g2 - productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems
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by Elizabeth Humphreys, Manoranjan Mondal. At Ganges Regional Research Workshop of the Challenge Program on Water and Food/Water Land and Ecosystems (CPWF/WLE), May 2014TRANSCRIPT
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G2 - Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems
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Take home messages
1. Tremendous potential to greatly increase productivity, nutritive value, profitability & resilience of production systems in the polders• agricultural systems (rice & non-rice)• aquacultural systems• rice-aquaculture systems• homestead production systems
2. To unlock this potential need to invest in • improved water mgt• with special emphasis on drainage mgt (the entry point) and infrastructure inside the polders
3. Community co-ordination is critical to achieving this – needs community ownership & to be community-driven
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West Bengal, IndiaSW& SC Bangladesh
Patuakhali STU
Polder 43/2/F
Polder 30
Polder 3
North 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas
Andy Nelson
“LOW SALINITY” (L)• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm weeks to months in aman• River water fresh year-round• Mild soil salinity in dry season
“MEDIUM SALINITY” (M)• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm weeks to months in aman• River water saline mid-Feb-
Jun• Medium soil salinity in dry
season
“HIGH SALINITY” (H)• Water “stagnation” 30-50
cm weeks to months in aman• River water saline Dec-Jul• High soil salinity in dry
season
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Objectives (6)1. Rice variety evaluation• aus (early rainy season) – low (L), medium (M) salinity• aman (main rainy season) - L, M, high (H) salinity • boro (dry season) - L, M2. Rice-based cropping system intensification• Rice-rice-rice L rice-rice M• Rice-rice-rabi L rice-rabi M• Rice+fish - brackish water aquaculture H3. Homestead production systems – L, M, H• Analysis - literature review & surveys• Improving productivity of homestead systems/empowering
women4. Brackish water aquaculture systems - H• Evaluation of improved management options5. Technology & policy recommendations6. Pilot community water management – CPWF Innovation Grant
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CPWF Innovation Project
5Jahangir
Alam
SocioConsult
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Liz 1. Improving rice–based agricultural cropping systems
Saha Ashutosh
2. Improving rice-aquaculture & aquaculture only systems
Manjurul 3. Homestead production systems - cross-country comparison
Kabir - women-led participatory action research
Today’s presentation
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Predominant agricultural cropping systems in the low & moderately saline regions of the coastal zone of Bangladesh
..................Fallow…………………........ LowMed
~40%
• Traditional variety• Tall, photoperiod sensitive (late maturing – harvested Dec/Jan)• 35-70 day old seedlings 9
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Sesame 0-1 t/ha Traditional Rice
2-3.5 t/ha
Predominant agricultural cropping systems in the low & moderately saline regions of the coastal zone of Bangladesh
Khesari 0.2-1 t/ha ............Fallow…………….
…..Fallow.... ....……........
..................Fallow…………………........ LowMed
Med
Low
~40%
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Sesame 0-1 t/ha Traditional Rice
2-3.5 t/ha
Predominant agricultural cropping systems in the low & moderately saline regions of the coastal zone of Bangladesh
Khesari 0.2-1 t/ha ............Fallow…………….
…..Fallow.... ....……........
..................Fallow…………………........ LowMed
Med
Low
~40%
Traditional Rice 2-3.5 t/ha
Aus 3-4 t/ha............Fallow……………...
Low
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For high rice yield & cropping system intensification in polders we need rice varieties with…..
