fy;tpj; juj;ij cahj;jy; -...

fy;tpj; juj;ij caHj;jy;

,yq;ifapy; Njrpa nghJf; fy;tpf;

nfhs;iff;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO

ehty tPjp> Enfnfhl ,yq;if

2016

ii

Kjw; gpuRuk; 2016

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO 2016 ISBN 978-955-9448-51-8

ntspapl;NlhH Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO 126> ehty tPjp> ENfnfhl ,yq;if

www.nec.gov.lk

http://www.nec.gov.lk/

iii

cs;slf;f ml;ltiz KfTiu v

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs; vii

1991k; Mz;bd; 19tJ Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOr; rl;lj;jpd; njupe;j gFjpfs; x

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfs; xii

nghJf; fy;tp epiyf;-FO cWg;gpdHfs; xiii

mwpKfk; 1

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; 3

topfhl;Lq; Nfhl;ghLfs; 4

nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;j Kd;nkhopAk; fl;likg;GfSk; rl;lthf;fKk; 6

fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp 12

mwpKfk; 12

fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpg; Nghf;Ffs; 13

,yq;ifapw; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpg; gpur;rpidfs; 15

nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfs; 26

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp 29

mwpKfk; 29

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs; 29

,yq;ifapy; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;gpd; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfs; 34


Mrpupaj; njhopy; 38

mwpKfk; 38

MrpupaH gzpapd; Nghf;Ffs; 39

,yq;ifapy; MrpupaH njhopypd; gpur;rpidfs; 42


khztH kjpg;gPL 52

mwpKfk; 52

kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwg; Nghf;Ffs; 53

,yq;ifapy; kjpg;gPl;L eltbf;ifg; gpur;rpidfs; 56


fy;tpapy; ju cWjp 62

mwpKfk; 62

fy;tpapy; ju cWjp eilKiwg; Nghf;Ffs; 64

jw;Nghija QA Kiwikg; gpur;rpidfs; 67


iv

fy;tpj; jpl;lkplYk; KfhikAk; 75

mwpKfk; 75

fy;tpj; jpl;lkply;> Kfhikg; Nghf;Ffs; 75

,yq;ifapy; fy;tpj; jpl;lkply;> Kfhikg; gpur;rpidfs; 81


fw;wy; #oy; 84

mwpKfk; 84

fw;ww; #ow; Nghf;Ffs; 84

,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; fw;ww; #ow; gpur;rpidfs; 92


fy;tpapy; KjyPL 96

mwpKfk; 96

,yq;ifapy; fy;tpapy; Kjyply; gw;wpa thjq;fSk; gpur;rpidfSk; 97


ghlrhiyfspy; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; 100

mwpKfk; 100

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; nry;newpfs; 102

,yq;ifapy;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gpur;rpidfs; 104


Nghjid Clfk;> Njrpa> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa> rHtNjr nkhopfs; 107

mwpKfk; 107

Nghjid Clfg; Nghf;Ffs; 109

Nghjdhnkhop Clf> Njrpa> ,uz;lhe; Njrpa> rHtNjr nkhopg; gpur;rpidfs; 111


rpwg;Gf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs; 115

mwpKfk; 115

rpwg;Gf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs; 116

,yq;ifapy; rpwg;Gf; fy;tpg; gpur;ridfs; 118


Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp 121

mwpKfk; 121

Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs; 122

,yq;ifapy; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs; 124


v

KfTiu

1991Mk; Mz;L 19Mk; ,yf;f> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOr; rl;l Vw;ghLfl;fika> fy;tpapd; midj;jk;rq;fspYk; fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghd midj;J mjpfhu rigfSk; epWtdq;fSk; Vw;fNtz;ba Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia [dhjpgjp fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; gpufldg;gLj;jyhk;. Kw;Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpd; 3Mk; gpupT epWtpa Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO> [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fpa gupe;JiufisAk; MNyhridfisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if cUthFk; vd mr; rl;lk; NkYe; njuptpf;fpwJ. jd; cupikf;fl;lisf;F

mikaj;> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO “,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfs;> 2016" vDk; jiyg;Gila ,t; Mtzj;jpw; nghjpe;Js;s nghJf;fy;tp gw;wpa gupe;Jiuf; Nfhitnahd;iwj; jahupj;Js;sJ. ,t; Mtzk;

2003 brk;gupy; rkHg;gpj;j “,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G Kd;nkhopTfs;" vDk; Mtzj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahFk;. fy;tpj; juj;ij caHj;jy; vDk; Kf;fpa vz;zf;fUtpd; topfhl;lypy; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO jw;Nghija gupe;Jiuj; njhFg;igj; jahupj;Js;sJ. juk; 1 Kjy; juk; 13 tiuahd midj;J ,yq;ifr; rpwhHf;Fk; fy;tpawpt+l;Lk; msTrhH jpwidj; jw;Nghija nghJf; fy;tp Kiwik jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sij Mizf;FO fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpwJ. vdpDk; QhdkpF xOf;f> r%f tpOkpaq;fs; nfhz;l ePz;l fy;tp kuGila xU Njrj;jpd; Mty;fl;Fg; nghUe;JkhW fy;tpj; juk; rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; Njrpa vjpHghHg;Gfspd; epiwthf;fj;Jf;F mikthf cautpy;iy vd;gij Mizf;FO tUj;jj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. nghUshjhuk;> njhopyKiwg;gLj;jy;> Ntshz;ik> RfhjhuKk; r%f NritfSk;> tpQ;QhdKk; njhopy;El;gKk; vd;gd gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;iffl;F ,irthf> tskhd ,yq;if gw;wpa juprdj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;NdWkhW ,k; Kd;nkhopTf; Nfhit jw;NghJs;s fy;tp tsq;fspd; Nkw; fl;bnaOg;GfpwJ. ghlrhiyfisAk; MrpupaHfisAk; khztHfisAk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; KfhikiaAk; epjp tsq;fisAq; nfhz;l nghJf; fy;tp Kiw KOjpYk; jhf;FWk; KOikahd nfhs;if xd;iw mJ Kd;itf;fpwJ@ mf; nfhs;if fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; tpUj;jpahd Gjpa rpe;jidapdJk; fy;tp nka;apaypdJk; mbg;gilapyhdJ. Muk;gf; fy;tp> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhag; guhkupg;Gk; fy;tpAk;> khw;Wj;-jpwd; rpwhHf;fhd rpwg;Gf; fy;tp Mfpa jPHTepiyg; gpur;rpidfSk; njhopy; topfhl;lYk; csr;-r%f MNyhridAk; Fwpg;ghd ftdk; ngWfpd;wd. mj;Jld; Nghjid Clfk;> fw;ww; #oy;> KiwrhH fy;tpf; fhyk; Mjpa vQ;rpAs;s gpur;rpidfSk; ftdk; ngWfpd;wd. njhopy;ngWjfT> njhopy;Kidthz;ik vd;gd rhHe;J rpwhupd; fy;tpf;Fg;-gpe;jpa vjpHfhy tha;g;GfisAk; ftdpf;Fk; ,k; Kd;nkhopTfs;> eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; fz;fhzpg;Gk; gw;wpa nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfspdpd;W vOk; tplaq;fisAk; Rl;Lfpd;wd. Kd;nkhopTj; Nfhitapd; mwpKfg; gFjp> topfhl;lw; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; ,q;F Kd;itj;Js;s fy;tpf; nfhs;if tpUj;jpf;Fg; ghtpj;j KiwapaiyAk; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ@ mijLj;Jf; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhag; guhkupg;Gk; fy;tpAk;> Mrpupaj; njhopy;> khztH kjpg;gPL> fy;tpapy; ju cWjp> fy;tpj;

vi

jpl;lkplYk; KfhikAk;> fw;wy; #oy;> fy;tpapy; KjyPL> njhopy; topfhl;ly;> Nghjid Clfk;> rpwg;Gf; fy;tp> Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Mfpa gFjpfs; tUfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s Kd;nkhopTfs;> epiyapaw; FO cWg;gpdHfSk; Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfSk; toq;fpa MNyhridfl;Fk; topfhl;lYf;Fk; Nkyhfg;> gj;J Ma;Tnewpf; fw;iffsJk; nghJkf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lq;fsJk; fUj;Jf;fsJk; epGzHfSk; gaDupj;jhsHfSk; gq;Nfw;w gapyuq;Fj; njhlHfsJk; fye;Jiuahlw; njhlHfsJk; gadhdit. Ma;tzpfsJk; nghJf;fy;tp epiyapaw; FOtpdJk; cWg;gpdHfl;Fk; nra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guq;fl;Fj; Jyq;fyhfg; ngWkjpkpF fUj;Jiufis toq;fpa jdpkdpjHfl;Fk; jhkhf Kd;te;J Mizf;FOtpw;Ff; fUj;Jfis Kd;itj;j kw;iwa gyUf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ed;wp$WfpwJ. jkJ mDgtq;fisg; gfpHe;j midj;J epGzHfSk; gaDupj;jhsHfSk; ed;wpf;FupNahuhtH. ,iaGila Ma;Tf; fw;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s epjpAjtpa cyf tq;fpf;Fj; Njrpa Mizf;FO Fwpg;ghd ed;wpAilaJ.

vii

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;

AaL - fw;wyhf kjpg;gPL

ABOE - nray;Kiw-mbg;gil tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;

AfL - fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPL

AoL - fw;wypd; kjpg;gPL

AQA - fy;tpj; ju Kftk;

ASS - Kd;Ndwpa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk;

CBSE - ,ilepiyf; fy;tp kj;jpa thupak;

CGP - nghJthd nghJtpla tpdhj;jhs;

CLIL - cs;SiwAk; nkhopAk; xUq;fpize;j fw;wy;

CPD - njhlH njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp

CPE - jdpahH fy;tpr; rig

CRC - rpwhH cupikr; rhrdk;

CUAP - gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lf; FO

DEO - Nfhl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfk;

DEP - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

DMR - juT Kfhik Ma;Tf;-fpis

DoE - guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

ECCE - ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;Gk; fy;tpAk;

ECEC - ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpAk; ftdpg;Gk;

EMIS - fy;tp Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik

ERA - Rw;whly;-rhH nraw;ghLfs;

ERO - fy;tpr; rPuha;T mYtyfk;

G.C.E. O-L - fy;tpg; nghJr; rhd;wpjo; (rhjhuz juk;)

G.C.E. A-L - fy;tpg; nghJr; rhd;wpjo; (caH juk;)

GDP - nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp

HND - caH Njrpa bg;Nshkh

HOT - caH epiyr; rpe;jid

IBO - rHtNjr caHfy;tpj; jFjp epWtdk;

ICSE - ,e;jpa ,ilepiyf; fy;tpr; rig

viii

ICT - jfty; njhlHghly; njhopy;El;gk;

IEA - fy;tp milT kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd rHtNjrr; rq;fk;

ISA - Nritf;fhy MNyhrfH

LMIS - njhopw; re;ijj; jfty; Kiwik

LOT - jho;-tupirr; rpe;jid

MHRD - kdpj ts tpUj;jp mikr;R

MOE - fy;tp mikr;R

NCEA - fy;tp milTj; Njrpar; rhd;wpjo;

NCERT - fy;tprhH Ma;T> gapw;rpj; Njrpa rig

NCOE - Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}up

NDT - Njrpa njhopy;El;g bg;Nshkh

NEC - Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO

NFE - Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp

NGO - muRrhuh mikg;G

NIE - Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk;

NVQ - Njrpa njhopw; jifik

NZQA - epa+rpyhe;J jifikfs; mjpfhuk;

OECD - nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gk; tpUj;jpAk; mikg;G

ONFEC - Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Mizf;FO mYtyfk;

OUSL - ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;

PBIS - NeHelj;ijj; jiyaPLk; xj;Jiog;Gk;

PBS - NeH elj;ij MjuT

PEA - khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuk;

PGDE - gl;lg;-gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh

PRCC - nraw;jpwd; rPuha;Tk; xUq;fpizTk; nraw;FO

PSI - ghlrhiy Kd;Ndw;w epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

QA - ju cWjp

QTS - jFjpAil MrpupaH gbepiy

SBA - ghlrhiy-mbg;gil kjpg;gPL

SEM - ghlrhiy cd;dj khjpupAU

SEQI - ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; jur; Rl;L

ix

SLEAS - ,yq;if fy;tp epHthfpfs; Nrit

SLPS - ,yq;if mjpgH Nrit

SPBEA - gRgpf; fy;tp kjpg;gPl;L thupar; nrayfk;

SQAA - ghlrhiyj; ju kjpg;gPLk; rhd;wspg;Gk;

SSS - %j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lk;

TIM - MrpupaH mwpTWj;jw; ifNaL

TVEC - Nky;epiy> njhopy;rhH fy;tp Mizf;FO

UK - If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

UN - If;fpa ehLfs;

UNESCO - And];Nfh (If;fpa ehl;Lf; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd> gz;ghl;L epWtdk;)

UNZ - epa+rpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;

USA - mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

USAID - If;fpa mnkupf;f rHtNjr tpUj;jp Kftk;

VTA - njhopw; gapw;rp mjpfhuk;

ZED - tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH

ZEO - tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;

x

1991k; Mz;bd; 19tJ Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOr; rl;lj;jpd; njupe;j gFjpfs;

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOTk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;

(1) Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfshtd:

(m) fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; njhlHr;rpia cWjpg;gLj;JkhWk; rKjhaj;jpd; khWe; Njitfl;Ff; fy;tp Kiwik gjpyspf;f ,aYkhf;FkhWk;> fy;tpf; nfhs;ifAk; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; cldbr; rPuha;Tk; jpl;lKk; my;yJ jpl;lq;fSk; KOikahd Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if kPjhd gupe;Jiufis [dhjpgjpf;Fg; toq;fYk; cl;glf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; midj;J mk;rq;fSk; gw;wp [dhjpgjpf;Fg; gupe;Jiufis toq;fy;@

(M) eilKiwapYs;s Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifiaAk; jpl;lk; my;yJ jpl;lq;fisAk; fhy xOq;fpy; rPuha;jYk; Muha;jYk; NjitahdNghJ mj;jifa nfhs;ifapNyh jpl;lk; my;yJ jpl;lq;fspNyh khw;wj;ij [dhjpgjpf;Fg; gupe;Jiuj;jy;@

(,) Mizf;FOtplk; [dhjpgjp MNyhridf;fhfg; ghug;gLj;jpa fy;tp rhHe;j Ntnwt; tplak; gw;wpAk; [dhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;fy;.

(2) Jizg;gpupT (1),d; fPo; Mizf;FO gupe;Jiufis toq;ff;$ba tplaq;fspd; nghJikf;Ff; Fe;jfkpd;wpf;> fPo;f; $wpAs;s tplaq;fs; gw;wp Mizf;FO [dhjpgjpf;Fg; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;:

(m) Ntiytha;g;Gf;Fk; njhopw; Jiwf;Fk; r%fj; Njitfl;Fk; fy;tpiag; nghUj;JkhW fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspYk; Njitahd khw;wq;fs;@

(M) khztHfl;Ff; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; toq;Fk; topfhl;lYk; MNyhridAk; mtHfs; jkJ Mw;wiy KOikahf tpUj;jpnra;jw;Ff; NghJkhapUj;jy;@

(,) fy;tp epWtdq;fl;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilahd ,izg;Gfis tYg;gLj;Jk; eltbf;iffs;@

(<) r%fj;jpw; gd;Kfg;gl;l kdpj tpUj;jpf;fhd ts ikaq;fshff; fy;tp epWtdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;@

(c) ghlrhiyfspilNa gpuNjr-mbg;gil Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; Fiwj;jw;fhd mtrpa eltbf;iffs;@

(C) MrpupaHfsJk; gpw fy;tpr; Nrit CopaHfsJk; njhopy;thz;ik kjpg;ig Nkk;gLj;jw;fhd mtrpa eltbf;iffs;@

(v) Muk;g> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfisf; fhyk; Ke;jp ePq;Fk; rpwhu; jkJ Mw;wiy KOikahf tpUj;jpnra;a ,aYkhf;fr; rpwhupd; gad; fUjp toq;ff;$ba khw;W epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;@

(V) vy;yhr; r%fq;fisAk; vy;yh kjq;fisAQ; NrHe;j khztHfspd; gz;ghl;L> kj ehl;lq;fisg; Ngz mtrpakhd fiyj;jpl;l khw;wq;fs;@

(I) ,j;jifa gupe;Jiufspy; vijNaDk; nraw;gl ,aYkhf;fj; Njitahd rl;lQ;rhH khw;wq;fs;.

xi

Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; mlq;Ftd:

fy;tpapd; ,yf;FfSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;@ Muk;g> ,lepiy> Nky;epiy> caH> Kiwrhuh> KiwrhHgw;w> KjpHe;NjhH> rpwg;G> njhopy;rhH> kjQ;rhH ghlrhiythupf; fy;tpKiwf; fl;likg;G@ fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; epWTifAk; miktplKk; guk;gYk;@ khztH mDkjpf;Fk; MrpupaH MnsLg;Gf;Fkjhd NjHT-tpjpfs;@ NghjdhnkhopAk; fiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; gy;tifg;gLj;jYk; ghlE}y;fSk; fw;ww; jputpaq;fSk; rka mwptpdJk; mtjhdj;jpdJk; eilKiwapdJk; ,lKk;> fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gha;Tk;> guPl;ir KiwAk;> rhd;wpjo;fSk; bg;Nshkhf;fSk; fy;tprhH guprpy;fSk; jFjpfspd; mq;fPfhuKk; cl;gl;l fy;tpapd; cs;slf;fk;@ MrpupaHfSk; cupkkw;w fy;tpr;Nrit CopaHfSk; Nkw;ghHitahsHfSk; epUthfpfSk; cl;gl;l fy;tpr; Nrit CopaHfspd; Ml;NrHg;Gk; gzpakHj;jKk;> xOq;FrhH fl;Lg;ghLk; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpAk;@ r%fg; gq;Fgw;wiyj; jpul;ly; cl;gl;l fy;tpf;fhd tsq;fSk;@ Jizr; NritfSk; clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tpAk; tpisahl;Lk;.

