gambling among minnesota american indian public school students randy stinchfield, ph.d., lp...
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Gambling among Minnesota American Indian
Public School Students
Gambling among Minnesota American Indian
Public School Students
Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D., LPRandy Stinchfield, Ph.D., LP
Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Minnesota Medical School
American Indians in MinnesotaAmerican Indians in Minnesota
Seven Anishinaabe communities (also known as Seven Anishinaabe communities (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) in the north; and Ojibwe or Chippewa) in the north; and
Four Dakota (also know as Sioux) communities in Four Dakota (also know as Sioux) communities in the souththe south
In the 2000 Census, 81,074 Minnesotans reported In the 2000 Census, 81,074 Minnesotans reported AI and one or more other race (2000 Census data; AI and one or more other race (2000 Census data; www.demography.state.mn.us))
Commercial Gambling in MinnesotaCommercial Gambling in Minnesota
More than 3,000 lottery retail outletsMore than 3,000 lottery retail outlets More than 3,000 charitable gambling sites More than 3,000 charitable gambling sites 18 tribal casinos18 tribal casinos Two racetracks with card roomsTwo racetracks with card rooms Advertising on television, radio, newspaper, Advertising on television, radio, newspaper,
billboards, and at sporting eventsbillboards, and at sporting events
Tribal Gambling: A Two-edged SwordTribal Gambling: A Two-edged Sword
On the one hand, tribal gambling has improved the lives On the one hand, tribal gambling has improved the lives of many tribal members. Tribal gambling has become of many tribal members. Tribal gambling has become the “New Buffalo” for some AI communities, bringing the “New Buffalo” for some AI communities, bringing needed economic development to reservations.needed economic development to reservations.
On the other hand, some tribal members gamble in tribal On the other hand, some tribal members gamble in tribal casinos and risk becoming addicted .casinos and risk becoming addicted .
And what about gambling among AI youth?And what about gambling among AI youth?
First Generation of AI YouthFirst Generation of AI Youth
This is the first generation This is the first generation of AI youth to be exposed of AI youth to be exposed to easy access to a variety to easy access to a variety of gambling venues and of gambling venues and widespread gambling widespread gambling advertising advertising
The class of 2010 was born The class of 2010 was born a couple years after the a couple years after the onset of the state lottery onset of the state lottery and casino gambling, so and casino gambling, so they have been exposed to they have been exposed to gambling their entire livesgambling their entire lives
Research on gambling among Native American and First Nations youthResearch on gambling among Native American and First Nations youth
A recent review of problem gambling in North A recent review of problem gambling in North American Indian/First Nations populations by American Indian/First Nations populations by Wardman, el-Guebaly, and Hodgins (2001), found Wardman, el-Guebaly, and Hodgins (2001), found only four published articles: three from MN only four published articles: three from MN (Peacock, Day & Peacock,1999; Stinchfield, 1997; (Peacock, Day & Peacock,1999; Stinchfield, 1997; and Zitzow, 1996) and one from Alberta (Hewitt & and Zitzow, 1996) and one from Alberta (Hewitt & Auger, 1995).Auger, 1995).
Findings of the review: American Indian/First Findings of the review: American Indian/First Nations adolescents have higher rates of gambling Nations adolescents have higher rates of gambling and problem gambling than their non-Indian peers.and problem gambling than their non-Indian peers.
