Game Design Digital game-based learning

Clarice R Mims, ConsultantEducational Technology

Need• Obsession with playing variety of

games• Digital game-based learning• Student involvement in own learning• Future career choices as creative-

minded game designers/developers• Proactive training prior to higher

education offerings

Research• Contributors

– A.S. Douglas– William Higginbotham– Ralph Baer, “Father of Video Games”– Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

• Video Game Systems– Odyssey– Atari– Nintendo– Sega Genesis– Playstation– Xbox– Wii

• Game Development Schools• Public School Education

• 1952 – AS Douglas wrote Noughts & Crosses, first documented video game, as part of his doctoral dissertation

• 1958 – William Higginbotham built first interactive computer game, Tennis for Two

• 1962 – Steven Russell, MIT, created Spacewar! • 1968 – Ralph Baer applied for first patent; sold to Magnavox• 1972 – Magnavox created first home game console, Odyssey, with 12

games• 1975 – PONG created by Atari; 1976 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

developed games for Atari; 1977 – Atari 2600 created• 1980 – Pac-Man, created by Namco, in Japan, debuts in US• 1981 – Nintendo created Donkey Kong, introducing “Mario”• 1982 – Microsoft produced Flight Simulator• 1985 – Alexey Pajitnov, mathematician, developed Tetris• 1989 – Will Wright, created Sim City and other similar Sim games followed• 2000 – Sony releases Playstation 2, the first console using DVD technology• 2002 – US Army releases Army, recruitment tool which becomes #1 action

game

Development

Commercialization• Production

– Story conception– Writers and artists create storyboard, detailed sketches of

game sequencing, outlining all possible outcomes– Character development; computer animation; 3-D

environment creation– Custom code (computer language) applied

• Manufacturing• Packaging• Marketing• Distribution

Innovation-Decision Process: Stages

• Knowledge 15 May 2012

• Persuasion 30 May – 15 June 2012

• Decision 1 July 2012

• Implementation 15 September 2012

• Confirmation 1 February 2013

• Innovators and Early Adopters– Art Teachers/Administrators– Technology Teachers/Administrators– Tech savvy ELA, math, science teachers

• Strategies– Professional development sessions– Demonstrate benefits of students creating their own learning

digital game based learning• Laggards

– Many older, tech illiterate teachers– Administrators fearful of change

• Best attributes for industry penetration

Relative advantage –demonstrates an enhancement to the educational benefits culled from innovations that already exist;

Complexity –not too complicated to convey to students.

Perceived Attributes

ReferencesBaytak, A., Land, S. M., & Smith, B. K. (2011). Children as educational computer game designers:

An exploratory study. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology , (10), 4, 84-92. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/EJ946614.pdf

Bertozzi, E., & Lee, S. (2007). Not just fun and games: digital play, gender and attitudes towards technology. Women's Studies in Communication, 30(2), 179+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA171212302&v=2.1&u=minn4020&it=r&p=PPFA&sw=w

Cosby, O. (2000). Working so others can play: Jobs in video game development. Occupational Outlet Quarterly. Retrieved from

Fryer, W. (2005). Sad to see the textbook lobby resort to personal attacks in the HB4 discussion. Moving at the Speed of Creativity. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2000/summer/art01.pdf

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Hannah, J. (2008). Official push for video game design in high schools. Examiner.com. Retrieved from http://www.osc.edu/press/releases/2008/docs/Officials_push_for_video-game.pdf

History of gaming. (2011). The Video Game Revolution. PBS.org. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html

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References (cont’d)Hong, J. C., Cheng, C. L., Hwang, M. Y., Lee, C. K., & Chang, H. Y. (2009). Assessing the

educational values of digital games. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(5), 423-437

LeBlanc, M. (2009). 8 kinds of fun. 8KindsofFun.com. Retrieved from http://8kindsoffun.com/

Lieberman, D. A., Fisk, M. C., & Biely, E. (2009). Digital games for young children ages three to six: From research to design. Computers in the Schools, 26, 299-313. doi: 10.1080/07380560903360178

Macklin, C. (2012). Games are art: How making games makes us better people. NAEA 2012 New York Convention. Retrieved from http://www.arteducators.org/news/national-convention/national-convention (http://www.arteducators.org/news/convention/fri_mar2.pdf)

Maciuszek, D., & Martens, A. (2010). Patterns for the design of educational games. Educational Games: Design, Learning, and Applications. 263-279.

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Salen, K., & Zimmerman, E.(ed.) (2005). The game design reader: The rules of play anthology. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.

Shelton, B., & Scoresby, J. (2011). Aligning game activity with educational goals: following a constrained design approach to instructional computer games. Educational Technology Research & Development, 59(1), 113-138. doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9175-0.

Sørensen, B. H. (2010). Concept of educational design for serious games. Learning.

Thomas, M. K., Ge, X, & Greene, B. A. (2011). Fostering 21st century skill development by engaging students in authentic game design projects in a high school computer programming class. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 44(4), 391-408. doi: 10.2190/EC.44.4.b

Zin, N. A. M., & Seng, Y. W. (2010). History educational games design. 2009 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, (01), 269-275. doi: 10.1109/ICEE.2009.5254775

References (cont’d)