Mizf;FO mikT

Mizf;FO gpd;tUNthiuf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;:

(m) 1978k; Mz;bd; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; rl;lk; 16,d; fPo; epWtpa gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOj; jiytH@

(M) 1990k; Mz;bd; Nky;epiy> njhopy;rhH fy;tpr; rl;lk; 20,d; fPo; epWtpa Nky;epiy> njhopy;rhH fy;tp Mizf;FOj; jiytH@

(,) fy;tpAk; caH fy;tpAk; vd;w tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rupd; gupe;Jiuapd; ngaupy; [dhjpgjp epakpj;j xU cWg;gpdH@

(<) epjp vd;w tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rupd; gupe;Jiuapd; ngaupy; [dhjpgjp epakpj;j xU cWg;gpdH@

(c) khfhz rigfs; vd;w tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rupd; gupe;Jiuapd; ngaupy; [dhjpgjp epakpj;j xU cWg;gpdH@

(C) fy;tp> epUthfk;> Kfhik Mfpa Jiwfspy; xd;wpy; Mw;wiyg; Gyg;gLj;jpNahupilNah vt; tho;f;ifj; njhopypYk; rpwg;nga;jpNahupilNah ,Ue;J [dhjpgjp epakpj;j NkYk; gj;J cWg;gpdHfs;. gpupT 5,d; fPo; epakpj;j jiytH> Jizj; jiytH (nfhs;if)> Jizj; jiytH (jpl;lkply;) Mizf;FOTf;fhf KONeug; gzpahw;WtH.

xii

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfs;

jiytH

NguhrpupaH yf;\;kz; [ajpyf

Jizj; jiytH

KidtH rpthde;jk; rptNrfuk;

gjtpKiwg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs;

NguhrpupaH nkh`hd; j rpy;th> jiytH> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FO

NguhrpupaH uh[Pt tpN[rpq;`> jiytH> Nky;epiy–njhopy;rhH fy;tp Mizf;FO

mikr;rHfspd; gupe;Jiuapy; epakpj;j cWg;gpdHfs;

jpU. W.M. ge;JNrd> nrayhsH> fy;tp mikr;R

jpU. H.T. fky; gj;krpup> nrayhsH> Cuhl;rp murhq;fKk; khfhz rigAk;

jpU. R.M.S.P.S. gz;lhu> gzpg;ghsH> nghJj; Jiwj; jpisf;fsk;> epjp mikr;R

gpw epakd cWg;gpdHfs;

tz. KidtH mf;Fwl;bNa ee;j ehaf NjNuh

jpU. Mupauj;d N`tNf

NguhrpupaH jae;j tp[aNrfu

jpU. M. fpq;];yp g;udhe;J

NguhrpupaH S. re;jpuNrfuk;

NguhrpupaH [aNrd Nfhl;Nlnfhl

KidtH (jpUkjp) `puhd;jp tpN[kd;d

jpUkjp G\;gh fSNghtpy

Mizf;FOr; nrayhsH

jpUkjp H.N.N. FzNrfu

jpUkjp P.G.D. gpujPgh Nrurpq;` (27.05.2013 Kjy; 28.01.2015 tiu)

xiii

nghJf; fy;tp epiyf;-FO cWg;gpdHfs;

FOj; jiytH

jpU. Mupauj;d N`tNf

FO cWg;gpdHfs;

NguhrpupaH yf;\;kz; [ajpyf> jiytH> NEC

KidtH rpthde;jk; rptNrfuk;> Jizj; jiytH> NEC

NguhrpupaH re;jd [auj;d> ngsjpfj; Jiw> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

NguhrpupaH ehuj tHz#upa> Kd;dhl; JizNte;jH> Foe;ij kUj;Jt %j;j-NguhrpupaH> = [atHjdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

NguhrpupaH S. re;jpuNrfuk;> Xa;epiyg; NguhrpupaH> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

KidtH T.A. gparpup> JizNte;jH> UNIVOTEC

KidtH #yd;j FyNrfu> ,yj;jpudpay;–njhiyj;njhlHghly; Jiw> SLIIT

KidtH (jpUkjp) J. FzNrfu> gzpg;ghsH ehafk;> NIE.

jpU. S.U. tpN[uj;d> Nkyjpf nrathsH> fy;tp mikr;R

jpUkjp H.N.N. FzNrfu> nrayhsH> NEC.

KidtH J.L. uj;dNrfu> nra;jpl;l ,izg;ghsH> TSEP> nrayhsH> Cuhl;rp murhq;fKk; khfhz rigAk;

jpUkjp fhaj;up mNgFzNrfu> MizahsH–Muha;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk;> guPl;irj;

jpizf;fsk;

jpU. gpajhr uj;ehaf> khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH> Cth khfhzk;

jpU. J.A.A. re;j;urpup> jiytH> rpahNd Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}up

jpU. rprpu ky;ythuhr;rp> tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH> fk;g`h

jpU. M. ryh`{jPd;> gzpg;ghsH> fy;tp mikr;R

jpU. jPgy; #upahuhr;rp> MizahsH> ,yq;iff; fz;Lgpbg;ghsH Mizf;FO

jpU. A.L.M. ]hUjPd;> tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH> fNyty

jpUkjp W.D.P.K. rkurpq;`> mjpgH> Njtp ghypfh tpj;ahyak;

jpU. fhkpdp uh[gf;\> mjpgH> tpj;ahNyhf tpj;ahya> Ntad;nfhl FOr; nrayhsH

FOr; nrayhsH

jpU mDu n`l;bahuhr;rp> Kj;j nfhs;if Muha;r;rp mjpfhup> NEC

1

mwpKfk;

nghJf;fy;tp> jk;Kld; thOk; taJte;NjhUld; NrHe;J tpidj;jpwDld; gzpahw;wp thOkhwike;j> kdepiwthd tho;itg; ngwr; rpwhHfis Maj;jkhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; ghlrhiyia ePq;Fifapy;> Njhw;wj;jpy; tsHe;NjhuhapUg;gH. jhk; thOk; xl;Lnkhj;j ehL> rKjhak;> jkJ FLk;gk; Kjypatw;wpd; eyDf;Fg; gq;fspf;fj;jf;f mwpitAk; gpw jifikfisAk; mtHfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1991Mk; Mz;bd; 19k; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOr; rl;l ,yf;fg; gpupTfs; 2(1), 2 (3),

8(1) (a), (b), (c) Mfpad jUk; cupikf;fl;lisf;fika> KiwrhH nghJf;fy;tp gw;wpa ,g; gupe;Jiuj; njhFg;igj; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO> kupahijAld; rkHg;gpf;fpwJ.

Mizf;FO VyNt 1992,Yk; 2003,Yk; nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfisr; rkHg;gpj;jJ. ,k; Kd;nkhopTfisj; jahupf;f> Mizf;FO gpd;tUk; nray;Kiwfisf; filg;gpbj;jJ.

nray;Kiwia milahsq;fhzTk; topfhl;lTk;> nghJf; fy;tpapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fspYk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpYk; mDgtKk; epGzj;JtKk; cilNahiuf; nfhz;l nghJf; fy;tpf;fhd epiyapaw; nraw;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

nghJf;fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;if tpUj;jpf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis mDg;gpAjTkhW nghJkf;fisAk; MHtKila gpw jug;GfisAk; gj;jpupif mwptpg;GfspD}lhf Mizf;FO NfhupaJ.

njhopy; ty;YeHfsJk; njhopy;GupNthuJk; fUj;Jfs; fye;jha;e;J ngwg;gl;ld.

nghJf;fy;tp Kiwik KOtijAk; cs;slf;Fk; 10 gFjpfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tf; fw;iffis Ma;T mzpfs; Nkw;nfhz;ld. Ma;T mzp mwpf;iffis epGzH FOnthd;W El;gkhf kPsha;e;jJ.

Ma;T mzpfspd; fz;lwpjy;fisAk; gupe;JiufisAk; NkYe; jpUj;jj;Jf;Fg; gaDupj;jhsH FOf;fsplk; rkHg;gpj;j gpd;> mit nfhs;ifg; gupe;Jiufshf thHf;fg;ngw;wd.

xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhuJk; fy;tpj; Njitfis epiwthf;FkhW nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; xt;nthU mbg;gilf; $w;iwAk; tbtikj;Jr; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mbg;gil topfhl;lw; Nfhl;ghlhapUe;jJ. ghlrhiyia ePq;Fk;NghJ> rpwhnuhUtH mzpAld; ,ize;J ,aq;Fk; cWg;gpduhAk; gfpHgtuhAk; mf;fiwAs;stuhAk; rfpg;Gs;stuhAk; gpwH cupikfis kjpg;gtuhAk; czHTs;stuhAk; gf;fr;rhHgw;wtuhAk; el;Gk; fUizAKs;stuhAk; gue;jstpy;

nray;Kiw–njhopy;El;gj; jpwDs;stuhAk; mDgtf;-fw;wY}L tpUj;jpngWk; Mw;wYk;

cf;Ftpg;Gk nfz;bUg;gJld; R+o;epiyfis tpsq;ff; nfhs;ifiag; ghtpf;fTk; Ez;zha;thfTk; jHf;fuPjpahfTk; njhFj;jwpe;Jk; ca;j;jwpe;Jk; gFj;jwpe;Jk; KOikahfTk; rpe;jpf;Fk; ty;yikiaAq; nfhz;L csj;jpYk; clypYk; eyKlDk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

,yq;ifg; gz;ghl;bdJk; mjd; gz;ghz;ikapdJk; Mf;fkhd ghtidia khztH tpsq;Fk; mNjNtis mtHfspd; xOfyhw;iw newpg;gLj;Jk; Mw;ww; gug;ghAs;s ,yq;ifg; gz;ghl;ilAk; mjd; gz;ghz;ikiaAk; ghlrhiy mbg;gilf; fw;if epiy njhlq;fp khztHfl;F mwpKfg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. gz;ghnld;gJ ,irNah

2

fiyNah gw;wpaJ kl;Lky;y. mbg;gil kdpjj; NjitfSs; tUk; mofpay; mDgtk;> kfpo;r;rp> ,d;gj; Ja;g;G Kjypatw;iw toq;ff; fiyAk; ,irAk; Kf;fpakhdit. NkYk; Kf;fpakhfj;> jkJ elj;ij gpwUf;F ,ilQ;rNyh jPq;Nfh mspahikia cWjpnra;ar;> r%fr; R+oyikTfspy; Ra-tpopg;GzHit tpUj;jp nra;ar; rpwhHfl;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.

jkJ jdpg;gl;l NjHr;rpfspd; mbg;gilapw; njupAk; fy;tpr; rhjidfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l Mjhaj;jpw;F kl;Lkd;wpj; Njrpa ed;ikf;fhfTk; ,yq;if kf;fspd; eyDf;fhfTk; gzpahw;WkhW toq;f Kd;tUk; kf;fis cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy; fy;tp Kiwf;F Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; jk; tho;f;ifapYk; gzpGupAk; R+oy;fspYk; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L eLepiyAld; nraw;glNtz;Lk;. Njrpar; R+oypy; ctg;ghd elj;ijapd; Kf;fpa mk;rnkhd;W> ehl;bd; tsq;fisAk; mjd; Rw;Wr;R+oiyAk; ghJfhg;gjhFk;.

gpujhdkhf ,y;yj;ijAk; r%fj;ijAk; ikakhff; nfhz;l> gpwg;gpypUe;J ehY taJ tiuahd rpWgps;isg;gUt tpUj;jpf; fl;lk;> JupjkhdJk; jPtpukhdJkhd cly;rhH> r%f> czHr;rp tpUj;jpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. rpwhu; jk; ehyhk; tajpy;> mtHfisr; rPuhf Muk;gf; fy;tpf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; KiwrhH rpWgps;isg;gUtf; fy;tpapy; mbitf;fpwhHfs;. rpwhu; jk; Muk;g> ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tpr; Rw;Wf;fis ntw;wpfukhf epiwTnra;a mtrpakhd jpwd;fis mJ toq;FfpwJ.

fy;tpapd; njhlf;ff; fl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU ghlKk; ew;gaDila kdpj cwTfl;Fg; gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;> khztHfs; jkf;Nf cupa jdpj;jd;ik kpf;f Mw;wy;fSk; ,ay;jpwd;fSKila jdpkdpjuhf tpUj;jpailaj; Jiz ngWtH. ghlj;jpd; cl;nghUs; khztupd; cs;sj;Jld; ,iae;J> jd; Raj;ijAk; mjw;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwitAk; gw;wpa xU KOikahd Nehf;if mtHfl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. khztHfs; ngUksTk; nray;KiwfspD}lhff; fw;Wr; Ra-newpg;gLj;Jk; Ra-rhHghd fw;Feuhf Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fl;lj;jpy; kjpg;ngz;fl;Fk; ntFkjpfl;Fkhd Nghl;bfs; ed;ikgath. khwhfr;> rpwhu; xd;wpize;J nraw;glTk; tpisahlTk; fw;f Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPnld;gJ> khztHfis cUthf;FtjhAk;@ jpwd;fisr; nraw;gLj;jTk;> mwpitAk; jftiyAk; ngwTk; ghtpf;fTk;> nrhe;j mwpit Nkk;gLj;jTk;> epidtpw; nfhs;sTk; epidT$uTk;> jftiy vq;F vt;thW ngWtJ vdf; fw;fTk;> juT jpul;lTk;> mstPLfs; nra;aTk; Nkyjpf tha;g;Gfl;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjhAk; mika Ntz;Lk;.

,f; fhyfl;lf; fy;tp> khztHfs; vjpHkiwahd vz;zq;fisAk; czHr;rpfisAk; nty;tjw;fhd Fwpg;ghd mHg;gzpg;Gila gapw;wiyf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. khztHfs; czHr;rpg; gpur;rpidfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;fTk; mtw;wpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfisj; jzpf;fTk; Vw;wjhd cs-tpUj;jpf;Fupa mwpTiu> MNyhrid> topfhl;ly; vd;gtw;iwf; fy;tp fl;lhakhf cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ> ftdf; FtpTf;Fk;> Nfhyq;fis milahsq;fhzw;Fk;> etPd tho;f;if Kiw ek;kPJ jpzpj;Js;s njhifahd ftdr; rpjwy;fspil Mf;fkhf tho mj;jpahtrpakhd KiiwikfsJk; tho;thw;wy;fsJk; tpUj;jpf;Fk; Jizepw;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghJf; fy;tp> mwpitAk; tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fisAk; kl;Lk; toq;fhky;> xUtiuj; Njhoik czHTq;nfhz;l Ra-xOf;fKilatuhf;FfpwJ. mjd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpag; gz;G> gaDwf; fUj;Jiuf;fTk; fye;Jiuahlypw; gq;Fgw;wTk; td;Kiwapy; ,wq;fhJ fye;Jiuahb Kuz;ghLfisj; jPHf;fTkhd Mw;wyhFk;. gpwuJ

3

cupikfis midtUk; kjpj;Jf; fhg;ghw;Wk; xU Njrj;jpd; kf;fshf ,yq;ifaH xd;wpize;J tho Ntz;bd;> kw;wtHfsJ fUj;Jfis kjpg;gJ mtrpak;.

eykhd gof;fq;fSk; fhyg;nghUj;jkhd newpKiw> rl;l> cupikg; gpur;ridfisf; ifahsYk;@ r%f> kdpjHf;fpilapyhd #o;epiyfspy; $UzHr;rpAk; KOikAq; nfhz;l elj;ijAk;@ FLk;gj;jpYk; r%fj;jpYk; flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHTk;@ nry;Ygbahd> jdf;Fupa nka;apaiy tpUj;jpnra;jYk; cl;gl;l Mf;fkhd tho;tpw;F tpupe;j tifahd mwpTk; Mw;wy;fSk; Njit.

NjitfisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; milahsq; fz;Lk;> Nehf;fq;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk; tFj;Jk;> mDgtkile;Jk;> mwpitAk; jftiyAk; ngw;Wk;> jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;Jk;> Ra-Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rp tsq;fshf mika ty;Nyhiu milahsq;fz;L mtHfSld; NrHe;Jk;> ,iaGila nghUs; tsq;fisj; jpul;bAk;> tplhKaw;rpAld; jd;id <LgLj;jpAk; xUtH njhlHe;Jk; nrk;ikAwf; $batuhf ,aYk;. ,r;

rpe;jidfs; “fw;ff; fw;wy;” “tho;ehs; KOtJkhd fw;wy;” vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fspy; mlq;Ftd.

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

nghJf; fy;tp fPNo je;Js;s Njrpa ,yf;Ffspd; milTf;F topelj;jy; mtrpak;.

i. Njrpa xUq;fpirT> Njrpa xd;wpizT> Njrpa xw;Wik vd;gtw;wpd; milT

ii. vq;Fk; gutpathwhd r%f ePjpapd; epWTif

iii. kdpjFy tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahff; fhw;wpdJk; ePupdJk; fpilg;ig cWjp$w ,ayhJ Nghd 2000Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dUk; mj;jpahtrpakhFk;

ePbg;Gj;jpwKila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ij— ePbg;Gj;jpwKila tho;f;if

Kiwia —cUthf;fy;

iv. Ntiy tha;g;GfshFk; mNj Ntis> fz;zpaKk; kdepiwTk; Ra-<Nlw;wKk; nfhz;litahfTk; mikAk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfspd; Njhw;Wtpg;G

v. Nkw;$wpa rl;lf mikg;Gs;> Njr tsHr;rpf;fhd xd;WjpuSk; fl;likg;Gfl;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; kdpjts tpUj;jpapy; midtUk; gq;Nfw;fj;jf;f gy;tifr; rhj;jpaf;$Wfis epWty;

vi. ehl;ilf; fl;Lk; eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gL gq;fhz;ik> xUtHf;F kw;wtH MoKk; epiyg;GKila mf;fiwiaj; njhlHe;J NgZtij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

vii. ehk; ,d;W tho;tJ Nghd;w> Jupjkhf khWk; cyfpy;> khw;wj;ijj;

jOTjpwdpd; $Wfisg; gz;gLj;jYk; cUthf;fYk;— khwptUk;

R+o;epiyfl;Fg; nghUe;jpg;Nghff; fw;wy; —fl;lhakhdJ. ,J jdJk; gpwuJk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd khw;wj;jpw;F topfhl;Lk; NjHr;rpfSld; ,iza Ntz;Lk;.

viii. rpf;fyhdijAk; vjpHghuhjijAk; vjpHnfhz;L rkhspf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; gz;gLj;jy;@ ghJfhg;Gk; cWjpg;ghLk; nfhz;l kdepiy va;jy;

ix. rHtNjr r%fj;jpy; kjpg;GkpFk; ,lj;ij va;jYld; njhlHGila jFjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

,it r%fePjp czHitAk; gpwH Njit gw;wpa $UzHitAk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; mf;fiwiaAk; jw;rhHigAk; Kd;ndLg;igAk; Kaw;rpahz;ikiaAk; ,zq;FjpwidAk; Ntz;Ltd. nghJf;fy;tp ,g; gz;Gfisj; jd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mwpT> jpwd; cs;slf;fq;fisf;

4

jPHkhdpg;gjpy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikg;NghH mtw;iw kdjpw; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> mwpjw;fhf mwpntdtd;wp> Mw;wy; tpUj;jpia Nehf;fp jpirKfg;gl;ltuhfTk; nghUe;jpg;NghthuhfTk; MrpupaH ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifahd fy;tpr; Rikiaf; nfhz;buhJ> midj;Jf; fw;FQ; rpwhUk;> ve;jnthU Neuj;Jk; jkJ nrhe;jf; fw;wy; Njitfis milahsq;fhzTk; RarhHghff; fw;fTk; ty;Nyhuhf;Fjy; kPJ mOj;jk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw fw;FeUld; xj;Jiof;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; MHtj;ijAk;> fy;tp tskpf;NfhuhAk; Ra-tpopg;GilNahuhAk; ,Uj;jiyAk;> fw;wy; ,d;gj;ij mDgtpj;jiyAk; tpUj;jpnra;a xt;nthU ghlKk; ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

topfhl;Lq; Nfhl;ghLfs;

(m) gjpndl;L tajpw;Fl;gl;l xt;nthU kdpjUk; rpwhuhf tiuaWf;fg;gLtH. (M) rKjhaj;jpw;F fy;tpr; Nritfisj; jUk; gpujhd toq;FeH ghlrhiyahFk;@

,r; Nritfis xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhuJk; cupikahf mtHf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(,) cly;> cs> xOf;f> rka> r%f mstpy; rpwhupd; KO tsHr;rpia cWjpnra;AkhWk; Ruz;lypdpd;Wk; ghFghl;bdpd;Wk; mtHfisf; fhf;FkhWk;> muR rpwhupd; eyd;fis tpNrlf; ftdpg;Gld; Kd;Ndw;Wk;.

(<) cly;-cs KjpHr;rpapd;ik my;yJ khw;Wj; jpwDila vr; rpwhHf;Fk;> nghUj;jkhd rl;lg; ghJfhg;G cl;gl> rpwg;G fhg;gPLfSk;> mf;fiwAq; ftdpg;Gk;> Njit.

(c) mrhjhuzkhd fbd epiyfspy; thOk; rpwhHf;F tpNrl ftdpg;Gj; Njit. (C) rpwhupd; ftdpg;gpw;Fk; guhkupg;gpw;Fk; ghlrhiyfs; nghWg;Gilad. mit

ghJfhg;Gk; cly;eyKk; gw;wpa mbg;gil epakq;fl;F cld;gl ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(v) rpwhupd; kdjpy; Njrj;jpd; kPJk; rf gpuirfs; kPJk; md;ig cz;lhf;fp tsHj;jy; xt;nthU ngw;NwhNuh ghJfhtyuNjh flikAkd;wp xt;nthU ghlrhiyapdJq; flikAkhFk;.

(V) jd; cly;> cs> Md;kpf> xOf;f> r%f tpUj;jpf;Fg; Nghjpa tho;f;ifj; juj;jpw;F xt;nthU rpwhHf;Fk; cs;s cupikia muR Vw;fNtz;Lk;. ngw;NwhUk; ghJfhtyHfSk; ,t;Tupikiar; nraw;gLj;j cjTkhW> Fwpg;ghf Cl;lTzTk; cilfSk; jq;FkplKk; njhlHghfg; nghUSjtpAk; MjuTk; Njitg;gLkplj;J> muR cupa eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;.

(I) ehd;F Kjy; gjpdhW taJ tiuahd rpwhHf;Ff; fy;tp fl;lhakhdJ. xOq;fhd ghlrhiy tuit Cf;Ftpf;fTk; fy;tpia ,ilapw;-iftply; tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;fTk; cupa eltbf;iffisr; nraYWj;j Ntz;Lk;.

(x) rKjha eyd; fUjpr;> rpwhupd; kdpjf; fz;zpaj;Jf;F cld;ghlhfg;> ghlrhiyfspy; xOq;FKiw Ngziy cWjpnra;jw;fhd eltbf;iffs; midj;ijAk; muR vLf;fNtz;Lk;.

(X) taJ NtWghbd;wp xUtH milaf;$ba ngUksT juTfisAk; jftiyAk; cyfshtpa tiy (my;yJ ,izak;) toq;FfpwJ. cupa ghJfhg;GfSlDk; NjHe;njLj;Jk; ,izaj;ijg; ghtpf;fr; rpwhiuj; J}z;LtJ mtrpak;. cupa xOq;FWj;jy; mjpfhupfs; mjid cWjpnra;a Kay;ifapy;> ngw;NwhUk; MrpupaHfSk; mjw;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopYq; fy;tpAQ; rhHe;j ngWkjpAila tplaq;fs; ,ytrkhff; fpilah.

,ytrkhff; fpilg;gtw;wpy; 75%f;F Nkyhdtw;wpd; fy;tpg; ngWkjp mw;gkhdnjd kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwhHf;Ff; NfLk; Jd;gKe; jUk; tplaq;fSk; cs;sd@ tsHe;NjhH khj;jpuNk mtw;iw milAkhW fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

5

(xs) rpwhu;> nghUj;jkhd tpisahl;LfspYk; nghOJNghf;Fr; nray;fspYk; <Lglw;fhd; Xa;T Neuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cupikia muR mq;fPfupj;J epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk;@ gz;ghLk; fiyAQ; rhHe;j tho;tpaypy; rpwhH gq;Fnfhs;Sk; cupikia kjpj;J Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghLk; fiyAk; nghOJNghf;Fk; kdkfpo;Tk; nraw;ghLfl;fhd tha;g;Gfisg; ghlrhiyfs; xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhHf;Fk; nghUj;jkhfTk; rkkhfTk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(f) nghJf; fy;tp Kiwik> mYtyfq;fisAk; jpizf;fsq;fisAk; rl;lKiw mikg;GfisAk; ghlrhiyfisAk; nfhz;l gbepiy KiwikahFk;. vdpDk; mJ fy;tpaikr;rpw;F Neubahf cl;glhj> Mdhw; rpwhH eyDf;Fg; nghWg;ghd> gpw epWtdq;fSlDk; nraw;ghl;L mbg;gilj; njhlHGilaJ. vdNt fy;tp gw;wp mf;fiwAilNahH> nghUj;jkhd gpw Nrit toq;FeHfSlDk; njhlHG Ngzy; mtrpak;. vdNt> mthTk; ,Wjp tpisnghUs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; tpUj;jpahf Ntz;Lk;@ Mf;ftsKila nraw;ghl;il cWjpnra;Ak; rPuhd MNyhridg; nghwpKiwfSld;> cupa mYtyHfs; ju Nkk;gLj;jw; jpl;lq;fis ,yf;fhf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

(q) nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikf;F caHepiy KiwrhH fy;tpAila MrpupaHfSk; epUthfpfSk; Njit. rpwg;Gj; Jizr; Nritfisj; jUk; njhopy;El;gj; jifikfSilNahiuAk; mJ jd;dfj;NjAilaJ. gpw ahTk; Nghd;W> fy;tp KiwikAk; mjd; khztUk; mYtyHfSk; njhluhd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdpd;Wk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpdpd;Wk; ed;ikfhz Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaHfSk; epUthfpfSk; gpw mYtyHfSk; gythwhd #o;epiyfl;Fk; gpur;rpidfl;Fk; Nfhupf;iffl;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jj; jkJ flikfl;Fj; njhlHghd mDgtj;ijAk; Nkhd mwpitAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wdH. ,tw;iwr; rpe;jpf;fTk; Kf;fpakhdijg; gfpuTk; eilKiw Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; ghtpf;fTk; tha;g;Gfs; Njit.

(r) nghJf; fy;tp Kiw Nritahw;Wk; xt;nthU rpwhHf;Fk;> fy;tpg; ngWNgWfisAk; rhjidfisAk; jPHkhdpf;f cjTk; jdpj;Jtkhd xU njhFjp NjitfSk; mgpyhl;irfSk; ce;JiffSk; jdpg;gl;l R+o;epiyfSk; cz;L. ,yq;if murpayikg;G Ntz;LkhW> vy;yhr; rpwhUk; jkJ KO Mw;wiy vl;l ,aYkhf;FkhW> rpwhu; vt;tpj ghugl;rKkw;w fy;tpr; Nritiag; ngwNtz;Lk;.

(Q) MrpupaHfsJk; epUthfpfsJk; Nritf;F-Ke;jpa fy;tp> gpujhdkhf> Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspypUe;J MrpupaHfs; rpyH Neubahfg; gzpf;Fj; njupthfpwhHfs;. ,tHfs;> gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh gpd;dNuh> MrpupaH gzpf;Fj; njupthF Kd; Mrpupaupaw; gapw;rp ngWtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. toikahd nghJr; Nritapw; Nghd;Nw> cjtp mYtyHfSk; gzpf;Fj; njupthfpd;wdH. njhopy;El;gr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLNthH> cupa

Njrpa njhopw; jifik epiy (NVQ Level) ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;@ mj;Jld; ghlrhiy cgfuzq;fis epWtTk; ,af;fTk; NgzTk; ,aYkhf;f mtHfl;Fj; njhopw; gapw;rp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(l) ghlrhiyfs; ,yq;if gutYk; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;sjhy;> MrpupaHfs;> mjpgHfs;> cjtp mYtyHfs; MfpNahupd; njhluhd njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp> gutyhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfdg;> nghUj;jkhd trjpfSila

gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fs; mikf;fg;gLk;. (i) MrpupaHfspd; njhlH

njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;@ (ii) mjpgHfsJk; epUthfpfsJk; njhlH

njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;@ (iii) cjtp mYtyHfspd; njhlH

njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;@ (iv) Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfsJk; NritapYs;s MNyhrfHfsJk; njhlH njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;

6

Mfpa ehy;tif ikaq;fs; Njit. gzpahsHfs; ahtUk; Mz;Lf;F xUKiwNaDk; Gj;JzHT+l;ly; epfo;r;rpfspw; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,e; epfo;r;rpfs; ghlrhiy ehl;fhl;bapy; jlq;fy; Vw;gLj;jyhfhJ@ khwhf mtw;iw thu ,WjpapNyh tpLKiw ehl;fspNyh elj;jNtz;Lk;. ghlrhiyg; gzpahsHfspd; Nkyjpf Xa;TNeuj;ijf; fUjp> mtHfs; ghlrhiy tpLKiwf; fhyj;jpd; rpW gFjpapy; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;rhH nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLkhW Nfl;fg;gLtH.

nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;j Kd;nkhopAk; fl;likg;GfSk; rl;lthf;fKk;

fy;tpiaj; jdpj;Jf; fUjtpayhJ. cupa fy;tpaikr;RfspYk; fy;tp mYtyfq;fspYk; cs;s mYtyHfSk; epUthfpfSk;> mjpgHfSk; MrpupaHfSk; cjtp mYtyHfSk; mbg;gilapw; nghWg;GilNahuhapDk;> mtHfs; rKjhaj;Js; Jiwfl;fpilahd xU fl;likg;Gl; nraw;gLfpd;wdH. Rfhjhu mikr;rpy; cs;NshUk;> rpwhupd; eyDf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; tuTf;Fk; nghWg;GilNahUk; cl;glr;> rpwhH eyj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gpw mjpfhupfisAk;; mYtyHfisAq; nfhz;l xU $l;lhNdhUld; mtHfs; njhlHG g+z;L> ,ize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. glk;-1,Ys;s Jz;l-tupg;glk;> ghlrhiyiaAk; mjd; rfy rf mikg;GfisAk; fhl;LfpwJ.

md;whlf; fy;tp epUthfj;jpdJk;> xd;wpizg;gpdJk; Kf;fpa ikakhff; Nfhl;lNk mikaNtz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ. xd;W my;yJ mjpf Nfhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l fy;tp tyaq;fisg; NgZk; jw;Nghija eilKiw> tpidj;jpwdhd xd;wpizg;Gf;Fj; jilahdJ. khwhff;> Nfhl;lj;jpYs;s midj;Jr; rpwhHfl;Fk; KOikahd-eykhd fy;tpia cWjpnra;AkhW> Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH> Nfhl;lr; nrayhsUlDk; Nfhl;lr; rpwhHg; ghJfhg;G mjpfhupfSlDk; rpwhH njhlHghd tfpghfKila gpw mYtyHfSlDk; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiy mjd; rKjhaj;jpd; fy;tpr; Nrit toq;FeuhFk;. mJ ngUksTk; murpd; epjp ngWfpwJ. Njrpa tuT-nryTj; jpl;lj;jpD}lhfg; nghJf;fy;tpf;F epjpia xJf;Fk; toikahd murhq;f eilKiw Vw;fj;jfhjJ. Vnddpy;> ghlrhiyfspy; Njitfs; vOk;NghJ Kfq;nfhLf;f ,ad;w nefpo;r;rpAk; Vw;Gj;jd;ikAk;

mjw;fpy;iy. Njrpa fy;tp tpUj;jp epjpak; xd;iw epWtp (NEDF) mgptpUj;jp epjp> ed;nfhilfs;> mwf;nfhil Mfpatw;wpd; nrytopahj gzk; mjpy; tuT ,lg;gLk;. nghJf; fy;tpf;fhf Njrpa nyhj;jH rigAk; ,Uf;Fk;. mjd; ,yhgk; mgptpUj;jp epjpaj;jpw; NrHf;fg;gLk;. ,e; epjpak;> trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jTk; fy;tp cgfuzq;fspd; nfhs;tdtpw;Fk; khw;wPl;bw;Fk; nray;Kiwf; fw;wYf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fl;Fk; njhlHe;J eilngWk; epWtd mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhff; NfhUk;NghJ> ghlrhiyfl;Fk; gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fl;Fk; Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfl;Fk; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;.

mjpgHfs;> jk; ghlrhiyfspd; tpidj;jpwdhd nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghWg;ghtH. kpifahd mYtyf vOj;Jg; gzpahNyh $l;lq;fl;Fr; r%fkspf;ff; fy;tp mYtyfq;fl;Fg; Nghf Ntz;LjyhNyh mtHfl;Fr; RikNaw;wyhfhJ. khjk; xU

Kiwf;F Nky; Nfhl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfj;jpw;Nfh (DEO) NtW fy;tp mYyfj;jpw;Nfh mtHfs; Nghfj; Njitapy;iy. mjpgupd; tfpghfk; fy;tpj; jiyikiaAk;

ghlrhiyAk; tFg;giwAk; Nghjpa tsq;fSld; cs;sdntd cWjpg;gLj;JkhW— midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfsJk; epjp toq;fypdJk; EZf;fq;fisj; jf;fgb ftdpf;Fk;

gzpg;ghsHfspd; MjuTld; —ghlrhiyg; gzpahsHfsJk; tsq;fsJk; KfhikiaAq; nfhz;lJ. mjpgHfSk; MrpupaHfSk; VNjd; NjitfUjpf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fl;Fr; nry;Yk; mtrpaj;ijj; jtpHf;fj; njhlHghly; trjpfs; vy;yhg;

7

ghlrhiyfspYk; ngwf;$badthapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e; Nehf;fpw;fhf> kpd;dZj; njhlHghliy midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspYk; mYtyfq;fspYk; cr;r tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. Nghjhj gzpahsH njhifAk; ,opthd cl;fl;likg;Gk; fy;tp tsg; gw;whf;FiwAKs;s ghlrhiyfis Mrpupa MNyhrfHfspd; cjtpAld; eilKiwnahOq;fpy; milahsq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. mYty;-Kiw myl;rpaj;jhy; eyf;Fiwtile;j ghlrhiyfs; Kd;Dupik ngw;W epthuzf; ftdpg;Gg; ngwNtz;Lk;.