Youth Gambling a ConcernYouth Gambling a Concern
With the rapid expansion of gambling have also come With the rapid expansion of gambling have also come concerns about youth gambling and youth problem gamblingconcerns about youth gambling and youth problem gambling
Underage gambling is a particular concern since it is illegal Underage gambling is a particular concern since it is illegal and may put youth at risk for problem gamblingand may put youth at risk for problem gambling
Concerns about time and money spent gambling and of the Concerns about time and money spent gambling and of the risk of addictionrisk of addiction
Tribal elders, public health officials, policy makers, teachers, Tribal elders, public health officials, policy makers, teachers, and parents want to know the extent of youth gambling and and parents want to know the extent of youth gambling and problem gambling and what can be done to prevent itproblem gambling and what can be done to prevent it
Research QuestionsResearch Questions
How often do Minnesota AI youth gamble?How often do Minnesota AI youth gamble? What games do AI youth play most frequently?What games do AI youth play most frequently? Are there differences in gambling frequency between boys Are there differences in gambling frequency between boys
and girls and between young and older youth?and girls and between young and older youth? Is Minnesota AI youth gambling on the rise?Is Minnesota AI youth gambling on the rise? How many underage AI youth gamble on the lottery and in How many underage AI youth gamble on the lottery and in
casinos?casinos? Are there differences in gambling frequency and gambling Are there differences in gambling frequency and gambling
problems between AI youth and non-AI peers?problems between AI youth and non-AI peers?
Three Specific AimsThree Specific Aims
1. Measure 2010 rates of gambling and underage 1. Measure 2010 rates of gambling and underage gambling among AI public school students and gambling among AI public school students and compare rates of gambling between boys and girls, compare rates of gambling between boys and girls, young and older youthyoung and older youth
2. Compare rates of gambling, frequent gambling, and 2. Compare rates of gambling, frequent gambling, and underage gambling from 1992 to 2010underage gambling from 1992 to 2010
3. Compare AI to non-AI students on frequent gambling 3. Compare AI to non-AI students on frequent gambling in 2010in 2010
2007 MSS Gambling Items2007 MSS Gambling Items
During the last 12 months, how often have you done During the last 12 months, how often have you done these activities?these activities?
Played cards for moneyPlayed cards for money Bet money on games of personal skill like pool, Bet money on games of personal skill like pool,
golf, or bowlinggolf, or bowling Bet money on sports teams or horseracingBet money on sports teams or horseracing Bought lottery tickets or scratch offsBought lottery tickets or scratch offs Gambled in a casinoGambled in a casino Gambled for money onlineGambled for money online
Five-point Response OptionsFive-point Response Options
Not at allNot at all Less than once a monthLess than once a month About once a monthAbout once a month About once a weekAbout once a week DailyDaily
Race/ethnicity Item on Minnesota Student SurveyRace/ethnicity Item on Minnesota Student Survey
How do you describe yourself? (Mark all that apply)How do you describe yourself? (Mark all that apply) American IndianAmerican Indian Black or African AmericanBlack or African American Mexican American or Chicano/ChicanaMexican American or Chicano/Chicana Puerto Rican or other Latin AmericanPuerto Rican or other Latin American Asian American or Pacific Islander (including Asian American or Pacific Islander (including
Cambodian, Hmong, Korean, Laotian, Vietnamese)Cambodian, Hmong, Korean, Laotian, Vietnamese) WhiteWhite I don’t knowI don’t know
2010 Minnesota AI Student Sample2010 Minnesota AI Student Sample
RaceRace CountCount %%
AI onlyAI only 864864 26.426.4
AI and one or more other raceAI and one or more other race 2,4042,404 73.673.6
Column TotalColumn Total 3,2683,268 100100
2010 Minnesota AI Student Sample by Gender and Grade2010 Minnesota AI Student Sample by Gender and Grade
GradeGrade BoysBoys GirlsGirls Row TotalRow Total
99thth 1,0211,021 1,1721,172 2,1932,193
1212thth 524524 551551 1,0751,075
Column TotalColumn Total 1,5451,545 1,7231,723 3,2683,268
First Specific AimFirst Specific Aim
Measure 2010 rates of gambling and underage Measure 2010 rates of gambling and underage gambling among AI public school students gambling among AI public school students and compare rates of gambling between and compare rates of gambling between boys and girls, and 9th and 12boys and girls, and 9th and 12 thth grade youth. grade youth.