1. High yield potential
2. Tolerance to stresses, especially• water stagnation (30-50 cm, week...months)• salinity• submergence after transplanting• singly and in combination
3. Early maturity (for system intensification)
4. Preferred grain quality
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Rice variety evaluation in farmers’ fields
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Tolerance to water stagnation for aman essential throughout coastal zone This crop experienced deep water (up to 44 cm) for several weeks (4.6 t/ha)
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BRRI dhan54
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Amal-Mana ~4 t/ha(Water stagnation tolerant)
Sabita <2 t/ha
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Submergence tolerance needed for aman (& aus)(example in a shrimp-rice gher)
2nd transplanting submerged for 1 week shortly after transplanting – BRRI dhan52 (BR11-Sub1)
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3rd transplanting NOT submerged
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Sabita <2 t/ha
Swarna sub1, 3.5 t/ha
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Salinity tolerance needed for aman in high salinity areas (& for aus)
- especially for aman in ghers used for brackish water shrimp in the dry season
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BRRI dhan47 in gher3.6 t/ha
BRRI dhan28
BRRI dhan613.8 t/ha
BRRI dhan28
BRRI dhan47 4 t/ha
Parijat <1 t/ha
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With improved varieties & intensification we have achieved the following
…..on-farm…..in the polders
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Boro (140-145 d) T. Aman (130-140 d)
Aus (100-105 d)
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Cropping system intensification for low salinity areas1. Aus-aman-boro (15-17 t/ha)
HYVShort durationSalt tolerant
HYVMedium durationWater stagnation tolerant
HYVMedium duration“Early” sowing
Successfully implemented on-farm for 3 years – 8th crop – polder 43/2F
A M J J A S O N D J F M A
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Rabi (110-140 d) T. Aman (130-140 d)
Aus (100-105 d)
A M J J A S O N D J F M A
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Cropping system intensification for low salinity areas2. Aus-aman-rabi (9-10 t/ha rice+9 t/ha maize OR 3.5 t/ha sunflower etc)
HYVShort durationSalt tolerant
HYVMedium durationWater stagnation tolerant
HYVMaizeSunflower, Water melonChilli etc.
Successfully implemented on-farm for 3 years – 8th crop – polder 43/2F
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Boro (140-145 d) T. Aman (130-140 d)
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Cropping system intensification for medium salinity/water short areas1. Aman-boro (~10 t/ha)
HYVMedium durationWater stagnation tolerant
HYV“Early” sowingMedium duration
Successfully implemented on-farm for 3 years, 6th crop – polder 30
A M J J A S O N D J F M A
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Rabi (110-140 d) T. Aman (130-140 d)
A M J J A S O N D J F M A
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Cropping system intensification for medium salinity areas2. Aman-rabi (~4.5 t/ha rice + ~5 t/ha maize, 1.5 t/ha sunflower)
HYVMaizeSunflowerSesame
Implemented on-farm for 2 years, 4th crop – polder 30 – but NOT to potential;Community water management, cropping system synchronisation, adoption challenges
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With improved varieties & cropping system intensification, productivity can be increased 2 to several-fold
Widespread implementation requires improved water management
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
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River
Sluicegate
Drainage outlet
Road
Rural road
Canal(khal)
Drainage canal
6 ha pilot water management unit on polder 30
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1-Jul-1
2
14-Jul-1
2
27-Jul-1
2
9-Aug-1
2
22-Aug-1
2
4-Sep-12
17-Sep-12
30-Sep-12
13-Oct-
12
26-Oct-
12
8-Nov-1
2
21-Nov-1
2
4-Dec-1
2
17-Dec-1
2
30-Dec-1
2
12-Jan-13
25-Jan-13
7-Feb-13
20-Feb-13
5-Mar-
13
18-Mar-
130
20406080
100120140160180200220240
Rain
fall
& W
ater
dep
th (m
m)
Transplanting
~250 mm rain after transplanting – need to drain to save the HYV rice
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & thus earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)
Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops
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SesameMungbean
The consequences of late rabi crop establishment – low yields or complete failure due to early kharif rains
- high yield, high value crops out of the question (e.g. sunflower, maize)
AFTER RICE HARVEST – some areasLow input crops – late sown (Feb/Mar) because of late rice harvest
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)
Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops
4. Make use of available fresh water for irrigation during the dry season
In some areas lots of fresh water in the rivers almost year-round - untapped
