsA bls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dsa fuf’dz; izfrjks/k dh laKk nh xbZA5

oans ekrje esa ,d ys[k ekyk fy[kdj vjfoan ?kks’k us bl fuf’dz; izfrjks/k dks Hkkjr ds fy, mi;qDr vL= crk;k ftls ,d iwjh rjg ls “kL= lfTtr “kfDr”kkyh lkezkT;oknh rkdr ls yM+uk FkkA mUgksaus fuf’dz; izfrjks/k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dks fu:fir fd;kA vjfoan ?kks’k us *jk’Vªh; thou ds lHkh vaxksa ds fodkl dh uhfr viukus dks dgkA Lons”kh vkSj jk’Vªh; f”k{kk gh ugha cfYd jk’Vªh; lqj{kk] jk’Vªh; iapk;rh vnkyrksa] LoPNrk&lQkbZ vkfn lHkh ij cy FkkA*6

xka/khth us ,d pj.k iwjk djrs gq, blh ekxZ dk vuqlj.k fd;kA esjk dgus dk eryc gS fd xka/khth us vjfoan ls ;g ckr lh[kh vkSj mUgksaus dqN o’kZ igys gh nf{k.k vkfQzdk esa ,slk fd;k FkkA

xka/khth us vaxzsth jkt ds f[kykQ tks cM+s&cMs+ vkanksyu fd, mu ij ckjhdh ls xkSj djus ij Li’V gks tkrk gS fd fofHkUu oxksaZ rFkk leqnk;ksa dk xBca/ku dk;e djus ds fy, mUgksaus dkSu lh j.kuhfr viukbZ] lkezkT; fojks/kh ekspkZ rS;kj djus ds fy, fdl izdkj uSfrd eqn~nksa dk bLrseky fd;kA buesa igyk vkanksyu Fkk 1919 dks jksysV lR;kxzgA xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa paikj.;] [ksM+k ;k vgenkckn esa pyus okys vkanksyu ds foijhr bl lR;kxzg dk fdlh vkfFkZd d’V ds fuokj.k ls dksbZ laca/k ugha FkkA bldh ctk; ;g vkanksyu ,d ,sls dkuwu dh *vuSfrdrk* ds f[kykQ Fkk ftlls Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dh cqfu;knh Lora=k [krjs esa iM+ xbZ FkhA dgus dh t:jr ugha fd bl vkanksyu ds laxBu dk vk/kkj lekt ds fofHkUu oxksaZ esa O;kIr vlarks’k FkkA e/;e oxZ viuh jktuSfrd vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, cspSu Fks rks “kgjh xjhcksa dks vkfFkZd d’Vksa us ijs”kku dj j[kk Fkk m/kj eqfLye leqnk; /kkfeZd Hkkoukvkssa ls m)sfyr FkkA xka/kh us bu lHkh oxksaZ ds vlarks’k dks uSfrd eqn~nksa ds lw= ls vkil esa bl rjg la;qDr dj fn;k fd fofHkUu oxZ lexz ls tqMdj Hkh vius vyx&vyx] cfYd ;gka rd fd ijLij fojks/kh] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd y{;ksa ds fy, tn~nkstgn tkjh j[k ldrs FksA7

1920 okys n”kd esa xka/kh us fgUnqvksa&eqlyekuksa vkSj flD[kksa dks jk’Vªoknh jktuhfr esa leqnk;ksa ds :i esa “kkfey djus dh dksf”k”k dh Fkh ml le; Hkh j.kuhfr ds vkykspdksa us lkQ&lkQ vkxkg fd;k Fkk fd blls Hkkjrh; lekt esa /kkfeZd rFkk lkaiznkf;d foHksn feVus ds ctk; vkSj xgjs gks tk,axsA bu vkykspdksa dks xka/khth dk mRrj Fkk fd Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh rhozrk ds dkj.k og




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,slh j.kuhfr viukus dks ck/; Fkk ¼oSls xka/khth /keZ dks jktuhfr esa ,d jpukRed “kfDr rks ekurs gh Fks½ mudk fo”okl Fkk fd jk’Vªh; vkanksyuksa esa lka>h fljdr dk vuqHko lekt dk fofHkUu oxksaZ ds chp LFkk;h jktuSfrd laca/k dk;e djsxk vkSj jk’Vªh;rk dk vk/kkj rS;kj djsxkA

xka/kh dh jktuSfrd j.kuhfr dk viuk ,d cM+k y{; vaxzsth “kklu ds fo:) lkeqfgd la?k’k Z izkIr djus esa lQy jgh ysfdu vU; y{;ksa dks ikus esa vlQy jgh D;ksafd fofHkUu /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa dks ,d fof”k’V jk’Vª ds /kkxksa esa og ihjks ugha ik,A ysfdu Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd lkSgknZrk ,oa lkekftd laca/kk sa ds fy, rkuk&ckuk cqu fn;kA vc vko”;drk gS fd bl rkus ckus dh fdruh fgQktr dj ldrs gSa lanHkZ%&

1- jfoUnz dqekj] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl] xzaFk f”kYih] izFke laLdj.k 1997] i’B dz-& 10&11A

2- ts ,e czkmu& xka/khl jkbl Vw ikoj] 1915&22 dsafczt] 1972 ,e ds xka/kh& n dysDVsM oDlZ vkQ egkRek xka/kh] ubZ fnYyhA



5- v:.k panz xqgk] Lora=rk laxzke ds 25 o’kZ] 1921&1946] izdk”ku foHkkx [k.M&1 dh izLrkouk lsA

6- vjfoan ?kks’k] ys[kekyk] if=dk&oansekrje 1906&1907A 7- D;w vgen] n cgkoh ewOesaV bu bafM;k] dydRrk 1966A




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xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk & xzkeh.k fodkl ds lanHkZ esa

Jherh pSrkyh lywtk

lgk;d izk/;kid ¼fgUnh½

‘kkldh; tequk izlkn oekZ LukrdksRrj [email protected]; egkfo|ky;]

fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

xzkeh.k fodkl ,d cgqvk;keh vo/kkj.kk gS ftldk fo’ys”k.k nks n`f”Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gS& ladqfpr

,oa O;kid n`f”Vdks.kA ladqfpr n`f”V ls xzkeh.k fodkl dk vfHkizk; gS fofo/k dk;ZØeksa tSls & Ñf”k] i’kqikyu] xzkeh.k

gLrdyk ,oa m|ksx vkfn ds }kjk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk fodkl djukA O;kid n`f”Vdks.k ls xzkeh.k fodkl dk vFkZ gS

xzkeh.ktuksa ds thou esa xq.kkRed mUufr gsrq lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] izkS|ksfxd ,oa lajpukRed ifjorZu djukA

fo’o cSad ¼1975½ ds vuqlkj 1^^xzkeh.k fodkl ,d fof’k”V lewg& xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd thou dks mUur

djus dh ,d j.kuhfr gSA**1

egkRek xka/kh ds vuqlkj 2^^xzkeh.k fodkl ls rkRi;Z xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fu/kZu ,oa vlgk; yksxksa dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa

‘kSf{kd Lrj ls Åij mBkdj xzke dks ,d Lokoyach x.kra= cukuk gSA**2

egkRek xka/kh ftl le; vaxzstksa ls vktknh dh yM+kbZ yM+ jgs Fks] rHkh mUgksus Lora= Hkkjr dh ,d dYiuk dh Fkh] ftls

mUgksus jke jkT; dk uke fn;k FkkA og jke&jkT; esa xzke&fodkl ij lcls vf/kd cy fn;sA muds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh

izxfr xk¡o dh izxfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA gfjtu esa mUgksus 4 vizSy] 1935 ds vad esa fy[kk Fkk& 3^^esjk fo’okl gS vkSj eSus bl ckr dks vla[; ckj nqgjk;k gS fd Hkkjr vius pUn ‘kgjksa esa ugha cfYd lkr yk[k xk¡oksa esa

clk gqvk gSA ysfdu ge Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk [;ky gS fd Hkkjr ‘kgjksa esa gh gS vkSj xk¡oksa dk fuekZ.k ‘kgjksa dh t:jrsa iwjh

djus ds fy, gh gqvk gSA**3

xka/kh th ds xzkeh.k fodkl laca/kh fopkj/kkjk dks ge fuEu ‘kh”kZdksa ds varxZr le> ldrs gSa&

¼1½ xzke jkT;%& xzkeokfl;ksa dh lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd n’kk dks lq/kkjus ds fy, xka/kh th us xzkejkT; cukus dh ckr dgh

Fkh D;ksafd xzkejkT; dh LFkkiuk ls gh xzkeksa dk pgq¡eq[kh fodkl lEHko gks ik,xkA muds vuqlkj xzkejkT; dk vFkZ ,slh

lekt jpuk gS tks NksVh&NksVh ‘kkldh; bdkb;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gks] tks viuk ‘kklu Lo;a pyk,A mudk fopkj Fkk fd

xzkejkT; dsoy xzkeks a rd gh lhfer ugh gS] og ,d ubZ lekt jpuk gS tks orZeku xk¡o] ‘kgj vkSj ns’k dk lkjk uD’kk

cny nsrk gSA blds vkus ij gh xk¡o dk ‘kks”k.k lekIr gks ldsxk vkSj rHkh lPpk iztkra= LFkkfir gks ldsxkA

xka/kh th us vius thou esa lkjk iz;ksx ^xzke Lojkt* ds fy, fd;k gSA mUgksus ‘kgjksa ls nwj vkJeksa dh

LFkkiuk djds ;g izekf.kr fd;k fd ;fn Hkkjr dks Lora= jgdj thfor jguk gS rks bldk ,d mik; xk¡o dh lajpuk gSA

xka/kh th dk xzke Lojkt ^^O;fDr dasfUnzr gSA blesa fodsUnzhdj.k o ljy xzke vFkZ O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa izR;sd ds fy,

jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk gS] Hkkstu] oL+= vkSj nSfud thou dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus gsrq lHkh




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ukxfjdksa }kjk LoSfPNd lg;ksx dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA xzke Lojkt xka/khth dh thou i;ZUr pyus okyh ml ‘kks/k dk lqQy

gS ftlesa mUgksus vius g`n; dks Hkkjr dh dksfV&dksfV fu/kZu turk ds lkFk ,dkdkj dj fn;k Fkk rFkk mlds ckn mUgksu s

lathouh cwVh ds leku bl vpwd vkS”kf/k dks izkIr fd;k] tks fd Hkkjr gh ugha laiw.kZ fo’o dh ‘kksf”kr o fu/kZu turk gsr q

vkS”kf/k dk dke djsxhA

¼2½ vkRe&fuHkZj xzke%&xzkeksa dh vkRe&fuHkZjrk gh xzkeksa ds iqu%fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj gSA xka/kh th xzkeksa dks vkRe&fuHkZj o

vkRe&ifjiw.kZ cukuk pkgrs FksA ,d xk¡o Lo;a esa iw.kZ vkRe&fuHkZj ugh gks ldrk vr% lkewfgd :i esa xk¡o vkRe&fuHkZj

gksaxsA ,d xk¡o ds }kjk ftu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu laHko ugh gksxk] nwljs xk¡o ls mRiknu ds cnys esa mu oLrqvksa dks fy;k

tk ldsxkA xkWa/khth dk ekuuk Fkk fd vkRefuHkZjrk dh vk/kkjf’kyk xzkeks|ksx gSA xzkeks|ksxksa dk ;fn yksi gks x;k rks Hkkjr

ds xk¡oksa dk loZuk’k gks tk,xkA ;ax bafM;k ds 11 vxLr] 1921 ds vad esa os fy[krs gSa] 4^^cs’kd gj xkWao ds fy, vkn’kZ

;gh gS fd og [kqn vius fy, dkrs vkSj cqus] tSls fd vkt vf/kdrj xk¡o viuh t:jr dk iwjk vukt [kqn iSnk dj

ysrs gSaA**4

¼3½ xzkeks|ksx%&xzke iz/kku O;oLFkk esa fodkl ds fy, xka/khth ds vuqlkj tks mi;ksxh dk;ZØe ekus x, gSa muesa [kknh vkSj

xzkeks|ksx izeq[k gSaA mudk dguk Fkk fd xzkeh.kksa dks viuh nSfud vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ xk¡oksa ls gh djuh pkfg,A Hkkjr

dh vf/kdka’k tula[;k [ksr&[kfygkuksa] xk¡oksa esa clrh gSA blfy, xka/kh th pkgrs Fks fd mudk thou&;kiu] vUu&oL=

dh leL;k ogha vkl&ikl lqy>s ftlls Hkkjr dh turk vkRefuHkZj gks tk,A xka/khth us blfy, drkbZ dk dk;ZØe

lkeus j[kkA drkbZ ds lkFk c<+bZ] yksgkj] jaxjst] /kksch] nthZ vkfn jkstxkj ik ldrs gSa] D;ksafd budk ijLij laca/k

drkbZ&cqukbZ ls gSA

xka/khth dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd pj[kk dkrus ls gh ns’k ds yk[kksa yksxksa dks jkstxkj fey ldrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh nwljs ?kjsyw /ka/ks ls brus vf/kd xzkeh.kksa dks dke ugh fey ldrkA pj[ks dks xzkeks|ksx dk ,d

izeq[k izrhd ekurs gq, xka/khth dgk djrs Fks& 5^^eSa Hkkstu ds fcuk rks jg ywWaxk] exj pj[ks ds fcuk ughja jg ldrk] tc

eSa pj[ks ij lwr dkrrk gwWa] ml le; eq>s xjhc dh ;kn vkrh gSA**5

xka/khth dk jpukRed dk;ZØe yksdrkaf=d vk/kkj ij BsB uhps ls dke djrk gS vkSj [kknh] xzkeks|ksx

vkfn ls xjhcksa dks lEiUu cukrk gSA

pj[ks dks vkRefuHkZjrk dk lk/ku crkrs gq, os dgrs gSa] 6^^pj[kk ejs fy, rks tu&lk/kkj.k dh vk’kkvksa

dk izfrfuf/kro djrk gS] tulk/kkj.k dh Lora=rk] tSlh Hkh og Fkh] pj[ks ds [kkres ds lkFk gh lekIr gks xbZA**6 pj[kk

xzkeokfl;ksa ds fy, iwjd /ka/kk FkkA----pj[ks ls 7 yk[k xzke vkRe&fuHkZj cus gq, FksA blfy, xk¡ookyksa dks vxj vkRe fuHkZj

cukuk gS rks lcls LokHkkfod ckr ;gh gks ldrh gS fd pj[ks vkSj mlls lacaf/kr lc phtksa dk iqu:)kj fd;k tk,A

[kknh m|ksx esa xk¡o ds l’kDr vkSj leFkZ O;fDRk rks dke djrs gh gS blds }kjk xk¡o ds v’kDr] vleFkZ vkSj cw<+s yksx Hkh

viuh vkthfodk pyk ldrs gSaA :bZ dk /kquuk] iwfu;kW cukuk vkfn dqN ,sls dke gS ftuesa xk¡o ds dbZ csdkj yksxksa dks

dke fey tkrk gSA




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xka/kh th us fy[kk Fkk&7^^pj[ks dk laca/k vkfFkZd Lora=rk ls Hkh gSa] fdarq ;g Lora=rk ik’pkR; <ax dh u

gksdj Hkkjr dh Lora=rk gS ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr dk vkfFkZd mRFkku gksA**7

4- xzke lq/kkj%& xka/khth us ‘kgjksa dh vis{kk xk¡oksa dks izkFkfedrk nh gSA muds fopkj esa Hkkjr dk vlyh :i rks xk¡oksa esa

ns[kus dks feyrk gS] ‘kgjksa esa ughaA vk/kqfud ‘kgjksa dks rks os if’peh ns’kksa dh udy ekurs FksA xka/khth us ,d ukjk fn;k

Fkk ^^xk¡o dh vksj pyks**A xk¡oksa dh tks mis{kk ml le; Fkh mlh ls izsfjr gksdj mUgksus xzke lq/kkj dks viuk;k FkkA og

le; ,slk Fkk tc if’peh vkykspd Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa dks ^dwM+s dk <sj* dg dj iqdkjrs FksA ;g fLFkfr xka/khth ds fy,

vlá Fkh vkSj bUgha lc ckrksa dks ns[kdj xka/khth us xzke lq/kkj vkanksyu pyk;kA xk¡oksa dh tks nqnZ’kk Fkh mlls nzfor

gksdj xka/khth us ns’kokfl;ksa ds lkeus xzke lsok dk dk;ZØe j[kkA xka/khth us 1 ekpZ] 1934 ds gfjtu esa dgk Fkk& 8^^gesa

xzkeokfl;ksa dks ;g fl[kkuk gS fd os le;] LokLF; vkSj iSls dh cpr dSls dj ldrs gSa] gesa xzkeksa dks vkn’kZ cfLr;ksa esa

cnyuk gSA**8

xzke lq/kkj fdl izdkj gks mldk D;k mik; gS] bl lanHkZ esa xka/kh th us gfjtu ds 16 ekpZ] 1936 ds vad esa

Li”V fd;k gS&

9^^bldk ,d gh mik; gS fd ge tkdj muds chp esa cSB tk,a] muds vkJ;nkrkvksa dh rjg ugha cfYd muds

lsodksa dh rjg n<+ fu”Bk ls mudh lsok djsaA ge muds LokLF; dh j{kk djus okys ifjpkjd cu tk,aA**9

Xkka/khth xzke lsok ;k xzke lq/kkj vkanksyu ds }kjk xzkeokfl;ksa dks rhu chekfj;ksa ls fo’ks”k NqVdkjk fnykuk pkgrs

FksA os gSa&lkoZtfud LoPNrk dh deh] i;kZIr iks”kd vkgkj dh deh rFkk vKkuA

Hkkjr tSls egkns’k ds fy, ftldh vf/kdka’k tula[;k xk¡oksa esa clrh gS] xk¡oksa dh mis{kk dh n`f”V ls ns[kuk

vkRe?kkr ds leku gh gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; xk¡o thou dh izkjafHkd vko’;drkvksa esa LokJ;h gksrs FksA iapk;rh izFkk

ds }kjk viuk ‘kklu vki djrs Fks vkSj ns’k ds vkfFkZd o lkaLÑfrd thou ds es:n.M cus gq, FksA egkRek xka/kh dk

fczfV’k ‘kklu ij ,d xaHkhj vk{ksi ;g Fkk fd mlus Hkkjr ds lkr yk[k xk¡oksa dks ej.kklUu fLFkfr esa igqapk fn;k gSA

Hkkjr ds xk¡o vf’k{kk] vU/k ijEijk vkSj ladh.kZ nf”Vdks.k tSlh vla[; O;kf/k;ksa ls ihfM+r gSA xka/khth us yksxksa

dks crk;k fd laosnuke; g`n; ysdj xk¡oksa esa tk;sa] ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa ds lq[k&nq[k esa ,djl gksdj ?kqys&feysa] mudh

leL;kvksa dks lgkuqHkwfr ls le>sa vkSj muds lek/kku esa izo`Rr gksaA xka/khth dk ;g fo’okl Fkk fd ;fn xk¡o u”V gks x;s]

rks Hkkjr u”V gks tk,xkA Hkkjr ds vfLrRo ds fy, xzkeksa dk mRFkku vko’;d gSA

xka/khth us 1945 esa tokgjyky usg: dks ,d i= esa fy[kk fd 10^^esjs vkn’kZ xk¡o esa cqf)eku O;fDr gksaxs] og

Ik’kqvksa dh rjg xanxh vkSj va/ksjs esa ugh jgsaxsA-------- iq:”k o efgyk;sa Lora= gksaxs vkSj og nqfu;k esa fdlh ds fo:) Hkh

fuftRo dk;e ugha j[ksaxsA Iysx] gStk o pspd dh chekfj;k¡ ugha gksxh] u dksbZ csdkj gksxk vkSj u dksbZ ,s’kks&vkjke esa

yksVsxkA**10

Hkkjr xk¡oksa esa jgrk gSA tc rd ge mudk lq/kkj] iqu%fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl ugh djsaxs] ns’k dk fodkl ugh gks

ldrkA xka/khth us dgk Fkk] 11^^;fn Hkkjr dks fouk’k ls cpkuk gS rks lh<+h ds lcls fupys Hkkx ls ‘kq: djuk gksxkA ;fn




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fupyk Hkkx lM+k gqvk gS rks Åij vkSj chp ds fgLlksa ij fd;k x;k dke var esa fxj iM+sxkA xzke fodkl ds lanHkZ esa

‘kgj&xk¡o dk izfrjks/k eq[; leL;k gS& xk¡o dk ‘kks”k.k fgalk gSA**11 bl ‘kks”k.k us xka/khth dks ;g dgus ij etcwj fd;k

Fkk fd 12^^xk¡oksa dk [kwu ‘kgjksa dh bekjr esa yxk lhesaV gSA eSa pkgrk gwWa fd og [kwu tks ‘kgjksa dh varfM+;ksa eas cg jgk gS

og fQj xk¡oksa ds ‘kjhj esa okfil vk tk,A**12 xk¡o gekjs ns’k vkSj jkT; ds fodkl dk eq[; vk/kkj gS D;ksafd isM+ksa dh o`f)

ds fy, tM+ksa dk etcwr gksuk t:jh gSA xka/khth vkewy fodsUnzhdj.k pkgrs Fks ftls xzkeh.k thou dk iqu% fodkl gks

ldsA

5- xzke iqu%fuekZ.k%& egkRek xka/kh ds fy, xk¡okas dk iqu%fuekZ.k ,d eq[; dk;Z FkkA os dgk djrs Fks fd xzke fuekZ.k ds

fcuk Hkkjr dk fodkl laHko ugh gSA xka/khth izR;sd xk¡o dks ,d vkn’kZ xk¡o cukuk pkgrs FksA ijarq c<+rs vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa

if’pehdj.k ds izHkko Li:i xzkeh.k thou dks ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk FkkA os dgrs gSa& 13^^xzkeh.k Je ds bl

izdkj mB tkus ls xzkeoklh daxky gks jgs gSa] vkSj /kuh yksx ekynkj cu jgs gSA vxj dkQh yEcs vjls rd ;g Øe

pyrk jgk rks fdlh iz;Ru ds cxSj xk¡oksa dk uk’k gks tk,xkA**13

6- xzke lsok%& xzke lsok ds fy, xka/khth us jpukRed dke djus okys lsodksa ds fy, dqN mi;ksxh dk;ZØe cuk, gSaA

buesa dqN izeq[k dk;Z gSa& f’k{k.k] lQkbZ] vkjksX; dsanz] [kknh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vkfnA

xka/kh th dk ekuuk Fkk fd xk¡oksa esa f’k{kk dh cM+h vko’;drk gSA f’k{kk ds vHkko esa gh gekjs xk¡o lkekftd QwV]

tkfrokn vkSj ladqfpr nf”Vdks.k ds v[kkM+s cus gq, gSa vkSj blhfy, d”V Hkksx jgs gSaA f’k{kk ds }kjk gh bu cqjkb;ksa ls

