galaxy spectra - astronomy groupstar-spd3/teaching/phys1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · galaxy spectra...

32
Galaxy Spectra Galaxy spectra Continuum Absorption Lines Emission Lines Typical Spectra Elliptical Spiral Irregular Galaxy motion Radial velocity Redshift Redshift distance Peculiar velocities Galaxy inclination Gas, dust and stars

Upload: vuthuy

Post on 28-Feb-2019

248 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Galaxy Spectra •  Galaxy spectra

–  Continuum –  Absorption Lines –  Emission Lines –  Typical Spectra

•  Elliptical •  Spiral •  Irregular

•  Galaxy motion –  Radial velocity –  Redshift –  Redshift à distance –  Peculiar velocities

•  Galaxy inclination •  Gas, dust and stars

Page 2: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Continuum

•  The  combina,on  of  many  Black-­‐Body  spectra  spanning  a  range  in  temperatures  

•  This  produces  a  fairly  flat  overall  spectrum  

•  The  main  feature  is  the  4000A-­‐break  

I

Blue λ Red

Page 3: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

•  Caused  by:  –  blanket  absorp,on  of  high  energy  radia,on  from  metals  in  the  stellar  

atmospheres  –  the  lack  of  hot  blue  stars  

•  Hence:  –  Ellip,cals      =>  A  strong  4000A-­‐Break  –  Spirals                =>  A  weak  4000A-­‐Break  –  Irregulars        =>  No  4000A-­‐Break  

The 4000A-break

Page 4: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Absorption Lines •  Mainly  caused  by  Atoms/Molecules  in  a  star’s  atmosphere  that  

absorb  specific  wavelengths  

•  Can  also  be  due  to  COLD  gas  in  the  interstellar  medium  which  can  EXTRACT  energy  from  the  passing  radia,on  

ATOMS ATMOSPHERE

CORE RADIATION

Page 5: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

•  Caused  by  gas  being  ionized  and  heated  and  then  re-­‐radia,ng  at  specific  allowed  wavelengths  

•  Stars  form  from  gas  so  are  oSen  embedded  •  Young  stars  ionise  gas  which  releases  radia,on  at  a  specific  

wavelength  as  it  recombines  

Emission Lines

GAS

Stellar spectrum

Emission lines

Page 6: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

M101 Emission  nebulae  (HII  regions)  in  spiral  arms  

Page 7: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Absorption / Emission Lines •  Absorp,on  Lines  

–  Need  metals  in  stellar  atmospheres  or  cold  gas  in  the  interstellar  medium  

•  Implies  –  Old  stellar  popula,on  =  old  

galaxy  

•  From  –  Ellip,cals  –  Spiral  Bulges    

•  Emission  Lines  –  Need  very  hot  gas  and  O  and  

B  type  stars  

•  Implies  –  Newly  formed  stars  =    star-­‐

forming/young  galaxy  

•  From  –  Spiral  Disks  –  Irregulars  

Page 8: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Typical Spectral features •  Absorp,on  

–  Ca(H)      =  3933.7A  –  Ca(K)      =  3968.5A  –  G-­‐band  =  4304.4A  –  Mg                =  5175.3A  –  Na                  =  5894.0  A  

•  Emission  –  [OII]  =  3727.3A  –  Hδ          =  4102.8A  –  Hγ          =  4340.0A  –  Hβ          =  4861.3A  –  [OIII]  =  4959.0A  –  [OIII]  =  5006.8A  –  Hα          =  6562.8A  –  S2            =  6716.0A  

Page 9: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Example Spectrum: Elliptical

CaH&K

G-Band

Mg Na

Strong 4000A-Break

S2

Strong  absorp6on  lines  due  to  metals  in  the  stellar  atmospheres  of  a  mostly  low  luminosity  stellar  popula6on.  No  evidence  of  any  emission  lines  and  hence  no  young  stars  and  no  gas  

Page 10: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Some  emission  and  some  absorp6on  indica6ng    

both  a  young  and  old  stellar  popula6on.    

