g. giacomelli, univ of arizona, 2012 1 for control of...g. giacomelli, univ of arizona, 2012 5...

G. Giacomelli, Univ of Arizona, 2012 1

“Greenhouse for Control of Plant Production:

Technology Challenges Now and in the Future

in Controlled Environment Systems at UA-CEAC for

Modern Agricultural Food Production Technology”

by

Dr. Gene Giacomelli

UA-CEAC

The University of Arizona

Controlled Environment Agriculture Center

Tucson, Arizona, USA

November 7, 2012

設施園藝講座 -- III

Workshop on Greenhouse Horticulture - III

Taipei, Taiwan

Dr. Roger Huber (ENTO)

Dr. Pat Rorabaugh

(PLS)

Dr. Gene Giacomelli (ABE/PLS)

Dr. Merle Jensen (PLS)

Dr. Chieri Kubota (PLS/ABE)

Dr. Murat Kacira (ABE)

Dr. Kevin Fitzsimmons

(not shown)

www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac School of Plant Sciences

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems

Engineering

The University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

CEAC: to the extremes of Earth’s hot

and frozen deserts…..and to the stars

Greenhouse Systems Hydroponic Crops Lunar Greenhouse Prototype

(Sadler Machine Systems)

Controlled Environment Agriculture Center

UA-CEAC

Since 1998, State Initiative Funding;

Stakeholder-driven, interdisciplinary program;

7 faculty members, 3 staff, ~12 graduate students,

postdoc, and numerous collaborators.

http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/images/Pics of Faculty and staff/Dr Roger Huber.JPG

http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac


Controlled Environment Agriculture Center UA-CEAC

Dedicated to:

Development of CE (Controlled Environment) technology;

Worldwide, Interdisciplinary applications;

and,

Educating a global cohort of young people for:

• Science and engineering of CE

• Hydroponic food production systems

• Business development

• STEM Education

• Outreach experiences

• Other CE applications

Greenhouse Growth is Booming

Around the Globe

China’s greenhouse industry is

developing more than 3.5 Million

hectares under cover

“High Tunnel” Greenhouse Technology

aiding USA Food Production

(10,000 acres, 4000 Ha.)

Greenhouse opportunities for

R&D in Saudi Arabia, the

Middle East & Africa

EuroStat, 2005 52,170 Spain

Son, 2002 52,189 (2000) Korea

MAFF, 2011 49,049 Japan

3,600,000 (2012) China

Reference Greenhouse area (ha) (Year) Country

EuroStat, 2005 9,620 France

US Census, 2007 11,047 United States

EuroStat, 2007 10,370 Netherlands

EuroStat, 2007 26,500 Italy

TurkStat, 2007 33,515 Turkey

Countries of Greenhouse Crops Production (ha.)

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

SAGARPA, 2010 11,759 Mexico 7

from M. Kacira

1,066 (2010) Taiwan

Yang, Q. 2011

• Consumer demand high quality, fresh and locally grown products

• Year round production

• Food security/safety

• Resource use efficient systems to stay competitive

• Environmentally friendly

Greenhouse Tomato Production Trends in No. America

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Are

a (h

a)

Year

Mexico

Canada

US

Image M. Kacira

1000 ha, 2000

9000 ha, 2010

Mexico

Canada

USA


CEA Systems Resolving Global Issues

• CE systems to help feed the world – Effectively using energy, water, labor and capital resources

• CE as platform for application of new technologies using plant physiological processes for:

– space colonization life support

[recycling & conserving all resources]

– remediation of air & water

air [carbon sequestration]

water [salts, heavy metals]

– biomass fuels production

– producing phytochemicals and

plant-made pharmaceuticals [lycopene, vaccines, etc.]

Systems for Bio-Regeneration for Interplanetary Travel

Arizona Space Grant Consortium

NASA Steckler Phase II

“Prototype Lunar Greenhouse”

UA-Lunar & Planetary Lab

Engineering innovative biological systems

from collaborative & original research

Lunar Greenhouse Prototype Mr. Phil Sadler, Sadler Machine Systems,

Drs. M. Kacira and R. Furfaro, collaborators

Lane Patterson, graduate student and lab manager

Organic crop production Recirculating, closed loop hydroponics

Aquaponics

Aquaculture + Hydroponics

Tilapia Fish + Lettuce



Dr. Jason Licamele (shown) and

Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, collaborators

Urban Farms



http://gothamgreens.com/

“Business is Great!” Jenn Nelkin, CALS – PLS,

graduate 2006, CEA emphasis

and Co-Founder Gotham Greens

“Our products are all over NYC and people are loving it!”

