g048303 (reply brief - patients) modiano v. city of anaheim (california disabled persons act)...
TRANSCRIPT
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7/27/2019 G048303 (Reply Brief - Patients) Modiano v. City of Anaheim (California Disabled Persons Act) Appellants' Reply Brief
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Lb.= D753171OL UCI
0!Aburt bh ~ p p i f O ABY[U BH FWWIF`-5UC EOQU EOX.1HO@QE,./.=QUFUI BH AF@OHB[LOFHBY[UCFWWI@@FUI EOQU[OAUEOXOQOBL UC[II
BAU 7';;761~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - -
NF[UOL NBEOFLB, fl oleovoeuf`: CI@FOLI MBLIQ,fl oleovoeuf`: JIXOL KYUACI[, fl oleovoeuf`: NF[@FMFNIQ, fl oleovoeuf`: fle WFUOILU NIE-FOE,f lbl-prbhot drbup bh pftoilts fssbaoftie tbditcir uleirAf. Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.449,W`foltohhs/Fppi``flts)
vs .AOU_ BH FLFCION, f Af`ohbrlof nuloaopf` abrpbrftobl:
UBN UFOU, ol cos afpfaoty fs Nfybr bhFlfcion: CIL[_ T.QUI[L, ol cos afpfaoty fs Aoty Urifsurir bhFlfcion,Eihileflts/[ispbleilts.
Cbl. Efvoe Acfhhii, MuediQupirobr Aburt bhBrfldi AbultyMuednilt iltirie Nfrac 65,;761Lb.17-;76;-77876391-AY-A[-AMA
FWWI@@FLUQ' [IW@_ K[OIH
Nfttciw Wfppfs, QKL= 646387@ii Eurst, QKL= 8?475
;;48; Fspfl Qtriit, #;7;-674@fji Hbrist, AF ?;817Ui`ipcbli= (?5?) 13;-6538Hfasono`i= (?5?) ;5;-;879
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o
UFK@I BH ABLUILUQ
UFK@I BH FYUCB[OUOIQ ........................................................................ OOO
UFK@I BH FKK[IXOFUOBLQ.................................................................... XO
[IW@_ ............................................................................................................... 6
O. ABLU[F[_ UB FLFCIONQ FQQI[UOBL, UCI W@FOLUOHHQ
[INFOL VYF@OHOIE EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[ QUFUI
@FT HB[ WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC.............................. 6
F. AOXO@ ABEI 95(K) FWW@OIQ AF@OHB[LOFQ EIHOLOUOBL BH EOQFKO@OU_
FLE NIEOAF@ ABLEOUOBL UB F@@ BH QIAUOBL 95, OLA@YEOLD UCI QIAUOBL
95(A) W[BUIAUOBLQ BH [ODCUQ OLAB[WB[FUIE K_ [IHI[ILAI..................... 6
K. AOXO@ ABEI 95(A) [IHI[Q UB F XOB@FUOBL BH UCI[ODCUBH FL
OLEOXOEYF@ YLEI[ UCI FEF' ....................................................................... 1
A. EIQWOUI UCI AOU_Q FQQI[UOBL, UCI AF@OHB[LOF EIHOLOUOBL BH
EOQFKO@OU_ OLA@YEIQ OUQ BTL O@@IDF@ E[YD YQI W[BXOQOBL UCFU OQ
NB[I OLA@YQOXI UCFL HIEI[F@ @FT ............................................................ 8
E. QYKWF[U (A) BH AOXO@ ABEI 95 FLE QYKWF[U (H) BH AOXO@ ABEI 96NYQU KI OLUI[W[IUIE @OKI[F@@_ UB W[BUIAU FDFOLQU EOQA[ONOLFUOBL.. 8
I. UCI MFNIQAFQI QYWWB[UQ UCI WBQOUOBL UCFU QUFUI @FT FWW@OIQ HB[
WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC. ........................................................... 3
OO. UCI AYF FLE NNWF FWW@_ BL@_ UB QI[OBYQ@_ O@@
AF@OHB[LOFLQ TCB VYF@OH_ FQ EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q
YLEI[ DBXU ABEI 6;?;8................................................................... 67
F. TCIL YQI BH AFLLFKOQ OQ LBU YL@FTHY@, WFUOILUQ [INFOL
W[BUIAUIE YLEI[ UCI QIWF[FUI FLE OLEIWILEILU AEWF FLE YL[YC
@FTQ. ............................................................................................................. 66
K. UCI NNWF IQUFK@OQCIE UCI WFUOILU AB@@IAUOXI Q_QUIN UCFU AFL
BL@_ W[BXOEI HB[ EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q .................................................. 6;
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A. ABLU[F[_ UB UCI AOU_Q F[DYNILU FLE UCI U[OF@ ABY[UQ
I[[BLIBYQ ABLA@YQOBL, EIL_OLD FAAIQQ UB NIEOAF@ NF[OMYFLF
EOQWILQF[OIQ W[IXILUQ WFUOILUQ H[BN BWI[FUOLD BL F @IXI@ W@F_OLD
HOI@E ........................................................................................................... 65
E. WFUOILUQ F[I LBU [IVYO[IE UB HB[IDB F W[IQA[OKIE B[
[IABNNILEIE U[IFUNILU B[ FOEI QONW@_ KIAFYQI FLBUCI[ U_WI BH
U[IFUNILU B[ FOEI OQ FXFO@FK@I............................................................... 68
I. UCI [FUOBLF@ KFQOQ IVYF@ W[BUIAUOBL CB@EOLD OLCO@@ EBIQ
LBU FWW@_ OL UCOQ AFQI ............................................................................... 6?
OOO. UCI INW@B_NILU [I@FUIE FAABNBEFUOBL OQQYIQ OL
[BQQF[I OLFWW@OAFK@I CI[I............................................................ ;7
OX. UCI WFUOILUQ CFXI IFAC KIIL LIDFUOXI@_ ONWFAUIEK_ UCI AOU_Q KFL BL WFUOILU D[BYWQ FLE UCI[IHB[I
CFXI QUFLEOLD UB FQQI[U A@FONQ................................................ ;;
X. UCI[I OQ LB HO[QU FNILENILU [ODCU HB[ AOUOIQ UB
YQI UFSWF_I[ NBLI_ UB UCTF[U QUFUI @FT UCFU
EOHHI[Q H[BN, KYU OQ LBU W[IINWUIE K_, HIEI[F@ @FT BL
UCI QFNI QYKMIAU .................................................................................. ;8
AI[UOHOAFUI BH ABYLQI@ ................................................................... 17
W[BBH BH QI[XOAI K_ NFO@ ................................................................... 16
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ooo
UFK@I BH FYUCB[OUOIQ
AFQIQ
Feeoatobl Qpiaof`osts, Ola. v. Ubwlscop bh Cfnptbl (1e Aor.;779)
566 H.1e 1?? ................................................................................................... ;9
Kfy Frif Feeoatobl [isifrac fle Uriftnilt, Ola. v. Aoty bh Fltobac (?tc Aor. 6???)
64? H.1e 4;9 .................................................................................................... 61
Aoty bh [ovirsoei v. Ol`fle Inpori Wftoilts Cif`tc fle Ti``liss Ailtir, Ola. (;761)
98 Af`.5tc 4;? ................................................................................................ 6;
Abulty bh @bs Fldi`is v. Co``(;766)
6?; Af`.Fpp.5tc 386 .................................................................................6?, ;7
Abulty bh Qfl Eoidb v. Qfl Eoidb LB[N@ (;773)
689 Af`.Fpp.5tc 4?3 ...................................................................................... ;5
Arbweir v. Jotfdfwf (?tc Aor. 6??8)
36 H.1e 6537 ........................................................................................ 68, 64, 6?
Eipfrtnilt bh Hfor Inp`bynilt fle Cbusold v. @fw Qacbb` Fenossobl Abulao`, Ola.
(I.E.Af, ;76;) Lb. A-6;-6317 .....................................................................1, 9
Ilyfrt v. Lft'` Ablhirilai bh Kfr Ixfnolirs, Ola. (?tc Aor. ;766)
817 H.1e 6691 ................................................................................................. ;8
Mfljiy v. @ii(;76;)
99 Af`.5tc 6713, 697 Af`.[ptr.1e 6?6, ;?7 W.1e 634 .................................. 1, 9, ?
Nfr`f Mfnis v. Aoty bh Abstf Nisf (?tc Aor. ;76;)
477 H.1e 1?5, airt. eiloie 611 Q.At. ;1?8 (;761) ............................................. 3
Nulsbl v. Ei Ufab, Ola. (;77?)
58 Af`.5tc 886, ?5 Af`.[ptr.1e 839, ;73 W.1e 8;1 ....................................... 4, 3
Wibp`i v. Cbacflfei`(;77?)
648 Af`.Fpp.5tc ??4 ................................................................................. 68, ;9
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ov
Wrbmiat @ohi, Ola. v. Wfrros D`ileilold(;776)
61? H.Qupp.;e 471 .......................................................................................... 61
[idoblf` Iablbnoa Abnnuloty Fatobl Wrbdrfn, Ola. v. Aoty bh Noee`itbwl
(;e Aor. ;77;) ;?5 H.1e 19 ............................................................................. 61
[bss v. [fdoldwori Ui`iabnnuloaftobls, Ola. (;773)
5; Af6.5tc ?;7, 645 W.1e ;77 ................................................................. pfsson
To`sbl v. Nuro``b (;773)
681 Af`.Fpp.5tc 66;5 ..................................................................................... ;6
QUFUYUIQ
5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e) ............................................................................... 6, 1, 9, 3
Af`ohbrlof Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9 ........... pfsson
Af`ohbrlofEosfk`ie Wirsbls Fat, Aovo` Abei 95 ........................................ pfsson
Af`ohbrlofNieoaf` Nfromuflf Wrbdrfn Fat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4
............................................................................................................... pfsson
Af`ohbrlof Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat, Aovo` Abei 96 ..................................... pfsson
AAW 9;8f ....................................................................................................... ;?