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27-A
pr-1
1
26-Ju
n-11
25-A
ug-1
1
24-O
ct-1
1
23-D
ec-1
1
21-F
eb-1
2
21-A
pr-1
2
20-Ju
n-12
19-A
ug-1
2
18-O
ct-1
2
17-D
ec-1
2
15-F
eb-1
3
16-A
pr-1
3
15-Ju
n-13
14-A
ug-1
30.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00Polder 30 (Station-2, Pussur river)
Salin
ity (p
pt)
26-F
eb
14-S
ep
1-A
pr
18-O
ct
6-M
ay
22-N
ov
10-J
un
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0 Polder 43-2f (Station-2 (Out Side),Paira River)
Date
Salin
ity
(ppt
)
IWM
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)
Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops
4. Make use of available fresh water for irrigation during the dry season
In some areas lots of fresh water in the rivers almost year-round - untapped
5. De-silting of khals ..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage
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Khals within polders vary greatly in size, can store fresh water during the dry season, but often heavily silted up (some no longer exist), blocked…
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)
Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops
4. Make use of available fresh water for irrigation during the dry season
In some areas lots of fresh water in the rivers almost year-round - untapped
5. De-silting of khals ..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage
6. “Early” establishment of boro rice after aman (sow mid-Nov)
Reduces storage requirement for fresh water to finish the crop off after the rivers become too saline
35Polder 30 - sufficient storage for 15-20% of land to grow boro rice
- desilting of khals roughly double the possible boro rice area
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Water mgt ingredients for a Green Revolution in the Polders
1. Separation of lands of higher & lower elevation (mini-water mgt units)
Prevent accumulation of drainage in lowlands – enable rainy season HYVrice
2. Strategic drainage during the rainy season
Enables cultivation of HYV & earlier harvest (mid-Nov)
3. Drainage shortly before aman harvest (early Nov)
Enables soil to dry for early (timely) establishment of rabi crops
4. Make use of available fresh water for irrigation during the dry season
In some areas lots of fresh water in the rivers almost year-round - untapped
5. De-silting of khals(CPWF phase 1)
..Increases storage capacity for irrigation when river too saline..Facilitates drainage
6. “Early” establishment of boro rice after aman (sow mid-Nov – CPWF phase 1)
Reduces storage requirement for fresh water to finish the crop off after the rivers become too saline
7. High yielding/value rabi crops in the dry season, espec. in water short areas
Only need 2-3 irrigations
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Productive, Profitable, Resilient and Diversified Aquaculture Systems in
High Salinity Areas
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BANGLADESH
Aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to medium in rainy season
Aquaculture-rice: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to low in rainy season
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Research Objective
Improved management for enhanced productivity, profitability &
resilience in aquaculture-rice & aquaculture only systems
24 mini-ghers for aquaculture-rice 12 mini-ghers for aquaculture only
407-870 m2866-1463 m2
Trenches for fish refuge when water shallow for
rice establishment
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BeforeConstruction
Drain/Intake canalAround every gher
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Satellite images of the pond complexes
Aquaculture-rice Aquaculture only
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Aquaculture treatments (4 reps)
Treatments
Culture
patterns
2012 2013
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3(+rice) Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
(+rice)
Farmer’s practice Poly
Shrimp + different sp of fish (multiple stocking &
harvesting)
Shrimp + different sp of fish (multiple stocking &
harvesting)
Improved practice 1 Mono Shrimp Tilapia
Prawn
PrawnShrimp Shrimp
Tengra………………
Tilapia
Improved practice 2 Poly Shrimp
TilapiaTilapia Tengra
Prawn Singh
Prawn Singh
Shrimp Tilapia
Shrimp Tilapia
Tilapia Tengra
………………Rohu Singh
Magur
Managed by farmers
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Managed by researchers
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Management
Practice Farmer’s Practice Improved 1 & 2Liming 200 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1
Water filtering Unfiltered FilteredPredatory Fish Not eradicated EradicatedDisinfection No disinfection DisinfectedFertilization No fertilizer Fertilizer & dolomiteShrimp seed Not PCR tested PCR testedFeed No feed Feeding Water replenishment When needed When neededPost stocking fertilization Very insufficient When primary
production is low
Fish seed Some wild All from hatcheries
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Timeline
Shrimp& fishStocking 1
Harvest 3
AprilMarch Aug. Dec.