NqVdkjk fey ldrk gSA blfy, tc rd xk¡o okys f’kf{kr u gksaxs] vius gd vkSj vf/kdkj u ys ldsaxsA blfy, xk¡oksa esa

f’k{kk izpkj lcls cM+h lsok gSA

blh izdkj ‘kjhj] ?kj vkSj ikl&iM+ksl dks LoPN j[kus ds fy, lQkbZ cgqr vko’;d gSA xk¡oksa esa rks ;g vkSj Hkh

t:jh gS] D;ksafd xk¡o esa ‘kgj dh Hkkafr ikuh cgus ds fy, u rks ukfy;k¡ gksrh gS vkSj u lQkbZ deZpkjhA xzke&lsod dks

lQkbZ lsok Lo;a djds xzkeokfl;ksa ds lkeus ,d vkn’kZ mifLFkr djuk pkfg,A

xzke lsod dks vkjksX; dsUnz Hkh pykus pkfg,A xka/khth dk fopkj Fkk fd MkWDVj cuus dh vis{kk xzke&lsod dks

jksxh dh lsoklqJq”kk ij vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A blds lkFk&lkFk xka/khth LoLFk jgus ds fy, la;e j[kuk vkSj O;luksa

dk R;kx cgqr vko’;d ekurs FksA

7- vkfFkZd fodsUnzh;dj.k& xka/khth ‘kfDr ds dsUnzhdj.k dks Hk; dh n`f”V ls ns[krs Fks] ‘kfDr dk dsanzh;dj.k fgalk dks

tUe nsrk gS] ‘kks”k.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA xka/khth dk fodsUnzhdj.k nsus dk eq[; mn~ns’; Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij

vkfFkZd dsUnzh;dj.k dks lekIr djuk FkkA muds vuqlkj vkfFkZd dsUnzh;dj.k] iwathifr oxZ dks tUe nsrk gS tks fd lekt

esa miyC/k L=ksr o ;ksX;rk dk ‘kks”k.k djrs gSaA vkfFkZd ‘kfDr dk dsUnzh;dj.k tc jktuhfrd ‘kfDr izkIr O;fDr ;k

laLFkk ds ikl igqap tkrk gS rks fujadq’k O;oLFkk dks tUe nsrk gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd os O;fDrxr :i ls jkT; ds gkFkk sa

ls fodsUnzh;dj.k dh ‘kfDr ysdj] bls VªLVhf’ki ds ek/;e ls forfjr djuk pkgrs FksA mudk fo’okl Fkk fd ;g fl)kar

vfgalkRed jkT; dh LFkkiuk dj ldsxkA




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c<+rs HkkSfrdokn rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.k us lEifRr ds dsUnzh;dj.k dks c<+k fn;k gSA cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksa esa vf/kd iwath

ls iwathifr dks vf/kd ykHk gks jgk gS vkSj mlesa rFkk Jfed ds e/; vlekurk c<+rh tk jgh gSA ;g leL;k dsoy iwath

ds lkFk gh ugha gS oju Hkwfe dh fefYd;r ds laca/k esa Hkh gSA tehankj Hkwfe dks Lo;a dh ekurk gS vkSj mlds ykHk dk vkSj

tks mls tksrrk gS mldk ‘kks”k.k djrk gSA vr% bl {ks= esa Hkh xk¡/kh th vkfFkZd fodsUnzh;dj.k djuk pkgrs FksA xk¡/kh th

dh VªLVhf’ki fl)kar bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd iwathifr vkSj tehankj lekt ds lkekU; fgr ds fy, viuh lafpr iwath

dk VªLV ds :i esa LFkkukarj.k dj nsaxsaA xk¡/kh th viuk iw.kZ /;ku tehankjksa o iwathifr;ksa ls uSfrd vihy ij nsrs gSa

ftlls jkT; }kjk de ls de ‘kfDr ds iz;ksx ls rFkk VªLVhf’ki ds ek/;e ls vkfFkZd fodsUnzh;dj.k gks ldsA vkfFkZd

lekurk ykus ds fy, xk¡/kh th ds vuqlkj /kfud dks lekIr djuk vko’;d ugha gS oju~ ml O;oLFkk dks ifjofrZr djuk

gksxk ftlesa /kfud dk;Z djrk gSA blds fy, xk¡/khth us VªLV dk lq>ko fn;k gS tks fd lEiw.kZ lekt ds fy, dk;Z

djsxhA

8- loksZn;%& VªLVhf’ki ds ek/;e ls xk¡/kh th lEifRr dk mi;ksx fdlh ,d ds fy, ugha oju~ lEiw.kZ lekt ds fy,

djuk pkgrs gSaA izR;sd O;fDr dks /ku o lEifRr dk mruk gh fgLlk ysus dk vf/kdkj gS ftrus ls mldh rkRdkfyd

vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gks ldsA xk¡/kh th mu yk[kksa yksxksa ds fgr ds fy, fpafrr Fks tks fd ekuoh; thou Lrj ls fuEu

thou O;rhr dj jgs gSaA xk¡/kh th lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dh mUufr ds fy, vkfFkZd n`f”V ls lEiUu yksxksa esa LoSfPNd

xjhch /kkj.k djus dh ;kstuk nsrs gSa] ftlls lEiw.kZ lekt ml ‘ks”k /ku dk mi;ksx dj ldsA

Hkys gh Lora=rk ds ckn xk¡oksa esa p¡gqeq[kh izxfr gqbZ gks ij xk¡/kh th us ftu pkj LraHkksa ij LoLFk xk¡o dh uhao

Mkyuh pkgh Fkh] og vc Hkh cgqr dqN misf{kr gSA f’k{kk esa cgqr gh ekewyh lq/kkj gqvk gS] lQkbZ esa lq/kkj cgqr gh de

gqvk gS] vkjksX; dsanz de gS vkSj cgqr egaxs gSa] xk¡/kh th ds vkn’kksZa ds fo:) ,yksiSFkh ¼vaxzsth nokvksa½ dk cksyckyk gS vkSj

xzkeks|ksx ij ljdkj dk visf{kr /;ku ugh x;k gSA

xk¡/kh th Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k laLÑfr dks igpkudj xzkeh.k fodkl ij fo’ks”k cy nsrs gq, Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k thou

dks y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa ls tksM+uk pkgrs Fks] gekjh ljdkj vkt Hkh ;g eglwl djrh gS fd ;fn Js”B Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k

djuk gS rks xzkeh.k thou dk mRFkku djuk gh iM+sxkA blfy, fiNyh vusd iapo”khZ; ;kstukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk xzkeh.k

fodkl ds fy;s ljdkj }kjk fy;s x;s fu.kZ; bl ckr dh ?kks”k.kk djrs gSa fd xk¡/khth dsoy vius lkekftd vkSj

jktuSfrd thou esa gh ugha cfYd muds vkfFkZd lksp vkSj fopkj Hkh gesa ubZ fn’kk nsrs gSaA

;|fi fiNys 71 o”kksZa esa Lora=rk vkSj yksdra= ds vusd :i ns[k pqds gSa ysfdu vkt Hkh thou dh folaxfr;ksa

ij fot; izkIr djus ds fy, lekt vkSj ns’k dk uofuekZ.k djrs gq, uSfrd vkSj vkfRed lacy izkIr djus ds fy, xka/kh

vkSj xk¡/khokn dh vksj ns[kuk gh iM+sxkA

lanHkZ xzaFk

1- www.studymode.com/essays/rwal-urban-linkages

2- MkW- Mh-lh- iar] Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl] i`-13




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3- gfjtu if=dk] 4 vizSy 1935 dk vad

4- ;ax bafM;k] 11 vxLr 1921 dk vad

5- lqjsUnz izlkn vxzoky&egkRek xka/kh fopkj&ohfFkdk

6- xk¡/khth gekjs xk¡okasa dk iqu% fuekZ.k] i`-&35

7- lqjsUnz izlkn vxzoky&egkRek xk¡/kh fopkj&ohfFkdk

8- gfjtu if=dk] 1 ekpZ 1934 dk vad

9- gfjtu if=dk] 16 ekpZ 1936 dk vad

10- ds-Mh- xaxjkMs& xk¡/kh th ds vkn’kZ vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl



13- egkRek xka/kh& gfjtu lsod] 26-06-1926] i`- 14




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Necessity And Importance Of Gandhi Philosophy In Cantemporary

Discussion ledkyhu foe”kZ esa xka/kh n”kZu dh vko”;drk vkSj egRo

MkW- eatqyk ik.Ms; lgk;d izk/;kid ¼fgUnh½

“kkl-ts-ih-oekZ LukrdksRrj dyk ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] ftyk&fcykliqj ¼NRrhlx<+½

Hkkjr dks vktkn gq, 72 o’kZ gks x, gSa] blfy, fczfV”k “kklu vkSj mls mrkj Qsadus ds fy,

jk’Vªh; vkanksyu dh O;fDrxr Lefr LokHkkfod :i ls /kqa/kyh iM+ xbZ gSA ysfdu blesa Hkkx ysus okyksa ds Lora= Hkkjr ds Hkfo’; ds ckjs esa dqN LoIu Fks vkSj bu LoIuksa dh izklafxdrk dHkh lekIr ugha gks ldrhA

egkRek xka/kh ds fparu esa *fgUn Lojkt* dk ogh LFkku vkSj egRo gS tks dkyZekDlZ ds fparu esa dE;wfuLV ?kks’k.kk i= dk] ckS) vkanksyu esa ctzlwph dk vkSj T;ksfrck Qwys ds fparu esa xjhch dkA bu lcesa ikjLifjd QdZ cgqr gS vkSj mudk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk ;gka mn~ns”; ugha gSA *fgUn Lojkt* dks fy[ks vkSj Nis 100 o’kZ ls vf/kd gks x, gSaA bl ,sfrgkfld dkj.k ls *fgUn Lojkt* dh izklafxdrk dh ppkZ xka/khokfn;ksa ds vykok nwljs yksx Hkh dj jgs gSaA ppkZ ds vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gSaA vkt Hkkjr ,d ,slh txg igqap x;k gS] ftls pkSjkgk] frjkgk vkfn ugha dg ldrs] cfYd lp ;g gS fd ogka ls dksbZ jkLrk fudyrk fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA ;ksa izk;% lHkh jktuhfrd ny muds lkFk turk ds yacs ;k laf{kIr jktuSfrd vuqHkoksa ds ckotwn ;g dg jgs gSa fd turk dks lgh jkLrs ij ogh ys tk ldrs gSa gkykafd turk mudks ij[k pqdh gSA vkt dh jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr dh ,d fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd fiNys nks rhu n”kdksa esa lHkh jktuSfrd ny dgha&u&dgha fdlh u fdlh :i esa “kklu dj jgs gSaA lcds vuqHko ,d tSls ugha jgs gSa] dsjy vkSj if”pe caxky esa okeiaFkh ekspsZ ds “kklu ds lkFk turk ds vuqHko vyx rjg ds gSa vkSj jkT;ksa esa ;k dsUnzksa esa Hkh dkaxzsl] Hkktik ds vykok {ks=h; nyksa ds Hkh vuqHko jgs gSaA QdZ ds ckotwn dqN yksx gSa tks turk dks ;g /kkj.kk nsrs jgrs gSa fd lHkh jktuSfrd ny ,d tSls gh gSaA turk okLro esa QdZ dk fo”ys’k.k ugha dj ikrh] blhfy, og fdadrZO;foew<+ gSA ;g iz”u tksjnkj <ax ls mB jgk gS fd D;k fodYi gS nf{k.k iaFk] okeiaFk] e/;e ekxZ ;k D;k \ usg: ekWMy] yksfg;k&t;izdk”k ekWMy ;k la?k ifjokj dk ekWMy \ xka/khokn] ekDlZokn ;k vacsMdjokn ;k vkSj dqN] dkSu turk dh t:jrksa dk lgh jkLrk fn[kk ldrk gSA

bl ifjfLFkfr esa dqN cps&[kqps xka/khoknh] loksZn;h] dkaxzslh vkfn xka/khth dh izklafxdrk crkrs gq, *fgUn Lojkt* dh Hkh ppkZ djrs gSaA ;ksa gdhdr ;g gS fd xka/kh vkSj *fgUn Lojkt* dh izklafxdrk crkus okys lkekftd&jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ vkSj usrk rFkk ,sls gh fo)rtuksa esa dksbZ xka/khth dh dlkSVh ij “kk;n gh xka/khoknh ds :i esa [kjk mrjsA *fgUn Lojkt* dks Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dk *xqVdk* le>us okys cgqr ls yksxksa us *fgUn Lojkt* dks i<+k gh ugha] ,slk eq>s yxrk gSA *fgUn Lojkt* ds leFkZdksa dks yxrk gS fd dE;wfuLV xka/khokn vkSj xka/khth ds fojks/kh gSa] ysfdu eSa eglwl djrk gwa fd *fgUn Lojkt* dh vusd LFkkiukvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ls cgqrsjs xka/kh&leFkZd Hkh lger ugha gks ldsaxsA nwljh rjQ vusd LFkkiukvksa ls dE;wufLV lger gks tk,axsA tSls ekDlZ us dgk Fkk fd eSa ekDlZoknh ugha gwa oSls gh xka/khth Hkh vius dks xka/khoknh ugha dgrs FksA eSa ;gka xka/khokn dh ppkZ ;k O;k[;k ugha




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dj jgk gwa] gka] fgUn Lojkt dh eq[; LFkkiukvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dh ppkZ vkSj O;k[;k djus dh dksf”k”k dj jgk gwaA

xka/kh us viuh vkRedFkk esa cM+h lgtrk vkSj Li’Vrk ls ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd os i<+kbZ esa feMhvksdj FksA tc xka/kh 1888 esa baXySa.M x, vkSj 1891 esa cSfjLVj cudj ykSVsA ogka foDVksfj;kbZ baXyS.M mlds eqDr lkekftd laca/kksa] cjkcjh ds fy, fL=;ksa dh vkdka{kk ls xka/kh dk ifjp; gqvk] tks muds O;fDrRo vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA viuh ijaijkxr i’BHkwfe ds izfr fu’Bkoku cus jgus dh dksf”k”k ds lkFk v/kZ”kkdkgkjh cus jgus dh vkxzg muesa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA nwljh vksj “kkdkgkj ls tqMs vkanksyuksa ds tfj;s mudk bZlkb;ksa vkSj mnkjokfn;ksa ls laidZ cuk ftlus muds eu esa ekuorkoknh T;ksfr tyk nhA mudh ;g ekU;rk cu xbZ fd izR;sd lPps /keZ esa ekuork dk lans”k fNik gSA baXyS.M esa gh mUgksaus U;wVsLVkeasV ds lkFk vaxzsth esa igyh ckj xhrk i<+hA lPph jk’Vªoknh Hkkoukvksa us Hkh “kk;n ;gha ij muds eu esa tM+sa tekuh “kq: dhA yanu esa gh os nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ds izR;sd lkoZtfud Hkk’k.k dks lquus tkrs FksA1

1893 esa xka/kh eseu QeZ] nknk vCnqYyk ,aM daiuh ds ekeys esa iSjoh ds fy, nf{k.k vkQzhdk jokuk gq,A ;gha mUgksaus igyh ckj Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds ekewyh vf/kdkjksa ds fy, vkanksyu “kq: fd;k vkSj ;gha mUgksaus igyh ckj xjhcksa dks vk/kqfud <ax ls bdV~Bk fd;kA Hkkjr esa vHkh rd ,slk ugha gqvk FkkA nf{k.k vkQzhdk izokl xka/kh dks u dsoy vkanksyu ds fy, vfirq bl ckr ds fy, fof”k’V cukrh gS og gS] jkstejkZ ds dk;Z vkSj la?k’kZ dks O;kid ekuoh; nf’V ls tksM+us dh mudh fujarj c<+rh O;xzrkA vuqHko] v/;;u] euu ds lkFk muds fy, mudk d’Vnk;d HkVdko pyrk jgkA og nwljkas dks tks le>krs Fks ml ij [kqn Hkh vey djus dk vkxzg djrs FksA ;gh vkxzg muds iz;klksa ds dsUnz esa gksrk Fkk vkSj blh ds dkj.k viuk vf/kdka”k vkRekuos’k.k fd;kA

xka/kh nf{k.k vkfQzdk esa 21 lky jgsA ;gha mudh fopkj/kkjk ds izeq[k rRoksa us :i fy;kA ;g vke /kkj.kk fujk/kkj gS fd muds fopkjksa dh tM+sa HkfDr vkSj vfgalk dh Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa gSA ;g ckr xka/kh ds vkRe dFkkRed ys[ku ls Hkh Li’V gks tkrh gS fd muds fopkjksa dk Jksr vk/kqfud ekuorkoknh vkSj “kkafroknh fopkj/kkjk gSA lcls igys ;s fopkj xka/kh }kjk ;wjksih; bZlkb;ksa ds lkFk lk/ks x, laidZ ls fo”ks’kdj 1890 ds n”kd esa mu rd igqapsA blesa “kkafr vkSj varjkZRek ds lans”k dks cy feykA ;g lans”k ml nkSjku VkyLVk; ds *bZlkbZ* ys[ku ds v/;;u ds tfj;s cM+s izsjd <ax ls mu rd igqapkA 1906 esa mUgksaus *jfLdu* dk *vUVw nh ykLV* i<+kA blls mUgksaus lcds dY;k.k dh loksZijh vko”;drk ¼muds }kjk bl iqLrd ds xqtjkrh vuqokn dk “kh’kZd Hkh loksZn; gS½ rFkk gkFk ls Je ds egRo dk fopkj xzg.k fd;kA fQj Hkh xka/kh th us VkyLVk; dk va/kkuqdj.k ugha fd;kA xka/khth dk vfgalk n`f’Vdks.k VkyLVk; ls dgha vf/kd vkxs gS D;ksafd xka/khth us vfgalk dks eu] opu vkSj deZ rhuksa ls Lohdkj fd;k tcfd VkyLVk; us vius dks dsoy deZ rd lhfer j[kkA2

bl le; ds xka/kh ds fopkjksa esa lektokn ds izfr fdlh Hkh rjg dk ljksdkj ¼ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed½ ugha >ydrkA vjktdrk dks Hkh cM+s ljy <ax ls fy;k x;k gSA yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ;k tgka “k=q cgqr rkdroj gS ogka jgus okyksa ij vfgald la?k’kZ vkSj le>kSrs dh rjdhcsa ykn nh xbZA jk’Vªokn rFkk ;wjksih; etnwj la?kokn ls bl rjg ds la?k’kZ ds midj.k fey x, tSls& gM+rky] ihdSfVax] ck;dkV] fuf’dz; izfrjks/k vkfnA nf{k.k vkfQzdk esa vR;ar vYila[;d Hkkjrh;ksa ds la?k’kZ esa bl rjg dk la;e t:jh FkkA ysfdu xka/kh ds fy, ;s fopkj nh?kZdkyhd j.kuhfr ls vkxs dh ckr gks x,A vfgalk vkSj lokSZn; “kkafriw.kZ lk/ku rFkk lHkh fgrksa dk ijLij leHkko muds iDds fo”okl cu x,A nfyrksa dks mBkuk Fkk vkSj vR;kpkfj;ksa dks le>kuk cq>kuk FkkA blh n`f’Vdks.k ds




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dkj.k xka/kh xjhcksa dh >ksifM+;ksa esa x,A fdlh vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; usrk us vHkh rd ,slk ugha fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k mUgsa nf{k.k vkfQzdk us iksyDl] dkysckp] lh-,Q-,aMª;wt tSls izcy ;wjksih; lkFkh feysA

1909 esa baXyS.M ls nf{k.k vkfQzdk tkrs gq, xka/kh us xqtjkrh esa *fgUn Lojkt* ¼Hkkjr esa viuk “kklu½ fudkykA ;g *laiknd* ds :i esa xka/kh vkSj ,d ikBd ds :i esa jsfMdy Hkkjrh; jk’Vªoknh ds chp laokn ds :i esa gSA blls mu fopkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ c[kku gksrk gS ftlds lkFk xka/kh us 1915 esa Hkkjr esa viuk dk “kq: fd;kA3