Gambling by Gender and Grade (2010)Gambling by Gender and Grade (2010)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9th girls 12th girls 9th boys 12th boys
Cards
Skill games
Sports teams
Lottery
Casino
Online
2010 Gambling by Gender and Grade2010 Gambling by Gender and Grade
Over half of 9Over half of 9thth grade boys gamble grade boys gamble Almost one-third of 9Almost one-third of 9thth grade girls gamble grade girls gamble Three-fourths of 12Three-fourths of 12thth grade boys gamble grade boys gamble Over half of 12Over half of 12thth grade girls gamble grade girls gamble More boys gamble than girlsMore boys gamble than girls More 12More 12thth grade students gamble than 9 grade students gamble than 9 thth grade grade
studentsstudents
Frequent Gambling by Gender and Grade (2010)Frequent Gambling by Gender and Grade (2010)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9th girls 12th girls 9th boys 12th boys
Cards
Skill games
Sports teams
Lottery
Casino
Online
2010 Frequent Gambling by Gender and Grade2010 Frequent Gambling by Gender and Grade
Less than one in ten girls is a frequent gamblerLess than one in ten girls is a frequent gambler More boys gamble frequently than girls More boys gamble frequently than girls More 12More 12thth grade students gamble frequently than grade students gamble frequently than
99thth grade students grade students
2010 Youth Frequent Gambling2010 Youth Frequent Gambling
The games played frequently by 9The games played frequently by 9thth grade boys were grade boys were informal games of cards, games of personal skill, and sports informal games of cards, games of personal skill, and sports bettingbetting
The games played frequently by 12The games played frequently by 12thth grade boys were cards, grade boys were cards, games of personal skill, the lottery, and casinogames of personal skill, the lottery, and casino
The games played frequently by 9The games played frequently by 9thth grade girls were cards grade girls were cards and games of personal skilland games of personal skill
The games played frequently by 12The games played frequently by 12thth grade girls were lottery grade girls were lottery and casinoand casino
More 12More 12thth grade students play legalized games frequently grade students play legalized games frequently than 9than 9thth grade students and there appears to be a shift from grade students and there appears to be a shift from play of informal games to legalized/commercial gambling play of informal games to legalized/commercial gambling as boys and girls get olderas boys and girls get older
Underage GamblingUnderage Gambling
Underage is defined as playing a legalized form of gambling by youth under the legal age of 18
There are three types of legalized gambling on There are three types of legalized gambling on the MSS: the MSS:
(1) Lottery; (1) Lottery; (2) Casino; and (2) Casino; and (3) Online gambling(3) Online gambling
Underage Gambling by Gender and Game/Venue (2010)Underage Gambling by Gender and Game/Venue (2010)
0123456789
10
Girls Boys
Lottery
Casino
Online
Underage Gambling (2010)Underage Gambling (2010)
Most underage youth did not play legalized games More boys engaged in underage gambling than girls More boys engaged in underage gambling than girls
Comparison of AI Students to their non-AI Peers on Weekly/Daily Casino Gambling (2010)Comparison of AI Students to their non-AI Peers on Weekly/Daily Casino Gambling (2010)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9th GradeBoys
12th GradeBoys
9th GradeGirls
12th GradeGirls
AI
Non-AI
Compare AI Students to their non-AI Peers on Frequent GamblingCompare AI Students to their non-AI Peers on Frequent Gambling
More AI students gambled frequently than their More AI students gambled frequently than their non-AI peers on most games/venues and the non-AI peers on most games/venues and the contrast was most striking for girlscontrast was most striking for girls
The ratio of AI boys who were frequent gamblers The ratio of AI boys who were frequent gamblers ranged from 1 to 2 times that of their non-AI ranged from 1 to 2 times that of their non-AI peerspeers
The ratio of AI girls who were frequent gamblers The ratio of AI girls who were frequent gamblers ranged from 2 to 4 times that of their non-AI ranged from 2 to 4 times that of their non-AI peerspeers
Second Specific Aim: Compare Trends from 1992 to 2010 Second Specific Aim: Compare Trends from 1992 to 2010