Example Spectrum: Spiral

[OII]

CaH&K

[OIII]

S2

Mg

4000A-Break

Page 11: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

A  strong  emission-­‐line  spectrum  indica6ng  many  hot    young  stars  hea6ng  the  gas  which  is  re-­‐radia6ng  at    specific  wavelengths  which  depend  on  the  chemical    composi6on  of  the  gas  

Example Spectrum: Irregular

[OII]

[OIII]

S2

No 4000A-Break

Page 12: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Radial Velocities •  Most  galaxy  spectra  are  REDSHIFTED,  which  means  their  spectral  

features  are  offset  compared  to  those  measured  for  gasses  in  the  lab  

•  i.e.,  characteris,c  combina,ons  of  lines  are  systema,cally  offset  to  longer  wavelengths  

•  This  is  interpreted  as  a  DOPPLER  shiS  and  implies  that  galaxies  are  moving  away  

•  Posi,ve  veloci,es:  RECEEDING    •  Nega,ve  veloci,es:  APPROACHING  

                                                                                                        or  

cv!

=!

""

ccv

NCALIBRATIO

OBSERVED +=

!!

Page 13: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Example Radial Velocity

OII is at 4000A Hα is at 7030A

OII

km/s974,21)372737274000()c(v

CAL

CALOBS =!

=!

= c"

""km/s500,21)

6563467c(v ==

GALAXY  IS  MOVING  AWAY  AT  ABOUT  21,750  km/s  

Page 14: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

d = vHo

Page 15: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

   

Reminder:  Cepheid  P-­‐L  rela,on  

•  Well studied stellar objects •  Very bright (Mv ~ -2) •  Pulsate regularly (~ few days) •  Pulsation period depends on luminosity •  P-L relation calibrated to 220 stars via Hipparcos parallax distances (1997) •  Measuring the pulsation and apparent magnitude for a distant Cepheid

provides a direct distance measurement given a known P-L relation.  

Page 16: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

RedshiS  •  We  now  know  the  Universe  is  expanding  (see  later  lectures)  •  An  expansion  implies  a  stretching  of  space-­‐,me.    •  The  more  space-­‐,me  there  is  between  you  and  an  object  the  faster  it  

will  appear  to  be  moving  away.  •  It  is  the  expansion  which  causes  a  galaxy’s  spectrum  to  be  

REDSHIFTED:  

STATIONARY:  

DOPPLER  SHIFT:  

REDSHIFT:  

REDSHIFT  IS  NOT  THE  SAME  AS  DOPPLER  SHIFT  

Page 17: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

RedshiS  •  A  useful  parameter  for  cosmology  is  the  redshiS:  

•  This  is  analogous  to  the  defini,on  of  Doppler  shiS  such  that:                                from  which  follows:  

•  Although  this  is  the  wrong  interpreta,on  of  redshiS  it  is  a  good  approxima,on  for  low-­‐z  (z  <  0.1)  

•  Hubble  constant  =  rate  of  expansion  in  units  of  (km/s)/Mpc  –  Current  value  ~75  km/s/Mpc  

oo

oz!!

!!! "

=#

=

cz v!

oHzcd =

Hubble  constant  

Page 18: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

•  Using  Hubble’s  Law  (which  we’ll  discuss  more  later)  we  can  easily  es,mate  distances  from  a  galaxy’s  measured  redshiS.  

   e.g.,  If  H0  =  75  km/s/Mpc  and  the  redshiS  is  measured  to  be  0.1  what  is  its  distance  ?  

   This  implies  that  for  example  its  [OII]  line,  normally  at  3727A,  occurred  at  4100A  

Calcula,ng  distances  

MpcHzcdo

400751031.0 5

=!!

==

Page 19: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Peculiar  Veloci,es  •  Gravita,onal  aprac,on  between  galaxies  and  larger  objects  

(clusters,  groups,  superclusters,  filaments)  •  Velocity  we  measure  is  not  just  the  expansion  of  the  universe    

•  For  example  the  MW  is  falling  into  Virgo  which  in  turn  is  falling  into  The  Great  Apractor.  

•  If  we  know  a  galaxy’s  peculiar  velocity  we  can  correct  for  this  addi<onal  velocity  component.  