Aovo` Abei 96(h) ...................................................................................... pfsson
Aovo` Abei 95(k) ..................................................................................... pfsson
Aovo` Abei 95(a)...................................................................................... pfsson
Aovo` Abei 99 ................................................................................................... 9
Hieirf`Fniroafls wotc Eosfko`otois Fat, 5; Y.Q.A. 6;676, it siq............... pfsson
Hieirf` Abltrb``ie Qukstflais Fat, ;6 Y.Q.A. 376, it siq. ......................... v, 6, ;4
Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 ................................................................................... pfsson
Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(m)(8) .................................................................................. 66
Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8) ..................................................................... 9, 8, 3, 66
Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6 ................................................................................ 4, 3, 66
Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c) .......................................................... 8, 61, 63
Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6;)(F) ........................................................ 61
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v
Qtfts. 6??;, ac. ?61, 6 (FK 6744) ...................................................................... 4
BUCI[ FYUCB[OUOIQ
Fssink`y Mueoaofry Abnnottii, FK 6744 (Mfl. ;;,6??;), ft ; ............................ 4
[IDY@FUOBLQ
;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d) .................................................................................. ;9, ;8
ABLQUOUYUOBLF@ W[BXOQOBLQ
Af`. Ablst. frt. 66, 4 ....................................................................................... 6;
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vo
UFK@I BH FKK[IXOFUOBLQ
FEF .Hieirf`Fniroafls wotc Eosfko`otois Fat,5; Y.Q.A. 6;676, it siq.
AEWF .Af`ohbrlofEosfk`ie Wirsbls Fat, Aovo`Abei 95
AQF .Hieirf` Abltrb``ie Qukstflais Fat, ;6Y.Q.A. 376, it siq.
AYF .Af`ohbrlof Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fat,Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9
HFA .W`foltohhs/Fppi` flts Horst FnileieAbnp`folt
NNWF .Af`ohbrlofNieoaf` Nfromuflf WrbdrfnFat, Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4
B.K. . Bppbsotobl Kroih, Aoty bh Flfcion
YL[YC .Af`ohbrlof Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat, Aovo`Abei 96
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Yl`iss spiaohoie, f`` rihirilais fri tb tci Af`ohbrlof Aovo` Abei
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[ I W @ _
O. ABLU[F[_ UB FLFCIONQ FQQI[UOBL, UCI W@FOLUOHHQ
[INFOL VYF@OHOIE EOQFK@IE OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[
QUFUI @FT HB[ WY[WBQIQ BH UCI AEWF FLE YL[YC
Qukpfrt (a) bh Aovo` Abei 95 stftis=
(a) F vob`ftobl bh tci rodct bh fl oleovoeuf` uleir tci Fniroafls wotc
Eosfko`otois Fat bh 6??7 (Wuk`oa @fw 676-118) f`sb ablstotutis f
vob`ftobl bh tcos siatobl.
Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty abltiles tci o``idf` erud usi prbvosobl bh tci
FEF (5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e)) risu`ts ol tci pftoilts ol tcos afsi kiold
eosquf`ohoie hbr prbtiatobl uleir Aovo` Abei siatobls 96(h) fle 95(a) kiafusi
tciy usi nfromuflf riabnnileie ky stfti `oailsie ebatbrs. Ol issilai, tci
Aotys pbsotobl os tcft fl btcirwosi quf`ohoie oleovoeuf` wcb os ildfdie ol tci
usi bh f Qacieu`i 6 abltrb``ie sukstflai uleir hieirf` `fw (fs eiholie ol tci
hieirf` AQF) os eosquf`ohoie hrbn FEF prbtiatobl fle cilai tciri afl ki lb
vob`ftobl bh tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt 96(h) fle 95(a) prbvosobls bh tci
stftis Ylruc fle AEWF`fws.
F. Aovo` Abei 95(k) fpp`ois Af`ohbrlofs eiholotobl bh eosfko`oty
fle nieoaf` ableotobl tb f`` bh siatobl 95, ola`ueold tci siatobl
95(a) prbtiatobls bh rodcts olabrpbrftie ky rihirilai
Fl flf`ysos bh tci p`fol `fldufdi bh siatobl 95(k) eosp`fais tci Aotys
frdunilt=
(k) Hbr purpbsis bh tcos siatobl=
(6) Eosfko`oty nifls fly niltf` br pcysoaf` eosfko`oty fs
eiholie ol Qiatobl 6;?;8 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei.
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;
(;) Nieoaf` ableotobl cfs tci sfni niflold fs eiholie ol
sukeovosobl (c) bh Qiatobl 6;?;8 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei.
Qukpfrt (k) ixp`oaot`y fpp`ois tb tcos siatobl, niflold f`` bh siatobl 95,
ola`ueold suksiatobl (a), tci pfrt bh siatobl 95 tcft olabrpbrftis ky rihirilai
tci prbtiatobl bh FEF rodcts. Ot afllbt fpp`y tb otsi`h f`bli kiafusi ot os
`onotie tb eiholotobls. Oh ot fpp`oie bl`y tb sukpfrt (f) br sukpfrt (a), ot wbu`e
cfvi kiil ola`ueie ol tcbsi sukpfrts. @ojiwosi, oh 95(k) wfs niflt tb fpp`y tb
must (f) br (a), tci tirn tcos siatobl os rileirie fnkodubus kiafusi ot `ifvis
ot up tb tci rifeir tb acbbsi tci fpp`oafk`i sukpfrt.
Fl flf`ysos bh wcft tci wbre siatobl rihirs tb ol btcir frifs bh tci
stftuti einblstrftis ot rihirs tb f`` bh siatobl 95. Hbr ixfnp`i, tci rinieois
prbvosobl bh siatobl 95.1 usis tci tirn siatobl tb rihir tb f`` bh 95=
(f) Fly pirsbl br pirsbls, horn br abrpbrftobl wcb eilois br
oltirhiris wotc fenottflai tb br ilmbynilt bh tci puk`oa hfao`otois
fs spiaohoie ol siatobls 95 fle 95.6
Uci rihirilai tb siatobls 95 fle 95.6 scbws tci wbre siatobl os niflt tb
fpp`y lbt tb f spiaohoa sukpfrt, kut tb f`` bh tci rihirilaie siatobl. Ucos
suppbrts tci oltirpritftobl tcft sukpfrt (k) fpp`ois tb f`` bh 95, ola`ueold
sukpfrts (f) fle (a). Flbtcir ixfnp`i os sukpfrt (a) otsi`h=
F vob`ftobl bh tci rodct bh fl oleovoeuf` uleir tci Fniroafls wotc
Eosfko`otois Fat bh 6??7 (Wuk`oa @fw 676-118) f`sb ablstotutis f vob`ftobl
bhtcos siatobl. (inpcfsos feeie)
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Dovil tci riniey prbvosobls bh siatobl 95.1 fpp`y tb vob`ftobls bh 95 (br
95.6), tci tirn tcos siatobl ol sukpfrt (a) rihirs tci sfni wfy ot ebis ol
sukpfrt (k) tb f`` bh siatobl 95 hurtcir scbwold tcft quf`ohoaftobl os toie tb
Af`ohbrlof (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8) rftcir tcfl hieirf` `fw (5; Y.Q.A.
6;;67(e).)
K. Aovo` Abei 95(a) rihirs tb f vob`ftobl bh tci rodctbh fl
oleovoeuf` uleir tci FEF
Tco`i pirhiatie vob`ftobls bh tci FEF fri pir si vob`ftobls bh siatobls
96(h) fle 95(a) (sii Mfljiy v. @ii (;76;) 99 Af`.5tc 6713, 6755, Z697
Af`.[ptr.1e 6?6, ;?7 W.1e 634^ ZMfljiy^), vob`ftobls bh rodctsprbtiatie ky tci
FEF tcft nfy lbt oleipileilt`y risu`t ol FEF vob`ftobls afl sto`` risu`t ol
vob`ftobls bh siatobls 96(h) fle 95(a). Jiy os cbw sukpfrt (a) os wrottil. [ftcir
tcfl sfyold, f vob`ftobl bh tci FEF os f vob`ftobl bh tcos siatobl, tci sukpfrt
os troddirie olstife ky f vob`ftobl bhtci rodct bh fl oleovoeuf`uleir tci FEF.
Oleiie, tci oeiltoaf` `fldufdi wfs usie ky tci @idos`fturi ol siatobl 96(h) bh
Ylruc. Ot hb``bws tcft ot os lbt must f vob`ftobl bh tci FEF, kut f`sb f vob`ftobl
bh f rodctprbtiatie ky tci FEF tcft troddirs 96(h) fle 95(a).
Ol Eipfrtnilt bh Hfor Inp`bynilt fle Cbusold v. @fw Qacbb` Fenossobl
Abulao`, Ola. (I.E.Af, ;76;) Lb. A-6;-6317 Z@QFA , f hieirf` muedi feerissie
tci ariftobl bh FEF rodcts prbtiatie tcrbudc Ylruc siatobl 96(h). Ol eilyold
nbst bh tci eihileflts nbtobl tb eosnoss, tci aburt ci`e Af`ohbrlofs eosfko`oty
`fws fri oleipileilt bh tci hieirf` FEF=
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Horst, tci rodcts ilabnpfssie ky 96Zh^ fri ol abnnbl pfr`flai
ariftie ky tcft prbvosobl. Tcitcir tci rodcts fri ixp`oaot`y
ilunirftie ol 96 br olabrpbrftie ky rihirilai pursuflt tb ots tirns,
96Zh^ faabres tcin `idf` stftus, krolds tcin oltb ixostilai, fle tcus
ariftis tcin. QiiFniroafl Cirotfdi Eoatoblfry, 1re Ieotobl, p. 513
(6??;) (eiholold arifti fs Ub afusi tb ixost: krold oltb kiold):www.nirofn-wikstir.abn/eoatoblfry/arifti (arifti eiholie fs tb
krold oltb ixostilai. Ucus, uleir tci Af`ohbrlof Ablstotutobl, tci
Af`ohbrlof @idos`fturi ariftie tci rodcts ilabnpfssie ky 96Zh^ wcil
ot ilfatie tcft siatobl oltb fw. (Okoe.)
Uci aburt f`sb eitirnolie tcft Ylruc olabrpbrftis FEF rodctsfs tcbsi rodcts
nfy ki ixpfleie hrbn toni tb toni=
Ft brf` frdunilt, tci pfrtois eosfdriie bvir wcitcir 96(h) bh tci
Ylruc Fat olabrpbrftis tci FEF fs ot aurrilt`y ixosts ol hieirf` `fw, br
bl`y fs ot ixostie ol 6??; wcil tci @idos`fturi ilfatie 96(h) Tco`i
96(h) rihirs spiaohoaf``y tb tci brodolf` FEFs puk`oa `fw lunkir, tci
krbfe sabpi bh tci FEF, ivil fs ot ixostie ol 6??7, abulsi`s ol hfvbr bh
tci krbfeir prbld bhWf`irnb. (Okoe.)