The Minnesota Student Survey has AI 9The Minnesota Student Survey has AI 9 thth and 12 and 12thth grade grade sample sizes of:sample sizes of:
725 in 1992 (fewer AI students in 1992 due to race item 725 in 1992 (fewer AI students in 1992 due to race item allowed only one race)allowed only one race)
2,178 in 19952,178 in 1995 2,160 in 19982,160 in 1998 2,447 in 20012,447 in 2001 2,743 in 20042,743 in 2004 3,496 in 20073,496 in 2007 3,268 in 20103,268 in 2010
Gambling at all and Gambling weekly/daily by GenderGambling at all and Gambling weekly/daily by Gender
0102030405060708090
100
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Boys Gambling Weekly/Daily Girls Gambling Weekly/DailyBoys Gambling at all Girls Gambling at all
Second Specific Aim: Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 Second Specific Aim: Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010
Gambling rates declined from 75% in 1992 to 50% Gambling rates declined from 75% in 1992 to 50% in 2010in 2010
Boys’ gambling declined from 87% in 1992 to 64% Boys’ gambling declined from 87% in 1992 to 64% in 2010in 2010
Girls’ gambling declined from 64% in 1992 to 38% Girls’ gambling declined from 64% in 1992 to 38% in 2010in 2010
There were fewer AI students gambling in 2010 There were fewer AI students gambling in 2010 than were gambling in 1992than were gambling in 1992
Second Specific Aim: Frequent gambling trends: 1992 to 2010 Second Specific Aim: Frequent gambling trends: 1992 to 2010
Frequent gambling rates showed a modest decline Frequent gambling rates showed a modest decline from 21% in 1992 to 13% in 2010from 21% in 1992 to 13% in 2010
Boys’ frequent gambling declined from 27% in Boys’ frequent gambling declined from 27% in 1992 to 20% in 20101992 to 20% in 2010
Girls’ frequent gambling declined from 14% in Girls’ frequent gambling declined from 14% in 1992 to 7% in 20101992 to 7% in 2010
There were fewer AI students gambling frequently There were fewer AI students gambling frequently in 2010 than were gambling frequently in 1992in 2010 than were gambling frequently in 1992
Gambling Weekly/Daily by 9th Grade Boys by GameGambling Weekly/Daily by 9th Grade Boys by Game
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
CardsSkill gamesSports teamsLotteryCasinoOnline
9th Grade Boys Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 9th Grade Boys Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010
Declines in most games from 2004 to 2010Declines in most games from 2004 to 2010 Large fluctuations for cards, sports betting, betting Large fluctuations for cards, sports betting, betting
on games of skill, and the lottery with peaks for on games of skill, and the lottery with peaks for these games in 1998 with subsequent declines in these games in 1998 with subsequent declines in 20102010
Casino gambling was fairly stable but also showed Casino gambling was fairly stable but also showed declines from 2001 to 2010declines from 2001 to 2010
There were fewer 9There were fewer 9thth grade boys gambling grade boys gambling frequently in 2010 than in 1992frequently in 2010 than in 1992
Gambling Weekly/Daily by 12th Grade Boys by GameGambling Weekly/Daily by 12th Grade Boys by Game
0
5
10
15
20
25
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Cards
Skill games
Sports teams
Lottery
Casino
Online
12th Grade Boys Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 12th Grade Boys Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010
Declines in every game from 2004 to 2010Declines in every game from 2004 to 2010 Large fluctuations for cards, sports betting, betting Large fluctuations for cards, sports betting, betting
on games of skill, and the lottery with peaks in the on games of skill, and the lottery with peaks in the early 2000 with subsequent declinesearly 2000 with subsequent declines
Casino gambling showed gradual declines from Casino gambling showed gradual declines from 2001 to 20102001 to 2010
There were fewer 12There were fewer 12thth grade boys gambling grade boys gambling frequently in 2010 than in all previous yearsfrequently in 2010 than in all previous years
Gambling Weekly/Daily by 9th Grade Girls by GameGambling Weekly/Daily by 9th Grade Girls by Game
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Cards
Skill games
Sports teams
Lottery
Casino
Online
9th Grade Girls Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 9th Grade Girls Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010