*fgUn Lojkt* fy[krs le; 1909 esa viuk vkdkj xzg.k djus ds fy, la?k’kZjr Hkkjr ns”k xka/kh ds fotu dk fof”k’V fgLlk FkkA jfoUnzukFk Bkdqj] ftuls og vHkh rd O;fDrxr :i ls ugha feys Fks] ds foijhr xka/kh ds eu esa jktuSfrd dk;Zokgh ds fy, jk’Vªokn dks laxBu fl)kar ds :i esa viukus esa dksbZ nqfo/kk ugha FkhA Bkdqj ds foijhr gh xka/kh ml le; dh Hkkjrh; jk’Vªoknh ifj;kstuk ds eq[; okgd ds :i esa dkaxzsl dks i;kZIr Js; nsrs FksA xka/kh us dgk fd viuh foQyrkvksa ds ckotwn dkaxzsl us iwjs Hkkjr dks jk’Vªokn dh Hkkouk ls vksrizk sr dj fn;k gSA mUgksaus dgk fd caxky izkar dks foHkkftr djus dh lkezkT;oknh j.kuhfr ds izfrmRrj esa caxky esa tks Hkkouk iSnk gqbZ gSA og mRrj esa iatkc rFkk nf{k.k esa dU;kdqekjh rd QSy xbZ gSA4

fczfV”k mifuos”kokn ds f[kykQ yksxksa dks xksycan djus ds fy, ,d Lyksxu vkSj vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa jk’Vªokn dh rkdr dks xka/kh us cgqr rsth ls igpku fy;kA ysfdu ,d laxfBr jktra= dh uSfrd oS|rk ds ckjs esa mudh “kadk cuh jghA ;g “kCn dkQh nsj rd xka/kh dh jktuSfrd “kCnkoyh esa ugha vk;kA ysfdu vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku dh “kCnkoyh esa ftls “kklu dgk tkrk gS mldk fgUn Lojkt esa dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gSA okLro esa xka/kh ds fopkj ls vk/kqfud “kklu bZ”oj dk LFkku ysus dh euq’; dh mn~naMrk gSA5

xka/kh ds fgUn Lojkt esa ,d ,sfrgkfld nf’V gSA lcls igys] ftlds tfj;s Hkkjr ij vaxzsth jkt dk;e gksus ds dkj.kksa vkSj mlds cus jgus dh fLFkfr;ksa dk ftdz gSA blesa egRoiw.kZ :i ls xkSj djus dh t:jr gSA ;gka xka/khth fdlh ?kVuk ;k ifj?kVuk ds ihNs fdlh HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr dks dkj.k ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ;g /;ku nsus yk;d gSA xka/khth dgrs gSa & **fgUnqLrku vaxzstksa us fy;k ;g ckr ugha gS] cfYd geus mUgsa fn;k gSA fgUnqLrku esa os vius cy ij ugha fVds gSa] cfYd geus mUgsa fVdk j[kk gSA og dSls lks ns[ksaA vkidks eSa ;kn fnykrk gwa fd gekjs ns”k esa os njvly O;kikj djus vk, FksA** xka/khth dguk pkgrs gSa fd ml le; ds Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd Hkwfedk usa vaxzstksa esa jkT; dk;e djus dh izsj.kk txkbZA xka/kh vkxs dgrs gSa daiuh yksxksa dh enn fdlus dhA mudh pkanh ns[kdj dkSu eksg esa iM+ tkrk Fkk \ mudk eky dkSu csprk Fkk \ bfrgkl lcwr nsrk gS fd ;g lc ge gh djrs FksA tYnh iSlk ikus ds eryc ls ge mudk Lokxr djrs Fks ge mudh enn djrs FksA6

fgUn Lojkt esa xka/kh dh bfrgkl nf’V esa ;g iz”u mBrk gS fd Lok/khurk dh psruk dk mn; Hkkjr esa dc] fdlds tfj;s gqvkA bl iz”u dk mRrj nsrs gq, xka/kh xksikyd`’.k xks[kys vkSj nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dk ftdz djrs gsSsaA mlds ckn dkaxzsl laxBu dks Js; nsrs gSa os dgrs gSa& **dkaxzsl us fgUn dks LojkT; dk jl p[kk;kA** blh ds lkFk ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd cax&Hkax ls tks /kDdk vaxzsth gqdqer dks yxk] oSlk vkSj fdlh dke ls ugha yxkA7 ;|fi xka/kh Lok/khurk ds psruk dk ;gka bfrgkl ugha fy[k jgs gSa] fQj Hkh ckr ,sfrgkfld <ax ls dgrs gSaA blhfy, fgUn Lojkt esa ;g ckr Hkh /;ku nsus yk;d gS fd xka/kh lu 1857 ds Lok/khurk la?k’kZ dk ftdz ugha djrs tcfd bfrgkldkj ;g crkrs gSa fd 1857 dk la?k’kZ Lok/khurk ds fy, Fkk vkSj og bruk tcjnLr Fkk fd vaxzsth jkT; dh pwysa fgy xbZ] ysfdu ;g Lok/khurk la?k’kZ xka/kh dh ijaijk dk ugha Fkk D;ksafd xka/khth la?k’kZ ds :i dks eq[;




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ekurs Fks ;kfu *lk/ku* “kq) gksuk pkfg, rHkh *lk/;* Hkh “kq) jgsxkA vFkkZr~ vfgalk dks mUgksaus la?k’kZ dk LFkk;h :i ekuk gSA ekuk gh ugha vius thou esa mUgksaus mldk ikyu Hkh fd;k gSA 1857 ds la?k’kZ ds lkFk ;g ckr ugha FkhA og lSfud fonzksg ls “kq: gksrk gSA bl fonzksg ds izfr xka/khth dk :[k vkxs ds Lok/khurk la?k’kksaZ esa dbZ ckj izdV gksrk gS tSls& 1930 esa is”kkoj esa x<+okyh lSfudksa us yky dqrhZokys fdlkuksa ij xksyh pykus ls budkj djds vfgalk dk ikyu fd;k ysfdu xka/khth us mudk leFkZu djus ds cnys dgk fd mUgksaus lsuk dk vuq”kklu rksM+k gSA8

blh izlax esa /;ku bl ckr ij tkrk gS fd vk/kqfud ;qx ds lkFk tks oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fodkl gqvk mlds izfr fgUn Lojkt esa xka/khth dk :[k D;k gSA bl fodkl ds vk/kkj ij fodflr lH;rk ds ckjs esa xka/khth dgrs gSa& ;g lH;rk fcxkM+ djus okyh gSA9 xka/khth dgrs gSa dksbZ lH;rk vkS|ksfxd lH;rk ugha gksrh gS] og rks iwthoknh lH;rk gksrh gS vkSj ;g lH;rk v/keZ gSA ;g ;wjksi esa brus ntsZ rd QSy xbZ gS fd ogka ds yksx vk/ks ikxy tSls fn[krs gSA10

;gha ij ;g le> ysuk izklafxd gksxk fd xka/khth ds fy, /keZ ds D;k vFkZ gSaA os dgrs gSa & eq>s /keZ I;kjk gS ysfdu /keZ dk vFkZ eSa fgUnw] eqfLye ;k tjFkqLVª /keZ ugha djrk ysfdu bu lc /keksaZa ds vanj tks /keZ gS ogh fgUnqLrku ls tk jgk gSA ge bZ”oj ls foeq[k gks jgs gSaA tkfgj gS xka/khth bZ”oj ds izfr vkLFkk vkSj fu’Bk dks gh /keZ ekurs FksA

xka/khth fgUn Lojkt esa ;g ugha ekurs fd Hkkjr esa jk’Vª dh psruk ;k le> vaxzstksa ds tfj;s ;k jsy ds tfj;s vkbZA os ekurs gSa fd Hkkjr esa jk’Vª dh psruk igys ls jgh gSA vkSj og jk’Vª bruk mnkj ,oa yphyk jgk gS fd nwljs /keksaZ vkSj jhfr&fjokt okys tks yksx ;gka vk,] mudk lekos”k Hkkjrh; jk’Vª us vius esa dj fy;kA fgUnqLrku ,slk gh Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh gSA

xka/khth lekt dh *lPph lH;rk* ds ckjs esa vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gSa & **lH;rk og vkpj.k gS] ftlls vkneh viuk QtZ vnk djrk gSA QtZ vnk djus ds ekuh gS uhfr dk ikyu djuk vkSj uhfr ds ikyu dk eryc gS vius eu vkSj bafnz;ksa dks cl esa j[kukA ;gh lH;rk gS vkSj blls tks mYVk gS og fcxkM+ djus okyk gSA**11

xka/khth us lR;kxzg vkSj vkRecy ij tksj fn;kA bldh viuh izklafxdrk Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh gSA vfgalk dh Hkh viuh vko”;drk gSA xka/khth dh ;g ckr cgqr lgh gS fd **tks ryokj pykrs gSa mudh ekSr ryokj ls gh gksrh gSA** xka/khth rqylh dh mfDr m)r djrs gSa%&

n;k /kje dks ewy gS] iki ewy vfHkekuA rqylh n;k u NkfM+, tc yfx ?kV esa izkuAA fgUn Lojkt esa xka/khth vkSipkfjd f”k{kk ls T;knk t:jh O;kogkfjd f”k{kk dks ekurs gSaaA

lk{kjrk ls ysdj mPp f”k{kk ds ckjs esa xka/khth dk :[k ,d tSlk gSA mUgha ds “kCnksas esa ns[ksa & **vc mWaph f”k{kk dks ysa eSa Hkwxksy fo|k lh[kk] [kxksy fo|k lh[kk] cht xf.kr Hkh vk x;k] js[kkxf.kr dk Kku Hkh eSausa gkfly fd;k] HkwxHkZ fo|k dks Hkh ih x;kA ysfdu mlls D;k ! mlls eSaus dkSu lk viuk Hkyk fd;k \ vius vklikl ds yksxksa dk D;k Hkyk fd;k \ fdl edln ls eSaus ;g Kku gkfly fd;k \**12 bu iz”uksa dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ;s fo|k,a fujFkZd gSaA xka/khth ds eu esa eq[; ckr ;g gS fd Kku dk pfj= vkSj mi;ksx lkekftd gksuk pkfg,A ;fn Kku dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk ugha gS rks fQj tu ds fy, Kku fdl dke dk \

xka/khth ekr`Hkk’kk vkSj viuh Hkk’kk dks lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ vkSj t:jh ekurs gSaA xka/kh us jk’Vª ds fy, ,d Hkk’kk uhfr & 1- ekrHkk’kk] 2- fgUnqLrku dh ,d nwljh Hkk’kk vkSj 3- fgUnh lcds




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fy,A os ;s Hkh dgrs gSa fd lHkh Hkk’kkvksa dks mTtoy vkSj Hkkonkj cukuk pkfg,A os dgrs gSa & **dqN fgUnqvksa dks vjch vkSj dqN eqlyekuksa vkSj ijkfl;ks a dks laLdr lh[kuh pkfg,A mRrj vkSj if”peh fgUnqLrku ds yksxksa dks rfey lh[kuh pkfg,A lkjs fgUnqLrku dks tks Hkk’kk pkfg, og rks fgUnh gh gksuh pkfg,A13

fgUn Lojkt dh izklafxdrk ij fopkj djrs gq, ;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;g iqLrd 1909 esa fy[kh xbZ FkhA rc xka/khth nf{k.k vkfQzdk esa dke djds vuqHko izkIr fd, Fks] Hkkjr esa ugha] vkSj ;g muds futh vuqHko vkSj eu dk bt+gkj FkkA Hkkjr vkus ds ckn vkxs pydj xka/khth us VªLVhf”ki dk fl)kar fn;k tks fgUn Lojkt ds lw=ksa dks vkxs c<+krk gSA xka/khth us fgUn Lojkt dh ,sfrgkfld lhekvksa dk Hkh ftdz fd;k gS] mu ij Hkh /;ku nsus dh t:jr gSaA ;fn xka/khth fgUn Lojkt 1948 esa fy[krs rks mldk Loj dqN fHkUu gksrk D;ksafd rc ns”k uofuekZ.k ds nkf;Ro ls izsfjr gksdj dk;Zdze cukuk eq[; gksrkA tSls mUgksaus dgk fd nqfu;k ls dg nks fd xka/kh vaxzsth ugha tkurk oSls gh ;g Hkh dgrs fd vkRefuHkZjrk ds fcuk Lora=rk fVd ugha ldrhA mUgksaus dgk Fkk tehankjh mUueqyu ds fy, eqvkotk D;ksa \ bu lcls muds fparu dh fn”kk dk irk pyrk gSaA lanHkZ lwph %& 1- bjQku gchc& jk’Vªh; vkanksyu fopkj/kkjk vkSj bfrgkl] izdk”kd& lger] 2011] i’B dz-& 7&8A 2- bdcky ukjk;.k & izfrfuf/k jktuhfrd fopkjd] izdk”kd & f”koyky vxzoky ,aM daiuh] f}rh;

laLdj.k] 1979] i’B dz& 575A 3- bjQku gchc& jk’Vªh; vkanksyu fopkj/kkjk vkSj bfrgkl] izdk”kd& lger] 2011] i’B dz-& 12A 4- lh-MCY;w-,e-th-& fgUn Lojkt vkSj bafM;u gkse:y] okY;we 10oka] i’B& 13A 5- lqdqekj eqjyh/kj.k & vkys[k] *jk’Vª”kklu] /keZ vkSj flfoy lekt] xka/kh vkSj jktuhfr dh

vk/kqfudrk*] iqLrd & xka/kh ,d iqufoZpkj] izdk”kd& lger izFke laLdj.k & 2004 i’B dz & 7A 6- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 36A 7- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 25&26A 8- [kxsUnz Bkdqj] vkys[k&fgUn Lojkt vkt] if=dk& vkykspuk] “kgL=kCnh vad 2010] i’B dz-&

24&25A 9- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 32A 10- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 36A 11- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 55A 12- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 68A 13- fgUn Lojkt] NBoka laLdj.k i’B & 81A




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Seven Decade Of Independence And Commemoration On The Pretent Of

Gandhi Vision

**xka/kh n`f’V ds cgkus vktknh ds lkr n”kd vkSj Le`fr “ks’k** MkW- “kqHkzk feJk

lgk;d izk/;kid ¼jktuhfr½ “kkl- enuyky “kqDyk egkfo|ky;]

lhir] ftyk&fcykliqj ¼NRrhlx<+½

Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn ds lkr n”kdksa dk bfrgkl vusd izfdz;kvksa vkSj ifjorZuksa ls Hkjk gSA buesa dkSu lh izfdz;k,a ,slh gSa] tks lrgh gSa] ftudk egRo fdUgha oxksZa ;k leqnk;ksa rd lhfer gS] tks tulk/kkj.k ds thou dks ugha Nqrha \ blds foijhr dkSu lh izfdz;k,a ,slh gS] ftlesa Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj mldh lH;rk esa] vf/kdka”k Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh thou “kSyh esa LFkkbZ] xaHkhj vkSj nwjxkeh ifjorZuksa dh laHkkouk,a fufgr gSa \ eq>s yxrk gS ;s iz”u vHkh Hkh cqf)thfo;ksa ds fparu vkSj “kks/k] fopkj vkSj laokn rFkk fopkj”khy i=dkjksa dh xaHkhj ppkZ ds ,tsaMs esa “kkfey ugha gq, gSaA lu~ 1941 esa jfoUnzukFk VSxksj us fy[kk Fkk & **dky dk pdz ,d fnu vaxzstkas dks Hkkjrh; lkezkT; NksM+us ds fy, foo”k dj nsxk ijarq vius ihNs os fdl rjg dk fgUnqLrku NksM+ tk,axs \ fujk daxky vkSj cngky \ tc mudk lfn;ksa dk “kklu ra= lekIr gks tk,xk rc os vius ihNs dSlh xanxh] dhpM+ vkSj dq:irk NksM+ tk,axs\**1 lu~ 1947 esa vktknh dk reke mYykl Hkh vkSifuosf”kd fjDr ds ml dq:i ;FkkFkZ dks Nqik ugha ldrk Fkk ftls fgUnqLrku us fojklr ds :i esa ik;k Fkk& daxkyh] dhpM+ vkSj dq:irk dk ;FkkFkZA Lojkt ds mu LoIuksa dks ftlus dh Lok/khurk lsukfu;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa dks izsfjr fd;k Fkk vkSj ftls Hkkjr dh turk us le>uk “kq: fd;k Fkk] mls dksjs dkxt ij fdz;kfUor djuk ugha Fkk vfirq ,d ,sls lekt ds lanHkZ esa lkdkj djuk Fkk tks 200 o’kksZa ds vkSifuosf”kd “kklu ds }kjk vkfFkZd jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd :i ls iwjh rjg ttZj gks pqdk FkkA vU; {ks=ksa dh rjg vkfFkZd {ks= esa Hkh vaxzsth “kklu us fgUnqLrku dks cgqr cny fn;k FkkA fQj Hkh tks cnyko gq, mlesa flQZ **vYi fodkl ds fodkl** dks gh LFkkfir fd;k FkkA m|ksx] d`f’k] ifjogu] lapkj] foRr] rduhd] iz”kklu vkfn ds {ks= esa tks Hkh ifjorZu gq, mlls Hkkjr dh Nfo ,d fodflr iw athoknh ns”k ds :i esa ugha cu ikbZ cfYd blds Bhd mYVk vkSifuossf”kd vkfFkZd <kapk gh vf/kd etcwr gqvk ftlus xjhch] vYifodkl vkSj lef) jk’Vªksa ij fuHkZjrk dks c<+k fn;k A vkSifuosf”kd <kapk njvly ns”k ds fodkl esa eq[; Ckk/kk cu x;kA fodkl dh tks Hkh “kfDr;ka iSnk gqbZ Fkh og mifuos”kokn dh ugha cfYd jk’Vªh; vkanksyu vkSj fofo/k {ks=ksa esa Hkkjrh; turk ds la?k’kksaZ dh mit FkhA2 1947 dh vusd foMacuk,a bl rF; ds }kjk izrhfdr gks jgh Fkh fd tc iwjk ns”k vktknh dh izFke nhfIr dh [kqf”k;ka euk jgk Fkk rc lcls vyx gVdj xka/khth] tks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa jktuhfr esa tks dqN Hkh loksZRre Fkk mldk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys O;fDr Fks] uQjr ls ttZj cax ns”k dh ;k=k dj jgs Fks vkSj mu yksxksa dks lkaRouk iznku djus dh dksf”k”k dj jgs Fks tks va/k&lkaiznkf;d tsgkn ds f”kdkj gks x, Fks vkSj vktknh dh dher pqdk jgs FksA3




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Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke ds usrk vkSj Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; ds laLFkkid ,d ,slh Lora= jk’Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh dYiuk ls izHkkfor Fks tks vk/kqfud rduhd] lkekftd U;k; vkSj len`f’V ij vk/kkfjr FkhA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo”oO;kih ifjisz{; esa fodflr fd;k tkuk FkkA mls vyx&Fkyx vkRedsfUnzr vgara= ugha vfirq fo”o&vFkZO;oLFkk dk vfofNUu vax cu tkuk FkkA iz”u Fkk& fo”o&vFkZO;oLFkk ls fdl izdkj dk ,dhdj.k gks \ vkt izR;sd izcq) Hkkjroklh ;g iz”u iwN jgk gS fd vktknh ds ckn mHkjs gq, fodkl vkSj jk’Vª fuekZ.k ds voljksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa dk esjs ns”k vkSj esjs ns”kokfl;ksa us ¼ftlesas “kkld oxZ vkSj lk/kkj.k tu nksuksa “kkfey gSa½ D;k ykHk mBk;k \ D;k gekjk fiNys lkr n”kdksa dk bfrgkl laHkkoukvksa dks miyfC/k;ksa esa cnyus dh dksf”k”k dk bfrgkl gS ;k og ,d ds ckn ,d voljksa dks [kks nsus ;k gkFk ls tkus nsus dk bfrgkl gS \ bu iz”uksa dk larks’kizn mRrj ,slh tkap iM+rky ls gh fey ldrk gS] tks dsoy jktdh; lkaf[;dh ij vk/kkfjr u gks cfYd lHkh izns”kksa] oxksZa] leqnk;ksa] iq:’k ,oa ukjh] f”k”kq] ;qok ,oa o;Ld tu vkfn ds thou ds lq{e fujh{k.k vkSj muds *fQYModZ* ds }kjk lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr gksA lkFk gh mij cSBs gq, izcq)tuksa dh jk; ;k vuqeku ij vk/kkfjr u gks cfYd ftlesa Lo;a tulk/kkj.k dh jk;] vius vuqHko] vius izR;{k cks/k dk Hkh lekos”k gksA ;kfu tks izcq)tu vkSj cgqtu ds nksrjQk laokn ij vk/kkfjr gksA bl rjg dh nksrjQk laokn dh igy u rks lekt oSKkfudksa us dh gS u fefM;k us vkSj u jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa us vkSj u lkaLd`frd dfeZ;ksa us gh ,slh igy dh gSA blfy, vkt ;g vfuok;Z gks x;k gS fd **vktknh ds 7 n”kd ds ckn Hkkjr fd/kj \** bl iz”u ij tks Hkh jk’Vªh; laokn gks mlesa Hkkjr dh vkarfjd izfdz;kvksa dks dsUnz esa vo”; j[kk tkuk pkfg,A xka/kh ds er esa fons”kh mifuos”kokn vkSj vkarfjd mifuos”kokn ,d gh leL;k ds ,d&nwljs ls vfHkUu :i ls tqMs nks igyw gSaA xka/kh dk dguk Fkk fd ge ,d tfy;kokykckx ds ujlagkj ds fy, ftEesnkj vR;kpkjh vkSj u`”kal tujy Mk;j dh HkrZLuk rks djrs gSa ysfdu lfn;ksa ls nfyrksa vkSj vLi”;ks a ij ukjdh; ;krukvksa vkSj vR;kpkjksa ds :i esa vufxur tfy;kaokykckx dkaM jpus okys *fgUnw Mk;jksa* dks ge vius fdlh Hkh U;k; iz.kkyh ;k n.M lafgrk vkSj fo/kku ls ,dne eqDr j[kk gSA bu vufxur dk.Mksa dks bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls feVk fn;k x;k] D;ksafd bfrgkl jpus okys bu *fgUnw Mk;jksa* ds oxZ vkSj tkfr ds gh jgs gSa] buds vR;kpkjksa ds f”kdkj oxZ vkSj tkfr ls ugha tks v{kj Kku ls Hkh oafpr j[ks x,] izoafpr fd, x,A ,sls vU;k; dks jksdus ds ctk; mu ij inkZ Mkyus dh ijaijk us gh ;g fLFkfr iSnk dh Fkh fd “kksf’kr vkSj nfyr tkfr;ksa dk cM+k fgLlk fgUnw lekt ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ls ugha oju fons”kh fczfV”k “kkldksa ls gh vius eqfDr laxzke esa lgk;d gksus dh mEehn yxkus ij foo”k gqvk FkkA4 blh lanHkZ esa xka/kh dk ;g dFku vR;ar lkFkZd Fkk fd fons”kh xqykeh ls lpeqp esa vkSj iwjh rjg eqfDr dh vfuok;Z “krZ gS] nfyrksa vkSj “kksf’krksa ds vanj ds izHkqrk”kkyh oxksaZ vkSj tkfr;ksa rFkk ukfj;ksa dh iq:’k iz/kku lekt dh xqykeh ls eqfDr dh izfdz;k rst djus dk iz;klA ;kfu nwljs “kCnksa esa fgUnw /keZ] lekt vkSj laLd`fr ds vanj dh tM+rkvksa] dqjhfr;ksa] fo’kerkvksa vkSj neudkjh O;oLFkkvksa ds izfrjks/k vkSj mueas lq/kkj dh izfdz;kvksa dks rst vkSj l”kDr djus dh igy vly esa Lok/khurk ds fy, tehu rS;kj djsxhA xka/kh dh nf’V esa jk’Vªh; Lok/khurk vkSj lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj ifjorZu ds dk;Zdze ,d nwljs ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+s gq, FksA5