Njrpag; ghlrhiyfsh khfhzg; ghlrhiyfsh vDk; NtWghbd;wpf;> Nfhl;lnkhd;wpy;

cs;s midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspd; epiyikfl;Fk; DEONt nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nfhl;lr; nrayfj;JlDk; cupa gpw mjpfhupfSlDk; ,ize;J> DEONt rpwhH eyDf;Fg; nghWg;ghdJ. ,e; Nehf;fpw;fhff;> fy;tpf; Nfhl;l vy;iyfis kPstiuaNtz;Lk;@ my;yJ> maypYs;s epUthff; Nfhl;lr; nrayhsHfSld; Neubj; njhlHGnfhs;Sk; milifiaAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUf;F toq;fpf; Nfhl;l epUthf vy;iyfl;Ff; FWf;fhd njhlHghly; jilfis ePf;fNtz;Lk;. mehtrpar; Rzf;fj;ijj; jtpHf;FkhW> Nfhl;lj;jpYs;s ,aw;nghUl; njhFjpfsJk; cgfuzq;fsJk; guhkupg;Gf;Fk; gOJghHj;jYf;Fk; njhlUk; Kd;Ndw;wYf;Fk;> ghlrhiyfl;Fk; gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fl;Fk; eilKiwnahOq;fpYk; miog;gpd; NghJk; nry;yf;$ba xU njhopy;El;g

mYtyiuAk; cjtpahsHfisAk; DEO nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gzpahsH mYty;fs; ahtw;iwAk; tyaj;jpw;Fl;gl;l fy;tpj; ju Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;

tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk; (ZEO) ftdpf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> ZEO> fy;tp mikr;rpd; ju

Kfhikj;Jt> Kd;Ndw;wg; gpupTlDk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;JlDk; (NIE) gy;fiyf;fofq;fSlDk; Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfSlDk; ,ize;J> mt;tt; tyaq;fspd; gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspd; KfhikiaAk; mtw;wpd;

njhlH Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; ftdpf;Fk;. ZEOf;fs;> ghlrhiyfspd; epiyikAk; nraw;ghLk; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gzpapYs;s MNyhrfHfs; %yk; jpul;b> mtrpakhd fzpg;gha;Tfis elj;jp> khfhz> kj;jpaf; fy;tp mikr;Rfl;fhf KiwrhH mwpf;iffisj; jahupj;Jj;> jk; tyaj;Jl; jPHf;f ,ayhj gpur;rpidfis rk;ge;jg;gl;l khfhz mjpfhuj;Jf;Fg; ghug;gLj;Jk;. tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfj;jpd; flikia> mjpgiuAk; MrpupaiuAk; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; tprhupj;jYf;Fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jyhfhJ. khwhfr;> rupg;gLj;jw; nraYf;fhd Neubahf <LghLk; gzpahf mJ tpupa Ntz;Lk;.

khfhzj;jpd; midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspYk; khztiur; NrHg;gJ gw;wpa mjpfhuj;ij khfhzf; fy;tp mYtyfk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ghlrhiyfl;Fr; Nritfis toq;Fk; nghWg;Gila midj;J epWtdq;fspdJk; caH kl;lg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; Mz;Lf;F Kk;Kiw> ghlrhiy tpLKiwapd;NghJ> khfhz kl;lj;jpy; kPsha;Tf; $l;lq;fis elj;jNtz;Lk;. jPuhJs;s> Nritfs; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfisAila ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgHfs;> $l;lk; eilngw Ie;J Ntiyehl;fs; Kd;ghf> mg; gpur;rpidfis vOj;J%yk; khfhzg; gzpg;ghsUf;Fj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ju Kfhikj;Jt> Kiwik tpUj;jpg; gpuptpd; Kd;nkhopTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> ghlrhiyfspd; tpUj;jpf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; ,f;$l;lk; ftdpf;Fk;. ,j;jifa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l ghlrhiy mjpgHfisf; $l;lj;Jf;F miof;fyhk;.

khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;Nr cupa khfhzj;jpy; MrpupaHfis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhu mikg;ghFk;. khfhzj;jpy; ghlrhiyfsJk; gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fsJk; fy;tp mYtyfq;fsJk; fl;Lkhdk;> mgptpUj;jp> ngupastpyhd kWrPuikg;G> cgfuz

8

toq;fy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd epjp xJf;fPl;ilAk; mikr;Nr Kd;nkhopAk;. nraw;gLj;jy;> xg;ge;jk;> nfhLg;gdT nra;jy; nghWg;Gfis mJ jd;tpUg;gpd; vy;yf;Fl;gl;Lg; gpwuplk; xg;gilf;Fk;.

filrpahf tiue;j tpupthd fy;tpr; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; gpd; epfo;e;j gy tpUj;jpfisf; fUjpg;> gj;jhz;Lfshfj; jahupg;gpypUe;j Gjpa fy;tpr; rl;lthf;fj;ijj; Jupjg;gLj;Jk; NjitAs;sJ. fy;tpr; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; gpd;tUkhW:

ghlrhiyia mjd; rKjhaj;jpd; rpwhupd; fy;tpr; Nrit toq;Feuhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jy;@

midj;Jg; nghJj; Jiw> jdpahH Jiw epWtdq;fisAk; 18 taJ tiuahd ,yq;ifr; rpwhuJk; ,isNahuJk; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; jdpg; Nghjidf;Fkhd KiwrhH> Kiwrhuh Vw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhfg; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikiag; gpufldg;gLj;jy;@

,r; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fl;fhf “khztH” vd;gij> vt; tifapYk; NkNy tiuaWj;j nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; Nritiag;ngWk; 4 Kjy; 18 taJ tiuahd xU ,yq;ifauhf tiuaWj;jy;@

gjtpePf;f kpul;lypd; fPo;> ghlrhiyfsJk; fy;tp mYtyfq;fsJk; MrpupaHfs;> mjpgHfs;> epUthfpfs;> Kfhikahshfs;@ khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;Rf;fsJk; fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; CopaHfs; MfpNahH ghlrhiyAld; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth njhlHGila mYty;fspy; vt;tif tzpf Cf;Ftpg;gpYk; murpaw; gpurhuj;jpYk; <LgLjiyj; jLj;jy;@

ghlrhiy epfo;r;rpNah rlq;Nfh vjpYk;> njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; ngaHFwpj;j mjpjpahfg; gq;Fgw;wiyj; jLj;jy;@

vg; ghlrhiyf;Fk; mjd; vg; gFjpf;Fk; vk; kdpjuJk; ngaH #l;liyj; jLj;jy;@

vt;tplj;jpNyDk; ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghLfisAk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; tzpf Cf;Ftpg;Gf;Fk; gpurhuj;Jf;Fk; ghtpg;gijj; jLj;jy;@

gue;Jgl;l r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghwg;Gf;$wiy cWjpnra;Ak; mwpf;ifapLk; nghwpKiwfisf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyr; rigfis xt;nthU ghlrhiyapYk;> cUthf;fTk; ,af;fTk; tifnra;jy;@

nghJf; fy;tp tpUj;jp epjpapd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; tifnra;jy;@

rpwhupd; ghJfhg;G> eyd;> cly;eyk; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; ghlrhiyapd; guhkupg;Gf;Fk; njhlH Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; Neubahfg; gq;fspf;Fk; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNaAs;s midj;J mjpfhuq;fsJk; Kftufq;fsJk; tfpghfq;fisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; flg;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; tiuaWj;J> Kd;ndLf;Fk; eltbf;iffspd; xUq;fpiritAk; r%fj;Jf;Fj; njuptpj;jiyAk; cWjpnra;Ak; nghwpKiwfis ,af;fy;@

ghlrhiyapd; fy;tpr; Nritr; nraw;ghLfs; njhlHghfg;> nghJf; fy;tp KiwikAs; ntt;NtW epWtdq;fsJk; mjpfhuq;fsJk; gjtpfsJk; tfpghfj;ijAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nfhz;LNrHf;fj; jf;ftw;iwAk; nghWg;GfisAk; tiuaWj;jy;@

Mz;nlhd;wpw; ghlrhiyfs; ,aq;fNtz;ba ehl;fspd; njhifiaAk; xl;Lnkhj;jg; nghJf;fy;tp ehl;fhl;bapw; jtizfshAk; tpLKiwfshAk; ,e; ehl;fspd; guk;giyAk; Fwpg;gply;@

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9

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10

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xU %Nyhghaj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupf;Fk;.

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11

khfhz rigfl;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;R

mikr;rH mikr;Rr; nrayhsH

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Cuhl;rpfs; AUTHORITIES

cly;ey mjpfhuq;fs; kpd; toq;fy; toq;fELECTRICITY

SUPPLY

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Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfs; MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfs;

gzpahsH tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;

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fl;blq;fs;

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Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rpAk; kjpg;gPLk; ikak;

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12

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mwpKfk;

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13

Mrpupaupd; juNk ngUk;ghYk; jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. ,r; nraw;ghl;il xOq;Ftpjpfshw; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhJ. fw;wy; MrpupauJk; tFg;gpYs;s khztHfsJk; MHtj;jpNyNa kpfj; jq;fpAs;sJ. fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL ntWkNd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtijg; gw;wpajhad;wpr;> rpf;fyhfptUk; r%fj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf tho mtrpakhd NjHr;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;tijg; gw;wpajhfpAs;s #oypy; ,J kpf Kf;fpak;.

jpl;lkpl;l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; nraw;gLj;jpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; mile;j fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Nila ghupa ,ilntsp ,Ug;gJ cz;ik. jpl;lkpl;l fiyj;jpl;lnkd;gJ kj;jpa nghWg;gjpfhupfs; gupe;Jiug;gJ. nraw;gLj;jpa fiyj;jpl;lk; tFg;giwapy; cz;ikahf eilngw;wJ. mile;j fiyj;jpl;lk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw; gq;Fnfhz;ljd; gadhff; fw;gtH ngw;wijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. gy;NtW FOf;fSk; Mizf;FOf;fSk; Kd;itj;j fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;G MNyhridfisg; guPl;rpj;jhy;> mit cd;djkhd MNyhridfshapDk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jypw; Fiwgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt gupe;Jiuf;Fk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jf;$baik gw;wpf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLNthH $ba ftdnkLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek; vy;iy fle;J ek;ikg; ghjpf;Fk; mwpT> njhopy;El;gk;> tzpfg; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs; ek;ik cyfshtpa jhf;fq;fl;F Mshf;fyhk; vd;gjhy; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; fhyj;jhy; khwhjpUf;f ,ayhJ. NkYk;> xU Njrkhf ekJ mgpyhl;irfSk; NjitfSk; ehk; fl;Lg;gLj;jtpayhj Gtpg;-gUtepiy khw;wq;fSk; jdpg;gl;l NjitfSk;> khWe; Njitfl;F vjpHtpidahw;wf; fy;tp Maj;jkhapUg;gij Ntz;Lfpd;wd. vdNt ,k; khw;wq;fl;F mikthff; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; fpukkhf kPsha Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW> fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpr; nraw;ghL> MrpupaHfsJk; gpw gaDupj;jhsHfsJk; xOq;fhd gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngWjiyAk;> NjitahdNghJ> Gjpa tpUj;jpfis cl;NrHjjiyAk; fsr; Nrhjpg;GfisAk; gupe;Jiufspd; Kw;whf;fiyAk; MrpupaHfisg; gapw;WjiyAk; ehLk; xU Row; nraw;ghlhfpwJ.

fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpg; Nghf;Ffs;

rkfhy cyfpy;> ehLfs;> cyfkakhjypdJk; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wq;fsJq; fl;lhaq;fs; ce;Jk; Njrpaf; fiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jOtpAs;sd. NkYk;> kf;fs; Ntiyf;fhfj; Njr vy;iy fle;J efHjyhy;> xg;gplj;jf;f rhd;wpjo;fisg; ngWkhW mtHfs; fl;lhag;gLfpd;wdH. ,J> rHtNjrj; juq;fl;F ,irthd Njrpag; guPl;irfis elj;j topnra;jJ. jkJ fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikf;fg;

ghlrhiyfl;Fr; Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;j If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (UK) Nghd;w ehLfs;> 1980k; Mz;by; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;F khwpd. cs;slf;fj;jpYk; juj;jpYk; Njrk;-gue;j xUrPHikia cWjpg;gLj;JkhW tbtikj;j nghJthd fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vdj; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLk;.

nry;tj;ij cUthf;fypy; mwpT mjpKf;fpa fhuzpahfpajhy; cyf ehLfs; ahTk; mwpT-mbg;gilr; r%fj;ij Nehf;fp efHfpd;wd. ,j; njhlHgpy;> kdpj ts tpUj;jp cw;gj;jpapd; kuGtop mk;rq;fis tpl mjpf Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sJ. fy;tpr; rhjidapy; caH juj;ij va;jj; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jiy xU %Nyhghakhfg; gy ehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. Nkw;fpYk; fpof;fpYk;> ngUk;ghyhd tpUj;jpngw;w ehLfs; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; NjHe;Js;sd. etPd fhyj; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;if Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

14

Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspy; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;NjhL cs;slf;fQ;rhH epakq;fSk; tpUj;jpahfpd;wd. ,e; epakq;fs;> vy;yh khztHfl;Fk; nghJthd vjpHghHg;Gj; njhFjp xd;iw toq;Ftjd; %yk;> vjpHghHg;Gfisj; njspTgLj;jp caHj;Jk; Nehf;Filad. xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghd epakq;fis tpjpj;jyhy;> epakq;fs; NkYk; tpupthfpd;wd. ghlg;gug;G xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; %Nyhghaq;fsJk; jftikg;Gf;fsJk; gpd;dzpj; jfty;fsJk; khjpupfis toq;Fk; ghlg;gug;Gf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lr; rl;ltuk;ig kj;jpa nghWg;gjpfhupfs; ghlrhiyfl;F toq;FtH. NkYk;> kj;jpa-kl;l kjpg;gPLfs; fiyj;jpl;l cs;slf;f epakq;fSld; rPuike;jpUf;Fk;. epakq;fis tpjpj;j gpd;> mg; gFjpf; fy;tpg; nghWg;gjpfhupfSk; ghlrhiyfSk; jkJ fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Nghjid epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Fwpj;j epakq;fl;Fr; rPuikf;Fk; Rje;jpuKilNahuhtH.