Declines in cards, sports betting and casino gambling from Declines in cards, sports betting and casino gambling from 2004 to 20102004 to 2010
No significant change in any game from 2007 to 2010No significant change in any game from 2007 to 2010 Lottery play showed gradual declines from 1992 to 2010 Lottery play showed gradual declines from 1992 to 2010
and has been cut by more than half from 5% to 2%and has been cut by more than half from 5% to 2% Casino gambling has been fairly stable around 1% from Casino gambling has been fairly stable around 1% from
1998 to 20101998 to 2010 There were fewer 9There were fewer 9thth grade girls gambling frequently in grade girls gambling frequently in
2010 (6%) than in 1992 (14%)2010 (6%) than in 1992 (14%)
Gambling Weekly/Daily by 12th Grade Girls by GameGambling Weekly/Daily by 12th Grade Girls by Game
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Cards
Skill games
Sports teams
Lottery
Casino
Online
12th Grade Girls Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 12th Grade Girls Frequent Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010
Little change in frequent gambling from 2007 to Little change in frequent gambling from 2007 to 20102010
Lottery play peaked in 2001 at 12% and has Lottery play peaked in 2001 at 12% and has subsequently declined by half to 6% in 2010subsequently declined by half to 6% in 2010
Most games were stable from 2007 to 2010 except Most games were stable from 2007 to 2010 except casino gambling which decreased from 4.3% in casino gambling which decreased from 4.3% in 2007 to 3.4% in 20102007 to 3.4% in 2010
There were fewer girls gambling frequently in 2010 There were fewer girls gambling frequently in 2010 (9%) than in 1992 (13%)(9%) than in 1992 (13%)
Trends in Frequent GamblingTrends in Frequent Gambling
Frequent gambling is engaged in by a small Frequent gambling is engaged in by a small percentage of youth, and it has been fairly stable percentage of youth, and it has been fairly stable from 1992 to 2010 with a couple exceptions:from 1992 to 2010 with a couple exceptions:
(1) A peak in lottery play in 1998 by 12(1) A peak in lottery play in 1998 by 12 thth grade grade boys and a peak in 2001 for 12boys and a peak in 2001 for 12 thth grade girls grade girls
(2) Card playing has declined significantly from (2) Card playing has declined significantly from 2001 to 20102001 to 2010
Why are fewer AI youth gambling?Why are fewer AI youth gambling?
Your guess?Your guess? Novelty of gambling may have worn offNovelty of gambling may have worn off Prevention efforts have been effectivePrevention efforts have been effective Youth may be spending their time and money on Youth may be spending their time and money on
other activitiesother activities Downturn in the economy; youth have less Downturn in the economy; youth have less
spending moneyspending money
Trends in Underage Lottery and Casino Gambling by GenderTrends in Underage Lottery and Casino Gambling by Gender
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Boys Lottery
Girls Lottery
Boys Casino
Girls Casino
Boys Online
Girls Online
Trends in Underage Lottery and Casino GamblingTrends in Underage Lottery and Casino Gambling
High rates of underage lottery play by boys and girls starting in 1992 with consistent declines from 1992 to 2010
Boys underage casino gambling showed consistent modest declines from 1998 to 2010
Girls underage casino gambling is relatively uncommon and has been fairly stable at about 2-4% from 1998 to 2007
Underage online gambling has shown declines from 2007 to 2010 for both boys and girls
Changes from 1992 to 2010Changes from 1992 to 2010
The percentage of 9The percentage of 9thth and 12 and 12thth grade boys playing cards grade boys playing cards frequently, was cut in half from 2004 to 2010frequently, was cut in half from 2004 to 2010
99thth grade girls also showed a drop by half from 2004 to 2010 grade girls also showed a drop by half from 2004 to 2010 and 12and 12thth grade girls were stable at 3% in 2004, 2007 and grade girls were stable at 3% in 2004, 2007 and 20102010
This data bears out the decline in the popularity of poker This data bears out the decline in the popularity of poker Significant reductions in underage lottery play and casino Significant reductions in underage lottery play and casino
gamblinggambling
Concerns Identified in this StudyConcerns Identified in this Study
First, there is a small but substantial segment of the AI youth population (7% of girls and 20% of boys) that are frequent gamblers