PECULIARLRECESSIONARADIAL VVV ±=

Page 20: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Peculiar  Veloci,es  •  What  we  measure  from  spectra:                    

                  VRADIAL  or  VLINE  OF  SIGHT  

•  Objects  velocity  w.r.t.  our  surroundings:                     VPECULIAR    or    VINFALL  

•  Velocity  due  to  expansion:                     VRECESSION  or  VEXPANSION  

VINFALL  

VRECESSION  

VBULK  VBULK  

VIRGO  

THE  GREAT  ATTRACTOR  PECULIARLRECESSIONARADIAL VVV ±=

Page 21: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Example  •  The  MW  is  falling  towards  Coma  at  Vinfall  =1000km/s.    •  Distance  is  50  Mpc  (from  Cepheids)    •  If  the  redshiS,  z  =  0.01,    what  is  H0  ?    

MpcskmHdVcz

dVH

cVV

cVz

o

INFALLRECESSIONo

INFALLRECESSIONRADIAL

//805010003000

=

+=

+==

!==

Note:  Be  very  careful  with  the  sign  of  VINFALL  &  VPECULIAR,  it  is  intui,ve    Typically  VINFALL  is  subtracted  but  for  VPECULIAR    it  will  depend  on  the    direc,on  of  the  peculiar  velocity  (towards  us=  -­‐ve,  away=  +ve)  

Page 22: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Galaxy Inclination

FACE-ON EDGE-ON Inclination=0 Inclination=90 Majority  of  galaxies  are    somewhere  in  between  

o o

b=Minor Axis

a=Major Axis

Page 23: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Calculating the Inclination •  Assuming  galaxies  are  circular:  •  Inclina,on,  i,  is  given  by:  

•  a=b,  i=0  •  b=0,  i=90      NB:  a  is  always  measurable  

abi =)cos(

b

a i

o

o

Page 24: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Line of sight velocity •  When  we  measure  the  rota,onal  velocity  from  a  spectral  

line  we  need  to  correct  for  inclina,on.  

 

   Hence  if,      i=90  ,  Vobs  =  Vrot  

   i=0  ,  Vobs  =  0   )sin(iVV OBS

ROT =

b

a i Vobs

i

Line  of  sight  Velocity=Vobs  

Page 25: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Example    A  long  slit  spectrum  aligned  along  a  galaxy’s  major  axis  indicates  a  

varia,on  in  the  [OII]  line  of  5A,  The  midpoint  of  the  [OII]  line  is  observed  to  be  at  3900A  and  the  major-­‐to-­‐minor  axis  ra,o  is  3.  What  is  the  rota,onal  velocity  of  the  outermost  stars  ?  

01 5.70)3/1(cos == !i

skmi

VV

skmcV

OBSROT

OBS

/204)sin(

/19210339005.2 5

==

=!!="

=##

Note: 5/2 A

Note:  λ=3900  and  not  3727  (as  reference  is  to  the  galaxy  centre)  

Page 26: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Stars, Dust and Gas in Galaxies •  Dust  mass  is  negligible  but  can  block  up  to  90%  of  the  light  and  

provides  a  good  indica,on  of  where  the  fresh  stars  are  •  Stars  form  from  gas  in  galaxy  •  In  the  high-­‐density  regions  the  gas    is  converted  into  Stars  

–  Elliptical: very little gas content –  ~ all gas converted into stars =>

–  Spiral: some gas content – most gas converted =>

–  Irregular: lots of gas –  little gas converted =>

!

MHI

MSTARS

= 0.01" 0.1

MHI

MSTARS

= 0.1"1.0

MHI

MSTARS

#1.0

Page 27: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Warm  dust  and  starlight  in  Antenae  galaxy  

Page 28: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical
Page 29: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

NGC1512  

Page 30: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical
Page 31: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Op,cal  and  radio  image  of  NGC891  

Page 32: Galaxy Spectra - ASTRONOMY GROUPstar-spd3/Teaching/PHYS1002/phys1002_lecture6.pdf · Galaxy Spectra • Galaxy spectra – Continuum – Absorption Lines – Emission Lines – Typical

Distribution of Gas and Stars

STARLIGHT GAS (HI)

M82

NGC 3077

M81