Harvest 2
Sept.
Stocking 3 & rice
transplanting
Harvest 1 & Stocking 2
June July Nov.May Oct.
Dry season Wet season
Shrimp diseases
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Rice-aquaculture systemTherefore 2 water depth treatments (low & high) in rice-aquaculture
Saline water needs to be drained in July to allow leaching of salt by rainfall prior to rice transplantingBrackish water aquaculture production is higher if saline water is kept for longer
Need shallow water after transplanting rice (<20 cm)This is very shallow for aquaculture (importance of trenches)
Better rice productivity with shallower waterBetter aquaculture productivity with deeper water
Some tradeoffs for rice & aquaculture system
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Findings : Aquaculture-rice
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Aquaculture production
LD – low depthHD – high depth
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Shrimp (LD)Fish (LD)Shrimp (HD)Fish (HD)
Culture patterns
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
2013
Changed to lower growth but higher value fish species
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
5001000150020002500300035004000
Shrimp (LD)Fish (LD)Shrimp (HD)Fish (HD)
Culture patterns
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
2012
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Profitability of aquaculture (BDT x 1000 ha-1 ) (Including farmer labour & land lease value)
FP (LD) FP (HD) Mono (LD)
Mono (HD)
Poly (LD) Poly (HD)-1000
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2012
FP (LD) FP (HD) Mono (LD) Mono (HD)
Poly (LD) Poly (HD)-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2013
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Profitability of aquaculture (BDT x 1000 ha-1 ) (Excluding farmer labour & land lease value)
FP (LD) FP (HD) Mono (LD) Mono (HD) Poly (LD) Poly (HD)0
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2012
FP (LD) FP (HD) Mono (LD) Mono (HD) Poly (LD) Poly (HD)0
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2013
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Production of Aman Rice
BR11 BR47 BR54 Morichshail Kumri Jotai0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
35002012 2013
Yiel
d (k
g/ka
)
High yielding varieties Local varieties51
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September – drainage congestion in whole region after heavy rain due to inadequate water conveyance system (drainage)October – water shortage - plenty of freshwater in river but inadequate conveyance system (irrigation) 52
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Findings : Aquaculture only
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Production (kg/ha)
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
ShrimpFish
Days of culture
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
2012
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
5001000150020002500300035004000450050005500
ShrimpFish
Days of culture
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
2013
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Profitability of aquaculture (BDT x 1000 ha-1 ) (includes farmer labour & land lease value)
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture-1000
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2012
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2013
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Profitability of aquaculture (BDT x 1000 ha-1 ) (excludes farmer labour & land lease value)
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2012
Farmer's practice Monoculture Polyculture0
100200300400500600700800
Variable costTotal returnGross margin
Culture patterns
BDT
ha-1
2013
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Cost (Shrimp + Tilapia)
Income from Shrimp
Income from Tilapia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160BD
T x
1000
ha-
1
Impact of crop diversification in shrimp ghers during cycle 1 (55-65 days)
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Key challengesMarkets• Scarcity of quality shrimp and fish seed• Lack of quality feed in local market
Aquaculture management• Prevention of escaping cat fish through dikes• Aquatic weed control
Community• Poor canal network for filling ponds & drainage
(need community system)• Poaching risk increases (need to increase
productivity of all ghers to lessen predation of individual ghers)
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Other improvements
You can make your saline gher dike green and environment friendly by adding trees
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Other improvements
Vegetables can be grown on gher dikes during wet season60
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Other improvements
Local variety of grass grows very well on saline gher dikes which can be used as fodder
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Take home messages
Farmer practice very low profit Improved practice increases profit 3-5 times Shrimp monoculture can be profitable, but highly risky Polyculture provides resilience against failure of
shrimp – profitable even if ALL shrimp die We failed to get high yields of rice because of inability
to drain (& irrigate) when needed Need good community water management systems for
both aquaculture and rice – for intake and drainage as needed
Neighbouring farmers are beginning to adopt improved practices
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Optimum Land Shaping & Harvesting Practice for Rice-Fish Systems
in the Coastal Zone of West Bengal
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Rainy season rice - dry season rice with fish (across both seasons)
The cropping system
More productive, profitable & sustainable paddy cum fish culture systems
Goal
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Kakdwip Block: Vill – ShibkalinagarNamkhana Block: Vill- Madanganj
Experimental site
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Objectives
To evaluate the effect of pond area/land area ratio on system performance 20% 30%i.e. How big does the pond need to be to support dry season
rice?