Second, AI youth have higher rates of frequent gambling than their non-AI peers, particularly for girls
Third, underage AI youth report playing the lottery, gambling in casinos and gambling online
RecommendationsRecommendations
Youth gamble, so we need to teach them that if they choose Youth gamble, so we need to teach them that if they choose to gamble, they need to follow guidelines about time and to gamble, they need to follow guidelines about time and money in order to avoid negative consequences of gambling money in order to avoid negative consequences of gambling and also about the warning signs of developing problem and also about the warning signs of developing problem gamblinggambling
Some youth may only need information to assist them in Some youth may only need information to assist them in making informed and healthy decisions about gamblingmaking informed and healthy decisions about gambling
Some youth who are already over-involved in gambling will Some youth who are already over-involved in gambling will require more intensive prevention and intervention effortsrequire more intensive prevention and intervention efforts
Develop and evaluate youth gambling awareness and Develop and evaluate youth gambling awareness and prevention programsprevention programs
Future Research DirectionsFuture Research Directions
Explore validity of underage casino gamblingExplore validity of underage casino gambling Explore why AI youth have higher rates of Explore why AI youth have higher rates of
gambling than their non-AI peersgambling than their non-AI peers Measure gambling among youth out of the Measure gambling among youth out of the
mainstream, that is, youth in alternative learning mainstream, that is, youth in alternative learning centers and juvenile detention centerscenters and juvenile detention centers
Explore which correlates of gambling may serve as Explore which correlates of gambling may serve as risk and protective factors that will have risk and protective factors that will have implications for public awareness and preventionimplications for public awareness and prevention
Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts
For most adolescents, informal gambling is an infrequent and harmless pastime. However, the risk exists that informal gambling may develop into problem gambling, and therefore, youths require accurate information about the inherent risks of gambling.
The goal is that within the context of easy access The goal is that within the context of easy access to gambling, we will provide resources to youth to to gambling, we will provide resources to youth to assist them in making healthy and informed assist them in making healthy and informed decisions about their own gambling behaviordecisions about their own gambling behavior
For more informationFor more information
Contact Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.: [email protected] Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.: [email protected]:References:
Stinchfield, R. (2011). Gambling among Minnesota Public School Students from Stinchfield, R. (2011). Gambling among Minnesota Public School Students from 1992 to 2010: Declines in Youth Gambling. 1992 to 2010: Declines in Youth Gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1)25(1), 108-117. , 108-117.
Stinchfield, R., & Winters, K. C. (2004). Adolescents and young adults. In J. E. Grant & M. N. Potenza (Eds.), Pathological gambling: A clinical guide to treatment (pp. 69-81). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Stinchfield, R. (2002). Youth Gambling: How Big a Problem? Psychiatric Annals, 32, 197-202.
Stinchfield, R. (2001). A comparison of gambling among Minnesota public school Stinchfield, R. (2001). A comparison of gambling among Minnesota public school students in 1992, 1995, and 1998. students in 1992, 1995, and 1998. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17,Journal of Gambling Studies, 17, 273-296 273-296
Stinchfield, R. (2000). Gambling and correlates of gambling among Minnesota Stinchfield, R. (2000). Gambling and correlates of gambling among Minnesota public school students. public school students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16Journal of Gambling Studies, 16, 153-173., 153-173.
Stinchfield, R., Cassuto, N., Winters, K., & Latimer, W. (1997). Prevalence of gambling among Minnesota Public School Students in 1992 and 1995. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 25-48.