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iz”u mBrk gS fd vkt dk uo&e/;e oxZ jk’Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl dk;Zdze dks lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj ifjorZu ds dk;Zdze ls dkVdj D;k mlh Hkwypwd dks ugha nksgjk jgk gSA tks ns”k dks u, fo[kaMu vkSj fo?kVu ds jkLrs esa ys tk jgk gS\ xka/kh ds if”pe fojks/k dk igyk ewy izsj.kk Jksr ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa dh ekufld Lok;Rrk vkSj ns”kt ekSfydrk dks fQj ls txkuk Fkk] rks nwljk ewy izsj.kk Jksr Fkk u, ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ifjorZu dh izfdz;kvksa dks Lohdkj djuk vkSj e/; ;qxhu :f<+;ksa dk vLohdkjA ;kfu Lo;a Hkkjr ds ijaijkxr lekt vkSj laLd`fr ds tM+hHkwr Lo:i dh orZeku thou ds vkxzgksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds lanHkZ esa fueZe leh{kk] ;gh xka/kh dh fojklr gSA xka/kh dk if”peh fojks/k iwoZ ds tM+hHkwr lekt vkSj laLd`fr dk vkn”khZdj.k] feFkdhdj.k ,oa ;kSfDrdhdj.k ¼jsluSykbZts”ku½ dnkfi u FkkA6 xka/kh fgUnw lekt ds iqu:RFkkuoknh ¼fjokbosfyLV½ dnkfi u Fks ftl izdkj mUgsa Hkkjr ds lrgh ;wjksih;dj.k ij vkifRr Fkh mlh izdkj mUgksaus bl ckr dks ekuus ls lkQ budkj fd;k Fkk fd **Hkkjr ds lkeus ,d gh fodYi gS] izkphu vk;Z ijaijk dh rjQ okil ykSVukA** mudh Li’V jk; Fkh fd cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk fgUnw /keZ vkSj fgUnw lekt dks Hkh u flQZ cnyuk vfuok;Z gS cfYd if”peh lekt ds ifjorZu] tks fgrdkjh gSa] mUgsa Lohdkj djuk gksxk] mudk ykHk mBkuk gksxkA7 xka/kh us dgk Fkk& **foosd ij fdlh ,d egk}hi ;k tkfr dk ,dkf/kdkj ugha gSA eSa [kq”kh ls ekurk gwa fd vPNkbZ dh ,d ubZ “kfDr dk izknqHkkZo if”pe esa gqvk gS] tks gekjs fy, fgrdj gSA8 lkaiznkf;drk ls xka/khth ds vVwV fojks/k vkSj mlds f[kykQ mlds la?k’kksaZ ds fo’k; esa ge vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSaA blds vfrfjDr mUgksaus gj rjg dh lkaiznkf;drk] fgUnw] eqfLye ;k flD[k lkaiznkf;drk dk fojks/k fd;kA tuojh 1942 esa mUgksaus fy[kk& **/keZ ds dkj.k euq’; dks euq’; ls ckaVus dks eSa xyr ekurk gwa-------A9 mUgksaus bl cqfu;knh lkaiznkf;d ekU;rk dk Hkh [kaMu fd;k fd fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds jktuSfrd vkfFkZd fgr blfy, tqnk gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd os vyx&vyx /keksaZ ds vuq;k;h gSaA 1942 esa mUgksaus fy[kk & **jktLo] lQkbZ] iqfyl] U;k; vFkok tulqfo/kkvksa ds bLrseky ds ekeys esa fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa D;k varj gks ldrk gS \ varj dsoy /kkfeZd izFkkvksa vkSj fdz;kdykiksa dks ysdj gks ldrk gSA ftuls /keZfujis{k “kklu dk dqN ysuk nsuk ugha gksrkA10 mUgksaus vkxs dgk] **gesa /kkfeZd cgqla[;dksa vkSj vYila[;dksa ds tgj ls ckgj fudyuk pkfg,A “kklu dk tgka rd loky gS] fdlh ikjlh dk fgr fdlh fgUnw ;k eqlyeku ds fgr ls dSls vyx gSa \11 nks jk’Vª ds fl)kar dk [k.Mu djrs gq, mUgksaus 1940 esa fy[kk& **,d caxkyh eqlyeku ogh Hkk’kk cksyrk gS tks caxkyh fgUnw cksyrk gS vkSj ogh [kkuk [kkrk gSA mlds fgUnw iMksfl;ksa tSls gh mlds euksjatu ds lk/ku gSaA os ,d tSls diM+s igurs gSaA nf{k.k ds xjhcksa tks fd okLro esa Hkkjr ds vkoke gSa esa Hkh ogh ckr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA**12 xka/khth ukxfjd Lora=rkvksa ls iwjh rjg izfrc) Fks bl ckjs eas muds nks dFku egRoiw.kZ gSA tuojh 1922 esa mUgksaus fy[kk& **vius y{; dh vksj vkxs c<+us ls igys gesa eqDr vfHkO;fDr vkSj eqDr la?k dk vf/kdkj nsuk pkfg,A gesa viuk thou nsdj Hkh bu vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A** ckn esa mUgksaus Li’V fd;k fd bu izkFkfed vf/kdkjksa dk D;k eryc gS& **cksyus dh vktknh dk eryc gS fd ;fn og vkgr djs rks Hkh ml ij vk?kkr u fd;k tk,A izsl dh vktknh dk lEeku rHkh gqvk ekuk tk,xk tc izsl dM+h fVIi.kh dj lds vkSj ekeyksa dks xyr :i esa j[kus ds fy, Hkh Lora= gksA la?k dh vktknh dk lEeku rHkh gqvk ekuk tk,xk tc yksxksa dh lHkk,a dzkafrdkjh




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ifj;kstukvksa ij ppkZ dj ldsA--------- Lojkt] f[kykQr vkSj iatkc ds fy, la?k’kZ lcls igys bl 3 rjg dh vktknh ds fy, la?k’kZ FkkA**13 vktknh ds 72 osa o’kZ esa izos”k djus ds ckn Hkh jk’Vª fuekZ.k okyh cgqr lkjh udkjkRed izofRr;ka gky ds o’kksaZ esa mHkjh gSaA le; ds lkFk jk’Vªh; Hkkouk,a detksj iM+rh tk jgh gSaA ;kstuk rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl esa fuf”pr lQyrk ds ckotwn Hkkjr fodflr iwathoknh ns”kksa ls viuh vkfFkZd nwjh de djus esa vleFkZ jgk gSA gesa vkS|ksfxd dzkafr ds bl uohu nkSj esa ihNs NwV tkus dk Mj gSA Hkkjr /keZ fujis{krk ds fcuk ,d laxfBr rFkk etcwr jk’Vª ugha cu ldrk gSaA vkt laiznk;okn dk cksyckyk gS tcfd dqyfeykdj Hkkjrh; jkT; /keZ fujis{k jgk gSA lekt rFkk /keZ vf/kdkf/kd lkaiznkf;d gksrs tk jgs gSaA {ks=h; vlekurk ,d laHkkfor **VkbZe&ce* dh rjg gSA ftlls jk’Vªh; ,drk rFkk jktuSfrd fLFkjrk dks [krjk gSA ns”k dh laLFkkxr lajpuk /khjs&/khjs detksj gqbZ gS vkSj vkt cgqr cqjh fLFkfr esa gSA jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa xfrjks/k vk;k gS] og Hkz’Vkpkj rFkk *iSls dh rkdr* dh f”kdkj gSA jktuhfr ds bl v/k%iru dk ,d y{k.k gS jktuhfrd cgl dks dk;Zdze vkSj uhfr;ksa ls gVkdj O;fDrxr vkSj xkS.k eqn~nksa esa my>k nsukA “kklu O;oLFkk dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vYidkyhd vFkok dkepykm n`f’Vdks.k viuk;k tkrk gSA ,d vU; ekSfyd n`f’V ls Hkh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk nks’kiw.kZ gSA fupys djksM+ksa yksxksa dh jktuSfrd izfdz;k esa lk>snkjh dqN o’kksaZ ds ckn ernku rd gh lhfer gSA lkekU;r% os lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd {ks=ksa esa fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh izfdz;k dks izHkkfor djus vFkok mls vius i{k esa djus esa vleFkZ jgs gSaA ,d Lora= vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj U;k;iw.kZ lekt gh Lora=rk dh j{kk dj ldrk gS tSls& iafMr tokgj yky usg: ckj&ckj dgk djrs Fks& **ge ,d [krjukd ;qx esa th jgs gSa tgka flQZ rkdroj vkSj laxfBr gksdj gh thfor jg ldrs gSa vkSj viuh Lora=rk dks dk;e j[k ldrs gSaA** milagkj ds rkSj ij eSa fQj ,d ckj xka/kh dks mn~/kr djuk pkgwaxh fd f”kf{kr oxZ vkSj lk/kkj.k tu] e/;e oxZ] fdlku] etnwj ds vyxko esa ns”k dh =klnh dh dqath gksrh gSA xka/kh th fd ;g ewy le> vkt ds Hkkjr ds fy, Hkh mruh gh thokar vkSj izklafxd gS] ftruh muds thou dky ds Hkkjr vkSj muds ckn ds 7 n”kdksa ds fy, gSA bl vyxko vkSj varfoZjks/k ls vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tq>uk xka/khth dh ;qxkardkjh ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kuk gSaA bl vyxko vkSj Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa muesa xq.kkRed ifjorZu ykdj gh Hkkjr dh mUufr vkSj fodkl ds fy, u, f{kfrt [kqysaxs] ;gh lcd gekjk fiNys 7 n”kdksa dk bfrgkl gesa lh[kkrk gSA ;gh xka/khth ds lans”k dk vlyh vFkZ Hkh gS vkSj blh esa Hkkjr ds Hkkoh ifjorZuksa dh dqath gSA var esa eSa ;g dguk pkgwaxh& **lcls [krjukd gksrk gS gekjs liuksa dk ej tkukA**

&ik”k& lanHkZ %&

1- jfoUnzukFk VSxksj] 1941 esa viuh eR;q ds 3 efgus iwoZA 2- fofiu panz] ledkyhu Hkkjr] vukfedk ifCyllZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ izkbZosV fyfeVsM] fnYyh]

laldj.k 2001] ist& 25A 3- fofiu panz] ledkyhu Hkkjr] vukfedk ifCyllZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ izkbZosV fyfeVsM] fnYyh]

laldj.k 2001] ist& 29A 4- iwjupan tks”kh] Loiu vkSj ;FkkFkZ] jktdey izdk”ku] ist ua-& 42&43A




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5- iwjupan tks”kh] Loiu vkSj ;FkkFkZ] jktdey izdk”ku] ist ua-& 43A 6- n dysDVsM oDlZ vkSj egkRekxka/kh ds laiknd ds “kCnA 7- n dysDVsM oDlZ vkSj egkRekxka/kh ds laiknd ds “kCnA 8- iwjupan tks”kh] Loiu vkSj ;FkkFkZ] jktdey izdk”ku] ist ua-& 41A 9- gfjtu] 25-01-1942 lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 75] i’B& 237] blds igys 1930 esa mUgksaus fy[kk

Fkk&**dkaxzsl esa ge dsoy fgUnw ;k eqlyeku ;k flD[k] ikjlh] blkbZ] ;gwnh gksuk can djsaA ge vius vius /keksaZ dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu djsa ysfdu dkaxzsl esa ge lcls igys vkSj lcls var esa Hkkjrh; gh jgsaA** ;ax bafM;k] 09-01-1930] lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 42 i’B 379A

10- gfjtu] 25-01-1942 lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 75] i’B& 237A 11- gfjtu] 25-01-1942 lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 75] i’B& 238A 12- gfjtu] 06-04-1940 lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 41] i’B& 388A 13- ;ax bafM;k] 05-01-1922 vkSj 12-01-1922] lh MCY;w esa] okY;we 22 i’B 142]176]177A




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egkRek xka/kh vkf.k xzkeLojkT; izk- MkW- jktsanzizlkn iVys

dyk okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] isVªksy iai] tokgjuxj]

HkaMkjk- Ekks- ua- 9422343684

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ffnnyyssyyss vvff//kkddkkjj]] nnss''kkkkrr llRRrrssPP;;kk ffooddss aannzzhhddjj..kkkkoojj ffnnyyssyykk HHkkjj]] nnkk##ccaannhh ddjj..kk ss ddkkGGkkpphh xxjjtt rrllsspp xxzzkkeeiiaappkk;;rrhhppss oo xxzzkkeellHHkk ssppss ookk<<rrss eeggRRoo iikkggwwuu xxkkaa//kkhhtthhaaPP;;kk ffooppkkjjkkaauukk UU;;kk;; ffeeGGkkYY;;kkppkk vvkkuuaann ookkVVrrkkss-- xxzzkkeeLLoojjkkTT;;kkpphh ffddaaookk jjkkeejjkkTT;;kkpphh llaaddYYiiuukk uuSSffrrddrrssPP;;kk nnff""VVddkkssuukkrrwwuu xxkkaa//kkhhtthhaauuhh eekk aaMMyyssyyhh vvllyyhh rrjjhh ;;kkpphh vvkkiiYY;;kk yykkssdd''kkkkgghhPP;;kk ;;''kkLLoohhrrssllkkBBhh vvkkoo'';;ddrrkk HHkkkkllrrkkaauukk ffnnllwwuu ;;ssrrss-- [[kk ssMM;;kkyykk nnss''kkkkPP;;kk ffooddkkllkkppkk ddss aannzzffccaannww eekkuuwwuu xxkkaa//kkhhtthhaauuhh xxzzkkeeLLoojjkkTT;;kkpphh llaaddYYiiuukk eekkaaMMyyhh-- ^ LLoojjkkTT;; ** ;;kk llaaddYYiiuussyykk HHkkkkjjrrkkee//;;ss llooZZiizzFFkkee xxkk aa//kkhhtthhaauuhhpp ttuullkkeekkUU;;kkppkk vvkkff..kk yykk ssdd''kkkkgghhppkk llaannHHkk ZZ iizzkkIIrr dd##uu ffnnyykk-- vkt [kktxhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k] tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k dkGkr fVdkdkj egkRek xka/khthaP;k fopkjkoj fVdk djr vlys rjhgh vkt ns'kkr fodklkps dks.krsgh ekWMsy gs xka/kh fopkj lj.khus izsjhr vlY;kps fnlqu ;srs laiw.kZ tx xka/khP;k xzkeLojkT; ladYiusdMs vkn'kZrsus ikgrs- ts Hkkjrkr izR;;kl vkys- tls dh v..kk gtkjsaP;k jkGsx.kfl/nhpk fodkl] iksiVjko iokjkaps fgojs cktkj b- xkos vkt laiq.kZ txHkjkr izfl/nhl vkgsr- txHkjkrwu yksd ;sFks ;sÅu xzkefodklkpk vH;kl djrkr- gh xkos xka/khthaP;k xzkeLojkT; ladYiusP;k fopkjkaP;k izsj.ksrwu ?kMysyh vkgsr- fcgkj lkj[ks jkT; vkt O;lukf/kursiklwu okp.;klkBh laiq.kZ nk:canhpk fu.kZ; ?ksrs- 73 oh o 74 oh ?kVuknq:Lrh iapk;rjkt l{kehdj.klkBh dj.;kr vkyh- egkRek xka/khP;k fopkjkaP;k izsj.ksrwu laiq.kZ ns'kHkj LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku jkcoys tkr vkgs- fofo/k fo|kihBkarwu izkS<f'k{k.kkpk izlkj] izpkj dk;Z lq: vkgs- y?kq] xzkem|ksaxklkBh loyrhps /kksj.k] vkjksX; fo"k;d dk;Zdze] egkjk"Vªkr egkRek xka/kh raVkeqDrh vfHk;ku ts xkokrhy yksdkae/;s 'kkarrk o lkSnk;kZps laca/k Bso.;kl iqjd vkgsrr rs egkRek xka/khaP;k xzkeLojkT; ladYiusph QyJqrh vkgs- ns'kkrhy 70% turk [ksM;kae/;s jkgrs R;kauk R;kaP;k leL;srqu eqDr djko;kps vlsy rj vf/kdkf/kdi.ks egkRek xka/khaP;k xzkeLojkT; ladYiusph izsj.kk ?ksowu [ksMh Lo;aiq.kZ >kyh ikfgtsr -eeggkkRReekk xxkk aa//kkhhtthhaaPP;;kk eerrss SSaanniittaattiioonn iiss mmoorree iimmppoorrttaanntt tthhaann iinnddeeppeennddeennccee .. ddkkjj..kk LLooPPNNrrssppkk lljjGG llaacc//kk vvkkjjkkssXX;;kk''kkhh vvkkff..kk

llee``//nnhh''kkhh llkk aaffxxrryykk-- 11998811 rrss 11999900 ggss nn''kkdd ll;;qqDDrr jjkk""VVªªkkuu ss ^ vvkk aarrjjjjkk""VVªªhh;; iikk..kkhh LLooPPNNrrssppss nn''kkdd ** EEgg..kk wwuu llkkttjjss ddssyyss-- 22000088 ggss oo""kkZZ ^ vvkk aarrjjjjkk""VVªªhh;; LLooPPNNrrkk oo""kkZZ ** EEgg..kk wwuu llkkttjj ss ddssyyss-- HHkkkkjjrrkkrr 22 vvkkWWDDVVkk ssccjj 22000000 iikkllwwuu eekkxx..kkhh oo yykkssdd llggHHkkkkxxkkoojj vvkk//kkkkjjhhrr xxzzkkeeLLooPPNNrrkk eekkssgghheessuu ss oossxx ??kk ssrryyssyykk vvkk<<GGrrkk ss-- iizzkkeeqq[[;;kkuuss ooSS;;ffDDrrdd oo llkkooZZttuuhhdd ''kkkkSSppkkyy;;kk aapphh mmiiyyCC//kkrrkk]]




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??kkuuddppjjkk OO;;ooLLFFkkkkiiuu]] llkkaaMMiikk..kkhh OO;;ooLLFFkkkkiiuu]] ii;;kkZZoojj..kk lljjaa{{kk..kk vvkknnhh ddkk;;ZZØØeekkoojj vvff//kkdd HHkkjj ffnnyykk-- ''kkssooVVhh LLooPPNNrrssPP;;kk mmÌÌhh""VVkk aapphh llkk//;;rrkk xxkk aa//kkhh ffooppkkjjkk aappss QQyyhhrr vvkkggss]] vvllss EEgg..kkrrkk ;;ssbbZZyy-- llaannHHkk ZZ %%&& xxzzkkeeLLoojjkkTT;;]] eeggkkjjkk""VVªª xxkk aa//kkhh LLeekkjjdd ffuu//kkhh xxkkaa//kkhhHHkkoouu]] iiqq..kk ss]] 11999955 HHkkkkjjrr]] 22000077]] iizzddkk''kkuu ffooHHkkkkxx eekkffggrrhh oo iizzllkkjj..kk eeaa==kkyy;;]] HHkkkkjjrr lljjddkkjj-- MMkk WW-- uukkxxss''oojj iizzllkknn]] xxkk aa//kkhh ddkk vvjjkkttddrrkkookknn]] iizzddkk''kk ccqqdd MMssiikkss]] ccjj ssyyhh-- ttkk//kkoo]] JJhhjjkkee 22000099]] ^ xxkkaa//kkhhtthh vvkkff..kk llkkeekkffttdd lleerrkk ** ee-- xxkkaa//kkhh vv//;;;;uu ddss aannzz]] vvkk SSjj aaxxkkcckknn-- xxkk;;ddookkMM]] JJhhddkkaarr oo bbrrjj 22000055]] ^ HHkkkkjjrrhh;; lleekktt llaajjppuukk vvkkff..kk iiffjjoorrZZuu**]] vv##..kkkk iizzddkk''kkuu]] yykkrrqqjj xxsZ l- ek- & Hkkjrh; lektfoKku dks"k [kaM 4] lekt foKku eaMG iq.ks 1990- xka/khth] iapk;rjkt uothou izdk'ku eafnj] vgenkckn] i"B dz- 12 xaxkizlkn vxzoky & fgan LojkT;] ekxZn'kZd nLrk,sot] lkE; ;ksx lk/kuk izdk'ku] /kqGs




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egkRek xka/khthaps LoPNrs fo”k;hps fopkj MkW- ih- ,u- ok?k

ts- ,l- ih- ,e- egk- /kuksjk] ft- xMfpjksyh- 9421729004-

egkRek xka/kh vls Eg.krkr dh] lkQ lQkbZ bZ’oj HkDrhP;k cjkscj vkgs- ;kdjhrkp xka/khthauh yksdkauk LoPNrk Bso.;k laca/kh f’k{kk fnysyh gksrh- R;ke/kwup ns’kkyk lans’k fnysyk vkgs- R;kaps vls Eg.kus gksrs]dh eh LoPN Hkkjrkps LoIu ikfgys gksrs] R;kdjhrk loZ Hkkjrh;kauh ,d= ;sowu ns’kkyk LoPN cufo.;kps dk;Z djkos- lkewfgd LoPNrk rsaOgkp ikGyh tkow ‘kdrs tsOgk lkewfgd foosd vlsy vkf.k lkoZtuhd fBdkukauk LoPN Bso.;kpk lewgkpk vkxzg vlsy- vkiys jLrs vkf.k lkoZtuhd ‘kkSpky;s ;kaP;k /kkf.kdjhrk cgwrka’k vkeP;k e/khy vLi’;rkp tckcnkj vkgs- lq#okrhyk vLi’;rk LoPNrspk ,d fu;e gksrk- Hkkjr lksMwu txkP;k lxG¸kk Hkkxkr rks vktgh vkgs- fu;e vlk vkgs dh vLoPN O;Drh ok oLrw vLi’kZ vlrs- ijarq rhph vLoPNrk nwj gksrkp rh O;Drh ok oLrw vLi’kZ jkgr ukgh- ;kizekus lQkbZ dj.kkjh O;Drh ] ex iSls ?ksowu dke djukjk Hakxh Eg.kk dh fu’kqYd dke dj.kkjh vkeph vkbZ Eg.kk- rksi;Zarp vLoPN vkgs tksi;Zar ?kk.k lkQ dsY;kuarj gs yksd LoRk% LoPN gksr ukghr- ‘kkys; o mPp ek/;ehd vH;kldzeke/;s LoPNrsP;k ikBkapk lekos’k dj.;kP;k vko’;drscn~ny xka/khthauh rRijrsus y{k os/kys gksrs- 20 ekpZ 1916 jksth xq:dqy dkaxMh ;sFks o/kkZiu fnu lekjasHkkr cksyrkauk rs Eg.kkys] vkjksX; o LoPNrsP;k dk;|kaph ekfgrh vkf.k eqykaP;k laxksi.kkph dyk xq:dqyke/khy fo|kF;kZaP;k f’kd.;kpk vko’;d Hkkx cuyh ikfgts- ;k vfuok;Z LoPNrk fujh{kdkauh lkrR;kus vkEgkyk /kskD;kpk b’kkjk fnyk vkgs dh] LoPNrsP;k eqnÓkoj loZ dkgh lqjGhr ukgh- okf”kZd HksVhoj ;s.kkÚ;k LoPNrk fujh{kdkauh LoPNrsfo”k;d okLrfod /kMs ns.;kph lqo.kZ la/kh vkiu xefoY;kph [kar eyk okVrs-