To evaluate the impact of harvesting method Single harvest Phased harvest
3 replicates, split plot
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4 Collaborators across 2 locations
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Pa
dd
y V
ari
ety
Partition of pond and paddy field by Net and Bamboo
Fish Culture without phase harvest
Fish Culture with phase harvest
Earthen Embankment
TrenchPond area (30% or 20%)
Paddy Cultivation Area (70% or 80%)
Layout
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Layout
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Fish management
Species 3 spp Indian Major Carp
Advance Fingerlings @ 4000/ha(Catla:Rohu:Mrigal 30:35:35),
Scampi-@1500/haFeed management
Broadcasting and tray feedingFeed Pelleted feed
(protein-24%, lipid 4%) @ 5-3% of body weight)
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Rice culture
Varieties Wet season - Amalmana Dry season –
Lalminikit (WGL 20471)BINA-8
Fertilizer Recommended practiceIrrigation of dry season riceFrom pond using a pump
Cultivation of wet season paddy variety
Cultivation of dry season paddy variety
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20% pond area - higher nitrate and phosphate in water greater production of plankton (= fish food!)
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0100200300400500600700800900
1000
Prod
uctio
n (k
g/ha
)Production of fish
Without phase harvest
With phase harvest
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Prod
uctio
n (k
g/ha
)
Productivity 20% pond higher by 161 kg/ha – due to higher nutrient concentration?
Productivity phased harvest higher by 277 kg/ha- due to progressive removal of larger fish
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Rohu Catla Mrigal Scampi0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30% pond
20% pond
Mea
n bo
dy w
eigh
t (g)
Performance of individual species
Higher growth of 3 carp species in 20%Lower growth of scampi in 20%
Sampling of fish
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Paddy production (wet season)
Paddy harvesting and threshing
Greater lodging from cyclone
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Dyke croppingDyke crops Production (kg)/ha
land of PCFGross income
(Rs)/ha land of PCF
Vegetables 351 11,706Oil seed 169 2,400
Fodder (seed) 458 5,490
Dyke cropping in Paddy cum fish culture78
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20% Land shaping 30% Land shaping
Component Total Productivity
(kg/ha)
Amount (x105 Rs )
Total Productivity
(kg/ha)
Amount(x105 Rs)
Rice (wet season only)
2875 0.37 2900 0.38
Fish 895 1.29 743 1.10
Dyke cropping
489 0.09 489 0.09
Gross Income 1.76 Gross Income 1.57
Total production & income to date
20% provided Rs. 19000/ha ($307/ha) more than 30% to date…Dry season rice yet to come, also full economic analysis
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Higher fish production with phased harvesting
Higher fish production with 20% pond area
To date, higher value of production with 20% land shaping
Conclusion
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THANK YOU
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West Bengal, IndiaSW& SC Bangladesh
Polder 43/2/F
Polder 30
Polder 3
North 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas
Homestead production systems: enhanced productivity for food security in South Bangladesh and West Bengal, India
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Objectives:
Comparison between southern Bangladesh and West Bengal –
• Homestead Farming Systems (HFS) • Socio-economic status of households• Contribution of HFS to household income &
consumption • Identify priority areas of improvement
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Survey Samples (<1 ha-80%; 2012)Country Region Salinity # HH
surveyed
Banglade
sh
Polder 43 Low 320
Polder 30 Moderate 338
Polder 3 High 461
Total
1,119
West
Bengal
Block Kakdwip Low 120
Block Namkhana Moderate 120