Ol rimiatold tci eihileflts frdunilt ri`ftie tb FEF provfti rodcts bh fatobl,
tci aburt bksirvie=
Fs lbtie fkbvi, tci Ylruc Fat olabrpbrftis tci sukstfltovi stflefres
bh tci FEF fle ariftis f provfti rodct bh fatobl fs f nfttir bh stfti `fw.
Tcitcir tci FEF otsi`h prbvoeis f provfti afusi bh fatobl uleir hieirf`
`fw ebis lbt fhhiat ilhbrainilt bh tci Ylruc Fat f stfti stftuti
dbvirlie ky ots bwl ilhbrainilt niacflosn. (Okoe.)
Fs tci aburt prbpir`y abla`ueie, Aovo` Abei 96(h), `oji 95(a), ariftis
tci sukstfltovi prbvosobls bh tci FEF tcft prbtiat tci rodctsbh oleovoeuf`s ol
stfti `fw. Issiltof``y, tci prbvosobls bh tci FEF tcft prbtiat rodcts kiabni
stfti `fw ft wcoac pbolt stfti `fw ilcflainilts, `oji stfti ilhbrainilt
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prbvosobls, afl nbeohy br eoriat ots fpp`oaftobl, hbr olstflai ol tirns bh wcft
eiholotobls fpp`y. Ciri, Aovo` Abei 95(k) eoriats tcft tci stfti `fw
prbtiatobls olabrpbrftie hrbn tci FEF ki sukmiat tb tci prbvosobls bh Dbvt
Abei 6;?;8 hbr purpbsis bh eiholold eosfko`oty. Ucft Dbvirlnilt Abei
siatobl ola`ueis ots bwl ixa`usobl hrbn tci eiholotobl bh eosfko`oty pibp`i
ildfdie ol o``idf` erud usi uleir stfti `fw (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8)) fle
tcus bvirroeis tci nbri rodoe hieirf` prbcokotobl (5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e)).
Qono`fr`y, tci p`fol `fldufdi bh 96(h) fle 95(a) olabrpbrftold tci rodcts
prbtiatie uleir tci FEF, rftcir tcfl `onotold stfti vob`ftobls tb f prbvil
vob`ftobl bh tci FEF, suppbrts tci @QFAaburts abla`usobls. Oleiie, wcil
tciri os f riniey ariftie ol stfti `fw tcft nfy lbt ixost br tcft fatuf``y
ablh`oats wotc tci FEF, tci stfti `fw prbvosobl nfy bvirroei hbr purpbsis bh
Ylruc fle tci AEWF. Uci Mfljiy aburt eif`t wotc tcft typi bh ossui fle ci`e
tci stftis nfleftbry fttbrliy hii prbvosobl ol Aovo` Abei 99 fpp`ois eispoti
f siinold`y ablh`oatold prbvosobl ol tci FEF. Ucos abnpbrts wotc tci eostroat
aburts flf`ysos ol @QFA tcft Aovo` Abei 96(h) ariftis oleipileilt
prbtiatobls bh rodctseoriat`y ol stfti `fw fle hurtcir suppbrts tci lbtobl tcft
tci oleipileilt stfti prbvosobl dbvirlold o``idf` erud usi fpp`ois ciri.
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A. Eispoti tci Aotys fssirtobl, tci Af`ohbrlof eiholotobl bh
eosfko`oty ola`ueis ots bwl o``idf` erud usi prbvosobl tcft os
nbri ola`usovi tcfl hieirf` `fw
Yleir suksiatobl (k) bh Aovo` Abei 95, ot os tci Af`ohbrlof eiholotobl bh
eosfko`oty tcft fpp`ois hbr purpbsis bh tci AEWF, ola`ueold sukpfrt (a), rftcir
tcfl tci nbri ristroatovi eiholotobl ola`ueie ol tci FEF. Oleiie, oh Dbvt
Abei 6;?;8 tci stftuti 95 `bbjs tb hbr tci eiholotobl bh eosfko`oty cfe
lbt ola`ueie fl o``idf` erud usi eosquf`ohoir, stfti `fw nodct tcil `bbj tb tci
hieirf` `fws ristroatobl. Cbwivir, Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 cfs ots bwl erud usi
eosquf`ohoir=
Wcysoaf` eosfko`oty ebis lbt ola`uei sixuf` kicfvobr eosbreirs,
abnpu`sovi dfnk`old, j`iptbnflof, pyrbnflof, br psyacbfatovi
sukstflai usi eosbreirs risu`told hrbn tci aurrilt ul`fwhu` usi bh
abltrb``ie sukstflais br btcir eruds. (Af. Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8).)
Ol tcos afsi, tci pftoilts usi bh nieoaf` afllfkos os lbt ul`fwhu` uleir
Af`ohbrlof `fw. (Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.9, 6618;.4(c), 6618;.449.) Ol
tcior HFA, tci p`foltohhs f``idie tciy cfvi vf`oe riabnnileftobls hrbn ebatbrs
hbr nieoaf` afllfkos fle ola`ueie hfatuf` a`fons tcft tciy suhhir hrbn
ableotobls tcft quf`ohy tcin hbr tcbsi riabnnileftobls. Hbr purpbsis bh tci
Aotys twb einurrirs, tcbsi f``idftobls fri eiinie trui.
E. Qukpfrt (a) bh Aovo` Abei 95 fle sukpfrt (h) bh Aovo` Abei 96
nust ki oltirpritie `okirf``y tb prbtiat fdfolst eosaronolftobl
Uci Aotys urdie lfrrbw oltirpritftobl bh stfti flto-eosaronolftobl `fw
os abltrfry tb tci abnnfles bh kbtc tci stfti Quprini Aburt fle @idos`fturi.
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ZT^otc ridfre tb tci Ylruc Aovo` [odcts Fat... ot nust ki ablstruie `okirf``y ol
breir tb afrry but ots purpbsi tb arifti fle prisirvi f lbleosaronolftbry
ilvorblnilt ol Af`ohbrlof (Nulsbl v. Ei` Ufab, Ola. (;77?) 58 Af`.5tc 886,
88? Z?5 Af`.[ptr.1e 839, ;73 W.1e 8;1^.) Tcil tci @idos`fturi nfei swiipold
acfldis tb Af`ohbrlofs eosfko`oty fws ol 6??;, ot fllbulaie=
Ot os tci oltilt bh tci @idos`fturi ol ilfatold Ztci AEWF^ tb strildtcil
Af`ohbrlof `fw ol frifs wciri ot os wifjir tcfl tciFniroafls wotc
Eosfko`otois Fat bh 6??7 Zaotftobl^ fle tb ritfol Af`ohbrlof `fw wcil ot
prbvoeis nbri prbtiatobl hbr oleovoeuf`s wotc eosfko`otois tcfl tci
ZFEF^. (Qtfts. 6??;, ac. ?61, 6 (FK 6744) fle Fssink`y Mueoaofry
Abnnottii, FK 6744 (Mfl. ;;,6??;), ft ;.) (inpcfsos feeie).
Ot f`sb nfei a`ifr tcft tci AEWF fle Ylruc fri oleipileilt stfti `fws ol
siatobl 6;?;8.6 bh tci Dbvirlnilt Abei=
(f) Uci `fw bh tcos stfti ol tci frif bh eosfko`otois prbvoeis
prbtiatobls oleipileilt hrbn tcbsi ol tci hieirf` Fniroafls wotc
Eosfko`otois Fat bh 6??7 (W.@. 676-118). F`tcbudc tci hieirf` fat prbvoeis
f h`bbr bh prbtiatobl, tcos stfti's `fw cfs f`wfys, ivil probr tb pfssfdi bhtci hieirf` fat, fhhbreie feeotoblf` prbtiatobls.
Uci Aoty urdis f lfrrbw oltirpritftobl bh 96(h) fle 95(a) tcft os ft
bees wotc tci oltilt bh tci @idos`fturi tcft Af`ohbrlofs `fw fhhbre feeotoblf`
prbtiatobls tcft fri oleipileilt hrbn tcbsi ol tci hieirf` ZFEF^. Quac
oltirpritftobl os hurtcir ft bees wotc tci @idos`fturis abnnfle stfti `fw ki
ritfolie wcil ot prbvoeis nbri prbtiatobl tcfl tci FEF. Lfrrbw
oltirpritftobl os `ojiwosi abltrfry tb tci stfti Quprini Aburts cb`eold tcft
Yrcuc nust ki ablstruie `okirf``y tb prisirvi f lbleosaronolftbry
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ilvorblnilt. (Nulsbl, suprf.) Abup`ie wotc tci ixp`oaot eoriatovi ol Aovo`
Abei 95(k) tcft tci eiholotobl bh eosfko`oty sit hbrtc ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8
os tb ki usie hbr f`` bh siatobl 95, tci Aotys suddistobl tcft hieirf` `fw os usie
olstife bh nbri ola`usovi stfti `fw tb eitirnoli o``idf` erud usi os ultilfk`i.
I. Uci Mfnisafsi suppbrts tci pbsotobl tcft stfti `fw fpp`ois hbr
purpbsis bh tci AEWF fle Ylruc.
Ucrbudcbut ots bppbsotobl kroih, tci Aoty rihirilaisNfr`f Mfnis v. Aoty
bh Abstf Nisf (?tc Aor. ;76;) 477 H.1e 1?5, airt. eiloie 611 Q.At. ;1?8 (;761)
ZMfnis hbr tci prbpbsotobl tcft tciri os lb oleipileilt FEF vob`ftobl fle
tcirihbri lb stfti `fw vob`ftobl uleir Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a). (B.K. p.
5,3,64,;3,13,57.) Cbwivir, tci @idos`fturi oltileie tci FEF ki f h`bbr bh
prbtiatobl fle abnnfleie tcft Af`ohbrlof `fw ki ritfolie wcil ot os nbri
prbtiatovi. (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6.) Uci FEFs o``idf` erud usi prbvosobl
os nbri ristroatovi tcfl stfti `fw. (Abnpfri5; Y.Q.A. 6;;67(e) fle Mfnis,
suprf, wotc Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8).) Oleiie, tci pfli` nfmbroty ol Mfnis
ci`e tcft stfti ixaiptobls tb aronolf` `ofko`oty hbr nieoaf` nfromuflf usi eb lbt
votofti ots oltirpritftobl bh tci hieirf` prbcokotobl. (Mfnis, 477 H.1e. ft 579.)