Lak’kks/kukps mn~ns’k %& 1- xka/khthaps LoPNrsfo”k;hps rRo letwu /ksus- 2- LoPNrk dk;kZrwu xka/khthaps fopkj :tfous-

3- LoPNrsrwu lekt vkjskX;kph tksikluk djus- xfgrds %& 1- xka/khthaP;k LoPNrse/kwu lektkr tkx`rh ?kMwu vkyh- 2-xka/khthaP;k LoPNrsfo”k;hps egRo lektkyk dGys- 3- LOkPNrse/kwu vkjksX;ke/;s lq/kkjuk ?kMwu vkyh-

Lka’kks/ku i}rh %& la‘kks/kukP;k vuq’kaxkus funkukRed la’kks/ku vkjk[kMÓkpk mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- rlsp f}rh;

L=ksrkpk mi;ksx rlsp xka/kh jphr lg;ksxhus fyghysY;k lanHkhZ; lkghR;kpk mi;ksx la’kks/kukdjhrk dj.;kr vkyk- rlsp mn~ns’k iq.kZ uewuk fuoM in~nrhpk mi;ksx la’kks/kukdjhrk dj.;kr vkyk-

Ukxjikfydk %& dksurhgh uxjikyhdk dj ykowu ok ixkjh deZpkjh Bsowu ‘kgjkrhy ?kk.k vkf.k xnhZ ;kaP;k’kh ;’kLoh y<k nsow ‘kdr ukgh- gh egRoiw.kZ lq/kkjuk Jhear vkf.k xjhc v’kk loZ yksdkaP;k LOksPNk iw.kZ lgdk;kZusp ‘kD; vkgs- eh tj ,[kknÓk ifj”knsP;k ok uxjikfydsP;k lhesr jkg.kkjk djnkrk vlrks rj tksi;Zar vkEgh fnysY;k iS’kkP;k pkSiV lsok vkEgkyk ehGkyh uklrh- rksi;Zar ok<ho djkpk ,d iSlkgh eh fnyk ulrk- o brj yksdkaukgh eh vlsp dj.;kpk lYYkk fnyk vlrk- ts yskd vkeps izfruh/kh cuwu LFkkfud ifj”knkae/;s ok uxjikyhdkae/;s tkrkr R;kauh y{kkr Bsoys ikfgts dh rs lUeku feGo.;kdjhrk ok ijLijkae/;s LIk/kkZ dj.;kdjhrk frFks tkr ulrkr-rj izsekus lsok dj.;k dfjrk frFks tkr vlrkr- ;k lsos djhrk rhFks iSls ykxr ulrkr-




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vkiyk ns’k nkfjnzÓkr f[krir iMysyk vkgs- vkiY;k uxjikyhdkaP;k lnL;kae/;s lsosph [kjh Hkkouk vlsy rj rs Lor% fcuixkjh Hkaxh vkf.k jLR;kaph >kM>wM dj.kkjs lQkbZ dkexkj gksrhy- R;kcn~ny R;kauk vfHkeku okVsy- dkWaxzlP;k frdhVkoj fuoMwu u vkysY;k vkiY;k lkFkh lnL;kaukgh vkiY;kcjkscj dke dj.;kdjhrk rs vkea=hr djrhy- vkf.k R;kapk Lorkoj o LorkP;k /;s ;koj fo’okl vlsy rj R;kaps vkea=.k ok;k tk.kkj ukgh- ;kpk vFkZ vlk dh uxjikyhdspk lnL; iw.kZosG dke djukjk vlyk ikfgts- R;kpk dks.krkgh oS;Drhd LokFkZ ulkok- ;kuarj nqljs dke Eg.kts uxjikfydsP;k ok ifj”knsP;k lhesr jkg.kkÚ;k loZ izkS< yksdkaph lwph r;kj dj.;kr ;koh- lokZauk uxjikyhdsP;k dkekr lgdk;Z dj.;kdjhrk lkax.;kr ;kos- ,d fu;her jthLVj Bso.;kr ;kos- vfr’k; xjhc vlY;keqGs ts dks.krhgh vkfFkZd enr d# ‘kdr ukghr ijarq ‘kkfjjhd n”Vus /kM/kkdV vlY;keqGs tj rs vkJenku d: ‘kdrhy rj R;kauk Jenku dj.;kdjhrk lkaxhrys tkow ‘kdrs-

fulxkZfo:} vijk/k %& dks.krhgh O;Drh tj csQhfdji.ks bdMsrhdMs Fkwadwu ] dsjdpjk Qsdwu ok brj izdkjs

tehu ?kkusjMh d:u gok nq’khr djhr vlsy rj rh O;Drh ek.kwl vkf.k fulxZ ;k nks/kkaP;kgh fo:} iki djhr vlrs- ek.klkps ‘kjhj bZ’ojkps eanhj vkgs- th O;Drh ;k eanhjkr f’kj.kkj ok;w nwf”kr djrs- eanhjkyk vifo= djhr vlrs- rh jkeukekpk fdrhgh ti djhr vlyh rjh loZ O;FkZ vkgs- jk”Vhª; vFkok lkekftd LoPNrsP;k Hkkouspk vkiY;k xq.kkr lekos’k ukgh- vki.k vka?kksM djrks i.k ftP;k dkBkoj ok ftP;kr vki.k vka?kksM djrks R;k foghjhyk ok rykokyk ok unhyk vki.k ?kkusjMh dsY;kf’kok; lksMr ukgh- ;k nks”kkyk eh Qkj eksBk okbzZVi.kk letrks- gh xks”V vkiY;k xkokaph vkiY;k ifo= unÓkaph o ifo= foghjhaph nqnZ’kk dj.;kdjhrk tckcnkj vkgs- Þ ckiw dk ?kj ?kj igwps lans’k LoPN o lqanj gks viuk ns’k]] xkokaph ‘kgjkaph o ns’kkph LoPNrk Bso.;kdjhrk dks.kR;kgh ,dk /kekZps dk;Z ukgh- rj rs lokZaps dke vkgs gh Hkkouk izR;sd lektkrhy O;Drhus vaxhdkjyh ikghts] rsOgkap ns’kkph LoPNrk gksbZy- vkiys ?kj ijhlj LoPN Bsok;pk] vkf.k vkiY;k ?kjpk dpjk nqlÚ;kP;k /kjkleksj Vkdk;pk ;kyk LoPNrk Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- rj R;krwu oSjHkkouk fuekZu gksbZy- LoPNrsP;k ek/;ekrwu lektkph lsokgh gksbZy o xka/khthapk lans’k ?kjk?kjk iksgpsy ] ;krwup LoPNrk Eg.kts dk; gs lektkrhy izR;sd O;Drhyk dMwu ;sbZy- nokbZ ls ukrk rksMks] lQkbZ ls ukrk tksMks- ekuokps vkjksX; lqn< o fujksxh Bsok;ps vlsy rj ?kj ] ijhlj] xko ‘kgja LoPN Bsous ekuoh vkjksX;kP;k n”Vhus lekt fgrkps vlsy- thFks LkkQlQkbZ rhFks vkjksX; okl djh- lkQlQkbZP;k Bhdkuh dks.krhgh fcekjh tksj dj.kkj ukgh- Eg.kwu xka/khthauh LoPNrspk fnysyk ea= leLr ns’oklh;kauh vaxhdkjyk ikfgts- xka/khthauh vkjksX; pkaxys jkg.;klkBh vkgkjkyk fo”ks’k egRo fnysys vkgs- ekuokP;k iks”kuklkBh vko’;d vl.kkjk vkgkj r.k/kkU; ] Hkkthikyk QGs bR;knh ?kVd izkIr gksrkr- ;k ?kVdkaph iks”Vhdrk enwP;k lqihdrsoj voyacwu vlrs- egkRek xka/khthauh oS;Drhd LoPNrsyk rlsp ?kjkrhy o lkoZtuhd LoPBrsyk egRo fnys- LoPNrk Hkxoku dk nqljk :I vkgs- vls rs Eg.kr- ek.kwl vktkjhp iMw u;s vls R;kaps er gksrs- R;klkBh LoPNrsps rgRo R;kauh tk.kys- ?kjkrhy rGtehu o vaxu ‘ksuk.ks lkjoys vlsy rj ?kjkrhy okrkoju LoPN o fujksxh jkgrs] vls rs Eg.kr-

LoPNrsdMs yksdkaps y{k oGorkauk xka/khth %& 29 fMlasacj 1919 jksth verlj dkWaxzsle/;s Hkk”ku

djrkauk xka/khthauh lh-,Q- vWMªÓwt ;kapk gokykfnyk- R;kaP;k erkuqlkj ] Hkkjrh;kapk HkkSrhdn”VÓk eksBk izHkko ukgh- ;kekxs R;kaph LoPNrk o vkjksX;k ;kckcr vlysyh vlk/; fdGl gsp dkju vkgs- xka/khthauh vkiY;k izR;sd Hkk”k.kke/;s LoPNrsyk fo’ks”k egRo fnys- ,fizy 1924 e/;s R;kauh nksgkM ‘kgjkrhy LoPNrsP;k mRrelks;h cn~ny dkWaxzsl lnL;kaps vfHkuanu dsys- vLIkL; tkrh oLR;kae/;sgh HksV nsowu R;kaP;krgh mRre LoPNrsP;k lo;hapk izpkj dj.;kl lqpfoys- 1925 e/;s dkuiwj vf/kos’kukr R;kauh LoPNrsP;k mRd”V O;oLFkslkBh eqDrdaBkus iz’kalk dsyh- Xkkokae/;s egkRek lar Eg.kwu tkow u;s] R;kus gkrkr >kMw ?ksowu uezrsus tk;yk gos- dk;ZdR;kZauk vLoPNrk ] xjhch vkf.k vkGl ;k f=eqrhZyk lkeksjs tkos ykxsy vkf.k R;kapk eqdkcyk gkrkr >kMw] dk;usy vkf.k ,jaMy rsy ?ksowu djkoh ykxsy-




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LoPNrsph fo|eku fLFkrh %& lektkrhy loZp Lrjkrhy ?kVd vkt LoPNrk eksghesr lkehy

>kyk vkgs- laiw.kZ ns’kHkj lq: vlysY;k ;k vfHk;kukr xsY;k pkj o”kkZr uÅ dksVh LoPNrkxgs cka/k.;kr vkyh-lkMspkj yk[k xkos gx.knkjheqDr >kyh vkgsr- vls izrhiknu iariz/kku ujsanz eksnh ;kauh dsys vkgs- uoh fnYyhr ‘kuhokjh iariz/kkukaP;k mifLFkrhr **LoPNrk ghp lsok ]] ;k eksghespk ‘kqHkkjaHk dj.;kr vkyk- gh eksghe 2 vkWDVksacj ]egkRek xka/kh t;arh Ik;Zar pkysy- xka/khthaps LoPN Hkkjrkps LoIUk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh ukxjhdkauh ;k eksghesr lkehy Ogkos] vls vkOgku R;kauh dsys- iariz/kku Eg.kkys] pkj o”kkZr ns’kHkjkrhy 450 gwu vf/kd ftYgs gxunkjh eqDr gksrhy] ;kph dq.kh dYiuk rjh dks.kh dsyh gksrh dk\ LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku Hkkjr ljdkj vkf.k iariz/kku Jh- ujsanz eksnh ;kaP;k lokZr egRokdka{kh izdYiakiSdh gk ,d izdYi vkgs- iz/kku ea=hauh 2 vkWDVksacj 2014 jksth egkRek xka/kh t;arhP;k fuehRrkus LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku tkghj dsys- jk”Vªh; Lrjkoj ;k vfHk;kukph n[ky ?ksryh tkr vkgs- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku ;k eksghesps ,d eq[; /;s ; vkgs Hkkjrkrhy loZ ‘kgjs vkf.k xkos vksiu MsQds’ku Qzh Eg.ktsp gxunkjh eqDr djus - ;k lkscrp ] LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;kukpk m}s’k Hkkjrkrhy jLrs o ik;kHkwr lqfo/kkaph LoPNrk dj.ks gk vkgs- ;k eksfges fo”k;h loksZRre xks”V Eg.kts loZ ‘kkGkae/;s vkf.k egkfo|ky;kse/;s LoPNrk vkf.k ‘kkSpy;kaph miyC/krk ;koj y{k dsanzhr dj.ks gh vkgs- ;k LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;kukrwu Hkkjrh;kauk LoPNrsps egRo vkf.k Qk;ns ;kaph tkfuo d:u nsus gs lq}k vkgs- 1999 e/;s Hkkjr ljdkjus laiw.kZ LoPNrk vfHk;ku lq# dsys ts uarj iariz/kku eueksgu flax ;kauh R;kps Þ fueZy Hkkjr vfHk;ku ß vls uedju dsys- ijarq LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;kukyk iariz/kku eksnhaP;k usrRok[kkyh lathouh feGkyh- vkiY;k ‘kiN fo/khe/;s lkSp vkf.k LoPNrk ojrh cksyukjs txkrhy ifgysp usrs gksrs- ;krwu R;kaph LoPNrsc}yph vkoM vkf.k ladYigh fnlrks- iariz/kkukauh jk”Vªh; ikrGhoj eksghe jkcohyh vkf.k ukxjhdkauk Hkkx ?ks.;kps vkOgku dsys- R;kauh Lork% >kMw gkrkr ?ksryk-dkfgauk gk jktdh; LVaV okVw ‘kdrks- i.k ;klokZrwu ,d Qk;nk >kyk dh vki.k Hkkjrh; yksd LoPNrsc}y cksyw ykxyks- ;k LOkPNrk eksghese/;s fofo/k jktdkjuh ] lsyhczhVht] vfHkusrs vkf.k dzhMkiVwauh ;k eksghesr lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk- vkf.k ;k vfHk;kukph {kerk vkf.k iksgksp ok<owu fnyh- lfpau rsaMwydj ]dey glu] vfuy vackuh]fojkV dksgyh]izh;adk pksiMk bR;knh eaMGhauh gkrkr >kMw ?ksowu jLrs lkQ dsys- eksnhaP;k ;k vfHk;kukpk ,d pkaxyk izpkj dsyk- ;k eksghesps y{k vkgs dh] egkRek xka/kkhaP;k 150 O;k t;arh Ik;Zar xzkehu Hkkjrkr 12 n’ky{k ‘kkSpky;s ] r’ksp ‘kgjakr LoPNsrslkBh fofo/k lsok miyC/k d:u ns.;kr ;srhy- fu’d”kZ %& xka/khthaps LoPNrsfo”k;hps fopkj rRo lektkyk iVw ykxys vkgs- R;keqGsp vkt ‘kgjh o xzkehu Hkkxke/;s LoPNrk vfHk;ku eksghe ;’kLoh gksr vlysyh fnlwu ;sr vkgs- xka/khthaps LoPNrsps fopkj loZp lektkrhy yksdkauk dGr vkgs- loZp Lrjkrwu LoPNrk ikGY;k tkr vlY;keqGs vkjksX;kP;k leL;s e/;s dkgh izek.kkr ?kV >kysyh fnlwu ;sr vkgs- ;kcjkscjp ;k eksfgese/;s yksda Lo[kw’khus lgHkkx ?ksowu gh eksghe ;’Loh dj.;kpk iz;Ru djhr vlysys fnlwu ;sr vkgs- Eg.ktsp xka/khthaps fopkj Hkkjrh; turse/;s :tr vkgs- gsp xka/khthaps LoPNrs cn~nyps fopkj lektkyk uoh fn’kk nsukjs Bj.kk vkgs- lanHkZ lqph & 1- MkW- t;flaxjko iokj && fganqLFkkuP;k Lokra«; pGoGhpk bfrgkl QMds izdk’ku dksYgkiwj 2013 2 vkj- ds- izHkw && egkRek xka/khps fopkj( uothou izdk’ku eafnj vgenkckn 2010 - 3 egkRek xka/kh && lR;kps iz;ksx ( lkdsr izdk’ku iq.ks- 2012 4 egkRek xka/kh && ek÷;k LoIukapk Hkkjr ija/kke izdk’ku ioukj 2007-




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egkRek xka/kh ;kaps ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksxnku izk- MkW- fgjkpan pks[kkth osLdMs

jkT;’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] jkts /keZjko dyk okf.kT; egkfo|ky;]

eqypsjk ft- xMfpjksyh- izLrkouk%&

lk/kh jkg.kh] mPp fopkjlj.kh lR; vfgalk v’kk egku rRokapk Lohdkj d:u viY;k izHkkokus fczVh’k lkezkT;kyk rMk ns.kkjs Hkkjrh; Lokra«; y<~;krhy vxzxU; lsukuh] folkO;k

‘krdkrhy jk”Vªh; o vkarjjk”Vªh; Lrjkojhy ekU;rk iq:”k Eg.kqu jk”Vªihrk egkRek xka/khpk vYys[k dj.;kr ;srks- xka/khokn Eg.kts ,[kknk fl/nkar uOgs fdaok erkapk o fu;ekapk leqg uOgs

rj rks ,d ftoukpk n”Vhdksu vkgs- thoukph ,d ‘kSyh vkgs- euq”;kP;k thoukrhy leL;kaps fujkdj.k dj.kkjh rh i/nr vkgs- egkRek xka/kh ,dk [kVY;klkBh nf{k.k vkfQzdsyk xsys vlrkauk rsFks Hkkjrh;kauk ;ksX; v’kk izdkjph okx.kwd fnyh tkr uOgrh- vR;ar vekuuh; ^dkGs & xksjs*

vlk HksnHkko dj.;kr ;sr gksrk- R;keqGs R;kaP;k ftoukyk dykVuh feGwu R;kauh Hkkjrh; Lokra«; y<~;kr ldzh; lgHkkx ?ksryk- egkRek xka/khthP;k ,dw.k dk;kZe/;s 1893 rs 1914 ;k dkGkr

vkfQzdsrhy y<~;kyk [kqi egRo vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy y<~;kpkk t.kw dkgh rks ik;kp gksrk- rsFks okijysys vfgalkRed pGoG gs lk/ku iw<s R;kauh Hkkjrkrgh okijys-

egkRek xka/khaps ‘kS{kf.kd fopkj %& Hkkjrh;kalkBh dks.kR;kizdkjps f’k{k.k mi;ksxh iMq ‘kdsy ;kpk R;kauh loZ izFke fopkj

dsyk- izpyhr vlysyh baxztkaph f’k{k.k i/nrh gh R;kuh vkiY;k LFkS;kZlkBh pkyw dsyh- rh dk;e Bsowu ns’kkps dY;k.k gksow ‘kd.kkj ukgh- T;kewGs ns’kkph [kjh izxrh gksbZy v’kh f’k{k.k

O;oLFkk vkiY;k Hkkjrke/;s vk.k.ks vko’;d vkgs- egkRek xka/khps ‘kS{k.khd rRoKku gs Hkkjrkrhy r:.kkapk fopkj d:u ekaMysys vkgsr vls fnlwu ;srs- R;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fopkjke/;s iqLrdh Kkukis{kk O;ogkjksi;ksxh f’k{k.kkoj Hkj fnyk- dsoG ikBkarjkus o iqLrdh Kkukus ek.klkph lokZaxh.k

m™krh gksow ‘kdr ukgh- f’k{k.kkpk mn~ns’k Kkunkukcjkscj O;DrheRo vkf.k pkfj«;kpk ;ksX; fodkl ?kMowu vk.k.;kpk gksrk- xkaf/kthP;k f’k{k.k fo”k;d fopkjke/;s Lokoyacu] Jeizfr”Bk] LokfHkeku

;k f=lwf=P;k vk/kkjkojp ^ewyks|ksxh f’k{k.k ;kstuk* ekaMyh gksrh- f’k{k.kkrwu jk”Vªizsekph Hkkouk tkxr gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- O;Drhpk vkf.k O;DrheRokpk

T;k f’k{k.ki/nrhrwu fodkl gksrks- v’kh f’k{k.ki/nrh ekr`Hkk”ksrwu ns.;kr ;koh- ekr`Hkk”ksrwu f’k{k.k fnY;kewGs fo”k; letrks vkf.k R;kpcjkscj vkiY;k Hkk”kscn~ny izse o vknj okVrks-

xka/khthauh izkjaHkhd f’k{k.kkoj Hkj fnyk izkFkfed f’k{k.k fu’kqYd o vfuok;Z vlkos- 7 rs 14 o”ksZ o;ksxVkrhy eqykeqYkhauk eksQr f’k{k.k ns.;kr ;kos- eksQr vlY;kl cgqtu lektki;Zar

iksgpfork ;srks- f’k{k.k gk lokZpk vf/kdkj vkgs R;kewGs tkr] ikr] iaFk] /keZ] fyax ;kuqlkj f’k{k.kkr dks.krkgh HksnHkko dj.;kr ;sow u;s- xkaf/kthph f’k{k.k ;kstuk gh ^cqfu;knh f’k{k.k ;kstuk* Eg.kwu izfl/n vkgs- xka/khthP;k f’k{k.kkpk vk/kkj ekul’kkL= vkgs- f’k{kd f’kdohr

vlrkauk eqykaP;k ‘kjhjkps vkf.k eukps Kku f’k+{kdkyk vlkos- eqykauk drhrwu f’k{k.k nsrkauk fofo/k oLrw o lk/kukapk Lor%P;k gkrkus okij dsY;kl fon~;kF;kZP;k fujh{k.k ‘kDrhpk fodkl

gksrks- f’k{k.kkr gLrO;olk;kyk izk/kkU; vlkos- ;kewGs fon~;kF;kZP;k fdz;kf’kyrsyk oko ns.;kr




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;sowu f’k{k.kkP;k ftouk’kh lca/k tksMrk ;srks- rlsp R;kaP;k ekufld ‘kDrhpk fodkl gksrks-

fo”k;kps Kku izkIr d:u nsrkauk fo’odqaVwac dYiusyk izk/kkU; |kos- Hkkjrkrhy f’k{k.k i/nrhr eksB~;k izek.kkr vkeqykxz cny djhr vlrkauk f’k{k.kkps Lo:i dls vlkos ;k lanHkkZr 1937 e/;s o/kkZ ;sFks ,d ifj”kn vk;ksthr dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;sFks e-

xka/khuh f’k{k.kfo”k;d fopkj Li”V dsys ;k ifj”knsps v/;{k >kfdj gqlsu gksrs- ;k cSBdhr th f’k{k.kfo”k;d ;kstuk vk;ksftr dj.;kr vkyh- ;k ;kstusl ewyks|ksxh f’k{k.k Eg.krkr- ;k