Sandeshkhali I Moderate 120
Sandeshkhali II Moderate 120
Block Sagar High 240
Total
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HFS
Pond aquaculture
Beetle vine
Vegetable production
Fruit garden
Livestock
Poultry
Components of HFS
• In Bangladesh only 50% poor people have pond in their homestead while 97% households got a pond in India
• Beetle vine production in HFS only in West Bengal with higher economic return
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Household food security
Homestead
Non-homestead
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Land ownership pattern
Total land (field +homestead) Homestead land
Ratio of homestead to field land
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh West Bengal
BangladeshWest Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
Bangladesh
West Bengal
Bangladesh
West Bengal
Homestead land has higher
importance for the poor farmers
in Bangladesh
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Major occupation
West BengalBangladesh
AgricultureAquacultureBetel vine BusinessDriverFishermenTeacherCarpenterJob/ServiceLaborVan/Rickshaw pullerOthers
In Bangladesh higher number of hh depend on agriculture than W. Bengal
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Contribution of HFS to annual household income
Country Off-farm Field HFS aq. HFS Non -aq. Total
Bangladesh 667 381 70 176 1,079
West Bengal 800 357 116 93 1,304
Annual household income (US$) from different sources by country
Non-aq sources contribute more to overall income in Bangladesh
5%
15%
31%49%
Bangladesh
HFS Aq
HFS Non- Aq
Field
Off farm
9% 7%
25%59%
West Bengal
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10
20
30
40
00
< 1 < 1
Month
% o
f h
ou
seh
old
Bangladesh West Bengal
Food requirement satisfied by own products (HFS + Field)
• Only ~20% hh with <1 ha land are meeting their year round food requirement from own production, suggests opportunity for vertical integration of the systems
• Over all households in West Bengal with higher amount of land supported their food requirement better than Bangladesh
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Meals per day
Yes80%
No20%
Bangladesh
~20% people in both countries do not get 3 meals regularly
Yes82%
No18%
West Bengal
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Need further work to better understand the factors influence consumption in both the countries
Fish
Vegetab
leFru
its
Poultry m
eat
Poultry e
gg
Dairy m
ilk
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
BangladeshWest Bengal
Corr
elati
on s
core
(r)
Correlation between production and consumption
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HFS productivity ($/ha/year) in different salinity
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Preliminary results says
YES
Does Homestead production system holds promise ???
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Key remarks
Homestead production system contributes better in meeting household food security of Functionally Landless groups while small households are more dependent on non-homestead productionHFS productivity significantly lower in high salinity areas than low salinity areas in both the countries
Need to focus more research on improving productivity in saline areas
No specific factors had significant role in regulating HFS productivityMost of the people are not self sufficient/food secured Raising awareness on the importance of nutrition is crucial There are opportunities to further improve the status of food security particularly in the high saline zone
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Thanks
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Women led participatory action research
(PAR) on homestead challenged pond aquaculture
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ShadeShallowSeasonalityFlooding riskMultiple ownershipHousehold water useIrrigationAccess for women
Why challenging ?