Muk;g epiyapw; nghJthd xd;wpize;j fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L> khztH fy;Y}up kl;lj;Jf;Fg; Nghtijnahl;bg; ghl mbg;gilahd rpwg;Gg; fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;Wf;Fg; gbg;gbahfg; efHtJ ,d;ndhU Nghf;fhFk;. Muk;g

xd;wpize;j fiyj;jpl;lk; gue;jstpy; nkhopfs; — jha;nkhopAk; xU may;

nkhopAk; — fzpjk;> mbg;gil tpQ;Qhdk;> RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;> mofpaw; fy;tp Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. rpy ehLfs; ghlhiyfspw; rkaf; fy;tp toq;Ffpd;wd@ NtW rpy mij me;je;j kjmikg;Gf;fs; toq;Fnkd vjpHghHf;fpd;wd. rpq;fg;G+H Nghd;w ehLfs; nkhopfs;> fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpw; $ba ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> mT];jpNuypah> kNyrpah> ,e;jpah Mfpad khdplf; fy;tpAk; r%f tpQ;QhdKk; cs;slq;fpa tpupthd fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw; ftdKilad. ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpy;> gpujhd ghlq;fspd; njhFjpAk; khztHfspd; Mw;wfspy; jq;fpAs;s ghlj;njupTk; cs;sd. ,t;tifapy; ,yq;if gpw ehLfs; gpd;gw;Wk; Nfhyj;jpypUe;J NtWgltpy;iy.

vjpHfhyj; Njitfis vjpHnfhs;Sk; jpwd;fspd; tpUj;jp mwpT toq;fypDk; Kjd;ikngWfpwJ. ,g; Nghf;F> njhopy;El;gr;nrwpthdnjhU cyfpw; gpioj;jpUf;f>

tpupe;j “21k; E}w;whz;Lj; jpwd;fspd;” njhFjpnahd;iwg; ghlrhiyfs; khztHf;F toq;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jthsHfis thjplj; J}z;baJ. vdpDk;> ,j; jpwd;fs; vitnadj; jPHkhdpg;gJ rthyhdJ. nkd;jpwd;fs;> tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fs;> njhopy;tha;g;Gj; jpwd;fs;> kdpjHf;fpilapyhd jpwd;fs;> njhopw;gilj; jpwd;fs;> GyDzHTrhuhj; jpwd;fs; Mjpadthf mit tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j; njhlHgpy;> Kd;Ndwpa ehLfs; gytw;wpw; NjHr;rp-mbg;gilf; fiyj;jpl;lq;fs; NjHthag;gLfpd;wd.

tFg;giwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsUQ; nry;thf;F NkYnkhU Nghf;fhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzdpg; ghtidAk; nka;epfH tFg;giwfSk; ,izag; ngWtopAk; mwptpd; ngWtopia mbg;gilapy; khw;Wfpd;wd. KiwrhH tFg;giwf; fw;wiy kl;Lkd;wp tFg;giwf;F ntspNa Kiwrhuhf; fw;wiyAk; njhopy;El;gk; vspjhf;FfpwJ.

Kd;Nghyd;wp> MrpupaHfSk; ghlrhiyfSNk mwpit toq;FNthuy;y. rpwhu; jkJ md;whl tho;Tr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJk; tplhJ fw;fpd;wdH. ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk; r%fj; njhlHGfspdpd;Wk; rf khztHfsplkpUe;Jk; Clfq;fspdpd;Wk; Rw;whlypy; ,aq;Fk; gpw jhf;fq;fspdpd;Wk; mtHfs; fw;fpd;wdH. ngupJk; KiwrhuhJ epfOk; ,k; Nkhdf; fw;wy; tFg;giwapd; xOq;Fgl;l fw;wypDk; mjpf gad;ghLilaJ. fw;wiy ,l;Lepug;gg; gaDwg; ghtpf;ff;$ba ,f; fhuzpfisf; fiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;ghsHfs; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

15

,yq;ifapw; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpg; gpur;rpidfs;

1960fs; njhl;L ,yq;if fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpapw; ngUq; ftdq; fhl;LfpwJ. fy;tp gw;wpa rpwg;Gf; FO mwpf;ifAk; (1943) mjp nghUj;jkhd fiyj;jpl;lr; rPuikg;Gfis Kd;nkhope;Js;sJ. fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp ikaj;ij epWtpaik fy;tpj; ju caHT Nehf;fpa efHtpy; xU jpUk;Gfl;lkhFk;. mt;Ntis> ,J Mrpa ehLfspilNa xU Kd;khjpupahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld;>

fw;ifnewp-topfhl;bfs;/ MrpupaH-mwpTWj;jw;-ifNaLfs; (TIM)> tsE}y;fs;> ghlE}y;fs; vd;gdTk; MrpupaHfl;Fg; gadspj;jd. NritapYs;s MNyhrfHfisf;nfhz;l gutyhd tiyg;gpd;dY}L> njhlH nraw;ghl;Lld;> MrpupaHfisg; Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw; gapw;wYk; MrpupaHfspd; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gadspj;Js;sJ. ju caHTf;F ,j;jid MjuT mikg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;Jk;> tFg;giwf; fw;wy; gioa kuGrhH mwpT toq;fy; khjpupapdpd;W kpf khwtpy;iy. khztHfs;> guPl;irapy; caH juq;fisg; ngWkhW> guPl;irapy; kPsj; jUjw;fhfNt cz;ikfisf; fw;f Kidfpd;wdH. ,t;tifapYk; guPl;irg; ngWNgWfs; Cf;fkspf;ftpy;iy. nghJg;

guPl;irfspw; rpj;jp tPjk; 60% kl;by; cs;sJld; 11 tUlg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;Fg;

gpd;Dk; khztHfspw; fzprkhNdhH G.C.E. (O-L) guPl;irapy; vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk; jtWfpd;wdH. Ntiyj;jyq;fs; Ntz;Lk; mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfisf; fy;tp Kiwik toq;Ftjpy;iy vdj; njhopy;jUeHfs; Kiwg;gLfpd;wdH. mNj Ntis> ngw;NwhUf;Fr; nrytpdkhd xU tplakhfTk; rpwhupd; Foe;ijg;gUt kfpo;Tf;F xU jilahfTk;> KiwrhH ghlrhiyfl;Fr; rkhe;jukhfj;> jdpahH Nghjidj; njhopy; tpUj;jp ngw;Ws;sJ. rpwhupd; nghOJNghf;F Ntis> ,ilQ;ryhd> mNefkhfr; r%ff;Nflhd jhf;fKila> jdpahH Nghjid epWtdq;fspw; fopfpwJ. khztHfs; jkJ cly;> MSik tpUj;jpfl;F Ntz;ba clw;gapw;rpfspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; mupjhfNt <LgLfpd;wdH. r%fj;jpy; xOf;fj; juq;fspd; rupTk; fy;tp KiwkPJ goptpOk; ,d;DnkhU mk;rkhfTs;sJ. ntt;NtW ,d> kjf; FOf;flfpilNa mtek;gpf;ifAk; Gupe;JzHtpd;ikAk; Njrpa> r%f xUq;fpiztpd; FiyTf;F topNfhypAs;sd. Nkhjy;fspd; jPHT> [dehaf newpfspd; mbg;gilapy; rkurk; va;JkhW fye;jhag;gLtjpy;iy. eykhd tho;T gw;wpa mwptPdj;jhy; njhw;whNeha;fsJk; mOj;jq; fhuzkhd cstpay;-r%f Neha;fsJk; epfo;T $bAs;sJ. ,g; gpur;rpidfs; ahtw;iwAk; NkNy Muha;e;j ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ Rkj;j ,ayhjhapDk;> ,r; nry;thf;Ff;fspd; ghjpg;igf; Fiwf;f mJ jd; topapw; gq;fspf;f ,aYk;. NkNy Muha;e;j ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lf; FiwghLfs; rpyTk; mtw;wpd; jPHTfSk; fPOs;sd.

fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpr; nra;Kiwapd; gpur;rpidfs; fiyj;jpl;lr; Rw;wpd; fhyk; fiyj;jpl;lr; Rw;W vl;L tUlq;fs; ePbf;Fnkdj; jw;Nghija Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lf; nfhs;if tpjpf;fpwJ. mjw;fikaj; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; vl;L tUlq;fl;F xUKiw jpUj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,f; fhupak; ghupa Ntiyr;Rik nfhz;lJ. mjw;Fj;> jw;Nghija fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; rhjf ghjfq;fis Muha;e;J MrpupaHfspd; gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngw;W midj;Jg; gaDupj;jhsHfspd; fUj;JfisAq; fzpg;gpw;nfhz;L fiyj;jpl;l tpjpg;Gfs;> ghltpjhdk;> MrpupaH mwpTWj;jw; ifNaLfs;> ghlE}y;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahupj;J> Kd;Ndhb mbg;gilapy; xU gupNrhjidia elj;jpj;> jpUj;jpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij toq;FkhW MrpupaHfis xOq;fikf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ Neu tiuaiwfshy; mj;jpahtrpkhd ,g; gbfspw; rpy jtWfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf Kd;Ndhbg; guPl;ir epfo;jy; mupJ. mijtpl> ,j; jpUj;jq;fs; ghl

16

tplaj;jpw; ngUk;gFjpiag; ghjpf;ftpy;iy. vdNt cz;ikapy; elg;gJ xU “xl;L

Ntiy” kl;LNk. vdNt fiyj;jpl;lr; rPHjpUj;jj;ijg; gj;J tUlq;fl;F xUKiw Nkw;nfhs;SkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. mwpT Ntfkhf tsHtjhy; Gjpa mwpitf; fiyj;jpl;lj;Js; ,izf;fNtz;Lk;. mwpTg; gfpHjy; nghwpKiwfshYk; tiyaikg;ghf;fyhYk; MrpupaHfl;F ,w;iwg;gl;l mwpit toq;fp ,e;j ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jyhk;. fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp mwpT khw;wk;@ r%fj;jpdJk; njhopw;WiwapdJk; Njitfs;@ cyfshtpa> cs;ehl;Lr; nry;thf;Ffs;@ njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghLfs;@ nghUshjhu> murpay; fl;lhaq;fs;@ Rw;whly; khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpw;nfhs;Sk; njhlHr;rpahd xU nra;KiwahFk;. vdNt> nraw;gLj;JNthuplKk; eydilNthuplKk; gpw gaDupj;jhsHfsplKkpUe;J gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngw;W> mwptpYk; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; epfOk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fisj; njhlHe;J Nehf;fpr;> Rw;wha;TfspYk; Muha;r;rpfspYk; Gj;jhf;fq;fspYk; <LgLk; xU ftdkhd tfpghfk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp ty;YeHfl;F cz;L. fiyj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk; kpFjpahd cs;slf;fj;jhy; fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifahfr; RikNawpajhf neLq;fhykhfg; nghJ Kiwg;ghLz;L. xU tUlj;Jf;F xt;nthU juj;Jf;Fk; tpjpj;j xt;nthU ghlf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Kbg;gJ ,ayhjJ. ,J MrpupaHfisAk; khztHfisAk; ngw;NwhiuAk; mjpfupf;Fk; mOj;jj;Jf;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jd; gadhf> khztHfs; Maj;jkw;Nwhuhfg; nghJg;guPl;irfl;F Kfk;nfhLf;fj; jdpahH Nghjid epiyaq;fis ehLfpd;wdH. ,t; tpkHrdj;jpdpd;W fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpLtpf;Fk; mz;ika Ma;T Kaw;rpfs; Njhw;wd. juq;fl;Ff; FWf;fhd cs;slf;fg; guk;gy; xUrPuw;wJ. ve;jnthU juj;jpYk; ghlq;fspd; cs;slf;fq;fspilNa Nkw;FtpTs;sJ. fpilahAk; epiyf;Fj;jhAk; fiyj;jpl;l xd;wpizTf;Ff; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpahsHfs; cupa ftdk; nrYj;jhikNa ,jd; fhuzkhFk;. Njrpa ,yf;FfisAk; mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfisAk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilahf;fy;

NECapd; (1992k; Mz;bd;) KjyhtJ mwpf;ifAk; 2003k; Mz;by; te;j mjd;

jpUj;jKk; $Wk; Njrpa ,yf;FfSk; mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfSk; fiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;Gf;Fupa mbg;gilfisj; jUfpd;wd. vdpDk;> jw;Nghija fiyj;jpl;lk; mtw;iwg; NghjpasT gpujpgypf;ftpy;iy. cjhuzkhf> KjyhtJ ,yf;fhd Njrpa xUq;fpizit Cf;Ftpj;jy; If;fpag;gl;l ehl;ilf; fl;l mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vdpDk;> mJ ,g;Nghija fiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}lhfg; nghUj;jkhd rfy fw;wy; epiyikfspD}Lk; Nghjpastpw; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gltpy;iy. xt;nthU ghl cs;slf;f mk;rj;ijAk; fw;gpj;jy; epiyikiaAk; xU my;yJ gy Njrpa ,yf;FfSld; Kiwahfj; njhlHGgLj;j NkYk; ed;F KayNtz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpahsHfs; tpUk;gj;jf;f NjHr;rpfis khztH kdjpw; gjpg;gij tpl mtHfl;F mwpT toq;FtjpNyNa $ba mf;fiwAld; cs;sdH. rpf;fyhd etPd r%fj;jpy; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jpahtrpakhd nkd;jpwd;fis Kiwahd fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fspD}L khztH kdjpw; gjpf;f KbAk;. ,J Nghjpa Kf;fpak; ngwtpy;iy.

ew;gz;Gfis kdjpw; gjpj;jy; fy;tpapd; xU Kf;fpakhd Fwpf;NfhshFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> rkfhy ,yq;ifr; rKjhaj;jpy; Jupjkhd kdpj tpOkpag; gz;Gr; rPHFiyTf;Fr; rhd;WfSs;sd. ,ijj; jLf;ff;> $wtpUk;Gk; nra;jpia toq;FkhW nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfSld; cs;slf;fj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;> md;whl tho;Tf;Fg; gaDs;s rka tpOkpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;> jdpg;gl;l elj;ijAk; tpOkpaq;fSk;

17

njhlHghd gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; fye;JNgr NeuKk; tha;g;Gk; mspj;jy; Nghd;w cupa gupfhuq;fSld; fiyj;jpl;lk; gpur;rpidf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> Ngzf;$ba tpUj;jpiaAk; mUfptUk; tsq;fspd; rpf;fdkhd ghtidiaAk; eykhd tho;Tf;Fk; MSik tpUj;jpf;Fk; cfe;j nraw;ghLfSk; jpwikfSk; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfisAk; fiyj;jpl;lk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;Nghija ghltpjhdq;fSk;> MrpupaH mwpTiu topfhl;bfSk; ghlE}y;fSk; ,tw;iwg; Nghjpastpw; ifahSfpd;wd. fiyj;jpl;l Mtzkhf;fw; FiwghLfs; fy;tpr; nraw;ghL gw;wp MrpupaUf;F topfhl;Ljw;F cupa ftdpg;gpw;Fg; gjpyhf>

kpifahd cs;slf;f tptuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; TIMfspd; xU FiwghlhFk;.

TIMfspy; kpifahd tptuq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; MrpupaHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpg;ghHfs;.

NkYk;> jkJ mwpitf; Fiwepug;Gk; tplaq;fisg; ngw> TIMfis tpl NtW %yq;fisAk; ghtpf;FkhW MrpupaHfs; vjpHghHf;fg;gbDk;> mtHfs; mijj;

jtpHf;fpd;wdH. TIMfs;> jfty; tsq;fshf kl;Lkd;wp> fw;gtUf;Fg; ghlj;ijr; Ritahf;FtJ vt;thW vd;gjw;Fk; vj;jifa nray;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; ,aYkhdit vd;gjw;Fk; fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfs; vt;thW NjHr;rpfisg; ngw ,aYkhf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjw;Fk; eilKiw topfhl;bahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlE}y;fl;Fk; TIMfl;Fkpilapy; nghUj;jkpd;ik ,d;ndhU FiwghlhFk;. ,g;

nghUj;jkpd;ik tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;bw;Ff; NfL tpisf;fpwJ. TIMf;Fk;

ghlE}y;fl;Fk; cs;s mg;gl;lkhd NtWghLfs; TIM,d; cs;slf;fj;ijg;

Gwf;fzpj;J khztHfs; trKs;s ghlE}y;fisg; ghtpf;FkhW MrpupaHfis tw;GWj;Jfpd;wd. NkYnkhU NfL Vnjdpy;> cs;slf;fj;jpd; nry;Ygbahd %yk; gw;wpa Fog;gj;jhy;> MrpupaHfSk; khztHfSk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpj;

jtwhf topelj;jg;gLjyhFk;. ,t;thW> MrpupaHfs; TIMI Kf;fpakw;wjhff;

fUJtjd; tpisthf cs;shw;wypw; ngWkjpahd xU tsk; tPzhfpwJ.

eilKiwapYs;s NjHr;rp--mbg;gilf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;> xt;nthU ghlj;

Jiwf;Fkhd TIMfspy; khztupd; KOikahd tpUj;jp Nehf;fpw; ghlq;fisr;

nrYj;Jkhwhd njhopy;tha;g;Gj; NjHr;rpfl;Fk; fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfl;Fk; njspthd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; ,y;iy. vdNt> NjHr;rp--mbg;gilf; fiyj;jpl;lk; jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila vt;thW nraw;gLj;jg; ngWfpwnjd;W MrpupaHfSk; Nkw;ghHitg; gzpahsHfSk; Kw;whf czuhJs;sdH.