Jenn Nelkin, 07/14/11

Gotham Greens Farms, LLC

http://gothamgreens.com/


Productivity of Tomato (kg/m2/year)

Edited from C. Stanghellini

5 kg/m2

20 kg/m2

30 kg/m2

55-65 kg/m2

75-85 kg/m2

Credit: Paul Selina

Village Farms GATES

‘semi-closed’ Greenhouse

Houweling Nurseries (California, USA)

Greenhouse vegetable grower in

Camarillo, California

“Closed” Greenhouse

Energy from PV

Water re-capture

Heat storage

Village Farms (Texas, USA)

The GATES greenhouse

achieved yields over

100 kg m-2 yr-1 in

consecutive years,

compared with

61 kg m-2 yr-1 in adjacent

‘Venlo’ greenhouses

Houweling Nurseries

‘semi-closed’ Greenhouse 100+ kg / m2 / year

A “Semi Closed Greenhouse” limits ventilation

even with high solar radiation;

Purpose is to maintain increased CO2;

Purpose is to maintain VPD;

Results are increased production and quality;

Results are high yield per water use.

All water in system is utilized,

except in final product & plant on removal.

Energy cost is ~2260 kJ per Kg of water condensed;

Example of how water and energy are linked.

Semi-Closed Greenhouses “Semi-Closed Greenhouse” limited exchange of inside atmosphere and water with outside Looks much like modern glass greenhouse, but….



California leading growth in nation's green jobs economy, study finds

7000 solar collectors (1.6 m2 ea = 1.2 ha in 1.6 ha field]. (3.5 x 5 ft2, 122,500 ft2)

Provides 50% demand; Provides 1.5 million kW-h per year. Beneath the collector field is a 2 m deep water storage pond.

http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-green-jobs11-2009jun11,0,3978144.story LA Times June 11, 2009


Houweling Nurseries 2 structures of 8 ha each

8 m to gutter

Positive pressure

Glass with energy screen

Hot water storage

2M gallon storage tanks

22 – 45oC water storage

2100 + 700 Ton chillers

Cool irrigation water

4% vent area of Venlo

Ultrafiltration + ozone water

purification

Private company

500 employees

Certified GH Tomatoes



5 kg/m2

20 kg/m2

30 kg/m2

55-65 kg/m2

75-85 kg/m2

Photo source http://plasticulture.cas.psu.edu/

High Tunnel Technology

Basic greenhouse farming Success from experience

Very adaptable Growing in soil

http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-green-jobs11-2009jun11,0,3978144.story












5 kg/m2

20 kg/m2

30 kg/m2

55-65 kg/m2

75-85 kg/m2

High Tunnel Greenhouse with Cooling

at UA-CEAC

Green Funds project, M. Kacira

High Tunnel Greenhouse with Sand Substrate

and Drip Irrigation at UA-CEAC

Green Funds project, M. Kacira

Cherry Tomato

1 kilogram per square meter per week

(1 kg/m2-week)

36 kg/m2-season [April start]

Water use = 6 Liter per square meter per day

= 21 Liter per plant per day

Truss Tomato

55 kg/m2-season [typical]

High Tunnel Greenhouse with Sand Substrate

and Drip Irrigation at UA-CEAC




5 kg/m2

20 kg/m2

30 kg/m2

55-65 kg/m2

75-85 kg/m2

Classical Greenhouse Hydroponic “High” Technology

Credit: John Hoogeboom

Bring Food Production and Excitement of

Agriculture to the People

Urban Agriculture

INCREASING INTEREST IN URBAN GREENHOUSES

Local food production

•Reduce fuel used for food transport

•To have fresher food

•To support local jobs, local farmers

•Interest in pesticide free or organic food

•The White House garden has stimulated popular interest

Economic, aesthetic and environmental benefits

•Glazed areas in buildings provide interior plants opportunity

•A rooftop greenhouse on a school enhances education

•Integration with other buildings can provide energy savings

•Covered public spaces with plants provide winter relief Credit: Dave Mears


www.brightfarmsystems.com/

There are many concepts for

using rooftops in urban

areas for greenhouse crops

production.

Some are proposing

integration with schools for

educational benefits.