Cbwivir, wcil tci stfti `fw eiholotobl bh eosfko`oty tcft otsi`h feerissis
o``idf` erud usi os ritfolie, tci p`foltohhs ciri survovi quf`ohoaftobl flf`ysos
fle prbtiatobls prbcokotold eosaronolftobl ky puk`oa iltotois rinfol ol-tfat.
Uci Mfnis afsi otsi`h suppbrts tci prbpbsotobl tcft fl ola`usovi fle
oleipileilt oltirpritftobl bh Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) abnpbrts wotc tci
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p`fol `fldufdi bh 95(k) fs wi`` fs tci fhbriniltoblie oltilt ixprissie ky tci
@idos`fturi tcft stfti `fw os krbfeir fle nbri prbtiatovi tcfl tci FEF. Uci
aburt ol Mfljiy lbtie tcft ivil Abldriss, ol tci FEF otsi`h, abnnfles ots `fw
ebis lbt priinpt nbri ola`usovi stfti `fw ol tci frif bh eosfko`oty rodcts=
Abldriss cfs spbjil tb priinptobl eoriat`y= f ablstruatobl a`fusi ol
tci FEF spi``s but tci fats oltileie ihhiat bl stfti `fws. Uci a`fusi
eosfvbws fly krbfe priinptovi oltilt, olstife pirnottold stftis tb ilfat
fle ilhbrai abnp`iniltfry `fws= Lbtcold ol tcos Fat scf`` ki
ablstruie tb olvf`oefti br onot tci rinieois, rodcts, fle prbaieuris bh
fly ... `fw bh fly Qtfti br pb`otoaf` sukeovosobl bh fly Qtfti br muroseoatobl
tcft prbvoeis driftir br iquf` prbtiatobl hbr tci rodcts bh oleovoeuf`swotc eosfko`otois tcfl fri fhhbreie ky tcos Fat. (Mfljiy, 99 Af`.5tc ft
675?)
Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) arifti ol stfti `fw tci prbtiatobls bh rodcts
ola`ueie ol tci FEF. Bl tci btcir cfle, ristroatovi prbvosobls ol tci FEF
tcft eosquf`ohy pftoilts fri lbt pfrts bh tci FEF tcft ablviy rodctskut rftcir
ristroat quf`ohoaftobl. Quac ristroatobls fri lbt olabrpbrftie ky 96(h) br 95(a).
Olstife, tcrbudc Aovo` Abei 95(k), tci nbri prbtiatovi stfti `fw eiholotobls
bh eosfko`oty fle o``idf` erud usi hbule ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 supirsiei
nbri rodoe prbvosobls olabrpbrftie hrbn tci hieirf` `fw. Ivil oh, fs tci Aoty
suddists, tciri os lb oleipileilt FEF vob`ftobl kiafusi tci p`foltohhs fri
eosquf`ohoie hrbn prbtiatobl uleir tci hieirf` `fw kfsie bl nieoaf` nfromuflf
usi, tciy rinfol quf`ohoie hbr prbtiatobl uleir stfti `fw hbr purpbsis bh kbtc
Ylruc fle tci AEWF ( 96(h) fle 95(a)).
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OO. UCI AYF FLE NNWF FWW@_ BL@_ UB QI[OBYQ@_ O@@
AF@OHB[LOFLQ TCB VYF@OH_ FQ EOQFK@IE
OLEOXOEYF@Q YLEI[ DBXU ABEI 6;?;8
Ol ots bppbsotobl kroih (B.K. ft 68), Flfcion fssirts [bss v. [fdoldwori
Ui`iabnnuloaftobls, Ola. (;773) 5; Af6.5tc ?;7, 645 W.1e ;77 hbr tci
prbpbsotobl tcft nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts fri lbt eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s=
F kfl bl nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois fpp`ois iquf``y farbss tci
kbfre tb fk`i-kbeoie pirsbls fle tcbsi wotc eosfko`otois f`oji.
W`foltohhs abltiltobl tcft tci AYF fle NNWF bl`y fpp`y tb
eosfk`ie pirsbls, fle tcus fly olhroldinilt ospir sieosaronolftbry,
os kbbtstrfppold ft kist. Eiaronolf`ozold pbssissobl fle trflspbrt bhnieoaf` nfromuflf nifls p`foltohhs fri hrii tb drbw tcior bwl br trfvi`
butsoei tcior onnieofti Aoty tb puracfsi sbni hrbn f ab-bp. Uciri os lb
olf`oilfk`i rodct tb puk`oa`y faaiss br usi nieoaf` nfromuflf. Zaotold
[bss.^ (B.K. ft p. 68) (inpcfsos feeie.)
Uci Aoty tcil fssirts tci AYFablviys=
tci rodct bh f pftoilt, br ... f pftoilts pronfry afridovir, Ztb^
pbssiss br au`tovfti nfromuflf hbr tci pirsblf` nieoaf` purpbsis bhtci pftoilt upbl tci wrottil br brf` riabnnileftobl br fpprbvf` bh
f pcysoaofl wotcbut tciriky kiabnold sukmiat tb puloscnilt uleir
siatobls 66194 fle 66193 bh tci Cif`tc fle Qfhity Abei.[bss v.
[fdoldwori,suprf, ft ?;?. (B.K. ft pp.17-16) (inpcfsos feeie.)
Horst, tci Aoty frduis tcft eiinold nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts eosfk`ie os
kbbtstrfppold ft kist aotold tci trof` aburts breir. (B.K. ft 68.) Ot `ftir aotis
[bsswciri tci stfti Quprini Aburt cb`es nieoaf` nfromuflf os bl`y fvfo`fk`i
hbr pftoilts br tcior afridovirs upbl tci wrottil br brf` riabnnileftobl bh f
`oailsie pcysoaofl. (B.K. ft 17-16.) Uci [bss aburt f`sb stftie, tci vbtirs
eia`frie tcior oltilt Zt^b ilsuri tcft sirobus`y o`` Af`ohbrlofls cfvi tci rodct tb
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bktfol fle usi nfromuflf hbr nieoaf` purpbsis uleir tci ableotobls stftie ol
tci fat. ([bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft ?;8.) Ot airtfol`y os lbt kbbtstrfppold ft kist
tb pbstu`fti tcft sirobus`y o`` Af`ohbrlofls riabnnileie nieoaoli ky f
pcysoaofl `oji`y suhhir hrbn f pcysoaf` br niltf` ableotobl tcft `onots f nfmbr
`ohi fatovoty fle fri tcus eosfk`ie. Qolai, fs tci Aoty lbtis ol ots bppbsotobl,
tcbsi fri tci bl`y pibp`i wcb afl usi br pbssiss nfromuflf, tciy fri pfrt bh tci
sfni drbup bh pibp`i wcb niit tci eiholotobl bh cfvold f eosfko`oty fs sit
hbrtc ol Dbvt Abei 6;?;8 fle 6;?;8.6. Faabreold`y, ot os fxobnftoa tcft
`fws tfrditold nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis tfrdit eosfk`ie pibp`i.
F. Tcil usi bh afllfkos os lbt ul`fwhu`, pftoilts rinfol prbtiatie
uleir tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt AEWF fle Ylruc`fws.
Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty abrriat`y prbhhirs tcft tci bl`y rodcts
istfk`oscie ky tci AYF fri ixinptobls hrbn stfti `fw prbcokotobls hbr tci usi,
au`tovftobl, fle pbssissobl bh nieoaf` nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 17-16.) Ixfnolold
tci sipfrfti fle oleipileilt AEWF fle Ylruc `fws, ot os eiaronolf`ozftobl
tcft f``bws nieoaf` nfromuflf pftoilts tb rinfol quf`ohoie uleir stfti `fw
kiafusi uleir tci stfti eiholotobl, pcysoaf` eosfko`oty fle niltf` eosfko`oty eb
lbt ola`uei eosbreirs risu`told hrbn tci aurrilt ul`fwhu` usi bh f abltrb``ie
sukstflai br btcir eruds. (Af. Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8): Af. Dbvt Abei
6;?;8(m)(8)) (inpcfsos feeie.) Tcil tci AYF wfs febptie fle pftoilts wotc
sirobus nieoaf` ableotobls abnp`oie wotc ots tirns, tci usi bh nfromuflf hbr
nieoaf` purpbsis wfs lb `bldir ul`fwhu` uleir Dbvt Abei 6;?;8(j)(8)
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tciriky f``bwold btcirwosi eosfk`ie pibp`i tb rinfol quf`ohoie hbr purpbsis bh
Ylruc fle tci AEWF.
Eispoti tci Aotys suddistobl btcirwosi, tciri wfs lb liie hbr tci AYF
br NNWF tb ixp`oaot`y prbvoei eosfko`oty prbtiatobl hbr tci pibp`i ot wfs
oltileie hbr sirobus`y o`` pftoilts. Uci stfti cfe, `bld kihbri tci AYF wfs
ilfatie, prbvoeie oleipileilt `fws ola`ueold tci AEWF fle Ylruc tb prbtiat
pftoilts suhhirold hrbn pcysoaf` br niltf` ableotobls tcft `onot nfmbr `ohi
fatovotois hrbn eosaronolftobl.
K. Uci NNWF istfk`oscie tci pftoilt ab``iatovi systin tcft afl
bl`y prbvoei hbr eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s
Flfcion abrriat`y aotis Aoty bh [ovirsoei v. Ol`fle Inpori Wftoilts Cif`tc
fle Ti``liss Ailtir, Ola. (;761) 98 Af`.5tc 4;? tb suppbrt ots frdunilt tcft
tci AYF fle tci NNW eb lbt ixpriss`y br onp`oie`y priinpt [ovirsoeis
Zbreolflai^ eia`frold f nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfry ... tb ki f prbcokotie usi,
fle f puk`oa luosflai, flywciri wotcol tci aoty `onots. (B.K. ft 16.)
Cbwivir, stfti `fw priinptobl uleir Af`. Ablst. frt. 66, 4 os lbt ft ossui
ciri.
Ot os ebukthu` tciri os f stfti `fw tcft priinpts nitcfebli a`oloa kfls
tcrbudc frt. 66, 4. _it, Ylruc fle tci AEWF, ky olabrpbrftold rodcts
prbtiatie ky tci FEF, kbtc oleipileilt`y prbcokot aoty kfls bh nitcfebli
a`oloas lbt tcrbudc stfti `fw priinptobl, kut rftcir kiafusi suac kfls
onpirnossok`y eosaronolfti fdfolst eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s. (Qii Kfy Frif
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Feeoatobl [isifrac fle Uriftnilt, Ola. v. Aoty bh Fltobac (?tc Aor. 6???) 64? H.1e
4;9: Wrbmiat @ohi, Ola. v. Wfrros D`ileilold (;776) 61? H.Qupp.;e 471: [idoblf`
Iablbnoa Abnnuloty Fatobl Wrbdrfn, Ola. v. Aoty bh Noee`itbwl (;e Aor. ;77;)
;?5 H.1e 19.)