;kstusyk ^o/kkZ f’k{k.k ;kstuk* vlsgh Eg.krkr- ;kpk eq[; vk/kkj f’k{k.k gLrO;olk;koj vk/kkjhr vlkos- R;keqGs fon~;kF;kZl lkeqfgdfjR;k dke dj.;kph la/kh izkIr gksrs- rRdkyhu

dkGkr Hkkjrh; lekt va/kkjkr pkpiMr gksrk- R;kewGs lkekU; tursP;k fodklklkBh f’k{k.k gs loksZÙke ek/;e vkgs- R;klkBh dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk HksnHkko u djrk loZlkekU;klkBh f’k{k.k

miyC/k vlkos- gLrks|ksxkP;k f’k{k.kkrwu fo|kF;kZaP;k cq/nh] eu o ‘kjhj ;kapk fodkl gksowu rs Lokoyach gksrhy- fo|kFkhZ ftoukr iMY;kaurj Lora= m|ksx/kank dj.;kph ik=rk R;kaP;kr vlyh

ikfgts- xka/khthP;k ers] dks.kR;kgh izdkjps Kku gs R;kaP;k ftouk’kh fuxMhr vlrs- dks.kR;kgh fo”k;kps l[kksy Kku ?ksowu R;kpk ftouk’kh lca/k tksM.;kr ;kok- f’k{k.k gs uSlfxZd okrkoj.kkr

ns.;kr ;kos gs djhr vlrkauk fo|kF;kZayk lkekftd o uSlfxZd ifjljkpk vH;kl gksrks- f’k{k.kkps okrkoj.k vkuanh o mRlkgh vlkos fo|kF;kZaph ‘kkfjjhd] ckSf/nd] ekufld vkdyu rlsp ik=rk

y{kkr ?ksowu f’k{k.k ns.;kr ;kos- ‘kkfjjhd Je fo|ktZuk’kh layXu d:u ‘kkjhfjd Jekps egRo fo|kF;kZyk iVowu |kos- f’k{k.k gs pkj fHkarhP;k vkr dksaMwu u Bsork rs lokZfx.k Lo:ikps vlkos

f’k{k.kkrwu pkfj«;kph tM.k?kM.k dsyh tkoh- f’k{k.k i/nrhr lai] lR;kxzg] lnkpkj] lfg”.kwrk] Lokoyacu] vkRefuHkZjrk bR;knh xq.kkapk lekos’k vlkok-

Hkkjr gk xzkfe.k Hkkxkr eq[;r% iljysyk vlY;keqGs f’k{k.kkr xzkfe.k Hkkxkpk vH;kl vko’;d vkgs- xzkfe.k ftoukr cny ?kMowu vk.kk;pk vlsy rj xzkfe.k Hkkxkr f’k{k.kkps egRo

iVowu lkax.ks xjtsps vkgs- ;koj e-xka/khpk Hkj gksrk- xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy r:.k f’k{k.k ?ksrY;koj r:.kkr Lor%P;k ik;kokj mHks jkg.;kph {kerk fuekZ.k gksrs- R;kewGs lqf’kf{kr csdkjkpk iz’u fuekZu gks.kkj ukgh- O;Drhyk Lokoyach cufo.kkjss f’k{k.k vlkos- vkiY;k laLdrhcn~ny vknj

ckGx.kkjk n”Vhdks.k fo|kF;kZr f’k{k.kkrwu fodflr Ogkok ik’pkr laLdrhps vuqdj.k u djrk vkiY;k laLdrhcn~ny R;kaP;kr vfLerk o LokfHkeku tkxr djkok- R;kn”Vhus fo|kF;kZyk

Hkkjrh; laLdrh o R;kaph xkSjoLFkGs ;kph ekfgrh |koh- f’k{k.kkr /keZ vkf.k furhpk lekos’k vlkok f’k{kdkus ns[khy v’kkizdkjps vkn’kZ fo|kF;kZleksj fuekZ.k dsys ikfgts- ;kewGs fo|kFkhZ

dsoG Lor%pk fopkj u djrk laiw.kZ lektkpk fopkj djrks- ladwfpr LokFkZ u lk/krk rks fuLokFkh Z curks-

xka/khthuh v/;kRe oknkizek.ks thoukps vafre /;s; gsp ftoukps vafre /;s; ekuys vkgs- ^lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;s* gkp f’k{k.kkpk vFkZ R;kauk visf{kr gksrk- oS;fDrd eqDrhis{kk lektkr

jkgwu ekuokph lsok] ja atY;k & xkatY;kph lsok] fnu nqcG~;kph lsok dsY;kus [kÚ;k vFkkZus bZ’ojlsok gksrs- euq”;kus lektkr jkgwu tulsok djkoh ghp [kjh bZ’ojlsok jkghy- Eg.kwu v/;kRehd vaxkpk fodkl gsp f’k{k.kkpk eq[; mn~ns’k vlkok vls e- xka/kh Eg.krkr- ijekRek gk

laiw.kZ pjkpj l”Vhr O;kiysyk vlY;kus tulsosrwup ijes’ojkpk lk{kkRdkj gksow ‘kdrks- lektkr




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jkgwu nq%[kh d”Vh yksdkaps nq%[k fuokj.k dsY;kusp lR;kps n’kZu ?kMw ‘kdrs- FkksMD;kr ekuork nSoh

va’kh vkgs- ;k nSoh va’kkpk Eg.ktsp v/;kRehd vaxkpk fodkl gsp thoukps o f’k{k.kkps varhe /;s; gks;- egkRek xka/khthaP;k ers ^^dsoG lk{kjrk Eg.kts f’k{k.k uOgs] f’k{k.kkpk izkjaHk ns[khy uOgs] vkRek o eu ;kapk ifjiw.kZ fodkl d:u O;Drhe/khy loksZRd”V xq.kkaph vfHkO;Drh dj.ks gs

f’k{k.kkps [kjs /;s; gks;- f’k{k.kkps /;s; Eg.kts pkfj«;fufeZrh ;kckcr egkRek xka/kh Eg.krkr egku /;s;kP;k

izkIrhlkBh Lor%yk fol:u tk.;kph {kerk ykowu /;S;Z] ‘kDrh vkf.k xq.kkapk fodkl dj.ks gs lk{kjrs is{kk tkLr egRokps vkgs- f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu pkfj«; lai™k ukxjhd ?kMoys tkow

‘kdrkr- f’k{k.k gs dsoG Kku esanwr dksac.;kph izfdz;k ulqu loZ Kkusfnza;kapk ;ksX; okij d:u vkf.k Lokoyach cufo.;klkBh mnjfuokZgkps lk/ku izkIr d:u ns.kkjh izØh;k vkgs ;koj R;kapk

fo’okl gksrk- Hkkjrklkj[;k xjhc o tkLr yksdla[;k vlysY;k ns’kkr izR;sd O;Drhyk f’k{k.kkrwu Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks jkgrk ;k;yk gos- rks Lokoyach cuk;yk gok- mnfuokZgkps lk/ku

f’k{k.kkOnkjsp R;kyk izkIr Ogk;yk gos ;koj R;kapk dVk{k gksrk- e- xka/khuh drhrwu ^f’k{k.k deok vkf.k f’kdk* ;k lq=kpk iqjLdkj dsyk vkgs- mRiknd gLrks|ksx gs f’k{k.kkps ek/;e Bjfoys vkgs- R;keqGs dks.krkgh gLrO;olk; gkp vH;klxq.k gks;-

f’k{k.kkr gLrdyk] fp=dyk o laxhr gs fo”k; ,df=r f’kdo.;kr ;kos fo|kF;kZP;k eukr vfHk:phpk fodkl dj.;klkBh gLrdyk] fp=dyk] ‘kkfjjhd f’k{k.k o laxhr gs fo”k;

,df=ri.ks f’kdfo.;kr ;kos- xf.kr ;k fo”k;kpk vH;kl dsY;kl vadxf.krkps iz’u o Hkwferh lksMfo.;kl xf.kr f’k{k.kkph enr gksrs- fo|kF;kZauk Lokoyacukph Hkkouk fuekZ.k gks.;klkBh

gLrdykaph fuoM dj.;kr ;koh eRlikyu] pkeM~;kps dkrMs] ekrh dke] QGs o Hkkthikyk ;kapk lekos’k gLrdyk ;k f’k{k.ki/nrhe/;s dj.;kr ;kok-

xka/khthuh ‘kjhj vo;okaP;k ek/;ekrwu f’k{k.k ;ksX; izdkjs ns.;kr ;kos- R;klkBh MksGs] dku] gkr] ik; bR;knh vo;okaP;k ek/;ekrwu Kku & Kkukph izØh;k lqyHk djkoh- v/;ki.kkP;k

izdzh;sr loZ fo”k; ,dla?k vkgsr ;kph Hkkouk fo|kF;kZe/;s :tfo.ks vko’;d vkgs- fofo/k fo”k;kapk ftouklkscr tksM.;kps dk;Z f’k{kdkus djkos ;klkBh fofo/k ppkZl=] O;k[;ku o ckSf/nd dk;Zdze ;kaps vk;kstu djkos- fp=dyk gh gLrdyk Eg.kwu f’kdfo.;kr ;kos R;kewGs

lkSn;Zl”Vhph {kerk ok<hl ykxrs o fp= dk<.;kph] jax Hkj.;kph vfHk:ph fo|kF;kZe/;s fuekZ.k gksrs- fto’kkL=] [kxksy’kkL=] HkkSrhd’kkL=] jlk;u’kkL= ;k fo”k;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu fo|kF;kZe/;s

fujh{k.k & ifj{k.k ‘kDrhpk fodkl gksrks- ewY;ekiu %&

egkRek xka/khuh lqpfoysY;k f’k{k.k i/nrhrwu loZxq.klai™k vlk fo|kFkhZ ?kMfork ;srks- drZcxkj fiR;kizek.ks R;kauh laiw.kZ Hkkjrkph dkGth ?ksryh- Hkkjrkph rRdkyhu lkekthd ifjfLFkrh

y{kkr ?ksowu csdkjhP;k laHkkO; leL;sph n[ky ?ksowu] dq’ky dkjkxhjkaP;k euq”;cGkP;k laHkkO; vHkkokph n[ky ?ksowup R;kauh vaR;ar egRokdka{kh ;kstuk vk[kyh- xka/khthph f’k{k.k i/nrh

;’kLoh >kyh ulyh rjh] jk”Vªh; f’k{k.k vk;ksxkP;k f’k{k.k i/nrhrwu ^lektlsok* vkf.k ^dk;kZuqHko* ;k nksu fo”k;kauk vR;ar egRo fnys vkgs- 1986 P;k jk”Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kkpk fopkj dsyk rj R;krgh xka/khthP;k rRokapkp iqjLdkj dsysyk fnlqu ;srks- ;ko:up R;kps ‘kS{kf.kd




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mn~ns’k vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrs gs Li”V gksrs- xka/khthP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fopkjkr tqU;k o uO;k fopkjkapk

esG fnlwu ;srks- baxzt O;kikjkP;k mn~ns’kkus Hkkjrkr vkys- R;kewGs dsoG dkjdwu HkjrhlkBh lk{kjrsps f’k{k.k R;kauh :< dsys- baxzth f’k{k.kkeqGs lektkr oxZla?k”kZ deh gks.;k ,soth ok<rp xsyk-

v’kk ifjfLFkrhe/;s uO;k lektkph LoIu ikg.;kÚ;k xka/khthauh f’k{k.ki/nrhe/;s vkeqykxz cny ?kMowu vk.kyk- e- xka/khthuh f’k{k.kkoj tjh Lora= xazFk fyghyk ulyk rjh R;kauh vusd xzFkkarwu]

Hkk”k.kkrwu R;kaph f’k{k.kfo”k;d ers fopkj Li”V >kysyh vkgsr- egkRek xkaa/khthaph f’k{k.k i/nrh ijaijkxr] lkpscan f’k{k.ki/nrhis{kk osxGh gksrh- fo|kF;kZapk iw.kZ fopkj dsyk xsysyk gksrk- rjh

dk;Zokgh f’k{k.k ;kstus izek.ks drhoj f’k{k.kkpk iqjLdkj] lkekftd tckcnkjhph tk.kho R;kaP;k f’k{k.k ;kstusr fnlwu ;srs-

xka/khthP;k fopkjkapk vewY; Bsok Eg.ktsp R;kauh ‘kS{kf.kd fopkj lkekftd n”Vhdks.kkrwu O;Dr dsys vkgsr- f’k{k.k {ks=krhy mRikndrsps fo’ys”k.k eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.k ;kstusrwup izrhr gksrs-

f’k{k.kkpk mn~ns’k pkfj«; lao/kZu] lokZaxh.k fodkl] LokuqHkokrwu f’k{k.k vls fofo/k iSyw ewyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkps fnlwu ;srs- lanHkZ xzaFk

1½ MkW- fgjk vgsj ^ mn;ksUeq[k Hkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k o f’k{kd* fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj & 1995

2½ jk- t- yksVs ^Hkkjrh; jktdh; fopkj* fiaiGkiwjs vWUM da- iCyh’klZ ukxiwj & 2004 3½ izk- jke eqBkG ^Hkkjrh; vkf.k ik’phekR; jktdh; fopkj* va’kqrk iCyhds’ku js’kheckx

ukxiwj] vkWx”V & 1993 4½ ^mn;ksueq[k Hkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k* izdk’kd & izkpk;Z] turk f’k{k.k egkfo|ky;]

panziwj 5½ laf{kIr vkRedFkk ¼xka/khth½ & uothou izdk’ku eafnj vgenkckn & tqyS 2010




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eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkP;k fl/nkarkph vfuok;Zrk

MkW- jkts’k ‘kadjjko iRrhokj

lgk¸;d çk/;kid]

turk f’k{k.k egkfo|ky;] panziwj

xks”kokjk %& egkRek xka/khuh ‘kS{kf.kd fopkj ekaMrkauk eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.k iz.kkyh ekaMyh- ;k i/nrhe/;s R;kauh ckydkP;k

fodklkcÌy vusd iSyqauh fopkj d:u R;kpk lokZafx.k fodkl dlk djrk ;sbZy ;k cÌy mgkiksg dsyk- ckydkP;k

lokZafx.k fodklklkscrp jk”Vªkpk fodkl dlk lqyHk gksbZy] f’k{k.kkeqGs loZ gkrkauk dke dls feGsy] ckydkae/;s dkS’kY;

fodkl dlk gksbZy ;k loZ ckchapk l[kksy vH;kl ;k eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.k iz.kkyh e/;s varHkkZo dsysyk vkgs-

dG ‘kCn %& eqyks|ksx] Jeizfr”Bk] ukxfjdRo] gLrm|ksx] fu%’kqYd f’k{k.k

izLrkouk %& lu 1937 lkyh gfjtu ;k vkiY;k lkIrkfgdkrhy ,dk ys[kkr xka/khth Eg.krkr ^^ ek÷;k erkuqlkj f’k{k.k

Eg.kts ckyd vkf.k euq”;krhy ‘kkjhfjd] ekufld vkf.k v/;kfRed vfrmRrepspk lokZaxh.k vfo”dkj gks;- lk{kjrk Eg.kts

f’k{k.kkpk vargh ukgh vu~ çkjaHkgh ukgh] iq:”k vkf.k L=hyk lqf’kf{kr dj.;kps lk{kjrk gs ,d vusd lk/kukaiSdh ,d lk/ku

gks;- lk{kjrk Eg.kts f’k{k.k uOgs-** R;kaP;k uqlkj f’k{k.kkps vafre /;s; gs vkRekuqHkwrh vkf.k bZ’oj çkIrh gks;] rj

rkRdkfyd mÌs’kkae/;s lkaLdfrd fodkl] O;fDreRokpk fodkl] laiw.kZ thou uSfrd pkfj«;kph fufeZrh d:u pkaxY;k

ukxfjdRokP;k xq.kkapk fodkl dj.ks gks;] R;klkBhp R;kauh f’k{k.kyk gLrdyk o m|ksxkoj dsanzhr dj.;kph lwpuk dsyh-

23 vkDVksacj 1937 yk o/kkZ ;sFks ekjokMh jk”Vªh; fo|ky;kr eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkpk ik;k jpyk xsyk- ;kyk ^o/kk Z

f’k{k.k ;kstuk*] ^csfld ,T;qds’ku* ;k ukokuh ns[khy lacks/kys tkrs- gLrdyk o m|ksx ;k eqGs ckydkaph eus lqanj cufous

gk R;kapk mÌs’k gksrk- o/kkZ ;sFks >kysY;k ;k lHksr egkRek xka/khthauh eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkps fl/nkar ekaMys-

fu%’kqYd vkf.k lDrhps f’k{k.k %& yksd’kkghph ;’kLohrk ;k xks”Vhoj voyacwu vlrs dh rsFkhy turk f’kf{kr vkgs dk; \

dkj.k çR;sd ns’kkP;k izR;sd ukxjhdkyk f’kf{kr dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- T;k izek.ks gok vkf.k ik.;koj lokZapk leku gDd

vkgs R;k izek.ks f’k{k.kkoj ns[khy lokZapk leku gDd vlyk ikfgts R;k djhrk R;kauh 7 rs 14 o”kkZai;Zr lokZauk fu%’kqYd

f’k{k.kkpk iqjLdkj dsyk-

l|%fLFkrhr ns[khy lDrhpk o eksQr f’k{k.kkph vfuok;Zrk ekU; >kyh vkgs- ijarw Lokra«;kP;k 70 o”kkZuarj ns[khy

laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lekt gk f’kf{kr gksÅ ‘kdyk ukgh- f’k{k.kkP;k ok<R;k cktkjhdj.kkeqGs o ljdkjh vaeyctko.khrhy

vukLFkseqGsp 7 rs 14 o;ksxVkrhy vusd ckyds ljdkjP;k vusd pkaxY;k ;kstuk vlwu ns[khy f’kf{kr gksÅ ‘kdys ukgh-

R;klkBh QDr ljdkjp uOgs rj lekt ns[khy rso<kp tckcnkj vkgs-

ekr`Hkk”ksrwu f’k{k.k %& eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkus f’k{k.kkps ek/;e gs ekr`Hkk”kk vlkos vls EgVys gksrs- dkj.k ekr`Hkk”ksrwu Kku izkIrh

lgt gksÅ ‘kdrs- ekr`Hkk”ksrwu f’k{k.kkus vkiyh laLdrh vkf.k lkfgR; le/n gkrs- fofHkUu Lrjkrhy yksdkae/;s ca/kqHkko




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fuekZ.k gksrks- oSKkfud izxrhlkBh baxzth Hkk”kkp vko’;d vkgs gk xzg phu] tkiku] jf’k;k ;k lkj[;k izxr ns’kkauh [kksVk

Bjfoyk vkgs- ns’kizse] LolaLdrpk vfHkeku tkxr dj.;kps dk;Z ekr`Hkk”ksrwup gksrs g;k fo”k;h xka/khth Bke gksrs-

eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkrhy gk fl/nkar vktgh vko’;d okVrks- vkt loZ= QksQkoysys dkWUOgsaV laLdrhps yksu baxzth

f’k{k.kkyk fnysys vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo gs Hkkjrh;Ro vkf.k Hkkjrh; lkaLdfrd eqY;kauk ekxs us.kkjs vkgs- ckydkpk lokZaxhu

fodkl] fopkj dj.;kph ‘kDrh] rdZ ‘kDrh vkfnapk fodkl gk ekr`Hkk”ksrwup gksrks gs la’kks/kukus fl/n >kysys vkgs- R;kewGs

xka/khthauh lkafxrysyk gk fl/nkar frrdkp vktP;k ifjfLFkrhr vfuok;Z Bjrks-

gLrm|ksxkOnkjs f’k{k.k o LokJ;h f’k{k.k %& f’k{k.kkpk laca/k tj thouk’kh tksMko;kpk vlsy rj ckydkyk gLrdysps

f’k{k.k fnys ikfgts] dsoG iqLrdkrys ‘kCn fyghus fdaok okpus Eg.kts Kku uOgs rj ckydkP;k drhf’kyrsyk izsj.kk feGkyh

ikfgts- cq/nh Eg.kts Kku] eu Eg.kts Hkkouk vkf.k gkr Eg.kts drh ¼Three ‘H’ Head, Heart, Hand ½ ;kapk

lerksy okij dsY;kusp iw.kZ:ikuh vf/kdr gksrks- eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.k nsrkauk mnk- VdGhP;k lkgk¸;kus lqr dkr.;kps R;kl

f’k{k.k fnys tkrs- rlsp dqaHkkjdke Hkjrdke] bR;knh izdkjps ;k lkj[ks O;olk;hd f’k{k.k R;kauk fnys tkrs- f’k{k.k gs

LokJ;h vlys ikfgts Eg.ktsp ts f’k{k.k fo|kF;kZayk Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks djrs rsp [kjs f’k{k.k gks;- egkRek xka/khuh

lkafxrysY;k f’k{k.k ;kstusr f’k{k.kkuarj fo|kF;hZ gLrks|ksxkP;k vk/kkjs vkiyh mithfodk d: ‘kdrks- ygkui.kkiklwu

dkS’kY; fodflr >kY;keqGs rks vkiyk Lora= m|ksx LFkkiu d: ‘kdrks o O;olk; d: ‘kdrks-

egkRek xka/khauh lkafxrysyk gk fl/nkar vktP;k vk/kqfud dkGkr ns[khy Qkj mi;qDr vkgs- dkj.k ;k fl?nkarkpk

eqG xkHkk gk dkS’kY; fodkl] m|ksx o O;olk;kfHkeq[k f’k{k.k vlwu l/;kP;k ‘kS{kf.kd /kksj.kke/;s ;k xks”Vhyk vuU;

lk/kkj.k egRRo izkIr >kys vkgs- dkS’kY; fodkl gk eksBk dk;Zdze jkcfo.;kr ;sr vkgs- vk;q”;kph 23&24 o”ksZ f’k{k.k

?ksrY;kuarj tj fo|kF;kZaP;k vaxh vkiyh miftfodk pkyfo.;kps dkS’kY; fuekZ.k gksr ulsy rj R;k f’k{k.kkyk dk; vFkZ

vkgs \ vkt xka/khthuh lkafxrysyh gLrdyk] lqrdrkbZ b- xks”Vhph izklafxdrk tjh ulsy rjh ns[khy dkGkuq:i vk/kqfud

;qxkr o l|ifjfLFkrhr vko’;d vlysys dkS’kY; fo|kF;kZaP;k vaxkr fuekZ.k dj.ks] f’k{k.kkuarj yxsp dkS’kY;koj vk/kkfjr

O;olk; dj.ks o vkiyk mnjfuokZg dj.ks gs [kjs f’k{k.kkps mÌh”V;s vlk;yk ikfgts- mik’kh iksVh o gkrkyk dke ulrkauk