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; (DEP) epakpj;j FOf;fs; ghlE}y;fis

vOJfpd;wd. toikahf xt;nthU FO cWg;gpdUf;Fk; xU my;yJ ,U mj;jpahaq;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dH mj;jpahaq;fis xd;WNrHj;Jg; ghlE}y; Mf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; gadhfg;> ghlE}ypd; xl;Lnkhj;jj; juj;Jf;Fk; mjpYs;s jfty;fspd; nrk;ikf;Fk; vtUk; nghWg;ghapd;wp> E}ypy; ,irtpizT ,y;yhkw;NghfpwJ. vdNt> ghlE}ypd; ,irtpizTf;Fk; nrk;ikf;Fk; nghWg;ghd gpujk MrpupauhfTk; nraw;gLk; xU FOj;jiytHf;Fj; NjitAs;sJ.

glq;fSk; ghlE}ypd; tbtikg;Gk; NghjpasT ctg;ghf ,y;iy. glk; vd;gJ ntWk; NrHf;ifay;y@ mJ cs;slf;fj;jpd; tpyf;ftpayhj mj;jpahtrpaf; $whFk;. ghlE}ypd; mikg;G rpwg;ghw;wYila njhopy;ty;Yeupd; nraw;ghL. mij cupathW mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. gf;f mikT khztHfs; cs;slf;fj;ij thrpf;f

18

topfhl;LtNjhL fw;wYf;Fk; cjtNtz;Lk;. ,e;j topfhl;ly;> Mrpupaupd; Kaw;rpiaf; Fiwepug;gp khztH jdJ Ntfj;jpy; $ba tpisgaDld; fw;f ,aYkhf;FfpwJ.

,g;Nghija Vw;ghl;by;> ghl E}iyr; rpq;fsj;jpy; vOjpg;> gpd;G mijg; ghlj;jpw; rpwg;Gg; Gyikaw;w nkhopj; jpwDilNahH jkpOf;Fk; Mq;fpyj;Jf;Fk; nkhopngaHf;fpd;wdH. mjd; gadhf E}y;fspd; jkpo;> Mq;fpy tbtq;fspw; gy gpiofs; cs;sd. E}iy Kjypy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpg; gpd;dH %d;W nkhopfl;Fkhd jdpj;jdpg; ghlE}w; FOf;fl;F toq;fpg; ghlE}y; tiuTfis xNu fhyj;jpy; Maj;jg;gLj;JkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. %d;W tiuTfisAk; cs;slf;f epGzHfisf;nfhz;l gy;gz;ghl;Lf; FOf;fs; rPuha Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiyf; fhy ePl;rp Vwj;jho vy;yh ehLfspYk; nghJf;fy;tpf; fhyk; 12 Kjy; 13 Mz;LfshFk;. rpwhH xUtH jdJ 5tJ my;yJ 6tJ tajpy; ghlrhiyapy; NrHfpwhH. jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; 5-Mz;L Muk;gf; fy;tpiaAk; 4-Mz;L ,ilepiyf; fy;tpiaAk; 4-

Mz;L Nky;epiyf; fy;tpiaAk; (G.C.E. O-L— 2; G.C.E. A-L— 2) nfhz;l 13

Mz;Lg; ghlrhiyf;fhyKs;sJ. xU juj;jpYk; jtwhJ fy;tpiaj; njhlUk; xU

khztH 19 taJ jhz;bg; ghlrhiy ePq;FthH. tFg;giwfs; ,d;ikahy; G.C.E. O-

L guPl;irapd; gpd;dH khztHfs; Fiwe;J 6 khjNkDk; G.C.E. A-L tFg;Gfl;Ff; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; mtHfs; KjpH gUtj; njhlf;fkhd 18 taJ tiu ghlrhiyapypUf;ff; fl;lhag;gLfpd;wdH.

,e; epiyikfspy; khztH xUtH 20 my;yJ 21 tajpy; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh caHfy;tp epWtdj;jpNyh NrHe;J 24 my;yJ 25 tajpy; ntspNaWthH. thypgj;jpd; mjprpwe;j Mz;Lfs; ghlrhiyapy; tPzhfpd;wd. vdNt ghlrhiyf; fhyj;ij 12 Mz;Lfshff; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ. Kd; ,ilepiyf; fhyj;jpw; nrythFk; 4 Mz;Lfis vspjhf 3 Mz;Lfshff; Fiwf;fyhk;. mwpT Jupjkhf khwp ehl;gl;ljhtjhy;> khztHfs; kPJ jftw; Rik Vw;w KidAk; ghlrhiyfs; ,dpj; Njitapy;iy. fw;wYf;fhd Mw;wiy tpUj;jpnra;tNj Njit. vdNt Kd;,ilepiyf; fl;lj;ij Xuhz;lhy; Fiwj;Jg; ghlrhiyf; fhyj;ij 12 Mz;Lfshff; Fiwf;fyhk;.

G.C.E. O-L guPl;ir Kbe;J G.C.E. A-L tFg;Gfs; njhlq;Fk;tiuapYk; G.C.E. A-L guPl;irf;Fk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw; NrHtjw;Fk; ,ilapYk; cs;s ePz;l

,ilntspfisf; Fiwf;FkhW guPl;ir ehl;fhl;biaj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. G.C.E. O-L

guPl;irg; ngWNgWfisj; jw;NghjpDk; xU khjk; Ke;jp ntspapl;L G.C.E. A-L

tFg;Gfis cldLj;Jj; njhlq;fp G.C.E. A-L guPl;iria Kd;nfhzHtjhy;

caHfy;tpf;Nfh njhopYf;Nfh fhj;jpUf;Fk; nkhj;jf; fhyj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;. fhy ml;ltiz ,Wf;fkhfj; njupe;jhYk;> etPd njhopy;El;gg; ghtidahYk; fhy ml;ltiziaf; fz;bg;ghff; filg;gpbg;gjhYk; fye;jha;Tj; jhs;-jpUj;jyhYk; ,J ,aYk;. Njitf;Nfw;g fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F Nkyjpf CopaHfisAk; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; toq;FtJ ngWk;.

ghlq;fspd; cs;slf;fKk; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; xd;wpizg;Gk; ghlrhiyf; fhyk; 12 Mz;LfnsdTk; mij Muk;g> ,isa ,ilepiy> %j;j ,ilepiy vd %d;W fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; NkNy Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.

19

Muk;gf; fl;lk; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> fy;tpapd; ,ilepiyf; fl;lq;fisj; njhlur; rpwhHf;F cWjpahd xU mj;jpthuj;ij mikj;jyhFk;. mjw;fika> ,J rpwhH ikakhAk; nray; mbg;gilapYk; cs;sJ. jw;NghJ> 5-Mz;L Muk;gf;fy;tp %d;W Kf;fpa fl;lq;fspy; cs;sJ. juq;fs; 1>2: Kf;fpa fl;lk; 1@ juq;fs; 3>4: Kf;fpa fl;lk; 2@ juk; 5: Kf;fpa fl;lk; 3.

Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; %d;W fw;ww; ghq;Ffs; cs;sd: tpisahl;L> nraw;ghL> Nkirg; gzp. %d;whe; juj;jpy; KiwrhH fw;wy; njhlq;Ftjhy;> mJ khw;wj;Jf;fhd xU Mz;lhf mikaNtz;Lk;. rpwhHfisg; gbg;gbahf KiwrhH fw;wYf;Fg; gof;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW kPsikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

juq;fs; 1> 2 – Kf;fpa fl;lk; 1

juk; 3 – Kf;fpa fl;lk; 2

juq;fs; 4> 5 – Kf;fpa fl;lk; 3

tpUj;jp kl;lq;fl;fikaj;> juq;fs; 1>2,y; rpwhu; gpujhdkhf tpisahl;bYk; nraw;ghl;bYk; <LgLtH. juk; 3,y;> %d;W fw;ww; ghq;Ffl;fpilapYk; rkepiy ,Uf;Fk;. juq;fs; 4>5,y; fw;wy; mZFKiwfshf Nkirg; gzpAk; nraw;ghLk; $bastpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

jha;nkhop> fzpjk;> Rw;whly;-rhH nraw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;Wld; gpw ghlq;fs; xd;wpize;j ehd;F Kf;fpa ghlq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. xUtH jfty;fisg; ngwTk; jHf;fuPjpahfTk; Mf;fkhfTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; tpsq;fTk; Ngr;R> vOj;J> nrhw;rhuh njhlHghly;fspw; gaDwg; gq;Nfw;fTk; tpdhf;fis mikf;fTk; tpdhf;fl;F tpiljuTk; jfty;fisj; NjlTk; xOq;FgLj;jTk; kjpg;gplTk; ghtpf;fTkhd toptifahf nkhop cs;sJ. rpwhu;> Kd;dhuk;gf; fl;lj;jpy;> nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzTk; jlq;fypd;wp thrpf;fTk; tpdhf;fl;F tpiljuTk; ,ad;Nwhuhfj; Njitahd xypapay; czHepiyNahLk; nrhy;yhw;wy;> vz;zf;fUthf;f tpUj;jp> tpsf;f> rpe;jid> tprhuiz Mw;wy;fNshLk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpwhH Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpd; caH juq;fis milAk;NghJ KiwrhH nkhopahw;wy;fs; tYg;gLk;.

nrhy;topj; jfty;fs; %yk; kl;Lkd;wpg; glq;fisAk; tiuglq;fisAk; FwpaPl;L> cUt tbtq;fisAk; fzpaj; juTfisAk; nfhz;L kf;fs; njhlHghl Ntz;baikia mwpTrhH r%fk;> cyfkakhjy; vDk; fUj;Jfs; Fwpf;fpd;wd. vdNt> ajhHj;jj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; NkYs;s midj;J tbtq;fisAk; nfhz;l cs;slf;fk; KiwrhH fy;tp ngWk; rpwhnuhUtHf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhopiag; Nghw;> fzpjKk; rpwhupd; jHf;fKiwr; rpe;jidiaiaAk; gFj;jwpAk; Mw;wiyAk; tsHf;Fk; ghlf; fUtpahFk;. etPd r%fj;jpd; tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;gr; #oiy tpsq;ff; fzpjg; gbg;gwpT mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. md;whl eltbf;iffl;Fg; gad;gLk; mbg;gilr; nray;Kiwfisg; Gfl;Ltjpy; MrpupaHfspd; gpujhd ftdq; Ftptjhy; fzpjk; mYg;G+l;Lk; xU ghlkhfptUfpwJ. cyfkakhd #oypy;> nka;ahd md;whlg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHf;fTk; gaDwg; gFj;jwpaTk; jHf;fuPjpad KbTfis vLf;fTk; khztHfl;F ,YkhapUf;fNtz;Lk;. fzpj Nkijfisf; nfhz;l rpwpanjhU rhd;NwhH Fohkd;wpf; fzpjj;NjHr;rp ngw;w KO vjpHfhyj; jiyKiwfNs ehl;Lf;Fj; Njit. midj;J khztHfSk; fzpjq; fw;f ty;NyhUk; fw;f Ntz;bNahUk; vDk; juT thrfj;ijf; fw;gpg;NghH Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. mij va;j> mg; ghlj;jpy; khztHfs; cw;rhfKk; mf;fiwAk; cilNahuhFk; xU fw;ww; #oy;

20

Njit. jfty;fis kddk; nra;jw;F khwhf> vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fw;f khztHfl;F ,ayNtz;Lk;. fUj;Js;s gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjpy; <LgLtJld;> xUtuplkpe;J ,d;ndhUtH fw;Fk; $l;LwT mikg;gpy; mtHfs; ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fis tho;tpd; xU gFjpahf;FkhW> mtw;iw md;whlr; nraw;ghLfspw; fye;JiuahLtJld;> ntWk; ngd;rpy; fljhrpg; guPl;irfl;F khwhfg; gd;Kf kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; gad;gl Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaHfl;F khztH gw;wp NkYk; caHthd vjpHghHg;Gfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,t; tpjpfis Kjyhe; juj;jpypUe;J ,ilepiyf; fy;tp kl;lk; tiu khztHfspd; juj;jpw;fikag; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.

Rw;whly;-rhH nraw;ghLfspd; (ERA) fPo;> tpQ;QhdKk; njhopy;El;gKk;> r%ff;

fy;tp> RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;> mofpay; Mfpad tpupthf cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. xd;wpize;j NgRnghUs; mZFKiwiia MrpupaH gpd;gw;wr; rPupanjhU tha;g;ig ,J toq;FfpwJ. ,jdhw; fw;wy; rpwhHf;Ff; fUj;Jr;nrwpTilajhfpwJ. Rw;whly;> tho;f;ifr; nraw;ghLfs;> capupdq;fs;> jputpaq;fs;> ,ay;Gfs;> ,aw;nghUl; nraw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;fTk; tpQ;Qhd tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jTkhd jpwd;fs; kPJ mOj;jk; Ntz;Lk;.

kjj;ij kjQ;rhHe;j xUtH fw;gpf;fpwhH. fw;gpj;jy; kjf;Nfhl;ghLfisAk; rka eilKiwfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhapDk;> vy;yh kjq;fspd; Nehf;fKk; newpKiwahd tho;f;ifg; ghzpia Cf;Ftpg;gNj vd;gjhy;> rpwhupd; kdjpy; ey;y tpOkpaq;fisg; gjpf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;. gy;-gz;ghl;Lg; gd;ikj;Jtg; gpd;dzpapy;> Vw;fj;jf;f elj;ijiaf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; kf;fs; xU nghJg; gz;ghl;Lf;F ,zq;fNtz;Lk;. ,J ey;ypzf;fj;Jf;Fk; Kuz;fspd; jPHTf;Fk; cfe;jJ. ,jw;fhd fw;gpj;jy; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpypUe;J njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;ghl;L-mbg;gilg; Ngr;R Mq;fpyk; (ABOE) juk; 1,y; njhlHghlYf;fhf

mwpKfkhfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; juk; 3,y; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (jkpo; khztHfl;Fr; rpq;fsKk; rpq;fs khztHfl;Fj; jkpOk;) gw;wpa nfhs;if Vnjdpd;> mijj; jfty; njhlHghlYf;fhfj; juk; 3,y; mwpKfkhf;fp juk; 6,ypUe;J Kiwrhuf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FtjhFk;.

,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; rpwhH jkf;F Ntz;ba ftdpg;igAk; md;igAk; jkJ ngw;Nwhuplk; vy;yhtplj;Jk; ngWtjpy;iiy vd;w ajhHj;jj;ijf; fUjp Muk;gf; fl;l Mrpupaupd; tfpghfj;ij kPs;Nehf;fp kPs tiuaWf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> topfhl;lYk; MNyhrid $wYk; fw;gpj;jypy; mjp Kf;fpakhdit. Kf;fpa fl;lk; 1,d; ,Wjpastpy; rpwhuidtUk; fw;f Cf;fKilNahuhAk; FOf;fshfg; gzpahw;w ,irTilNahuhAk; vz; Mw;wYk; vOj thrpf;fj; jpwDk; ngw;NwhuhAk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpy; khztHfs; xd;wpize;j fiyj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J ghl-mbg;gilf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. Kd;dH gupe;Jiuj;jthW ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; jw;Nghija 4 Mz;Lfl;Fg; gjpyhf 3 Mz;Lfshtjhy;> ghlg;gug;ig mjw;fikaj; jpUj;jNtz;Lk;. ,f; fl;lj;jpYk;> mofpay; Jiwapy; njupTfSld; nghJthd fiyj;jpl;lk; njhlUk;. ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpNyNa xU khztH kdpj mDgtq;fspd; nrOikAk; tiffSk; gw;wpAk; eykhd tho;f;if> Ntiyg; gof;fq;fspd; Kf;fpak; gw;wpAk; $upa mofpay; czHT gw;wpAk; tpopg;GWtJld; Nkhjyw;W thof; fw;Fk;

21

mNjNtis kdpjg; gz;GfisAk; tpUj;jpnra;fpwhH. ,J rpwhH Fwpg;gplj;jf;f clypaypy; khw;wKWq; fhykhjyhy;> khw;wj;Jf;Fk; mjd; tpisTfl;Fk; rpwhH Kfq;nfhLf;f cjTk; mk;rq;fisf; fy;tpr; nraw;ghL cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpahsHfs; ,ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> rpwhupd; Nkw;$wpathwhd KO tpUj;jpf;F Vw;w tsq;fSk; tha;g;GfSk; epiwe;jnjhU ghlrhiyr; #oiy cUthf;f MNyhridfis toq;fNtz;Lk;.

xUtupd; ntw;wpfukhf thoTk; njhopy; cyFld; xOq;fikaTk; NkYq; fw;wypy; <LglTk; topfhl;Lk; nkhop> fzpjk;> tpQ;QhdKk; njhopy;El;gKk; Nghd;wd ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpy; fl;lha ghlq;fshf Ntz;Lk;. vz;zf;fUf;fsJk; gue;J tpupe;j Jiwfis cs;slf;Fk; eilKiwj; jpwd;fsJk; nrk;ik gw;wpa czHtpdJk; gFj;jwpe;J gpur;rpid jPHf;Fk; Mw;wypdJk; tpUj;jpiaf; fiyj;jpl;lk; typAWj;jNtz;Lk;.