@oji nitcfebli a`oloas fle FOEQ cbspoais, nieoaf` nfromuflf
ab``iatovis ixost bl`y hbr sirobus`y o`` fle eosfk`ie pftoilts. (Cif`tc & Qfhity
Abei 6618;.4: Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6)-(c)(6;): Cif`tc &
Qfhity Abei 6618;.449.) Ucrbudc tci NNWF, ab``iatovis afl bl`y prbvoei
hbr sirobus`y o`` Af`ohbrlofls suhhirold hrbn tci fo`nilts ilunirftie ol
Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c) fle wcb ky eiholotobl fri eosfk`ie
oleovoeuf`s uleir Dbvt Abei 6;?;8, 6;?;8.6. Uci NNWFwfs ilfatie ol
;771, `bld fhtir tci pibp`i vbtie hbr tci `onotie aronolf` `ofko`oty ixaiptobls
ola`ueie ol tci AYF. Tcil ot wfs ilfatie, tci @idos`fturi jliw tci `fw wfs
hbr sirobus`y o`` fle eosfk`ie pibp`i solai tci `fw ripiftie`y sfys tcft fle
`fwnfjirs rihirilaie tci FEF ol Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6;)(F).
Faabreold`y, must fs tciy afllbt kfl nitcfebli a`oloas, aotois afllbt kfl
nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis br trift tcin eohhirilt`y tcfl abnpfrfk`i usis
tcft prbvoei hbr tci eosfk`ie fle sirobus`y o``.
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A. Abltrfry tb tci Aotys frdunilt fle tci trof` aburts irrblibus
abla`usobl, eilyold faaiss tb nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois
privilts pftoilts hrbn bpirftold bl f `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e
Ol ots bppbsotobl, Flfcion aotis tci trof` aburts breir sustfolold ots
einurrir tb tci HFA=
Qolai tci EWF os suppbsie tb `ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e kitwiil fk`i-
kbeoie fle eosfk`ie pirsbls, ot afllbt ki usie tb fudnilt
pbssissobl/usi/au`tovftobl oh ebold sb bl`y oluris tb tci kilihot bh
sirobus`y o`` pirsbls. Ucos wbu`e ol tcibry risu`t ol rivirsi
eosaronolftobl tb fk`i-kbeoie pirsbls oltiristie ol pbssissold
nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 69-68) (inpcfsos feeie.)
Uci lbtobl prbhhirie ky tci Aoty fle febptie ky tci trof` aburt tcft faaiss tb
nfromuflf eosablliatie hrbn eosfko`oty abnprosis tci eosaronolftobl ossui ol
tcos afsi os sonp`y wrbld. Uci pftoilts cfvi kiil riabnnileie nieoaf`
nfromuflf sb tciy afl bpirfti, fs nuac fs pbssok`i, hrii hrbn tci fo`nilts br
synptbns tcft risu t hrbn tcior eosfko`otois. Oleiie, tci AEWF fle Ylruc fri
ol-pfrt niflt tb `ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e hbr eosfk`ie pftoilts wotc aflair wcb
nfy btcirwosi ki ablholie tb kie kut hbr tci notodftold nieoaolis fle foeis
tciy usi. Uci stftis flto-eosaronolftobl `fws fri niflt tb ilsuri pftoilts
wotc FOEQ wcb nodct ki siviri`y `onotie wotcbut tci nieoaf` nfromuflf
riabnnileie ky tcior rispiatovi ebatbrs afl `ojiwosi `ovi bl f `ivi` p`fyold
hoi`e wotc tcbsi pibp`i wcb fri lbt stroajil wotc tcft eosifsi. Ivil pftoilts
wotc olsbnlof f sirobus eosfko`oty tcft fhhiats tci nfmbr `ohi fatovoty bh s`iip
bpirfti butsoei tci `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt wcil tci
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notodftobl prisarokie ky tcior rispiatovi ebatbrs os ihhiatovi`y eiloie kiafusi
bh eosaronolftbry `fws, pb`oaois, prbaieuris, fle fatobls bh puk`oa iltotois. Hbr
tci p`foltohhs ol tcos afsi, tci f``idftobl ol tcior HFA ridfreold tci onpfat tci
Aotys eosaronolftobl cfs cfe bl tcior fko`oty tb bpirfti bl f `ivi` p`fyold
hoi`e os ulfnkodubus=
Tcil W`foltohh pftoilts fri ulfk`i tb faaiss fle bktfol nieoaf`
nfromuflf tb notodfti, abltrb`, auri, fle/br f``ivofti synptbns
fssbaoftie wotc Ztcior^ eosfko`oty, Ztcior^ nbvinilts, hriiebn, fle
hulatobls fri siviri`y `onotie ol f nfllir tcft privilts nifloldhu`
faaiss tb fle usi bh puk`oa sirvoais ola`ueold kut lbt `onotie tb rbfes,
soeiwf`js, `okrfrois, fle cif`tc afri sirvoais. (H.F.A. ft p.;7,``.9-?.)
Ivil nbri af``bus os tci Aotys ola`usobl bh tci trof` aburts rivirsi
eosaronolftobl flf`ysos. Bli aflt ci`p kut cbpi tci trof` aburts rivirsi
eosaronolftobl tbwfre fk`i-kbeoie pirsbls wcb nfy ki oltiristie ol
pbssissold nfromuflf tcibry os, ft `ifst ol-pfrt, votoftie ky tci fssunptobl
nbst fk`i-kbeoie pirsbls eb lbt wosc FOEQ, aflair, br olsbnlof bl
tcinsi`vis. Nbri onpbrtflt`y, tci rihirilai tb rivirsi eosaronolftobl
o``ustrftis tci nosuleirstfleold ky tci Aoty fle trof` aburt bh tci
eosaronolftobl ft ossui ol tcos afsi. Ol Af`ohbrlof, bl`y pftoilts br tcior
futcbrozie afridovirs ol hu`` abnp`oflai wotc tci stftis AYF fri i`odok`i hbr
ixaiptoblshrbn tci dilirf` ul`fwhu` stftus bh nfromuflf usi fle pbssissobl
([bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft ?;8) fle bl`y tcbsi pftoilts fle afridovirs ol hu``
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abnp`oflai wotc tci NNWF hbr aronolf` `ofko`oty ixaiptobls ri`ftie tb btcir
nieoaf` nfromuflf fatovotois (Cbacflfei`, olhrf).
Fksilt nieoaf` nfromuflf tcft f``ivoftis br trifts tcior sirobus o``lissis
fle eosfko`otois, tci pftoilts ciri eb lbtbpirfti bl tci trof` aburts prbvirkof`
`ivi` p`fyold hoi`e wotc fk`i-kbeoie pirsbls. Eispoti tci Aotys nostfjil
lbtobl, ot os lbt iquf` faaiss tb nfromuflf ft ossui ciri. [ftcir, eosaronolftobl
baaurs wcil f aoty `fw, pb`oay, ru`i, br prbaieuri eilois faaiss tb tci
notodftold nieoaftobl fle foeis usie ky eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s tcft f``bw tcin
nifloldhu` faaiss tb puk`oa sirvoais, tb pfrtoaopfti ol `ohi fatovotois, fle tb
bpirfti bl fs a`bsi f `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e fs pbssok`i wotc aotozils lbt stroajil ky
eosfko`oty br sirobus o``liss. Tcii`acfors, siiold-iyi ebds, acinbtcirfpy, fle
nieoaf` nfromuflf fri f`` tcolds usie ky eosfk`ie pibp`i tb `ivi` tci p`fyold
hoi`e. Tco`i aotois cfvi lb bk`odftobl tb prbvoei tcisi tcolds, tciy afllbt
eosaronolfti fdfolst tcbsi pibp`i wcb, kiafusi bh sirobus o``liss br eosfko`oty,
`ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e tcrbudc tcior usi.
E. Wftoilts fri lbt riquorie tb hbridb f prisarokie br riabnnileie
triftnilt br foei sonp`y kiafusi flbtcir typi bh triftnilt br
foei os fvfo`fk`i
Flfcion nostfjil`y fvirs tcft kiafusi pftoilts afl au`tovfti nieoaf`
nfromuflf bl tcior bwl br afl usi f eohhirilt nieoaftobl tcft nfy bhhir sbni
triftnilt br synptbn ri oih, tciri os lb eosaronolftobl. Oleiie, tci Aoty aotis
Arbweir v. Jotfdfwf (?tc Aor. 6??8) 36 H.1e 6537 fle abrriat`y stftis tcft tci
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qufrfltoli pb`oay wfs fatuf``y afusold cfrn tb eosfk`ie pirsbls. (B.K. ft 64.)
Eispoti fajlbw`iedold tci qufrfltoli `fw ft ossui ol Arbweir wfs fatuf``y
afusold cfrn tb eosfk`ie pirsbls, Flfcion `ftir pbstu`ftis tcft ots fenottie
NNE kfl prbsarokis nfromuflf hrbn ivirybli, lbt must eosfk`ie pibp`i=
Kut Fppi``flts cfvi lbt, cbwivir, bhhirie fly futcbroty hbr ots
prinosi tcft Flfcion's NNE kfl eosaronolftis fdfolst flybli. Uci
breolflai ebis lbt pirnot sbni pibp`i tb bktfol nfromuflf wco`i
ixa`ueold tcbsi wotc eosfko`otois br nieoaf` ableotobls. [ftcir, lb bli
afl bktfol ot hrbn fl Flfcion NNE. Oh flytcold, tci breolflai os
abnp`iti`y liutrf` bl ots hfai. (B.K. ft ;1.)