Credit: Dave Mears

Urban Agriculture -- Rooftop Greenhouse Green Point, Brooklyn overlooking Manhattan, New York City

Courtesy Gotham Greens, Jenn Nelkin

Gotham Greens, LLC

Hydroponic Food Production

within minutes

of 10+ million people

Jenn Nelkin, MS

CEAC graduate

Why Greenhouses ?

Increased independence from outside climate

Grow year round and out-of season

Usage of unproductive land

Better usage of irrigation water & fertilizers

More control over pests & diseases

Year round jobs – create career professionals

Significant production & quality increase

Greater Profits!


Why Greenhouses ?

Improve environment, less discharge

Re-use of previously wasted resources

Food quality, safety, security, nutritional value, etc

Know all inputs and outputs

Greater Profits!

CEA [Greenhouse] technology has very efficient water use because: maximum crop production; closed irrigation with water re-use; plant transpiration with water capture; ‘closed’ greenhouses or other systems

“Technology Challenges Now and in Future

for Water Use in CEA”

Applying knowledge of Lessons learned from

Controlled Environment Agriculture Applications

“CEA [Greenhouse] technology offers other benefits for society: Energy use and re-use alternatives; Labor quality improvement and reduction; Human psychological; Educational purpose; Food quality, safety, dependability

“Technology Challenges Now and in Future

for Water Use in CEA”

Applying knowledge of Lessons learned from

Controlled Environment Agriculture Applications

Water Use in CEA

Plant Transpiration

Photosynthesis

Cooling for Plant Environment

Sanitation and Food Safety

Demand

Plant

Supply

Plant Transpiration

CO2 + H2O =>

Biomass + O2

Photosynthesis

Cooling Plant

Environment

Images modified from M. Kacira

Fog Evaporative Cooling


Spanish study on the effect of growing system

and quality of management

Water use for tomato production (liter/dry kg)

Fereres & Orgaz, 2000

Management

Environment

Outdoors Greenhouse

Average 13870 2432

Excellent 4198 1058

A factor 4

A f

acto

r 2.5

Courtesy C. Stanghellini

Water: Liter per kg product

Israel, Spain,

field, drip irrigated

Israel, unheated

glasshouse

Spain, unheated

multi-tunnel

Holland, high-tech climate control,

CO2

Holland, as left, with re-use of drain

Holland, closed

greenhouse with cooling

Spain, unheated

plastic “parral”

increasing control of production factors

Courtesy C. Stanghellini

60 L

15 L

Plant Factory Closed Systems with Artificial Light for Plant Production

Reduces Water Consumption by 95%

Eliminates need for washing water

Dr. Toyoki Kozai, Chiba University, Japan

Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences

Presentation April, 2010, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Integration of high pressure

fogging

Ventilation and Cooling is Required

Ventilation alone is not sufficient

for maintaining desired greenhouse

climate year round

• Use less energy

(Natural Ventilation)

• Limitation > Hard to control

Image of M. Kacira


Water use for Crop Production and Evaporative Cooling

within a Open Greenhouse

(image courtesy M. Kacira)

Crop Production

55 kgtomato / m2 / yr

4.4 Lwater / m2 / day

Evaporative Cooling (per day) @ outside: 31oC, 4.1 kPa VPD

pad & fan: 2.5 Lwater / m2 / day

---------------------------------------------

Total = 6.9 Lwater / m2 / day

= 20 kgtomato / m3water

Ralph Steckler/ Phase I Forum,

University of Arizona, Tucson

Lunar Greenhouse Prototype for Bioregenerative

Life Support System

(NASA Ralph Steckler Space Grant Colonization Research and

Technology Development Grant)

The University of

Arizona Space Grant Consortium

Controlled Environment Agriculture Center Systems and Industrial Engineering

Sadler Machine Company Thales Alenia Spacio - Italia (TASI), AeroSekur, SpA

University of Naples Federico II

2.1

m

Lunar Greenhouse Prototype

Provides all oxygen,

water & 50% food calories

for one person per day

End view of LGH when in current full production

indicating Growing Areas


End view of LGH when in current full production

indicating Growing Areas

Monitored Resources to the Lunar Greenhouse

Input: Energy, Water, Nutrients, CO2, Labor

Output: Oxygen, Water, Biomass (food)

Hydroponic Nutrient and Water Delivery System

Hydroponic Nutrient and Water Delivery System Hydroponic Nutrient and Water Delivery System


Water Recovered from Plant Transpiration

26 L / day

86% recovery (includes water in biomass)

97% recovery (includes water in air leakage)