,d tckcnkj pkaxyk ukxfjd cu.;kph vis{kk dls djrk ;sÅ ‘kdsy \ Eg.kwu dkGkuq:i dkS’kY; fodkl o dkS’kY;

f’k{k.k ‘kkys; thoukiklwup feGkY;kl ns’kkph izxrh gksbZy- l|ifjfLFkrhr m|ksx o LokJ;h f’k{kkP;k fl/nkarkph furkar

xjt vkgs-

Je izfr”Bk %& ‘kkjhfjd ifjJekph lo; jkgkoh o Je vkf.k Jfedkizrh vknjHkko vlkok gs rRo Qkj egRokps vkgs-

Jeizfr”Bspk laLdkj gk ‘kkGsrqup fnyk ikfgts vlk R;kapk vkxzg gksrk-

e- xka/khthaps eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkrhy gs fl/nkar Qkj egRoiw.kZ vkgs- l|%fLFkrhr Hkkjrh; lekt thoukr tks Je

djrks rks lxG;kr [kkyP;k ikrGhpk letyk tkrks rj deh Je dj.kkjk gk ojP;k ikrGhpk v’kh FksV foHkkx.kh fnlwu

;srs- ‘kkjhfjd Jekpk ekscnyk gk vR;ar rksdMk vkgs- JfedkdMs ikg.;kpk lektkpk n`f”Vdksu fnolksafnol cnyr

pkyysyk vkgs- ;kp eq[; dkj.k vkiY;k f’k{k.k O;oLFksr Jekyk fnysys uxU; vls LFkku- f’k{k.kkP;k dks.kR;kgh Lrjkoj




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Jekyk izfr”Bk feGfo.;kP;k dks.kR;kgh dk;ZoRrh fnlwu ;sr ukgh- Eg.kwu xka/khthapk eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.kkrhy Jeizfr”BsP;k

fl/nkarkph vktP;k dkGkr vfuok;Zrk v/kksjsf[kr gksrs-

ukxfjdRokpk fodkl %& euq”; gk lkekftd izk.kh vkgs- ckydkpk oS;Drhd fodkl dj.;k cjkscj R;kpk lekftd fodkl

nsf[ky >kyk ikfgts- ckydkl ;ksX; ukxfjd cufo.;klkBh R;ke/;s lkekftdrk] drZO;ijk;.krk] tckcnkjh gs xq.k

:tfork vkys ikfgts- izR;sd O;Drh vkiY;k {kersuqlkj o dqorhuqlkj lektkP;k fodklkr gkrHkkj ykor vlrks- Eg.ktsp

,d pkaxyk ukxjhd gksr vlrks-

vktP;k dkGkr f’k{k.kkps vfyf[kr /;s; gs uksdjh dj.ks gsp >kysys vkgs- R;klkBh ijh{kk ikl dj.ks gs ,deso

mÌh”V gksÅu xsys vkgs- ;k izo`RrheqGs fo|kF;hZ gk Kku xzg.k dj.;kis{kk ifj{kkuqorhZ v/;;u dfjr vkgs- ckydkP;k

lokZafx.k fodklklkBh gks.kkjs dk;Zdze] fØ;kdyki g;k ‘kkys; osGki=dkrwu uke’ks”k gksr vkgs- R;keqGsp tckcnkj ukxfjd

?kMfo.;kps mÌh”Vs yksi ikor vkgs- R;keqGsp xka/khthaP;k g;k fl/nkarkph vfuok;Zrk vkotqZu egRRokph okVr vkgs-

ojhy loZ ckchapk fopkj djrk xka/khthauh eqyks|ksxh f’k{k.k ;kstusps lkaxhrysy fl/nkar vktP;k vk/kwfud dkGkr

ns[khy rso<sp leiZd vkgs- dkGkuq:i R;kaP;k vaeyctko.khph i/nrh tjh cnyyh rj ns’kkpk fodkl lk/k.;klkBh

fdacgwuk tkxfrd ifjn`”;kr Hkkjrkps LFkku mapko.;klkBh gh rRos fdaok fl/nkar vaxhdkj.;kf’kok; xR;arj ukgh-

lanHkZ%&

vgsj] fgjk ¼1995½ mn~;ksUeq[k Hkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k o f’k{kd] fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj

?kksjeksMs ds- ;q-] dyk ?kksjeksMs ¼2006½ ‘kS{kf.kd fopkjoar ¼Hkkjrh; o ik’pkR;½ fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj

iokj] uk-x- ¼2005½ mn~;ksUeq[k Hkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k] uqru izdk’ku] iw.ks

ikjlful] MkW- u-jk- ¼2005½ f’k{k.kkph rkfRod o lekt’kkL=h; Hkwfedk] uqru izdk’ku] iq.ks

lDlsuk] ,u-vkj-]f’kYik prqosZnh] ¼2012½ mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt es f’k{kd] vkj yky cqd Msiks] esjB-




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egkRek xka/kh ;akps lR;kxzgklaca/khps fopkj çk- eukst ds- ljksns

lgk- çk/;kid vkVZ~l dWkyst flgksjk rk- rqelj ft- HkaMkjk

[email protected]

çLrkouk %& jktdh; o lkekftd fopkjakP;k bfrgklkr egkRek xka/khP;k fopkjkps egRokps LFkku vkgs- jktdkj.kkps vk/;fRedj.k dj.ks gk ;k fopkjkpk eq[; mís’k gksrk lR; vkf.k vfgalk gh nksu ekuoh ewY; egkRek xka/khP;k fopkjkps dsUæ gksrs- ;k nksu eqY;kaP;k vk/kkjsp R;kauh vkiys fopkj ekaMys- lR;kxzg gh R;kaP;k fopkjkrhy egRokph ladYiuk gks; ^lR;kxzg* ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ lR;kpk vkxzg vlk gksrks- lR;koj xka/khthph vVG J/nk gksrh- lR;kxzgk}kjs lektifjorZu ?kMowu vk.krk ;sÅ ‘kdrs] ;koj egkRek xka/khpk fo’okl gksrk dsoG lk/; pakxys vlwu pkyr ukgh rj lk/; lk/k.;klkBh lk/kus ns[khy pakxyh vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- lk/ku o lk/;kpk laca/k cht o o{kkçek.ks vkgs- cht okbZV vlsy rj o{k pakxyk mxo.kkj ukgh jksX;kpk jksx cjk dj.;klkBh MWkDVjus tj nks”kiw.kZ lk/kus okijyh rj jksX;kph fLFkrh iwohZis{kk Hk;adj gksbZy Eg.kwu egkRek xka/khus vlR;kfo#/n] vU;k;kfo#/n y<k ns.;klkBh rlsp lekt ifjorZuklkBh ^lR;kxzg* ;k uSfrd lk/kukpk iqjLdkj dsyk- lR;kxzg gk çR;{k —rhpk çHkkoh ekxZ vkgs- brj ekxZ laiY;kuarj ;k ekxkZpk voyac dsY;k tkok ^lfou; çfrgkj* gh laKk xka/khuh lq#okrhyk lR;kxzgkpk vk’k; O;Dr dj.;klkBh okijyh i.k gh iqjs’kh ukgh- ^nwjkpkjkpk eqdkcyk lnkpkjkus djkok gs xka/khps var%lw= gksrs R;kpçek.ks ^lfou; çfrgkj* gh e;kZfnr vk’k; O;Dr dj.kkjh laKk vkgs- R;kpçek.ks rs nwcZykps ‘kL= okV.;kpk] Ons”kcq/nhrwu okijys tk.;kpk vkf.k ‘ksoVh fgalkpkjkr ifjorZu gks.;kpk eksBk /kksdk laHkorks-

lR;kxzgkpk tUe %& vkfÝdsr vlrkuk >qyw caMkph baxzth uksdjh d#u xka/khth fQfuDl e/;s fe=akuk HksVk;yk vkys- lokZauk HksVwu tksgkUlcxZyk iksgpys- rsFks 22 vWkxLV 1906 jksth VªkUloky ljdkjP;k xW>sVe/;s dk;sneamGkr lekfo”V gks.kkÚ;k fcypk elqnk okpyk- tlt’kh fcykph dyes R;kauh okpyh rlrlk R;kaP;k vaxkyk dai lqVyk tj gs chy ikl >kys vkf.k fganh yksdakuh ekU; dsys rj nf{k.k vkfÝdsrwu fganh tekrhph eqGsp m[kMyh tkrhy vls R;kauk okVys- ;k fcykuqlkj VªkUlokykr jkg.;kpk gDd ckGx.kkÚ;k çR;sd fganh L=h&iq#”kkus vkf.k lkB o”ksZ fdaok R;kojhy o;kP;k eqyk&eqyahuk ,f’k;kfVd dpsjhr vkiyh ukos uksanowu ijokus feGfoys ikfgtsr- uksan dj.;klkBh djko;kP;k vtkZr vkiys uko] xko] tkr] o;] ‘kjhjkojhy [kq.kk b- ekfgrh |koh- ;k fcykP;k fojks/kkFkZ xka/khuh 11 lIVs- 1906 jksth ,d tkfgj lHkk ?ksryh- lHksr ts Bjko ekaMys xsys R;kr ^^;k fcykP;k fo#/n loZ mik; vtekowu tj rs ikl >kys rj fganh yksdkauh R;kyk ‘kj.k tk;ps ukgh vkf.k ‘kj.k u xsY;keqGs th th nq%[ks ;srhy rh loZ lgu djk;ph- ;k pGoGhyk exuyky xka/khuh lnkxzg gs uko lqpfoys- dkj.k gk vkxzg Eg.kts ln~ Eg.kts ‘kqHk vkgs- rs uko xka/khthauk ilar iMys rjh R;k ukokr T;kpk varHkkZo Ogkok vls R;kauk okVr gksrs rs ;sr uOgrs- Eg.kwu R;kauk ^n* pk ^r* d#u R;kyk ^;* tksMyk o ^lR;kxzg* uko cufoys-

lR;kxzgkpk mís’k%& fczVh’k lkezktkP;k tks[kMk iklwu nwj d#u Lora= jk”Vª Eg.kwu txrk ;s.;klkBh LojkT; feGfo.ks gksrs- Eg.kwup lR;kxzgkP;k Lokra«; laxzkekP;k lanHkkZr fopkj Ogk;yk gok- Hkkjrkr Øakrhph ‘kD;rk ulY;kus dsoG ,d O;ogk;Z /kksj.k Eg.kwup lR;kxzgkpk Lohdkj dsyk xsyk- yksd’kkghph ewY;s tuekulkr #tfo.;klkBh xka/khuh tUeHkj ç;Ru dsysr- vjkT;oknkph ladYiuk R;akuh Lohdkjyh gksrh- jkejkT; ,d vkn’kZ O;oLFkk vkgs- gs er xka/khthps gksrs- xka/khthP;k fopkjkapk Hkj O;DrhP;k lq[kkis{kk frP;k vk/;kfRed fodklkoj gksrk- dqBykgh cny ,dne gksr ulrks rj R;kyk dkgh




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dkG tkok ykxrks- R;k djhrk gGwgGw i.k lkrR;kus lq/kkj.kk djkO;kr vls R;kps vkxzgh er gksrs- er ifjorZukis{kk g`n; ifjorZukyk egRo ns.kkÚ;k xka/khtahuh lkekftd o jktdh; vU;k;kps fujkdj.k dj.;klkBh lkeqnkf;d lR;kxzgkpk ekxZ vuqljyk vkf.k çFke nf{k.k vkfÝdsr o uarj Hkkjrkr lkeqnkf;d lR;kxzgkps eksBs ç;ksx dsysr-

lR;kxzgk laca/kh fopkj %& lR;kxzg gs nqcG;kps ‘kL= ukgh] lR;kxzg fgalsyk vuSfrd ekurks vkf.k Eg.kwu fgalk VkGrks] }s”k o lwM ;k Hkkoukae/kwu lR;kxzg gksÅp ‘kdr ukgh- çfri{kkyk ‘kj.k vk.kwu R;kph ukeq”dh dj.ks] lR;kxzgkr eqGhp visf{kr ulrs- lR;kxzg gs vkfRed lkeF;kZps dk;Z vlwu ;s’kwf[zkLr] lWkØsfVl gs R;kps ewfrZear vfo”dkj vkgsr- fu”Øh;rsyk lR;kxzgkr eqGhp LFkku ulrs] lR;kxzg gk rj lØh; çfrdkj vlrks- QDr ,o<sp dh] gh lØh;rk fgalkpkjkr çofrZr u gksrk çse] R;kx fo’okl ;k Lo#ikr O;Dr gksrs- xka/khtahP;k lR;kxzgkr vfgalsyk egRokps LFkkiu vkgs- lR;kxzg Eg.kts çse o lR; g;akps feyu vkgs- çse vkf.k vfgalk lR;kxzgkph vk;q/ks vkgsr- /kksdk] }s”k] Øks/k o vlR; g;kauk rsFks Fkkjk ukgh- fojks/kdak’kh okxrkuk fgalk u voyacrk R;kyk lgkuqHkwrhiwoZd pqdhP;k ekxkZo#u ijko`Rr dj.;kph Hkwfedk lR;kxzgkph vlyh ikfgts] R;klkBh Lor% Dys’k lgu dj.;kph r;kjh vlyh ikfgts- lR;kxzg Eg.kts lR; vkf.k vfgalk ;akP;k feykikrwu fuekZ.k gks.kkjh ,d vnE; ‘kDrh vkgs- nqlÚ;k ikjM;kr txkrY;k loZ fgald ‘kDrh VkdY;k rjhgh lR;kxzg ‘kDrhps ikjMs tM jkg.ks vVG vkgs- ikf’pekR; jktdh; fopkjkr ftyk rksM lkiM.kkj ukgh v’kh ,d vfHkuo ladYiuk xka/khuh lR;kxzgkP;k Lo#ikr lknj dsyh vkgs- rh tkxfrd fopkj {ks=kyk xka/khdMwu feGkysyh vueksy ns.kxh vkgs- xka/khuh rh vkiY;k nf{k.k vkfÝdsrY;k y<;kr uhV ikj[kwu riklwu ?ksrY;kaurj Hkkjrh; Lokra«; y<;klkBh vf/kd fodflr dsyh( vkf.k ek= rh Hkkjrkiqjrh flfer jkfgyh ulwu txkr vusd tkxh vU;k; fuokj.;kps rlsp brjgh y<s y<.;klkBh ,d uSfrd la?k”kZra= Eg.kwu voyacr vkgs- lR;kxzg gs ekuoh thoukps ‘kkL= o dyk vlY;keqGs thoukpk tltlk fodkl gksr tkbZy rlrls R;kps Lo#i ifjiw.kZ gskr tkbZy- R;kps vafre Lo#i dls jkghy gs vkt lakxrk ;s.k s xka/khuk v’kD; okVrs- ekuoh LoHkkojhy v<G vkarfjd fo’okl gk lR;kxzg /kekZpk xkHkk vlrks- folosGk Qlo.kwd gksÅugh lR;kxzgh çfrLi/kkZoj fo’okl Bsorks rks ;k vkarfjd fo’okleqGsp çfrLi/kkZP;k ‘kkjhjhd vfLrRokis{kk Js”Brj vls R;kps uSfrd vfLrRo vkgs- v’kk J/nsrwu R;kP;k lfg”.kwrk ckGxwu R;kP;k Hkfedspk [kqY;k ekxkZus fopkj djk;yk lR;kxzgh r;kj vlrks- çR;{k —rhpk voyac dj.;kiwohZ ppkZ] okVk?kkVh fopkjfoue; oxSjs ekxZ rks gkrGrks- rRoka’kh rMtksM u djrk ri’khyklca/kh rMtksMhauk rks r;kj jkgrks- Lor%ph pwd dks.kR;kgh VI;koj y{kkr vkY;kl çkatGi.ks rh dcwy djrks- vU;k;kfo#/n y<r vlrkukgh vU;k; dj.kkÚ;kfo”k;h lR;kxzghaP;k eukr lnHkko fVdwu vlrks] Lor%ps vkpj.k LokHkkfod o v—=e jkghy] çfrLi/kkZaoj cGtcjh gks.kkj ukgh- ok R;kph dqapc.kk gks.kkj ukgh] QDr R;kP;k g`n;kyk vkokgu d#u R;kr ikyV dj.;kpkp ç;Ru dsyk tkbZy v’kh dkGth lR;kxzgh ?ksr vlrks- lR;kxzg Eg.kts vU;k;] nMi’kkgh vkf.k ‘kks”k.k ;akP;kfo#/n dsysyk vkfRed ‘kDrhpk okij gks;- lR;kxzg Eg.kts O;Drhpk ifo= vf/kdkj vkf.k drZO; lq/nk vkgs- lR;kxzgkP;k ekxkZus fot; feGrksp ;nkdnkfpr R;kr lR;kxzghpk eR;w >kY;kl rks ns[khy ‘ksoVh R;kpk fot; Bjrks- dkj.k lR;xkzghP;k eR;wuarj gtkjks yksdkauk R;kps rRoKku iVys- rs R;kus nk[kfoysY;k ekxkZpk voyac djrkr- ;s’kw f[zLrkP;k vkRecfynkukps yk[kks yksdakuk R;kps rRoKku iVys- lR;kxzgh fojks/kkuk tqekur ukgh- vkRe’kDrhP;k lkeF;kZoj lR;kpk fot; fuf’pr vlrks- vR;kpkjkfo#/n Øakrh dj.;kpk lR;kxzg gk ,d ekxZ vkgs-

xka/khP;k ers] lR;kxzg Lokoyach vlrks- R;kP;k okijkyk çfri{kkph lerh ykxr ukgh- çfrLi/;kZaP;k çfrdkjkusp rh [kjks[kj rstkus tkLrhr tkLr çdk’krks- Eg.kwu R;kyk çfrdkj djrk ;sr ukgh- lR;kxzgkyk ijkHko ekfgr ulrks- dkj.k rks u Fkdrk lR;kdfjrk >xMr jkgrks- R;k >xM;kr eR;w Eg.kts eks{k vkf.k rq#ax Eg.kts Lokra«;kps ços’k}kj vlrs- R;kl ‘kDrhgh Eg.krkr- dkj.k tj lR;kxzghyk eR;w Eg.kts y<;kpk ‘ksoV u okVrk rks dGl vkgs- ;koj fo’okl Bsok;pk vlsy rj R;k djhrk R;kyk vkRE;kps vfLrRo ekU; dsys ikfgts- ‘kjhj gs vkReçdVhdj.kkps dsoG ,d lk/ku vkgs- vkf.k tsOgk R;k ‘kjhjkps vfLrRo gs lR;kps n’kZu gks.kkÚ;k çfri{kkP;k ekxkZr vMFkGk vkgs vls R;kyk okVrs rsOgk lR;kdfjrk




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tx.kkjk rks ek.kwl ‘kjhjkpk R;kx djrks- ‘kjhjkuarj vkRek f’kYyd vlrks] ;k tkf.kosus l/;kP;k ‘kjhjkrp lR; fot;h >kys ikfgts gs vuqHko.;kl rks mrkoGk >kysyk ulrks çfri{kkyk lR;kxzgh ts lR; R;kosGh çdV djrks rs vuqHkoko;kl yko.;kP;k ç;Rukr ej.;kph ‘kDrh vl.ks ;krp [kjks[kj fot; vlrks-** ^lR;kxzgkph ‘kiFk ?ks.ks gh eksBhp dBh.k xks”V vkgs- ?ksrysyh ‘kiFk ikG.ks gh rj R;kgwugh dBh.k xks”V vkgs- vkiY;k ijes’ojkps Lej.k d#u ek.klkus ,dnk ?ksrysyh ‘kiFk eksMk;ph gh xks”V eukr vk.k.ks lq/nk eyk lgu gksr ukgh- rqeP;k eukrwu th ‘kiFk ikGko;kph ukgh v’kh ‘kiFk tj rqEgh ?ksryhr rj [kjks[kjp eyk Qkj rhoz ;kruk gskrhy- lR;kxzgke/;s çfrKk gh lokZr tkLr eksykph xks”V vkgs- v[ksji;Zar rh ikGyhp ikfgts- nsokps uko ?ksÅu dsysyh çfrKk dsOgkgh eksMrk dkek u;s- ekÖ;k eR;qeqGs gtkjks yksd tj vkiY;k çfrKsps ikyu dj.kkj vlrhy rj çk.k |k;yk lq/nk eh eqGhp deh dj.kkj ukgh-** ^^lR;kxzg Eg.kts fu%’kL= çfrdkj vls ‘kCn eh okijhr vlrks gs [kjs i.k R;k ‘kCnkauh ekÖ;k eukrhy vFkZ lokZa”kkus O;Dr gksr ukgh rqeP;koj yknysY;k ;k gkyvis”Vk >qxk#u |k- rqEgh LosPNsus Dys’k lkslk;yk r;kj vlys ikfgts ;kpsp uko lR;kxzg lR;kxzgkpk voyac dj.kkÚ;kauh nqlÚ;ka’kh meZVi.ks okxrk dkek u;s nqjoj ilj.kkÚ;k lw;kZP;k fdj.kkçek.ks loZO;kih vkf.k vfopy vls gs lR; vkgs-** ^lR;kxzgkpk y<k gs ,d loZd”k çdj.k vkgs- lR; gkp ,d çR;{k vkiY;k loZ thoukpk vk/kkjHkwr ik;k vkgs- çR;sd çlaxh lR;kxzgh ek.klkus [kjsp cksyys ikfgts- lR;kxzgkph rRos rqEgh uhV Li”V letwu ?ksryh ikfgtsr vkf.k tUeHkj vkiys vkpj.k lR; vkf.k uhrhfu;r ;akuk vuql#u Bsosys ikfgts- lR; Eg.kts ijes’oj rqeps nkxnkfxus vkf.k rqeP;k tfeuh [kq’kky ?ksÅu tkÅ |kr i.k rqEgh vkiyk /keZ lksMw udk ?ksrysyh çfrKk ikG.;kps lkeF;Z rqEgkyk nsokus |kos v’kh eh R;kyk çkFkZuk djrks- ;k /keZekxkZP;k iqu#Tthoukrp LojkT;kph xq#fdYyh vkgs-**

lR;kxzgkps ra= %& lR;kxzgklkBh egkRek xka/khuh vusd lk/kus lakfxryh vkgs- R;k lk/kuakP;k mfpr ç;ksxkeqGs lR;kxzg ;’kLoh gksÅ ‘kdrks- lR;kxzg O;fDrxr fjrhus d# ‘kdrs vkf.k lkewfgd fjrhusgh lR;kxzg dsyk tkÅ ‘kdrks- lkewfgd Lo#ikr lR;kxzg dj.;klkBh egkRek xka/kuh vusd ra=s vFkok lk/kus lkafxryh vkgsr] rh iq<hyçek.ks fo’kn djrk ;srhy- 1- vlgdkj @vlg;ksx %

xka/khthaP;k ers]^^ vR;kpkjkps eq[; dkj.k ‘kks”kd o ‘kksf”kr ;akps ijLij lgdk;Z gks;- T;akps ‘kks”k.k gksrs rs vKkuhi.kkeqGs ‘kks”k.k dj.;kpkÚ;ka’kh lg;ksx nsrkr- ‘kks”khrkaP;k ;k vKkukeqGs R;kaph fiGo.kwd gskr tkrs o R;kauk vR;kpkj lgu djkok ykxrks- ‘kks”k.k dj.kkÚ;kapk fojks/k dsyk tkr ukgh Eg.kwu ‘kks”k.k gksrs- xak/khthaP;k ers]^^vR;ar tqyeh ‘kklu ns[khy ‘kksf”krakP;k laerh f’kok; vfLrRokr jkgw ‘kdr ukgh- iajrq yksdakuh tqyeh ‘kklukyk vlgdkj ns.;kps eukoj ?ksrY;kl fdrhgh tqyeh ‘kkluO;oLFkk vlyh rjh rh dksyeMwu iMsy- vlgdkj ;k ekxkZoj voyac d#u tqyeh ‘kkldkP;k vR;kpkjkiklwu O;Drh vkiys Lokra«; ijr feGow ‘kdrks-