_it Flfcions kfl bl nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis bpirftis tb cfrn tci
eosfk`ie ol f nfllir sono`fr tb tci `fw ft ossui ol Arbweir. Uciri, tci
notodftobl usie ky tci p`foltohh wfs tci siiold-iyi ebd eiloie tb con kiafusi bh
tci stftis hfaof``y liutrf` qufrfltoli `fw. Uci aburt eoe lbt riquori tci
p`foltohh tb usi f cunfl duoei br f riltf` siiold-iyi ebd. [ftcir, fs f
prbtiatie oleovoeuf`, ci scbu`e cfvi kiil fk`i tb usi cos siiold-iyi ebd ol f
nfllir tcft ci`pie `ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e hbr con ol ridfre tb usi bh puk`oa
sirvoais, `ovold cos `ohi, fle ilmbyold cos vfaftobl ol Cfwfoo. @oji tci p`foltohh ol
Arbweir, pftoilt Nfr`f Mfnis os fk`i tb usi fle ilmby puk`oa sirvoais,
pfrtoaopfti ol `ohi, fle bpirfti bl f nbri `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e wcil sci cfs
faaiss tb tci afllfkos nieoaftobl riabnnileie ky cir ebatbr. Qci os lbt
riquorie tb trfvi` `bld eostflais tb hole f p`fai wciri ab-bps fri lbt prbcokotie
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fs tci Aoty fle trof` aburt suddist. Lbr os sci riquorie tb au`tovfti cir bwl
nieoaftobl ol `odct bh tci `ftir ilfatie NNWF.
Uci pbsotobl tfjil ky Flfcion fdfol einblstrftis ots
nosuleirstfleold bh tci eosaronolftobl ft ossui ol tcos afsi wcil ot wrotis,
Zt^ci breolflai ebis lbt pirnot sbni pibp`i tb bktfol nfromuflf wco`i
ixa`ueold tcbsi wotc eosfko`otois br nieoaf` ableotobls. Ub tci abltrfry, tci
breolflai afl bl`y ixa`uei tcbsi wotc eosfko`otois fle nieoaf` ableotobls hrbn
bktfolold nfromuflf kiafusi tcbsi fri tci bl`y pibp`i uleir stfti `fw wcb afl
usi nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois wotc riabnnileftobls hrbn `oailsie
pcysoaofls. (Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei 6618;.4(c)(6)-(c)(6;), 6618;.449.) Ky
ixa`ueold tcbsi pibp`i hrbn faaissold tci nieoaftobl tcft f``ivoftis tcior
synptbns fle tcft nfjis ot pbssok`i hbr tcin tb bpirfti bl tci `ivi` p`fyold
hoi`e rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt, tci Aoty os oleiie eosaronolftold fdfolst tci
tcbsi wotc eosfko`otois fle nieoaf` ableotobls ot olsosts ot os triftold iquf``y.
Flfcion wbu`e, ol hfat, ki triftold tci eosfk`ie p`foltohhs iquf``y oh ot
sono`fr`y kfllie prbvoeirs bh lbl-afllfkos nieoaftobls tcft trift br f``ivofti
ableotobls fssbaoftie wotc aflair, FOEQ, d`fuabnf, fle olsbnlof br, oh fs ot
suddists ol ots bppbsotobl kroih, ot hbraie ivirybli ol tci Aoty tb abltrfat
eosfk`old eosifsis fle sirobus nieoaf` ableotobls. Ysold tci Aotys hfu`ty
flf`ysos, ot os tcil tcft ivirybli ol Flfcion wbu`e ki bl f `ivi` p`fyold
hoi`e.
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Flbtcir oleoaftbr bh tci Aotys nosuleirstfleold bh tci eosaronolftobl
ft ossui ciri os ots stftinilt tcft ots kfl bh nieoaf` afllfkos eospilsfrois os
hfaof``y liutrf`. Uci Aoty jlbws tcft fly `idos`ftobl tfrditie ft nieoaf`
nfromuflf afl bl`y onpfat pftoilts f`` bh wcbn cfvi f eosfko`oty fs eiholie
uleir stfti `fw. Faabreold`y, eispoti ots fvirnilts tb tci abltrfry, ul`oji tci
`fw ft ossui ol Arbweir, Flfcions eospilsfry kfl breolflai os hfaof``y
eosaronolftbry.
I. Uci rftoblf` kfsos iquf` prbtiatobl cb`eold olCo``ebis lbt
fpp`y ol tcos afsi
Aotold Abulty bh @bs Fldi`is v. Co``(;766) 6?; Af`.Fpp.5tc 386, 383-8?,
Flfcion qubtis tci trof` aburts breir lbtold, Uciri os lb ulhittirie rodct
tb au`tovfti br eospilsi nfromuflf, fle eospilsfrois fri lbt sono`fr`y-sotuftie tb
pcfrnfaois uleir tci Iquf` Wrbtiatobl a`fusi. (B.K. ft 68-64.) Fdfol, tci
eosaronolftobl ft ossui ciri os lbt tci rodct bh f nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfry
bwlir tb eospilsi nfromuflf. @ojiwosi, tci ossui os lbt wcitcir nieoaf`
afllfkos eospilsfrois fle pcfrnfaois fri sono`fr`y sotuftie. Co``flf`yzis tci
iquf` prbtiatobl ossui hrbn f pirspiatovi bh f eospilsfry bpirftbr lbt hrbn
tci pirspiatovi bh pftoilts. (Oe. ft 38?.)
Ciri, tci ossui os lbt wcitcir pcfrnfaois fle eospilsfrois fri sono`fr`y
sotuftie, kut wcitcir tciy fri abnpfrfk`i usishrbn tci pirspiatovi bh eosfk`ie
pftoilts. Hbr f pftoilt wotc aflair, tci prbvoeirs bh Ufnbxohil (krfle lfni
Lb`vfeix), prisaroptobl bpofti-kfsie nieoaftobl, fle nieoaf` afllfkos fri,
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hbr f`` oltilts fle purpbsis, tci sfni. Oh f aoty `fw kfls f`` Ufnbxohil
prbvoeirs aotold tci fko`oty bh pftoilts tb ixtrfat tci erud hrbn tci _iw trii fle
vortuf``y iviry surrbuleold aoty onp`inilts tci sfni typi bh ristroatobl, tci
fko`oty bh tci pftoilt tb trift tci aflair fle riturl tb tci `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e os
sukstfltof``y onpforie br ihhiatovi`y i`onolftie. Oh Ufnbxohil os lbt ihhiatovi
kut nieoaf` afllfkos os, tci sfni cb`es trui. Ot hb``bws tcftCo``os olfpp`oafk`i
ol tcos afsi kiafusi ot ixfnolis oliquf`oty hrbn f pirspiatovi bh f kusoliss
bwlir, lbt pftoilts wcb usi nieoaftobl prisarokie ky tcior ebatbrs ol breir tb
pfrtoaopfti nifloldhu``y ol `ohi fatovotois, usi fle ilmby puk`oa sirvoais, fle
bpirfti bl tci `ivi` p`fyold hoi`e rihirrie tb ky tci trof` aburt.
OOO. UCI INW@B_NILU [I@FUIE FAABNBEFUOBL OQQYIQ
OL[BQQF[I OLFWW@OAFK@I CI[I
Fdfol aotold [bss, tci Aoty prbhhirs tcft tci inp`bynilt
faabnnbeftobl ossui ol tcft afsi riquoris tcft tci pftoilts ciri ki eiloie
ri`oih hrbn ots abltoluold eosaronolftobl. (B.K. ft 68,64,17,16.) Eispoti
Flfcions abltiltobls, tci[bsseiaosobl wfs ol `frdi-pfrt kfsie bl tci `faj bh
lbtoai tb inp`byirs ol vbtir pfnpc`its fevbaftold pfssfdi bh tci AYF fs wi``
fs bl stfti iablbnoa pb`oay ri`ftie tb inp`bynilt. (I.d., [bss, 5; Af`.5tc ft
?;9-;8, Liotcir os inp`bynilt `fw niltoblie ol tci holeolds fle
eia`frftobls (Cif`tc & Qfh.Abei, 6618;.9, suke. (k)(`)(F)-(A) & (;)) tcft
priaiei tci Abnpfssoblfti Ysi Fats bpirftovi prbvosobls.) Tco`i
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inp`bynilt `fw wfs lbt niltoblie ol tci AYFs holeolds fle eia`frftobls,
sirobus`y o` pftoilts wiri ripiftie`y. (Okoe.)
Lbtold tci eohhirilais kitwiil HICF fle btcir prbvosobls bh stfti
eosfko`oty fw, tci aburt ol To`sbl v. Nuro``b (;773) 681 Af`.Fpp.5tc 66;5 wrbti=
Ti ki`oivi tci eossono`fr lfturi bh tci ri`ftoblscop kitwiil fl
inp`byir fle fl inp`byii hrbn tcft kitwiil f ristfurflt bwlir fle
pftrbl no`otftis fdfolst usold fl inp`bynilt eiholotobl bh fevirsi
fatobl hbr purpbsis bh istfk`oscold f pronf hfaoi ritf`oftobl a`fon ol f
puk`oa faabnnbeftobl sittold. (Oe. ft 6619.)
Uci pb`oay ablsoeirftobls ri`ftie tb tci inp`bynilt prbvosobls bhHICF fle
tci abnp`iti `faj bh lbtoai tb inp`byirs ol tci AYFs holeolds fle
eia`frftobls eostolduosc [bss. Lbt bl`y os [bss eossono`fr hbr tcft rifsbl, tci
kfsos hbr ots eiaosobl f`sb ristie sukstfltof``y bl iablbnoa faabnnbeftobl
prolaop`is eosaussie ky tci pftoilts ol tcior bpilold kroih. Inp`bynilt
faabnnbeftobl os hfr eohhirilt tcfl eosaronolftobl ky f Aoty tcft scbu`e ki
dovold niflold fle ihhiat tb stfti `fw ilfatie sb`i`y hbr tci kilihot bh ots
sirobus`y o`` aotozils. Fs Flfcion wfs ol tcos afsi, f`` Af`ohbrlof aotois wiri
fwfri bh tci pibp`i hbr wcbn tci AYF fle NNWF wiri ilfatie kiafusi
tcbsi pibp`i fri rihirilaie tcrbudcbut tcbsi `fws fle wiri ulfnkodubus`y
oeiltohoie ol tci vbtold nftirof`s suppbrtold pfssfdi bh tci AYF. Nbribvir,
tci oleipileilt stfti flto-eosaronolftobl `fws tcft prbtiat eosfk`ie pibp`i
wiri bpirftovi yifrs kihbri pfssfdi bh kbtc tci AYF fle NNWF. Ot hb``bws
tcft aoty kfls bh eospilsfrois, `oji kfls bh abnpfrfk`i usis `oji nitcfebli
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a`oloas, FOEQ cbspoais, spiaof`ty nieoaf` a`oloas, fle pcfrnfaois,
onpirnossok`y eosaronolfti fdfolst eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s.