,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;l khztHfs; jkJ thoplj;ijAk; nghJg;glr; r%fj;ijAk; Nehf;fpa xd;wpize;j mZFKiwahy; kpf eydiltH. tuyhW> Gtpapay;> FbAupikf; fy;tp> mbg;gilg; nghUspay; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jdpg; ghlq;fshff; fw;gpg;gJ ,jw;Fg; NghjhJ. FbapaYk; r%ff; fy;tpAk; vd;w ghlk; Nkw;Fwpj;j ehd;F ghlq;fl;Fk; khw;wPlhf Ntz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ.

r%f xUq;fpizT vDk; ,yf;if milAe; Njit fUjp ,k; kl;lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiaf; fl;lha ghlkhf Kiwrhuf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xUtH gz;gLtjw;F mtUf;F fiyg; nghUl;fisNah fiyepfo;TfisNah kjpg;gplw;Fk; Ritj;jw;Fk; ,aYkhf Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; mofpaiy xU ghlkhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mofpaw; fy;tp> xU khztH jdJ Mw;wYf;Nfw;w xU njupit Nkw;nfhs;SkhW> ehd;F njupTfisAila xU ghlkhFk;.

cly;eyKk; clw;fy;tpAk; vd;w ghlk;> clypaf;fj; jpwd;fisAk; tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;a cjTkhW mwpTf; $nwhd;iwAk; nray;Kiwf; $nwhd;iwAk; nfhz;lJ. MdhYk; mwpit kl;LNk fhl;lNtz;ba xU guPl;irg; ghlkhf khwpAs;s nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fspy; ,d;W ntFrpy ghlrhiyfNs <LgLfpd;wd. cly; Mw;wiyAk; Rfhjhuj; jpwd;fisAk; fzpg;gpw;nfhz;L> ghlj;jpl;lQ;-rhH> ghlj;jpl;lQ;-rhuhr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztHfspd; milTfisg; gjpAk; Ratptug;gjptpy; mtw;iw cs;slf;FtJ mj;jpahtrpak;.

,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;l khztHfs; tFg;giwapw; nfhs;ifiaf; fw;wy; NghjhJ. Nkyjpf fw;wYf;fhd mDgtj; jskhf mikAkhWk;> ghl tplaq;fis xd;wpizf;fTk; nray;Kiwj; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fisr; rpwhHfl;F mwpKfkhf;fTk; cjTkhWk; fzprkhd msT nraY}f;fkhd nraw;ghLfisAk; elj;jNtz;Lk;. tptrhaKk; czTk;> jputpaq;fisAq; fUtpfisAq; nfhz;L gilj;jYk; GupjYk;> mikg;Gr; rhH epiyikfspy; jftw; ifahsy;> muq;ff; fiyfSk; mirTfSk;> fl;Gyd; fiyfSk; tbtikg;Gk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpadthf ,r; nraw;ghLfs; mikayhk;.

,f; fl;l ,Wjpapw; nghJg;guPl;ir ,y;yhjjhy;> nraw;ghl;L mbg;gilf; fw;wiyAk; mDgtf; fw;wiyAk; fz;lwpjy; topf; fw;wiyAk; mtjhdpg;igAk; nra;Kiw NtiyfisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; Cf;Ftpf;f KO Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa ntspg;gLjy;> nkd; jpwd;fisAk; Nkhd mwpitAk; ngw topNfhYk;.

22

%j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lk;— G.C.E. O-L

G.C.E. O-L ,Wjpapy; 50%f;F NkyhNdhH G.C.E. A-L,d; Ie;J NtW gpupTfspy; xd;wpw; fw;fg; ghlrhiyapy; njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wdH. VidNahH njhopy; ngwNth NkYk; tha;g;ghd Jiwfspw; fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk; ngwNth ghlrhiy ePq;Ffpd;wdH.

fiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;ghsHfs; G.C.E. O-LI Kbj;j gpd;G ey;y epiyiknahd;iwg; ngWkhW khztHfs; NjHe;njLf;ff;$ba njupTg; ghlq;fis toq;Fjy; %yk;> ,j; Njitia Vw;fNtz;Lk;. ,g; ghlq;fs; Kf;fpakhfj; njhopy; cyfpw;Fj; njhlHghd ghlq;fshf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fika> vy;yh khztHfl;FKupa MW gpujhd ghlq;fisAk; njhopy;El;g> mofpay; gpupTfisf;nfhz;l ,U nfhj;Jf;fspdpd;W

ngWk; ,uz;L ghlq;fisAk; G.C.E. O-L nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,f; fl;lj;jpy;> xU khztH eykhd cliyf; nfhz;ltuhAk; nghWg;Gs;s KjpHtajpduhf tpUj;jpaila ,aYtpf;Fk; tho;f;ifj; NjHr;rpfisg; ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. KOikAk; fz;zpaKKs;sthW Ml;fspil> jd;dpil cwTfisg; NgZk; Mw;wy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU mk;rkhFk;. nray;Kiwj; jpwd;fisAk; eykhd tho;itAk; tpUj;jpnra;tjpy; cly;ey> clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaq; fUjp>

KiwrhH fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; %Nyhghaq;fis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J (G.C.E. O-L ghlq;fspw; Nghd;W) $l;lw;Fupa kjpg;gPl;Lg; ghlkhftd;wpj;> njhlH cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghl;Lg; gd;ikj;Jtg; gpd;dzpapy; Njrpa ,zf;fj;ijAk; r%f xUq;fpizitAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; Nehf;fpj; Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtijg; gw;wpa Njrpa ,yf;fpd; Nehf;fpy;> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gJ

Kf;fpankd Vw;fNtz;Lk;. G.C.E. O-L KbAk; tiu ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fw;wy; njhluNtz;Lnkd td;ikahfg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nfl;ly;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOJjy; Mfpa nkhopf; fw;wypd; ehd;F $Wfl;Fk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; rk mOj;jk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jg; Ngr;Rj; jpwd;fisg; guPl;rpj;Jj;> njhlHr;rpahd cUthf;f Kiwapy; kjpg;gPL epfo Ntz;Lk;.

Gs;sptptuq;fspd;gb G.C.E. O-L guPl;irapy; may; nkhopfl;fhd Nfs;tp kpff;

FiwT (xU rjtPjj;jpDq; fPo;) vd;gjhy;> ,e;j kl;lj;jpy; ghlrhiyfspy; may; nkhopfisf; fw;gpf;ff; fy;tpj; juq;fisAk; guPl;irfisAk; tFg;gJ murhq;fj;Jf;F eilKiwr; rhj;jpakpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;> ntspehLfspy; njhopy; NjLtjd; gadhf ,isQHfspilNa may; nkhopf; fw;wy; Njit mjpfupf;fpd;wik Vw;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j; Njitf;fhd Nrit toq;FeHfis mtHfs; jhkhff; fz;Lgpbg;gH vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

%j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lk;– G.C.E. A-L

nghJf;fy;tpapd; ,Wjpf; fl;lk; G.C.E. A-L MFk;. ,uz;lhz;Lfisf;nfhz;l ,f;

fl;lk; vkJ gupe;Jiufspd;gb juk; 11IAk; 12IAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J ngsjpf mwptpay;> capupay; mwptpay;> tHj;jfk;> fiyg; ghlq;fs;> njhopy;El;gtpay; Mfpa xOq;Ffspy; khztHfs; xd;iwj; njupAk; rpwg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhFk;. Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; xU xOq;fpd; fPo; 3 ghlq;fisf; fw;FkhW khztHfs; vjpHghHf;fg;gLtH. mtw;wpy; mtHfspd; jpwd; ntspg;ghL gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;Ff; fUjg;gLk;. jw;NghJ khztHfs; ,k; %d;W ghlq;fl;Fk; mg;ghy; nghJ Mq;fpyk;> nghJf; jfty; njhopy;El;gk; Mfpa ghlq;fisAk; fw;Wg; nghJthd nghJtpla

tpdhj;jhSf;Fj; (CGP) Njhw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,g; nghJg; guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngWtJ gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;fhd NjitahFk;.

23

cs;s Ie;J xOq;FfisAk; cs;sthNw njhlUkhW gupe;Jiuf;fpNwhk;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gpw caH fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; cs;s khztHfspd; Kjy;

nkhopapd; juk; jho;thf ,Ug;gjhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt G.C.E. A-L,y; Kjy;

nkhopiaf; fl;lhakhff; fw;gpf;fNtz;LnkdTk; xt;nthU khztUk; Kjy; nkhopapy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU juj;ij vl;lNtz;LnkdTk; gupe;Jiuf;fpNwhk;. jw;Nghija

CGP jdJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wtpy;iy vdg; nghJthf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. mij

kPsikf;FkhW gupe;Jiuf;fpNwhk;. kPsikj;j CGP ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

gFjp-1 xU fl;LiuiaNah mwpf;ifiaNah tpsq;fTk; vOjTkhd Mw;wiyg; guPl;rpf;Fk; nkhopf; $whFk;@ gFjp-2 gFg;gha;T Mw;wy; thow; Rw;whly; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT@ r%f> nrhw;rhuhj; njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; guPl;rpf;Fk; nghJ csg;ghq;Ff; $whFk;. rHtNjr nkhopnad;gjhy; Mq;fpyj;ijAk; jw;Nghjpw; Nghw; fl;lhakhff; fw;gpj;Jg;

guPl;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpw; ngWk; juq;fis G.C.E. A-L guPl;irr; rhd;wpjopw; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. MapDk; gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;F mjpw; rpj;jp ngWjiyf; fl;lhakhf;fyhfhJ.

G.C.E. A-L gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;fhdJ vd;gjhy;> fLk; Nghl;bAs;s guPl;irahAs;sJ. vdNt mJ KOg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp KiwikiaAk; tpfhukhf;fpAs;sJ. ,f; fl;lj;jpw; ngUk;ghyhd khztHfl;Fg; ngupJk; nghUe;jhkYk; RikahfTk; mikAk; juq;fisg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; cs;slf;fj;jpd; kPJ jpzpf;fpd;wd. khwhf> khztHfs; tho;f;iff;Fk; njhopy;

cyFf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhd NjHr;rpfisg; ngwNtz;Lk;. NkYk;> G.C.E. A-L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> ghlrhiy ePq;fpj; njhopy; NjLk; my;yJ gpw Nky;epiyg; gapw;rp tha;g;Gfis ehLk; Vfg;ngUk;ghNyhUf;Fr; Nritahw;wNtz;Lk;. Nkw;$wpa

ftdpg;Gfs; ahTk;> G.C.E. A-L guPl;iriag; ghlrhiy ePq;fypd; ,Wjpg;

guPl;irahtij mtrpakhf;Ffpd;wd. vdNt gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpiag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; jPHkhdpf;Fk; xU njupTr; nray;Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;SkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ngl;b–1 ntt;NtW nghJf;fy;tp kl;lq;fspd; fPo; Kd;nkhope;Js;s ghlq;fisj; jUfpwJ

ngl;b–1: gy;NtW nghJf;fy;tp kl;lq;fspw; fw;fTs;s ghlq;fs;

Muk;gf; fl;lk;:

jha;nkhop

rkak;

fzpjk;

Rw;whly; rhH nraw;ghLfs;

Kf;fpa gphpT I,y; ABOE,d; fPo; Mq;fpyk;@ Kf;fpa gphpTfs; II,

III,y; ,uz;lhtJ nkhopahf Mq;fpyk;.

Kf;fpa gphpTfs; II, III,y;,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop

RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;

24

ngl;b–1: gy;NtW nghJf;fy;tp kl;lq;fspw; fw;fTs;s ghlq;fs; (njhlHr;rp)

,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk;:

jha;nkhop

Mq;fpyk;

rkak;

fzpjk;

tpQ;QhdKk; njhopy;El;gKk;

FbAupikf; fy;tpAk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;


nra;Kiw> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs;

mofpay; fw;iffs;

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop

%j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; - G.C.E.(O-L)

Kf;fpa ghlq;fs;:

nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

rkak;

Mq;fpyk;

fzpjk;

tpQ;Qhdk;

FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; r%ff;fy;tpAk;

njupTg; ghlq;fs;:

njhopy;El;gg; ghlq;fs;

mofpay; ghlk; my;yJ nkhop

Ratptug;gjpT kjpg;gPl;Lld; fl;lha ghlq;fs;


,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop

Kd;Ndwpa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; - G.C.E. A-L

gpd;tUk; xOq;Ffspy; xd;wpypUe;J %d;W ghlq;fs;

ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk;

caphpay; tpQ;Qhdk;

tHj;jfk;

fiy

njhopy;El;gk;

nkhop> nghJ Mq;fpyk;> nghJthd rhjhuz tpdhj;jhs;> nghJj; jfty; njhopy;El;gk;.

25

G.C.E. O-L ghlg; gl;bay;

Kf;fpa ghlq;fs;

1. rkak; (ngsj;jk;@ irtnewp@ fj;Njhypf;fk;@ fpwp];jtk;@ ,];yhk;)

2. nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; (rpq;fs nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;@ jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;)

3. fzpjk;

4. tpQ;Qhdk;

5. FbapaYk; r%f tpQ;QhdKk;

6. Mq;fpyk; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fs; O1: njhopy; El;gg; ghlq;fs;

tptrhaKk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk; kPd;gpbAk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk; tbtikg;Gk; njhopy;El;gKk; fiyfSk; ifj;jpwDk; kidg; nghUspay; tpahghuKk; fzf;fpaw; fy;tpAk; njhopy; KidTk; tHj;jfg; nghUspaYk; jfty; njhlHghly; njhopy;El;gk; njhlHghlYk; Clff; fw;iffSk;

O2: mofpay; ghlq;fSk; nkhopfSk; rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja/Nkiyj;Nja/fHehlf) Xtpak;

eldk; (fPioj;Nja/gujk;)

ehlfKk; muq;Fk; (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;/Mq;fpy) Mq;fpy ,yf;fpag; gDty; eag;G rpq;fs ,yf;fpag; gDty; eag;G jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gDty; eag;G mwG ,yf;fpag; gDty; eag;G nkhopfs;

Ratptug;gjpT kjpg;gPl;Lld; fl;lha ghlq;fs;


,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop;

fiyj;jpl;l toq;fy; (epWtd Vw;ghLfSk; tpUj;jpAk;)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk; (NIE)> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; (DEP)> fy;tpj;

jpizf;fsk; (DoE) Mfpa %d;W gpujhd epWtdq;fs; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;aTk; toq;fTk; $l;Lg; nghWg;Gilad.

NIE tpjpj;jthW fiyj;jpl;l mbg;gilapy; ghlE}y;fisj; jahupg;gJ DEP,d;

nghWg;G. fiyj;jpl;l cs;slf;f mbg;gilapy; DoE khjpup tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jahupf;fpwJ. vdNt ,k; %d;W epWtdq;fl;FkpilNa tYthd xd;wpizTk; clDiog;Gk; Ntz;Lk;. ghltpjhdq;fs;> MrpupaH ifNaLfs;> ghlE}y;fs;

26

vd;gtw;wpilapw; fhzg;gl;l nghUe;jhik> fiyj;jpl;lj;NjhL NrHj;J khjpup tpdhj;jhs; toq;fypw; Rzf;fk; vd;gd Rl;LkhW fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,k; %d;W epWtdq;fSk; jdpj;Jr; nraw;gl;ljhfj; njupfpwJ. ,k; %d;W epWtdq;fsJk; nraw;ghLj; juKk; ntspg;ghLfSk; xUq;fhfp tFg;giwapy; khztHfs; kPJ jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhy;> mtw;wpd; njhopy; ty;YeHfs;> caH kl;le; njhlq;fpr; nraw;gL kl;lk; tiu> ed;F tiuaWj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jld; xd;wpize;j Kiwapy; ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F> xd;Wgl;Lr; nra;aNtz;ba Mw;ww; fl;bnaOg;gw; nraw;ghLfs; Njit. Njrpa> rHtNjr Mw;wy; tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; midj;jpYk; ,k; %d;W epWtdq;fsJk; gq;Fgw;wy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfs;

gpujhd mk;rq;fs; 1. Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; ,yq;ifg; gpui[ xUtupd; KO tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

2. Njrpa Nehf;fq;fSk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;l mbg;gil NjHr;rpfSk; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilahapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. fiyj;jpl;lk; Njitaw;w tptuq;fshw; RikNawhJ> Kf;fpa NjHr;rpfl;F tiug;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. xt;nthU ghl xOq;fpw;FKupa Kf;fpa NjHr;rpfisAk; fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfisAk; Fwpg;ghfTk; njspthfTk; ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;lr; Rw;W

5. fiyj;jpl;lr; Rw;Wf; fhyj;ijg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gq;fPl;Lld; gj;jhz;Lfl;F tpupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Mz;L-1: ghltpjhdKk; TIMck; vOjy;@ Mz;L-2: topfhl;ly;> jpUj;jpaikj;jy;> ghlE}y; tpUj;jp@ Mz;L-3: ,Wjpg;gLj;jy;> mr;rply;> tpepNahfk;@ Mz;Lfs; 5>6>7>8: nraw;gLj;jy;> gpd;D}l;ly;> Gjpa tpUj;jpfs;@

Mz;Lfs; 9>10: kPs;Nehf;F> Ma;T> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;.