Biomass Production Capability

22 kg / m2 / yr (3-D, 37 m2)

or

73 kg / m2 / yr (1-D, 11 m2)

Water use at SPFGC

South Pole Food Growth Chamber

(image from: UA-CEAC TomatoLive2 web camera)

Food Growth Room Environmental

Room

Utility Area

Model of South Pole Food Growth Chamber

8.6 m


South Pole Station Food Growth Chamber

64+ scientists & staff are isolated 10 months each

winter at South Pole

6 months without sun light

They can grow fresh vegetables in hydroponics

with artificial light

South Pole Station

Walkway or Lower Troughs

Upper Troughs

Recirculating Hydroponic Plant Production System

Paper Number 2003-01-2455

Development and Evaluation of an

Advanced Water-Jacketed

High Intensity Discharge Lamp

Gene A. Giacomelli and Phil Sadler

Randy Lane Patterson Sadler Machine Company

University of Arizona

Daniel J. Barta

NASA Johnson Space Center

Presented at the 33rd ICES Conference

Vancouver, B.C. Canada

July 8, 2003


Production Rate of Fresh Vegetables

22 kg/week (edible) 2006

Lettuce, Herbs

Tomato, Cucumber

Pepper, Cantaloupe

~ 1 kg/ m2 / week

~52 kg/ m2 / year (polyculture)

~80 kg/ m2/ year (monoculture tomatoes)

Operations cost: 100 US$ per kg vegetables

Outputs (per day) Inputs (per day)

0.17 kg

Water

Biomass

Heat

Oxygen

Labor

Carbon

Dioxide

Water

Fertilizer

Salts

Electricity

Heat

34.9 kg

1.1 kg

281 KWH

75 KWH

3.3 Hrs

6.0 kg

29.5 kg

1.0 kg

~ 123 KWH

Average Daily Resources Input total 356

KWH

19 KWh to condense 29.5 kg of

water at sea level

34.9 kg Water 29.5 kg

“The road to save the planet lies with

the imaginative use of our future.

CEAC [with its CEA activities] is

uniquely positioned to help feed the

world precisely because its work will

feed those who will go to the stars.”

TechNewsArizona.com, July 15, 2011

Extraordinary times require

extraordinary steps…..

It’s time to move forward


Dr. Gene Giacomelli

Director CEAC, [email protected] +1 520 626 9566

Prof. Gene Giacomelli is a faculty member within the Department of

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at The University of Arizona, and

Director of the Controlled Environment Agriculture Center. Giacomelli has

gained international reputation through his pioneering work and expertise in

the area of protected crops. Growing food on other planets is one of the

collaborative international projects that he is leading, which is supported by

the NASA Space Grant Consortium at the University of Arizona. The focus

is efficient use of water, energy and other resources for implementation of a

food and life support system for Moon/Mars. The results from this project

will be applied to Earth protected agriculture food production systems."

For Further Information

Media contact: Michael Munday

Michael F. Munday

Editor & Managing Director

Desert Rain Research & Communication

P.O. Box 42707

Tucson, AZ 85733

[email protected]

520-991-9591 (cellular)

520-881-8064 (message)

For Further Information

See the video about CEAC 2011:

“Beyond the Ordinary”

at

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87ZPOyeU1dU

The NASA Steckler Space Grant Collaboration

Arizona Space Grant Consortium NASA Steckler Phase II “Prototype

Lunar Greenhouse” +16 total; 7 students, 3 USA and 2 Italian faculty

6 International collaborators from 2 companies

Thales Alenia Spacio-Italia (TAS-I), Torino and Aero-Sekur, Aprilia

1 USA small business (Sadler Machine Co, Arizona)

UA-CEAC Team

TAS-I (Italy)

Recyc-lab Team

University of Naples

Aero-Sekur (Italy)

Collaborative Exchange

IBAF CNR

The NSF South Pole Food Growth Chamber Team

Sadler Machine Co. Tempe, Arizona Mr. Phil Sadler

The University of Arizona (UA-CEAC) Dr. Gene Giacomelli, Dr. Patricia Rorabaugh, Dr. Merle Jensen, Neal Barto

Lockheed-Martin (previously Raytheon Polar Services Co)

Lane Patterson, Martin Lewis, Andy Martin

and the numerous on-site operators

Food Production (SPFGC)

South Pole Food Growth Chamber

South Pole (90o) Antarctica

Amundsen-Scott Station (USA)

mailto:[email protected]






http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87ZPOyeU1dU

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