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Objectives:to improve nutrition & income through increasing productivity of homestead ponds to empower women thru participatory action research (PAR)
Key pond interventions:– fish species to increase production & consumption– feeding strategies to avoid water pollution– women capacity building
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Locations & partners – under umbrella of G2
Legend:
Freshwater areasBrackishwater areas
Partners: CPWF-G2 CSISA AAS CCAFS AIN 100
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PAR Process
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Designing the research: Community consultationPARHFS & integrationPond water use AquacultureSpecies selectionFeeding choiceWomen participation
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Experimental Treatments
Treatment Species Size Density (#/
decimal)
Feeding Remark
1
Tilapia 25 gm 25
5% insect; 20% Kitchen waste; 50% home made; 25%
commercial
Region-1 (Batiaghata,
Amtoli, Kaliganj and Shamnagar)
Nona tengra 1 gm 50
Rui 100 gm 2
Male Golda 5-10 gm 5
2
Tilapia 25 gm 25
Koi 2 gm 50 Singh 5 gm 25Male Golda 5-10gm 5
3
Tilapia 25 gm 25
Mrigal 100 gm 4Catla 100 gm 2Magur 5-10 gm 15Mirror Carp 100 gm 1
1
Tilapia 25 gm 25
5% insect; 20% Kitchen waste; 50% home made; 25%
commercial
Region-2 (Barisal, Jessore,
Faridpur and Jhalokathi)
Koi 2 gm 50
Singh 5-gm 25
Mirror Carp 100 gm 2
2
Tilapia 25 gm 25
Koi 2 gm 50
Magur 5-10gm 15
Silver Carp 100 gm 2
3
Tilapia 25 gm 25
Male Golda 5-10gm 5
Rui 100 gm 2
Katla 100 gm 2
Japani puti 1-2 gm 10
Women preferenceImproved extensiveRegular consumptionStress tolerantHigh value fishMixed feedingLess fertilization
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Building women farmers research Capacity
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Women Farmer Researchers Learning Sharing Workshop:
Learn Share Analyze Create a movement for PAR
Agenda:Developing common understanding of research Documenting major learningsParticipatory evaluation of 2013 research by treatmentPrioritization of development outcomesSharing group findings to other groups (global café)Analyzing problems and planning for new PAR cycle
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Proper technology and care can increase challenged pond productivity greatly (x5)
Basic aquaculture
PAR and PM&E
Learning
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Participatory evaluation of fish
1.Tilapia2. KoiEverywhere…
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Prioritizing development outcomes
Increased fish consumption
Importance in family and
society increased
Increased income
Research & Aquaculture
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Sharing
Individual & group level observation and findings
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Analyze
Quality fish seed supply at beginning of seasonSalinity, water quality and disease managementLow cost feed
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Next:
analyze pond record books & impact survey dataconsult with communities for 2014 PAR designContinue to provide technical, facilitation & education support (gender, nutrition, rights, needs)continue documenting research & development outcomes
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Staff capacity building
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Thanks
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The big ones: 1. How can we implement improved community management to
achieve the benefits of improved production systems? (about water; agricultural cropping systems, aquaculture systems)
2. Achieving no. 1 requires additional investment in drainage/water management infrastructure inside the polders – is it economic?, what’s the optimum?
Many others specific to components of improved systems:
• rice varietal improvement (e.g. short duration, cold tolerant boro)• nutrient cycling in rice-shrimp systems• homestead production systems (e.g. pond-ecosystem approach)• sustainability of groundwater pumping for boro rice• establishment of rabi crops • aquaculture in saline areas
Research questions for the future (many)
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Take home messages
1. Tremendous potential to greatly increase productivity, nutritive value, profitability & resilience of production systems in the polders• agricultural systems (rice & non-rice)• aquacultural systems• rice-aquaculture systems• homestead production systems
2. To unlock this potential need to invest in • improved water mgt• with special emphasis on drainage mgt (the entry point) and infrastructure inside the polders
3. Community co-ordination is critical to achieving this – needs community ownership & to be community-driven