2- gjrkG ikG.ks %& T;k ifjfLFkrhP;k fu”ks/kkFkZ gjrkG iqdkj.;kr vkyk vlsy rh ifjfLFkrh u”V dsyh tkÅ ‘kdrs- gjrkGkps ‘kL= vR;ar çHkkoh vlrs- i.k R;kpk okij osGksosGh gksrk dkek u;s- vU;Fkk R;kph /kkj cksFkM gksrs Eg.kwu gjrkG Dofpr çlax dj.;kr ;kok- gjrkG gs tursus Lo;aLQqrhZus iqdkjysys vlkos-

3- lkekftd cfg”dkj %& lektkr yksderkph mis{kk dj.kkjs vusd yksd vlrkr- Lor%P;k LokFkkZdjhrk rs tursP;k fgrkdMs nqyZ{k djrkr- v’kk yksdkaoj lkekftd cfg”dkj Vkd.;kr ;kok vkf.k lekt thoukr R;kauk ços’k ukdkjkok v’kk cfg”dkjkeqGs lektkrhy n`”V ço`Rrhpk uk’k gksÅ ‘kdrks-

4- lfou; dk;nsHkax %&




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lfou; dk;nsHkaxkph f’kdo.k xka/khthauh fnyh- lfou; dk;nsHakxkps ra= vfr’k; çHkkoh ekuys tkrs- tqyeh jktoVhps vkf.k ijdh; lRrsps tqyeh o vuSfrd dk;ns u ikG.ks ghp xks”V xka/khthaP;k ers uSfrd Lo#ikph vkgs- xka/khthaP;k ers lfou; dk;nsHkax vfgald ekxkZus >kyk ikfgts- dk;nsHkax dj.kkÚ;k O;Drhr vkRecfynkuakph Hkkouk vlyh ikghts dk;nsHakxkekxs dq.kkcíygh ‘k=wRokph fdaok lwMkph Hkkouk ulkoh- dk;nsHkax dj.kkÚ;k O;fDrps pkfj«; ‘kq/n ulsy rj R;k O;fDrus lfou; dk;nsHkax d# u;s- T;kaP;k vaxh vfgalsps rRo vkgs v’kk yksdkauhp dk;nsHkax djkok-

5- miks”k.k %& uSfrd lkeF;kZpk miks”k.k gk vR;ar egku ç;ksx vkgs- vkRe’kq/nhlkBh vkf.k vkiY;k U;k; Lo#ikP;k ekx.;k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh miks”k.kkpk ekxZ xka/khthauh vusd osGk mi;ksxkr vk.kyk- miks”k.kkP;k ekxkZus vkReDys’k lgu d#u tqyeh lRrk/kkÚ;akP;k ço`Rrhr] ik”kk.k g`n;kr ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.kys tkÅ ‘kdrs- g`n; ifjorZru ?kMowu vk.k.;kps lkeF;Z miks”k.kkr vkgs-

6- fun’kZus dj.ks %& ijdh; lRrk/kkÚ;kaP;k fojks/kkr fun’kZus d#u rh tqyeh lRrk gíikj dj.;klkBh ;k ekxkZpk voyac dsyk tkrks- iajrq v’kk rÚgsph fun’kZus djhr vlrkauk dks.kkojgh nMi.k vk.kw u;s o fun’kZukpk dk;ZØe vfgald Lo#ikpk vlkok- ojhy lgk çdkjph ra=s xka/khthP;k lR;kxzgkP;k dk;Zi/nrhrhy lk/kus vkgsr- vfgalkRed ekxkZus ;k ra=kpk okij dsY;kl lR;kpk t; gksrks ;koj xka/khthapk n`< fo’okl gksrk-

lanHkZxzaFk lwph %& 1- xka/kh ukokps egkRek] fd.khdj] jWk;] % Mk;eaM ifCyds’ku] iq.ks 2012] 2- çeq[k Hkkjrh; o ikf’pekR; jktdh; fopkjd] i- fl dk.ks] % fiaiGkiqjs vWUM da- ifCy’klZ] ukxiwj] 1998] 3- eksgunkl djepan xka/kh] ]u-e-] tks’kh % vuqca/k çdk’ku] iq.ks ]2014 4- xka/khth laf{kIr vkRepfj=] uothou çdk’ku eafnj] vgenkckb 380014] 5- egkRek xka/khps ladfyr okM-e;] [kaM 17] çdk’kd & egkRek xka/kh okM-e; lferh] egkjk”Vª ‘kklu eqacbZ&

1]vWkDVks] 1970 6- egkRek xka/khps ladfyr okM-e; [kaM 14] lapkyd] çfl/nh foHkkx] egkjk”Vª jkT; eqacbZ] uksOgs- 1963 7- egkRek xka/khps ladfyr okM-e; [kaM 16] çdk’kd& lapkyd çfl/nh foHkkx] egkjk”Vª] jkT; eqacbZ 26 tkus- 1968 8- vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 1921 rs 1947 MWk- lqeu oS|] MWk- ‘kkark dksBsdj çdk’ku&Jh lkbZukFk çdk’ku] ukxiqj 9- xka/kh vkf.k vakcsMdj] xaxk/kj ckG—“.k ljnkj] lqxkok çdk’ku iq.ks 30 10- tkxfrd jk”Vªoknkps çokg fu- fganqLFkku ys[kd & n- t- tkaxGsdj] euksjek çdk’ku] ukxiwj 11- jktdh; fopkjoar ¼ikf’pekR; vkf.k Hkkjrh;½ ys[kd& ‘k- xks- nsoxkaodj] lkbZukFk çdk’ku] ukxiwj 12- vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl ys[kd & ,- ok;- dksa<sdj 13- egkRek xak/kh&v[ksjps ioZ ys[kd&I;kjsyky vuqokn& fcteksgu gsMk 14- xka/kh fopkj vkSj ge & ih- ds- vxzoky] f’kizk vxzoky çfrHkk çfr”Bku] ubZ fnYyh 2012-




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egkRek xka/kh vkf.k efgyk l{kehdj.k izk-js[kk cckth esJke

usoktkckbZ fgrdkjh.kh egkfo|ky; czEgiqjh ft-panziwj fiu dksM 441206

eksckbZy uacj & 9405135943 E-Mail. - [email protected]

izLrkouk & Lora™; Hkkjrkpk fopkj djrkuk Hkkjrkyk Lokra™; feGwu v/khZ’krdkis{kk tkLr dkG >kyk-

26 tkusokjh 1950 yk Hkkjrkr lafo/kku ykxw >kys- o R;kr L=h;kauk lekursP;k vf/kdkj ns.;krvkyk- ijarq vkt 21 O;k ‘krdkrgh vf/kdrj efgyk xqykehrp vkgsr- R;kauk rls Bso.;kps dkj.k iq:”kiz/kku lekt] R;kauh L=h;karkps LFkku nq;e ntkZps ekuys vkgs- efgykaph la[;k ;k i`Fohrykoj 50 VDds vkgs-

ijarq R;kauk vkt gh vf/kdkj Lokra™;] oSpkfjd Lokra™;] o LokfHkekuklkBh la?k”kZp djkok ykxrks vkgs- xsyh vusd ‘krds L=h vusd vFkkZus LFkRokP;k va/kkjkrwu okV dk<r pkyyh vkgs- L=hpk L=hrRokpk] ekrRokpk o frP;k laiq.kZ O;DrheRokpk fodkl dlk gksbZy ;k laca/kh Qkj FkksM;k lekt lq/kkjdkauh fopkj

dsysyk vkgs- R;kiSdh egkRek xka/kh ,d vkgsr- T;kauh L=h;klaca/kh fopkj ekaMrkuk L=h tksi;Zar ‘kks”k.keqDr gksr ukgh rksi;Zar rh lcy gks.kkj ukgh vkf.k lcy >kY;kf’kok; Lora= gks.kkj ukgh vls EgVys vkgs-

ikjaikfjd Hkkjrh; lekte/;s L=hyk L=hRoke/kwu xkS.k ntkZ izkIr >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs L=h;kauk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh; gDdkaiklwu nwj Bso.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk xsyk- fryk LokehRo] Lokra™;] lekurk ;kdfjrk fgu letys tkrs- ijarw folkO;k ‘krdke/;s vesfjdk] QzkUl] dWuMk] baXyM ;k jk”Vªke/;s L=hoknkrwu

L=h&iq:”k lekurk izLFkkfir dj.;kP;k n”Vhus oSokjhd dzkarh >kyh- Hkkjrkr jktk jkeeksgu jkW; ;kaP;k uarj egkRek xka/kh o lkfo=hckbZ Qqys] MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj

;kauh ;k lekt O;oLFksfojks/kkr vkokt mBowu L=h;kaojhy vR;kpkj] R;kaP;koj ykn.;kr vkysY;k :<h ijaijk ;k laca/kkus fopkj ekaMys- mn~ns’k %&

1½ egkRek xka/khps L=h fo”k;d fopkj vH;klus 2½ xka/kh fopkjkpk vH;kl dj.ks 3½ xka/khP;k fopkjkrhy L=hps egRo vH;kl.ks

Lka’kks/ku i/nrh o ra=s %& Lknj fo”k;kps v/;;u nq;e ra=kP;k lgk;kus dj.;kr ;sbZy-

egkRek xka/khps L=hfo”k;d fopkj vk/kqfud txkr] ^^vfglapk vkf.k ‘kkarhpk lans’k** ns.kkjs vkf.k R;kaP;k lkezkT;koj d/khgh lq;kZLr gks.kkj ukgh v’kh fu”Bk vl.kkÚ;k fczVh’k laRrsfo:/n xka/khth dks.kR;kgh ‘kL=kfouk dsoG lR; vkf.k vafglk

;kp ekuorkoknh eqY;koj y<ys vkf.k fgp vk/kqfud Hkkjrkph oSpkfjd ns.kxh vkgs-




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egkRek xka/khuh Lokra™;y<k] fgan LojkT;] lokZn; ;k lkj[;k ekuorkoknh eqY;kph

tksikluk dsyh- rlsp L=h ‘kDrh lerk ;k lanHkkZrgh vkiys fopkj izHkkohi.ks ekaMys- L=h fo”k;h xka/khth n”Vhdksukpk fopkj dj.ks vko’;d Bjrs& 1½ lkekftd n”Vhdksu &

L=h;klaca/kh lkekftd n”Vhdks.kkrwu fopkj ekaMrkuk L=h gh vfgalspk eqrhZ vkgs- ns’kkr pkyysY;k va’kkrrsyk ‘kkarrk gh eqrhZp f’kdow vk.krs- thou iz/kku lektjpusr L=h;kae/;s ltZu’khyrk vko’;d vkgs- L=h gh izse] Dys’k ;k lokZuk lgu d: ‘kdrs- rh nqcZy ukgh- FkksMh uez

uDdhp vlrs- rh vcyk rj eqGhp ukgh- Eg.kwup fL=’kDrhyk Js”Bro feGkys rj uolekt fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdrs-

2½ L=h f’k{k.k & xka/khthauk L=h ‘kDrhoj vkR;kf/kd fo’okl gksrk- R;kaP;k ers ,dk iq:”kkus f’k{k.k ?ksrys rj laiq.kZ dqaVw ac lqf’kf{kr gksrs- ;klkBh L=h;kauk mfpr f’k{k.k feGkys ikfgts- tltlk f’k{k.kkpk

izlkj gksbZy rlr’kh R;kauk vkiY;k ‘kDrhph tkf.ko gksbZy- 3½ vkfFkZd n”Vhdks.k & egkRek xka/khuk vkiY;k rRoKkuke/kwu vkfFkZd n”Vhus lekt Lo;aiq.kZ djko;kpk

gksrk- R;kdfjrk xzke jkT;] fo’oLr jkT;] gh dYiuk ekaMyh- vkfFkZd n”Vhus L=h;kauk Loa;iq.kZ gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- pqy vkf.k eqy ;k nko.khyk L=hyk cka/kys xsys vkf.k Eg.kwup vkfFkZd n”V;k L=hyk lcG gks.ks

vko’;d vkgs- 4½ fookg & xka/khuh fookgkl ifo= laLdkj ekuys- iRuh gh nklh ukgh] rj izR;sd ckcrhr

leku gDd vlysyh l[kh o lgpkgh vlrs- fookgkpk mn~ns’k QDr Hkksx fdaok iztuu dj.ks ukgh- R;kaP;k ers mPp tkrhP;k eqyhauh gfjtu eqyk’kh fookg djkok- g;kdfjrk R;kauh vkarjtkrh; fookgkph ladYiuk ekaMyh-

5½ gqaMk izFksyk fojks/k & xka/khthauh gqaMk izFksyk fojks/k dsyk- gqaMk izFkk lkekftd o oS;fDrd thoukr fo”ke

dke djrs- gaqMk izFkseqGs eqyhauk vusd leL;kauk rksaM |kos ykxrs- R;klkBh gh izFkk u”V dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- R;kdfjrk fookg Bjforkuk tkrho izkrkaP;k ckgsj fookg djkosr Eg.kts gaqMk izFkk u”V gksbZy- 6½ ckyfookg &

ckyfookgkps n”V;ifj.kke L=h;kauk Hkksxkos ykxrkr] L=h;kauk vf/kd ckydkauk tUe |kok ykxrks R;keqGs L=hps vkjksX; /kksD;kr ;srs ;kdfjrk xka/khapk ckyfookgkl fojks/k gksrk- 7½ ernkukpk vf/kdkj &




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xka/khP;k ers Hkkjrkps Hkfo”; L=h;kaP;k gkrkr vkgs- dkj.k Hkkoh ih<h ?kMfo.;kps

dk;Z L=h;k djrkr- L=h;kauk ernkukpk vf/kdkj feGk;yk gok o dk;|kus R;kauk lekr ntkZ feG.ks vko’;d vkgs- 8½ Lokra™; vkanksyu &

Lokra™; y<;kP;k vkanksyukr L=h;kauh lgHkkx ?ksÅu ijns’kh ekykoj cfg”dkj Vkd.ks] [kqu dk<.ks] dkiM fo.k.ks] fofo/k lHkkauk vifLFkrh] vfu”B izFkkaps fueqZyu dj.;klkBh dk;|kr lq/kkj.kk dj.ks bR;knh dk;Z L=h;kauh dsysys vkgs- egkRek xka/khuh L=h lcyhdj.kkr vR;ar egRokph Hkqfedk

ctkoyh gksrh- Eg.kwu L=h;k vkt lkekftd] vkfFkZd]jktdh; euksjatu bR;knh {ks=kr iq:”kkaP;k cjkscjhus dk;Z djrkuk fnlwu ;srkr-

9½ fo/kok iq.kZfookgkps leFkZu & fo/kok iq.kZfookgkps leFkZu d:u R;kauh ;kpk fu"ks/k dj.;kpk fojks/k dsyk- o R;kfo:/n vkokt mBfoyk- xka/khthaP;k ers fo/kok L=h;kauk tcjtLrhus fo/kokaps thou tx.;kr Hkkx

ikM.ks vfHk'kki vkgs- R;kauk iquZfookg dj.;kl izkRlkfgr dj.ks o pkaxys thou tx.;kph la/kh |koh xka/khthuh ;ax bafM;krhy ,dk ys[kkr Li"V dsys dh] eqyhauh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kslkscrp baxzth iqLrds okpkfor baxzth o txkrhy brj Hkk"kkapkgh vH;kl djkok o feGfoysY;k Kkukpk okij

ns'kklkBh] lektklkBh djkok- R;kauh vls ys[kup dsys ukgh rj R;kaP;k pGoGhr vusd fL=;kauk lgHkkxh d:u ?ksrys o ns'kkP;k Lokra= y<;kr R;kauk lgHkkx fnyk-

egkRek xka/kh izf.kr jk"Vªh; pGoGhr fL=;kapk lgHkkx %& egkRek xka/khuh 8 es 1919 jksth eqacbZr ,dk L=h;kaP;k lHksr Hkk"k.k djrkauk [kkyhy fopkj ekaMys dh] tks i;Zar ns'kkrhy L=h;k iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus txkP;k dkjHkkjkr] /kkfeZd] jktdh;] dk;kZr

Hkkx ?ksr ukgh] rksi;Zar ns'k iq.kZr% l{ke gks.kkj ukgh- R;kauh vkiY;k pGoGhe/;s Hkkx ?ks;klkGh fL=;kauk izsfjr dsys v½ vlgdkj pGoG %& vlgdkjk;k fufeR;kus 1920 urajP;k jk"Vªh; O;klihBkoj fL=;kauk vk.kys

R;kaP;k ;k tu vkanksyukr L=h;k fo|kFkhZ vkf.k 'ksrdjh eksB;k izek.kkr lgHkkxh gksrs- ;k pGoGhr fL=;kauh eksB;k ziek.kkr ijns'kh diM;kP;k gksGhr Hkkx ?ksryk-

c½ lfou; dk;nsHkax %& ;k dk;nsHkaxkP;k pGoGhr fL=;kapk lgHkkx vlgdkjkis{kk vf/kd gksrk- o R;kps dkj.k Eg.kts dk;nsHkaxkph fopkj/kkjk o pGoG ;k lanHkkZr L=h;kadMs iq:"kkis{kk LokFkZR;kx] vfgalk vkf.k izkekf.kdi.kk gs egRokps xq.k vkgsr vls xka/khps Eg.k.ks gksrs- ;ko:u R;kauh nk[kowu fnys dh] L=h gh

lcyk vkgs- d½ feBkpk lR;kxzg %& laiq.kZ ns'kkr ehBkpk lR;kxzg lq: vlrkuk egkjk"Vªkrhy vusd efgykauh ;ke/;s vkiyk lgHkkx n'kZfoyk- ;ke/;s deyknsoh pV~Vksik/;k; ;kauh ehB r;kj dj.ks o fod.ks ;koj dk;|kus

canh vlrkuh] U;k;ky;kP;k ifjljkr ehBkP;k iqG;k fodwu ns'kklkBh :-40]000@& tek dsys- M½ egkjk"Vªrhy fL=;kaps oSf'k"Viq.kZ ;ksxnku %&




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1½ taxy lR;kxzg % fonHkkZr dk;nsHkaxkP;k ik'oZHkqehoj taxy lR;kxzg pkyyk- ;kr vusd

fL=;kauh lgHkkx ?ksryk- okxrku ;sFkhy lR;kxzg lqekjs 2000 fL=;kapk lgHkkx gksrk- 2½ >saMk lR;kxzg % fcyk'kh ;sFkhy >saMk lR;kxzgkr vusd fL=;k lgHkkxh gksR;k- R;kauh

>saM;kHkksorh dksV ¼rjcanh½ mHkkj.;kr ldzh; lgHkkx n'kZfork- xka/khthaP;k ;k vHkqriqoZ dk;kZr

efgykauh lfdz; lgHkkx ?ksrY;kus fnlwu ;srs- 3½ 1942 ps Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu % Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu 1942 lkyh >kys R;ke/;s L=h;kauh R ;kxkph Hkwfedk ?ksryh- ;k pGoGhlkBh iSlk] lksus fnys lkscrp rqa:xoklgh iRdjyk-

fu"d"kZ %& egkRek xka/kh ;kaP;k rRoKkukph izfprh R;kaP;k vusd dk;kZrwu fnlwu ;srs- Hkkjrkrp uOgs

rj vkarjjk"Vªh; ikrGhoj xka/khuh vkiY;k fopkjkapk Blk meVfoyk- xka/khthuh vkiY;k fofo/k pGoGhP;k lkgk;kus fL=;kaph varxZr 'kDrh tkxr d:u R;kph tkf.ko R;kauk d:u fnyh- fL=;kauk lkekftd] vkfFkZd ntkZ feGkok ;kdfjrk R;kauh L=h f'k{k.kkoj Hkj nsowu fL=;kauk [kachj gks.;kdjhrk R;kaP;kr vkRefo'okl

tkxr dsyk- R;kauk lkekftd lqj{kk feG.;klkBh leku gDd o izfr"Bk izkIr d:u fnyh- egkRek xka/khuh L=h l{kehdj.kklkBh vaR;r egRokph Hkqfedk ctkoyh Eg.kwup vkt L=h;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktdh;] rkaf=d bR;knh izR;sd {ks=kr iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus dk;Z dfjr vlY;kps fnlwu

;srs- lanHkZ xzaFk

1½ ukjh l'kDrhdj.k & MkW-gfjFkl jketh 'ksaMs % 2008 izdk'kd % xazFk fodkl t;iwj 2½ dsGdj u-fp- & xkSre cq/n rs egkRek xka/kh 3½ fpjMs ckykth & Hkkjrh; bfrgklkrhy fL=;k] fueZy izdk'ku] ukansM 2006

4½ lqeu oS| o 'kkark dksBdj & vkq/kfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl] lkbZukFk izdk'ku] ukxfiwj & 2002 5½ MkW-fo'okl ikVhy mfu i`-103 6½ izkpk;Z 'k-rq-Hkxr & egkRek Qys rs deZohj HkkÅjko

7½ egkRekthaps lR;kps iz;ksx ¼vkRedFkk½ & vuqoknd & flrkjke iVo/kZu 8½ MkW-/kuta; vkpk;Z & folkO;k 'krdkrhy tx

9½ egkRek xka/kh & fgan LojkT; 10½ vkpk;Z tkoMsdj & vk/kqfud Hkkjr

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