OX. UCI WFUOILUQ CFXI IFAC KIIL LIDFUOXI@_
ONWFAUIE K_ UCI AOU_Q KFL BL WFUOILU D[BYWQFLE UCI[IHB[I CFXI QUFLEOLD UB FQQI[U A@FONQ
Fdfol nosstftold tci drfvfnil bh tci pftoilts HFA, Flfcion fssirts
tci p`foltohh pftoilts cfvi lb stfleold tb krold a`fons fdfolst tci Aoty=
Fs tci HFA os kfsie bl tci NNEs purpbrtie rodct tb eostrokuti
nfromuflf uleir tci AYF fle NNW, tci oleovoeuf` Fppi``flts eb lbt
cfvi stfleold tb siij f mueoaof` eitirnolftobl bh tci abltburs bh tcft
f``idie rodct. (B.K. ft p. 59.)
Fdfol, abltrfry tb tci Aotys fssirtobl, tci HFA os kfsie bl tci pftoiltsrodct
tb faaiss nieoaftobl, lbt f eospilsfrys rodct tb eostrokuti nfromuflf. Flfcion
scbu`e cfvi rif`ozie ft tcos pbolt tcos afsi os fkbut pftoilts a`fonold tci rodct tb
faaiss nieoaftobl ol breir tb `ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e, lbt fkbut f eospilsfry
bpirftbr siijold f `fle usi rodct uleir aoty `fw br tci rodcts bh lbl-pftoilts tb
usi nfromuflf. @oji f pfrfp`idoa pirsbl wcb `ivi`s tci p`fyold hoi`e tcrbudc
usi bh f wcii`acfor, tcisi eosfk`ie pftoilts usi nieoaf` nfromuflf sb tciy afl
ildfdi ol `ohi fatovotois tciy fri btcirwosi ristroatie hrbn br ulfk`i tb
pfrtoaopfti ol kiafusi bh tcior rispiatovi o` lissis fle eosfko`otois. Yl`oji afsis
olvb`vold pbsotovi faabnnbeftobl, ol tcos afsi tci Aoty liie lbt spile nbliy
tb kuo`e wcii`acfor rfnps br woeil ebbrs. F`` ot nust eb os rihrfol hrbn
ilfatold fle ilhbraold eosaronolftbry `fws tcft bpirfti tb oltirhiri wotc br
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privilt tci eosfk`ie p`foltohhs hrbn kiold fk`i tb, ol f nfllir sono`fr tb tcft
fvfo`fk`i tb btcir sirobus`y o`` fle eosfk`ie pibp`i, faaiss tci notodftold
nieoaftobl, foeis, fle sirvoais tcft ci`p tcin tb `ivi` tci p`fyold hoi`e.
Hurtcir frduold tci oleovoeuf` p`foltohhs ciri `faj stfleold, tci Aoty
abnpfris tcin tb scfricb`eirs bh f abrpbrftobl. (B.K. ft 55.) Kfsie bl ots
nostfjil lbtobl tcft tcos afsi os fkbut eospilsfrois siijold tci rodct tb
eostrokuti nfromuflf, Flfcion frduis tcisi sb-af``ie scfricb`eirs cfvi lb
rodct tb krold fl fatobl bl kicf`h bh tci abrpbrftobl tb oleipileilt`y fevbafti
hbr ots rodct tb eostrokuti=
Uci ru`is dbvirlold abrpbrfti stfleold fri pirtolilt ciri. Kiafusi f
abrpbrftobl ixosts fs f sipfrfti idf` iltoty, tci scfricb`eirs cfvi lb
eoriat afusi bh fatobl br rodct bh riabviry fdfolst tcbsi wcb cfvi
cfrnie ot. ZAotftobls bnottie.^ (B.K. ft 55) (inpcfsos feeie.)
Eispoti tci Aotys nosacfrfatirozftobl, tcos afsi os lbt fkbut cfrn tb f
abrpbrftobl, kut rftcir os fkbut tci eoriat cfrn afusie tb pftoilts risu`told
hrbn fatobls tfjil fdfolst tcior ab``iatovi fle ifac bh tcin oleovoeuf` y. Hbr
ixfnp`i, tci Aotys kfl fevirsi`y onpfats ifac pftoilt p`foltohh kiafusi ot cfs
fatuf``y risu`tie ol eilof` bh faaiss tb nieoaftobl hbr ifac bh tcin. Ol tirns bh
tci ab``iatovi p`foltohh ol tcos afsi, tci acf``ildi bh tci Aotys kfl os kfsie bl
tci onpfat ot cfs bl tci ab``iatovis ninkirs fs eosfk`ie pibp`i.
Ucrbudcbut tci p`foltohhs HFA, tci f``idftobls eisaroki tci fevirsi
onpfat tci kfl cfs fatuf``y cfe bl tcin fs wi`` fs btcir pftoilt ninkirs bh tci
ab``iatovi. (HFA ft p.;6,` .4-3, Uci cfrn suhhirie ky tci W`foltohhs ola`ueis
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`bss bh faaiss tb nieoaftobl hbr oleovoeuf`s suhhirold hrbn siviri pcysoaf`
eosfko`otois fle sirobus/tirnolf` o``lissis: HFA ft p.6?,``.61-65, suac
ilhbrainilt afusis W`foltohhs tb suhhir pcysoaf`, niltf`, fle/br holflaof`
olmurois: HFA ft p.;7,` .68-;7, 67?. Ifac bh tci W`foltohh WFUOILUQ wo``
suhhir onnieofti fle orripfrfk`i cfrn ,,, ol tcft tciy wo`` `bsi faaiss tb tcior
nieoaftobl, tciy wo`` ki eiloie fssbaoftobl wotc bli flbtcir fle tciy wo``
`bsi onnieofti faaiss tb puk`oa sirvoais.)
Qolai tci onpfat f``idftobls ol tci HFA fri sukstfltof`, ot fppifrs tci
Aotys frdunilt tcft tci HFA `fajs hfatuf` f``idftobls rists bl fssunptobls tci
pftoilts nust cfvi sbni prbpirty oltirist br bwlirscop abltrb` bvir tci
ab``iatovi fle tcft ifac nust fatuf``y `ovi ol Flfcion. (B.K. ft 51.) _it tci
futcbroty aotie ky tci Aoty os olfppbsoti tb tcbsi fssunptobls. (B.K. ft 5;-51:
aotold, i.d., Abulty bh Qfl Eoidb v. Qfl Eoidb LB[N@ (;773) 689 Af`.Fpp.5tc
4?3, 365, Zf^t f nolonun, stfleold nifls f pfrty nust scbw tcft ci
pirsblf``y cfs suhhirie sbni fatuf` br tcriftilie olmury fs f risu`t bh tci
putftovi`y o``idf` ableuat bh tci eihileflt.) Ciri, tci pftoilts fri lbt suold
fs scfricb`eirs fevbaftold hbr f abrpbrftobl. Ifac bh tcin cfs f``idie fatuf`
olmury afusie ky tci Aotys eosaronolftbry kfl ridfre`iss bh bwlirscop fle
abltrb` br wciri tciy `ovi. Faabreold`y, ifac cfs stfleold tb fssirt tci a`fons
ola`ueie ol tci HFA.
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Qtfleold hbr tci ab``iatovi p`foltohh os lbt bl`y prbpir kfsie bl tci
olmurois tb ot f``idie ol tci HFA, kut os f`sb prbvoeie tcrbudc tci ixp`oaot
prbvosobls bh ;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d), pfrt bh tci FEFs onp`iniltold
ridu`ftobl=
F puk`oa iltoty scf`` lbt ixa`uei br btcirwosi eily iquf` sirvoais,
prbdrfns, br fatovotois tb fl oleovoeuf` br iltoty kiafusi bh tci jlbwl
eosfko`oty bh fl oleovoeuf` wotc wcbn tci oleovoeuf` br iltoty os jlbwl tb
cfvi f ri`ftoblscop br fssbaoftobl.
Ucos pfrt bh tci FEFs onp`iniltold ridu`ftobl dovis, hbr ixfnp`i, f
nitcfebli a`oloa stfleold tb krold f eosaronolftobl a`fon hbr tci eosfk`ie
oleovoeuf`s ot sirvis. (QiiFeeoatobl Qpiaof`osts, Ola. v. Ubwlscop bh Cfnptbl (1e
Aor.;779) 566 H.1e 1??, 579-74.) Uci stftis NNWF rihirs spiaohoaf``y tb
ab``iatovis fs fssbaoftobls bh pftoilts fle afridovirs ol Cif`tc & Qfhity Abei
6618;.449. Dovil nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois afl bl`y ablsost bh sirobus`y
eosfk`ie pftoilts fle tcior futcbrozie afridovirs (Wibp`i v. Cbacflfei`(;77?)
648 Af`.Fpp.5tc ??4, 677;-6771), tci Aoty jlbws ninkirs bh eospilsfrois fri
eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s. (B.K. ft 8, i.d. Ol 6??8, prbpblilts bh tci usi bh nieoaf`
nfromuflf sbudct tb prbvoei `idf` prbtiatobl tb sirobus`y o`` Af`ohbrlofls wcb
pbssissie br au`tovftie nfromuflf hbr idotonfti nieoaf` purpbsis.)
@oji Aovo` Abei 96(h) fle 95(a) olabrpbrfti ky rihirilai tci
prbtiatobls bh rodcts ola`ueie ol tci FEF, tciy f`sb olabrpbrfti ;3 A.H.[.
19.617(d) tb tci ixtilt tcft suksiatobl dovis stfleold tb iltotois br fssbaoftobls
kiafusi tci ridu`ftobl ebis lbt arifti f rodct butsoei tci sabpi bh tci
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uleir`yold stftutbry sacini. (Ilyfrt v. Lft'` Ablhirilai bh Kfr Ixfnolirs, Ola.
(?tc Aor. ;766) 817 H.1e 6691, 668;.) Uci fllbulaie dbf` bh tci @idos`fturi tb
ilsuri Af`ohbrlofs `fws fri nbri prbtiatovi bh eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s tcfl tci
FEF (Dbvt Abei 6;?;8.6(f)) suddists tcft ola`usobl bh FEF prbtiatie
rodcts scbu`e f`sb ola`uei abnp`oniltfry pfrts bh tci hieirf` `fws
onp`iniltold ridu`ftobl fonie ft facoivold lbleosaronolftobl. Hurtcir
suppbrtold ola`usobl, tci onp`iniltold ridu`ftobl otsi`h ebis lbt arifti rodcts
lbt f`rifey prbtiatie ky tci FEF (i.d. ixa`usobl br eilof` bh iquf` sirvoais,
prbdrfns, br fatovotois). Bl tci btcir cfle, oh tci onp`iniltold ridu`ftobl os
lbt ola`ueie, eosfk`ie oleovoeuf`s sukmiat tb eosaronolftobl abu`e ki `iht
wotcbut rieriss. Faabreold`y, abltrfry tb tci Aotys suddistobl, tci ola`usobl
bh tci rodct ablviyold iltoty stfleold abltfolie ol ;3 A.H.[. 19.617(d) os
fpprbprofti ol tcos afsi.
