IntroductionIntroduction

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

- India was still an English ColonyIndia was still an English Colony

- Indians were very conservative.Indians were very conservative.

- British forced them to adopt British forced them to adopt

their culturetheir culture

- British respected their culture, but controlled the British respected their culture, but controlled the important people.important people.

- Conservatism Indian NationalismConservatism Indian Nationalism

- After mid 19After mid 19thth Century, the British had more to Century, the British had more to offeroffer- Educated people tolerated better British Educated people tolerated better British

Indian Indian Army Army rebellion, rebellion, 18571857

- South Africa was under British South Africa was under British controlcontrol

- Zulu War, 1906Zulu War, 1906

Artistic BackgroundArtistic Background

- Bagata and Chokha early 19th Bagata and Chokha early 19th Century paintersCentury painters

- Pahari paintings (17th- 19th Pahari paintings (17th- 19th Centuries)Centuries)

- Most paintings were done for British Most paintings were done for British residents residents

- Bhau Daji Lad SangrahalayaBhau Daji Lad Sangrahalaya

- Allbless familyAllbless family

- F. W. StevensF. W. Stevens

Literary and musical Literary and musical backgroundbackground

- Rabindranath Tagore:Rabindranath Tagore:

He was born in Calcutta in 1861 and he died in 1941.He was born in Calcutta in 1861 and he died in 1941.

Tagore was a poet, novelist, musician and playwright.Tagore was a poet, novelist, musician and playwright.

He changed completely music and literature in India.He changed completely music and literature in India.

He wrote Hindustani classical music songsHe wrote Hindustani classical music songs

In 1913 he won the Nobel Prize in literature.In 1913 he won the Nobel Prize in literature.

This is a piece of his winning song:This is a piece of his winning song:

আমা�র এ গা�ন ছেড়ে�ড়ে তা�র সকলঅল�ক�র, ছেতা�মা�র ক�ড়ে র�ড়ে� নিন আর । স�ড়ে�র অহং�ক�র অল�ক�র ছে� মা�ড়ে� পড়ে� নিমালড়েনড়েতা আ��ল কড়ের, ছেতা�মা�র কথা� ঢা�ড়েক ছে� তা�র মা��র। ��ক�র ছেতা�মা�র ক�ড়ে ��ড়ে� ন� ছেমা�র কনি�র গা�� কর�, মাহং�কনি� ছেতা�মা�র প�ড়ে� নি ড়েতা ছে� । চা�ই ধর� �$�ন লড়ে� �তান কনির �নি সরল �%�নি& গানি�, আপন স�ড়ের নি ড়ে� ভনির সকল নিদ্র।তা�র

"My song has put off her adornments. She has no pride of dress and decoration. Ornaments would mar our union; they would come between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers."

"My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight. O master poet, I have sat down at thy feet. Only let me make my life simple and straight, like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music."

Music stylesMusic styles- Folk music:Folk music:

- BaulsBauls- BhangraBhangra- BhavageeteBhavageete- DandiyaDandiya- LavaniLavani- Popular musicPopular music- QawwaliQawwali- Rabindra SangeetRabindra Sangeet- RajasthanRajasthan

MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHIGANDHI

Basic information about Basic information about Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi

REAL NAME:REAL NAME:His name was His name was

Mohandas Mohandas Karamchand Karamchand

GandhiGandhi

BIRTH AND DEATH BIRTH AND DEATH DATES:DATES:

- He was born He was born in 1869 in in 1869 in Porbandar, in the Porbandar, in the

British India British India

- He was murdered in He was murdered in 1948 in New Delhi.1948 in New Delhi.

RELIGION:RELIGION:HinduismHinduism

FAMILY:FAMILY:- His wife was called - His wife was called

Kasturba Gandhi.Kasturba Gandhi.

- He had 4 children- He had 4 children

PROFESSION:PROFESSION:- Lawyer- Lawyer

-PoliticianPolitician-Spiritual leaderSpiritual leader

Early lifeEarly life- He was born on the 2nd of He was born on the 2nd of October 1869 in Porbandar, a October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal town in India.coastal town in India.- Father: Karamchand GandhiFather: Karamchand Gandhi

-Prime Minister of Porbandar Prime Minister of Porbandar StateState

- Mother: Putlibai GandhiMother: Putlibai Gandhi- Influence for adult life His Influence for adult life His mother and regional traditions: mother and regional traditions: vegetarianism, fasting, vegetarianism, fasting, compassion for sentient beings, compassion for sentient beings, and mutual tolerance between and mutual tolerance between people of different believespeople of different believes- Shravana and Maharaja Shravana and Maharaja Harishchandra: ancient stories Harishchandra: ancient stories that influenced Gandhi.that influenced Gandhi.- He was married when he was 13 He was married when he was 13 to Kasturba, who was 14to Kasturba, who was 14

Gandhi and Gandhi and KasturbaiKasturbai

StudieStudiess• In 1888 Gandhi traveled to London to study at the In 1888 Gandhi traveled to London to study at the

University College of London to be a barristerUniversity College of London to be a barrister

• He became interested in religious thoughts and He became interested in religious thoughts and began to study both, Hindus and Christian began to study both, Hindus and Christian scriptures. scriptures.

• Then, he came back to India to implemment law Then, he came back to India to implemment law in Mumbay. Unfortunately it was unsuccessful.in Mumbay. Unfortunately it was unsuccessful.