X. UCI[I OQ LB HO[QU FNILENILU [ODCU HB[ AOUOIQ UB
YQI UFSWF_I[ NBLI_ UB UCTF[U QUFUI @FT UCFU
EOHHI[Q H[BN, KYU OQ LBU W[IINWUIE K_, HIEI[F@
@FT BL UCI QFNI QYKMIAU
Ol ots bppbsotobl, tci Aoty fssirts tci fppi``flts abnp`fol tcft tci Aoty
os abbpirftold wotc tci Hieirf` Dbvt. ol ots ilhbrainilt bh hieirf` `fw. (B.K.
ft 96.) Ot tcil aotis afsis cb`eold tcft aoty bhhoairs nust cblbr hieirf` `fw fs
wi`` fs afsis tcft prbcokot aotois hrbn eia`frold wfr bl tci hieirf` Ablstotutobl.
(B.K. ft 96-91.) Ot abltoluis,
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;4
Fppi``flts rife stfti `fw fs lu``ohyold tci hieirf` AQF sb tcft Zaoty
pirsblli` fri^ lbt ivil pirnottie tb abltfat hieirf` futcbrotois
ablairlold hieirf` AQF vob`ftobls bh wcoac tciy fri fwfri. (B.K. ft
91.)
Uci p`foltohhs ol tcos afsi cfvi lbt rife stfti `fw fs lu``ohyold eohhirold
hieirf` `fw ol tci frif bh nfromuflf. Lbr os ot tcior pbsotobl tcft aoty pirsblli`
afllbt abltfat hieirf` futcbrotois tb ripbrt suspiatie br fatuf` hieirf` aronis.
Ot os tcior pbsotobl, cbwivir, tcft aoty pirsblli` afllbt usi aoty tfx eb``frs tb
eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle ripbrt nfromuflf fatovotois tcft tciy jlbw fri lbt
vob`ftobls bh stfti fw.
Flfcion f`sb aotis tci Horst Fnilenilt fs prbvoeold tci kfsos hbr ots
bhhoairs tb ripbrt hieirf` vob`ftobls tb hieirf` futcbrotois. (B.K. ft 99.) _it
lbwciri ol ots kroih ebis ot feeriss tci ixpileoturi bh stfti tfxpfyir eb``frs ot
cfs usie tb eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle tcil ripbrt tcbsi hieirf` vob`ftobls ot
jlbws fri ixaiptie hrbn `ofko`oty uleir stfti `fw. Ot ebis lbt sfy flytcold ol
ots kroih fkbut tci tcbusfles bh pirsblli` cburs spilt olvistodftold fle
ripbrtold stfti abnp`oflt nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis tb tci Y.Q. Fttbrliy
fle EIF. Lbr ebis ot ti`` tci aburt ot cfs suksiquilt y ripbrtie tcbsi cburs tb
tci Y.Q. Eipfrtnilt bh Mustoai ol riquists ot cfs nfei tb ki pfoe 37% bh
prbaiies dilirftie tcrbudc tci sf`i bh prbpirtois tci hieirf` sbviriodl os
hbrhiotold sonp`y kiafusi tci `fle`bres bh tcbsi prbpirtois `ifsie spfai tb stfti
abnp`folt nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis.
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;3
Eispoti Flfcions frdunilt, ot os tci p`foltohhs pbsotobl ol tcos afsi
tcft tci Aoty, fs f arifturi bh stfti dbvirlnilt, nust dovi niflold fle
ihhiat tb stfti `fw tcft eohhirs hrbn, kut tcft os lbt priinptie ky, hieirf` `fw bl
tci sfni sukmiat. Fs tci Aoty sb fpt`y lbtie ol ots kroih, Af`ohbrlof os hrii tb
arifti f lfrrbw ixaiptobl tb tci Zstfti's^ aronolf` `fw ol tci frif bh nieoaf`
nfromuflf. (B.K. ft 91.) Ucbsi ixaiptobls eb lbt prbtiat ab``iatovis br
oleovoeuf`s fri lbt ol abnp`oflai wotc stfti `fw. Fs ot suddistie ol ots
bppbsotobl kroih, ab``iatovis f``bwold tci eovirsobl bh nieoaf` nfromuflf tb
tcbsi lbt quf`ohoie tb usi ot scbu`e ki sukmiat tb ilhbrainilt fatobl. (B.K. ft
98.) Ol suac afsis, tci Aoty otsi h afl ilhbrai stfti `fw. Cbwivir, fs tci Aoty
fenots ol ots kroih, ot olstife af``ie ol tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt. (B.K. ft 98.)
Olstife bh ilhbraold stfti `fw tb i`onolfti ab``iatovis f``bwold tci eovirsobl bh
nieoaf` nfromuflf tb tcbsi lbt quf`ohoie tb usi ot, tci Aoty bptie tb spile
tfxpfyir eb``frs tb eosabvir, olvistodfti, fle ripbrt tb tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt
fatovotois bh f`` nieoaf` nfromuflf ab``iatovis ol tci Aoty, tci nfmbroty bh wcoac
abnp`y wotc stfti fw.
Ol tci nfly pfdis bh frdunilt ola`ueie ol ots bppbsotobl eieoaftie tb
prisirvold ots rodct tb abltolui abbpirftold wotc tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt,
Flfcion lbt blai feerissis tci ixpileoturi bh tfxpfyir eb``frs. Uci p`foltohhs
ol tcos afsi cfvi lbt f``idie aoty bhhoaof`s fri kfrrie hrbn abnnuloaftold wotc
tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt. Lbr cfvi tciy suddistie pibp`i wcb wbrj hbr tci Aoty
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;?
afllbt vb`ultiir tcior bwl toni fle risburais tb ci`p tci hieirf` dbvirlnilt
i`onolfti f`` nieoaf` nfromuflf eospilsfrois ridfre`iss bh stfti abnp`oflai.
Uoni spilt wco`i wbrjold hbr tci Aoty ky pirsblli` fle bhhoaof`s wcb
riaiovi abnpilsftobl risu`ts ol tci ixpileoturi bh tfx eb``frs. F scbrt pcbli
af`` nfei hrbn f Aoty pcbli br i-nfo` silt usold f Aoty oltirlit ablliatobl os
pfoe hbr ky tfxis. Ot os tci p`foltohhs pbsotobl ol tcos afsi tcft suac ixpileoturis
nfei ky f Aoty tb ilhbrai hieirf` stftutis tcft eohhir hrbn, kut tcft eb lbt
priinpt, stfti `fw bl tci sfni sukmiat ol fl ihhbrt tb prbsiauti br btcirwosi
cfrn (o.i. tcrbudc hieirf` hbrhioturi, ita.) pibp`i ol abnp`oflai wotc stfti `fw
vob`fti AAW 9;8f.
[ispiathu``y suknottie bl Batbkir ;, ;761=
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Nfttciw Wfppfs, QKL= 646387
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17
AI[UOHOAFUI BH ABYLQI@
Abulsi` hbr Fppi``flts ciriky airtohois tcft, pursuflt tb [u`i 65(a)(6) bh
tci Af`ohbrlof [u`is bh Aburt, tci ila`bsieFWWI@@FLUQ [IW@_ K[OIH wfs
prbeuaie usold 61-pbolt Uonis prbpbrtoblf` hblt fle abltfols fpprbxonfti`y
4,665 wbres ixa`ueold tci tfk`i bh abltilts, tfk`i bh futcbrotois, abvir pfdi, fle
tcos airtohoafti. Ol frrovold ft tcos istonfti, abulsi` si`iatie tci pfrts bh tci
ebaunilt ixa`ueold tci fhbriniltoblie tfk`is fle abvir pfdi fle ritroivie tci
abult bh wbres prbvoeie ky tci Noarbsbht Tbre ;767 wbre prbaissold sbhtwfri
usie tb prbeuai tci ebaunilt.
O ciriky airtohy tci fhbriniltoblie airtohoaftobl os trui fle abrriat uleir
pilf`ty bh pirmury uleir tci `fws bh tci stfti bh Af`ohbrlof.
EFUIE= Batbkir ;, ;761=
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRNfttciw Wfppfs
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W[BBH BH QI[XOAI K_ NFO@
O, Xoatbrof Wfppfs, fn f aotozil bh tci Ylotie Qtftis fle risoeilt bh NossoblXoimb, Af`ohbrlof. Ny feeriss os ;;48; Fspfl Qt., #;7;-674, Af`ohbrlof. Bl Mu`y 64,;761, O sirvie tci Fppi``flts [ip`y Kroihbl tci oltiristie pfrtois ol tcos afsi scbwlki`bw ky eipbsotold sipfrfti ilvi`bpis feerissie tb ifac bh tcin ol wcoac tcifhbriniltoblie ebaunilts wiri ila`bsie fle pbstfdi pfoe fle fhhoxie oltb tci Y.Q.Nfo` ft @fji Hbrist, Af`ohbrlof=
Nbsis Mbclsbl, OXFsst. Aoty FttbrliyFlfcion Aoty Fttbrliy;77 Q. Flfcion K`ve., Quoti 198Flfcion, AF ?;379
A`irj bh tci Brfldi Abulty Qupirobr AburtHbr= Cbl. Efvoe Acfhhii477 Aovoa Ailtir Erovi Tist
Qfltf Flf, AF ?;476
Af. Quprini Aburt Xof I-Qirvoai (A[A 3.;6;(a)(;))197 NaF``ostir QtriitQfl Hrflaosab, AF ?567;-54?4
Bhhoai bh tci Af`ohbrlof Fttbrliy Dilirf`6177 O QtriitW.B. Kbx ?55;99Qfarfniltb, AF ?5;55-;997
O eia`fri uleir pilf`ty bh pirmury uleir tci `fws bh tci Ylotie Qtftis fle tci`fws bh tci stfti bh Af`ohbrlof tcft tci fhbriniltoblie os trui fle abrriat=
ISIAYUIE tcos ;leefy bh Batbkir, ;761 ft @fji Hbrist, AF, Ylotie Qtftis
bh Fniroaf.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRXoatbrof Wfppfs