• Gandhi also tried to be a high school teacherGandhi also tried to be a high school teacher

• Finally Gandhi signed up with a company in South Finally Gandhi signed up with a company in South Africa, part of the British ColonyAfrica, part of the British Colony

South South AfricaAfrica• He traveled to South Africa to represent Indian He traveled to South Africa to represent Indian

laborers therelaborers there

• DISCRIMINATION: Indians mistreatment by the DISCRIMINATION: Indians mistreatment by the British, because of racial discriminationBritish, because of racial discrimination

• He became interested in the passive protests He became interested in the passive protests carried out by Indians living in South Africa.carried out by Indians living in South Africa.

• He postponed his returning trip to India because He postponed his returning trip to India because of the new law that was going to be imposed.of the new law that was going to be imposed.

• Gandhi created parties promoting Indian civil Gandhi created parties promoting Indian civil rightsrights

• Zulu war exploded and an Indian voluntary group Zulu war exploded and an Indian voluntary group assisted the Britishassisted the British

Non-violent Non-violent protestsprotests• In 1906 the government wanted to create a In 1906 the government wanted to create a

registration for Indian peopleregistration for Indian people

• Gandhi insisted on this community to adopt the Gandhi insisted on this community to adopt the satyagraha, which is a non-violent protestsatyagraha, which is a non-violent protest

• This protest was carried out for seven yearsThis protest was carried out for seven years– Indians protested, refused to registrate, burnt their Indians protested, refused to registrate, burnt their

identification cards and followed other kinds of non-identification cards and followed other kinds of non-violent measurementsviolent measurements

– These Indians, during those seven years, were put in jail, These Indians, during those seven years, were put in jail, beaten, or even executed.beaten, or even executed.

• The government managed to control the situationThe government managed to control the situation

• When the methods used by the government were When the methods used by the government were known, they were forced to negotiate with Gandhiknown, they were forced to negotiate with Gandhi

Return to Return to IndiaIndia

• In 1914 Gandhi returned home and refused to be a In 1914 Gandhi returned home and refused to be a lawyer as he was told that he would be more important lawyer as he was told that he would be more important in other national affairs.in other national affairs.

• He and his wife traveled all along India, and deepened He and his wife traveled all along India, and deepened in his thoughts.in his thoughts.

• He struggled for the Indian IndependenceHe struggled for the Indian Independence

• Non-violent protests against textile imports from Britain. Non-violent protests against textile imports from Britain. It ended up with his arrestment in 1922.It ended up with his arrestment in 1922.

• Hinduists and Muslims were about to break up their Hinduists and Muslims were about to break up their cooperations.cooperations.

• British banned Indians to produce their own saltBritish banned Indians to produce their own salt– Salt March: Gandhi led a 200-mile march from Salt March: Gandhi led a 200-mile march from

Ahmedabad to the coastal DandiAhmedabad to the coastal Dandi

• Quit India (1492): Gandhi proposed immediate Quit India (1492): Gandhi proposed immediate independenceindependence

World Wars World Wars rolesroles• First World War:First World War:

– Viceroy invited him to a War ConferenceViceroy invited him to a War Conference– Gandhi agreed with the Viceroy to recruit Indians for Gandhi agreed with the Viceroy to recruit Indians for

the British army the British army

• Second World War:Second World War:– Gandhi offered non-violent moral supportGandhi offered non-violent moral support– The Congress was offended, since that was a The Congress was offended, since that was a

unilateral decision and it had not been consultedunilateral decision and it had not been consulted– Finally Gandhi declared that India was not going to Finally Gandhi declared that India was not going to

participate as long as it remained controlled by Britainparticipate as long as it remained controlled by Britain– Gandhi intensified his demand for independence Gandhi intensified his demand for independence

Indian partition (1945-1947)Indian partition (1945-1947)

• Gandhi did not agree on the partition of India in Gandhi did not agree on the partition of India in two halves: Muslims and Hinduiststwo halves: Muslims and Hinduists

• Between 1946 and 1948 there were religious Between 1946 and 1948 there were religious confrontationsconfrontations

• Muslim community made pressure to accelerate Muslim community made pressure to accelerate the Indian partitionthe Indian partition

• Gandhi had a great influence Sadar Patel Gandhi had a great influence Sadar Patel managed to convince Gandhi to support the managed to convince Gandhi to support the separation of India and Pakistan to avoid a civil separation of India and Pakistan to avoid a civil warwar

Gandhi’s assassinationGandhi’s assassination

• 3030thth of January, in 1948. He was going to pray. Then of January, in 1948. He was going to pray. Then he was shot three times.he was shot three times.

• He was 78 years old. The assassin, Nathuram He was 78 years old. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, who was a Hindu Nationalist, was against Godse, who was a Hindu Nationalist, was against Gandhi, as he acussed him for making the new Gandhi, as he acussed him for making the new government.government.

• One year later, Nathuram Godse, together with his One year later, Nathuram Godse, together with his co-conspirator Narayan Apte , were tried co-conspirator Narayan Apte , were tried andsentenced to death.andsentenced to death.

• However, the man who planned the murder, However, the man who planned the murder, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was acquitted for lack Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was acquitted for lack of evidence.of evidence.

• An evidence of his struggle and his search for God is in his An evidence of his struggle and his search for God is in his last words before dying. He said: “Hey, Rama!”last words before dying. He said: “Hey, Rama!”

•       This is interpreted as a sign of his spirituality and his This is interpreted as a sign of his spirituality and his idealism in the pursuit of peace.idealism in the pursuit of peace.

And this is the End

“An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.”

“Hate the sin, love the sinner”

“An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of preaching”

“To forgive is not to forget. The merit lies in loving in spite of the vivid knowledge that the one that must be loved is not a friend”

“There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for”

26th of October 2009 IES Laguna de Joatzel 4º A

María Gómez Maroto and Yolanda Martí Mateos