6. fiyj;jpl;l cUthf;f mjpfhupfs;> fiyj;jpl;lr; Rw;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghNj Ma;T mbg;gilapyhd gpd;D}l;ly; nghwpKiwnahd;iw epWtNtz;Lk;.

7. vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk; Gjpa tpUj;jpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gzpapYs;s MNyhrfHfs; tiyaikg;gpd; %yk; MrpupaHfl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. Gjpa Rw;W xd;iwj; njhlf;f Kd; fiyj;jpl;lr; nrayhf;fy; gw;wp tpupthd fw;wiy Nkw;nfhz;L fz;lwpe;jtw;iwg; nghJf; fye;JiuahlYf;F Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghJf; fy;tpf; fhy ePl;rp 9. ,isa ,ilepiyg;gphTf; fhyj;ij Xuhz;L Fiwj;Jj; jw;Nghija

nghJf;fy;tpf; fhy ePl;rpia 12 Mz;Lfshff; Fiwf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J Muk;gf;

27

fy;tp 5 Mz;Lfs;> ,isa ,ilepiyg; gpupT 3 Mz;Lfs;> %j;j ,ilepiyg; gpupT 4 Mz;Lfs; vd mikAk;.

10. Muk;gg; ghlrhiyapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fis Kf;fpa fl;lk;–1: juq;fs; 1> 2@

Kf;fpa fl;lk;–2: juk; 3@ Kf;fpa fl;lk;–3: juq;fs; 4> 5 vd kPnshOq;fhf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

11. Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk; mwpTWj;jiyAk; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfisAk; fl;lhakhf cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

12. Muk;gf; fl;lr; Rw;whly; rhHe;j nraw;ghLfs; ghupa tplag;gug;ig cs;slf;Ftjhy; mit mofpay; ,urid> tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rp> gupNrhjid> fz;lwpjy;> mtjhdpg;G vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpf;F mit cjtNtz;Lk;.

13. njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J vy;yhg; ghlq;fspD}Lk; khztH kdjpw; tpOkpaq;fisg; gjptpj;jiy typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.

14. fw;gpj;jy; nkhop jha;nkhopahapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

15. fw;gpj;jw; nray;Kiw-mbg;gilapyhd Ngr;R Mq;fpyj;ijj; juk;–1 ,ypUe;J

tYg;gLj;jp> KiwrhH Mq;fpyf; fw;gpj;jiy juk;–3,ypUe;J njhlf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

16. ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fw;gpj;jiyg; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F

Kd;DupikAld; juk;–3,y; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.

,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; 17. ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lf; fw;ww; fhyk; Fiwtjhy; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij

mjw;fikaj; jpUj;jp mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

18. mofpay; ghlq;fspy; khw;wq;fSld; nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;.

19. Ngr;R nkhopf;Ff; $ba Kf;fpaj;Jld; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fw;gpj;jiy tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

20. ,isa ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpy; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk; mwpTWj;jiyAk; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfisAk; fl;lhakhf cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

21. tuyhW> Gtpapay;> FbapaYk; Ml;rpKiwAk; Mfpa ghlq;fisf; FbapaYk; r%ff; fy;tpAk; vd;w ghlkhf xd;wpizj;J> mbg;gilg; nghUspay; vz;zf;fUf;fis mjpy; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

28

22. tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fisr;> rpwg;ghfr; nra;KiwAk; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fSk;> RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;> FbapaYk; r%ff;fy;tpAk; vd;gtw;iwg; nghJthf vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk; NrHf;fNtz;Lk;.

23. jfty; njhlHghly; njhopy;El;g mwpitr; nra;KiwAk; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fSk; tpUj;jpAl; NrHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

%j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; (SSS> G.C.E. O-L)

24. SSS,y; MW fl;lha ghlq;fisAk; ,uz;L tpUg;gg; ghlq;fisAk; fw;gpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

25. RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop vd;gtw;iwj; Njrpa

kl;lj;jpy; guPl;rpf;fhky; SSS,y; fl;lhakhff; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

26. tuyhW> Gtpapay;> FbapaYk; Ml;rpAk;> mbg;gilg; nghUspay; vd;gtw;wpd; cs;slf;fj;ijf; FbapaYk; r%ff;fy;tpAk; vDk; xU ghlkhf xUq;fpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;Ndwpa ,ilepiyf; fl;lk; (ASS) G.C.E. A-L

27. ASS G.C.E. A-L> xt;nthU xOq;fpYk; %d;W ghlq;fSld;> ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk;> capupay; tpQ;Qhdk;> tHj;jfk;> fiy> njhopy;El;gtpay; vDk; Ie;J xOq;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

28. G.C.E. A-L,y; ed;whf tpidahw;wpNahupilapUe;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F

khztHfisj; njupag; nghUj;jkhd xU nghwpKiwiag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; tpUj;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;l tplaq;fs;

29. ghlE}y;fspw; fhZk; cz;ikfis MrpupaH mwpTWj;jw; ifNaLfs; nfhz;bUf;fj; Njitapy;iy. Mdhy; mit nra;Kiwapaypy;> Fwpg;ghfg; nghJepiyahd Mw;wy;fis kdjpw; gjptpf;f> MrpupaHfl;F topfhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

30. ghl E}y;fisg; gy;-gz;ghl;Lf; FOtpdH tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW nkhop tbtq;fisf; FOtpd; Jizf;-FOf;fs; vOjNtz;Lk;. cs;slf;fr; nrk;ikf;Fg; nghWg;ghd nghJ MrpupaH xUtH ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kk; nkhop tbtq;fisAk; ,UtH gjpg;gpf;fyhk;.

29

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp

mwpKfk;

cyff; fy;tp kd;wk; 2015> ,Q;r;nrhd; gpufldk;– fy;tp 2030> Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tUlkhtJ jukhd Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpia (Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F Ke;jpa fy;tpia) ,ytrkhAk; fl;lhakhAk; toq;Ftjd; kPJk; midj;Jr; rpwhHfl;Fk; jukhd ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha tpUj;jpf;Fk; ftdpg;Gf;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ngWtop ,Uj;jy; kPJk; ftdq;Ftpj;Js;sJ. ,f; fUj;jhf;fj;ij ,yq;ifAk; Mjupj;Js;sNjhL ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha Kd;gs;spj; juj;ij caHj;jTk; midj;J ,yq;ifr; rpwhHfl;Fk; caHjukhd ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha Kd;gs;spf;Fg; ngWtopia cWjpnra;aTk; cs;s NjitiaAk; Vw;fpwJ. rHtNjr mstpy;> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhak;> 0 Kjy; 8 taJ tiu vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fl;lj;jpy; rpwhH Jupjkhd> nrwpthd ruPu> r%f> czHT tpUj;jpfl;Fl;gLtH@ ,f; fhyj;jpy; rpwhHfl;Fg; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;fNtz;Lk;:

ey;y cly;eyf; ftdpg;Gk; rj;Js;s czTk;

Kiwahd ruPu> czHT> cstop-r%f tpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; #oy;

caHjukhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfs;

ngw;NwhH my;yJ ghJfhtyUf;Fk; rpwhHfl;Fk; cstop-r%f kjptsj;Jiz

Cl;lf;FiwTk; NghjpasT md;Gk; ghJfhg;Gk; ftdpg;Gk; ,y;yhik> rpwhupd; ruPu> kd tpUj;jpfl;Fg; ngUq;Nfbiof;Fk;. vdNt> ,f; fl;lj;jpw;> rpwhH tPl;bYk; Kd;-gs;spapYk; Muk;gg; gs;spapYk; ey;y cly;eyf; ftdpg;Gk; rj;Js;s czTk; ngWtJ mj;jpahtrpak;. mjpd;wpj;> jukhd fy;tp tha;g;igNah rhj;jpag;ghl;ilNah $l ntWk; Kd;gs;sp mDkjpahJ. jukhd ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp Muk;gf; fy;tpf;Fr; RKfkhf khWtij ,aYkhf;FtNjhL Muk;g> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpr; Rw;Wfis ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wj; Njitahd jpwd;fis toq;FfpwJ. Muk;g> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf; fl;lq;fspd; Nghjhd mjd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf> mJ rKjhaj;jpy; ghq;fhd gpuirahf thow;Fupa tYthd mj;jpthuj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ. ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpf;Fg; NghjpasT cs;sPLfis toq;fy;> ehl;Lf;F ePz;lfhyg; nghUshjhu eyd;fisj; jUtNjhL> kdpj tpUj;jpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jpr; r%f ePjpia tYg;gLj;JfpwJ.

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs;

cyF KOtJKs;s ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; gpujp$yKila rpwhHfis tpl mD$yKila rpwhupw; ngUk;gFjpapdUf;F ed;ikahdit vdf; fy;tpf;fhd midj;Jyff; fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;if 2014 Vw;fpwJ. Muk;gg; ghlrhiyapYk; mg;ghYk; rpwhupd; NtWgLk; fy;tpr; nry;topfl;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk;> ey;y jukhd Kd;gs;spiag; ngWtjpy; epyTk; rkkpd;ikNaahFk;. rpwhupd; #o;epiyfs; njhlf;f Mz;Lfspy; mtHfsJ fw;wy; tha;g;Gfis typikAld; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd. Ma;Tfs; mnkupf;f eyd;:nryT tpfpjj;ij 5:8 vdTk; ,e;jpahtpy; jukhd Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpahy; njhopw; re;ijf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Mjhak;> nrythFk; xt;nthU nlhyUf;Fk; 14.07 nlhyuhFk; vdTk; $Wfpd;wd.

30

vdpDk;> Kd;gs;spf; fy;tp rkkhdjy;y. NtWgLk; msTk; murpayikg;Gk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpAk; nfhz;l gjpNdO ehLfs; my;yJ gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;s ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;Gk; fy;tpAk; gw;wpa mjpKf;fpakhdnjhU gy ehLfs;

rhHe;j Ma;thd fy;tp milT kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd rHtNjr rq;fj;jpd; (IEA) Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;-1> nkhop> GydwpT tsHr;rpia Kd;gs;sp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fl;Fr; rhHghf mse;jJ. midj;J ehLfspYk;> 4 tajpy; fy;tpf;F Ke;jpa (vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT) nraw;ghLfl;F khwhfr; RahjPd tpUg;gj; njupTr; nraw;ghLfshf njhlf;ff; fy;tp ngw;w@ mbf;fb ngupNahH topfhl;Ljw;Fk; ngupNahH gq;Fgw;Wjw;Fk; khwhfj; jpwe;j Njlw;fy;tpapy; <Lgl;l@ ngUksTk; KOf; FOtpdJk; nraw;ghLfl;F khwhfj; jdpg;gl;l my;yJ rpW FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;l@ tpisahl;L> fw;ww; jputpaq;fisg; ngUkstpw; ngwf;$ba rpwhu;> 7tJ tajpy; gpwupDk; Nkk;gl;l nkhop> GydwpT tpUj;jp ngw;wdH vdf; fhzg;gl;lJ. nfhupaf; Fbaurpy; rpwhH guhkupg;Gf;Fk; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpf;Fk; jdpr; rl;lthf;fk; cs;sJ. ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp Cf;Ftpg;Gr; rl;l epiwNtw;wj;ijAk; Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapy; mr; rl;lj;Jf;F Kd;DupikiaAk; mLj;J> jpUr;rigfSk; muRrhuh mikg;GfSk; cl;gl;l jdpahH Jiwfs;> jdpahH koiyaH gs;spfspd; ngUf;fj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;jd. mjd;gadhff;> nfhupa murhq;fk; gyjug;gl;l ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpAk; ftdpg;Gk; epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lq;fis (ECEC) epWtdg;gl;l nghJf; fy;tp Kiwik cs;slf;Fk; gpur;rpidiaf; nfhupa murhq;fk; vjpHNehf;fpaJ. nfhupa koiyaH gs;sp MrpupaHfs;> Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpapw; rpwg;Gld;> 4-Mz;Lf; fy;Y}upfspdNjh> 2- my;yJ 3-Mz;L ,sepiyj; njhopw; fy;Y}upfspdNjh mQ;ry;-

topf; fy;Y}upfspdNjh gl;ljhupfshtH. vdpDk;> Mrpupa epakdj;jpy; muR–jdpahH Jiwfl;fpilNa xUrPHik ,y;iy. mur koiyaH gs;sp MrpupaHfs; fbdkhd Njrpa guPl;irapD}lhf njupT nra;ag;gLifapy;> jdpahH koiyaH gs;sp MrpupaHfl;F ,g; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpNah 4-Mz;Lf; fy;Y}upg; gl;lq;fNsh mtrpakw;wit. ,jdhy; xg;Gutpd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ. nfhupa fy;tpr; rPHj;jpUj;jf; FO gpd;tUtw;iw tw;GWj;jpaJ:

3 Kjy; 5 taJila rpwhHfisf; fy;tp–guhkupg;Gr; Nritfis xd;wpizj;J xd;whf toq;Fk; Gjpa mur Kd;gs;sp Kiwikapy; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;@

fy;tpr; rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jf;> FiwtUkhdf; FLk;gq;fspd; mD$ykw;w rpwhHf;F Kd;Dupik toq;f Ntz;Lk;@

xt;nthU rpwhUk; rkkhd fy;tpj; njhlf;fj;ijg; ngWkhW Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpf;F Kd;> Fiwe;jJ 1 tUlj;Jf;NfDk; ,ytrf; fy;tp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

koiyaH gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lk; ,aw;nghUs;> r%f> ntspg;ghl;L> nkhop> crhty; Mfpad rhHe;j Ie;J tho;f;ifg; gug;Gfis cilaJ. fiyj;jpl;l topfhl;ly;fSk; fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy; jputpaq;fSk; kj;jpapy; tpUj;jpahfpd;wd. jdpg;gl;l koiyaH gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;l mikg;gpdJk; nraw;ghl;bdJk; tptuq;fis khefu> khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhupfs; jPHkhdpg;gH. epakpj;j Nghjid Neuk; 3 kzpj;jpahyq;fshFk;@ MapDk;> koiyaH gs;spfs; miuehs;> KO ehs; vd ,U tif epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. kNyrpahtpd; 1984,d; rpwhH guhkupg;Gr; rl;lk; (308tJ rl;lk;) ehd;F tajpw;Fl;gl;l

rpwhHf;fhd ECEC epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ahitAk; gw;wpaJ. r%f eyd;Gupj;

jpizf;fsKk; fpuhkpa–gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp mikr;Rk; ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf;

31

fz;fhzpj;J xd;wpizg;gd. 1996Mk; Mz;bd; fy;tpr; rl;lk;> Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpiaj;

Njrpa ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; xU gFjpahf;fpAs;sJ. fy;tp mikr;Rk; fpuhkpa–gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp mikr;Rk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsKk; 3 Kjy; 5 taJ tiuahd rpwhupd; koiyaH gs;sp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lf; fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fk;

xd;wpizg;gpw;Fk; nghWg;ghdit. murhq;fk; ECCE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fl;F epjp

toq;FfpwJ. ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis khefurigfSk; Cuhl;rpfSk; muRrhuh epWtdq;fSk; jdpahH epWtdq;fSq; $l toq;Ffpd;wd. fy;tp mikr;R koiyaH gs;sp MrpupaH gapw;rpia toq;FfpwJ. Kd;gs;sp Mrpupaj; jifikfshtd:

ehd;F tUl xUq;fpize;j ,skhzpg; gl;lk;

fy;tpapaypy; xU tUl gl;lg;-gpd; gl;lk;

MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfs; toq;Fk; MW-fy;tpg;gUt fw;gpj;jy; bg;Nshkh

fy;tpj;JiwAl; GftpioAk; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupfl;fhd ,U-gUtf; fw;gpj;jy; bg;Nshkh

ehd;F tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpwhHf;fhd ECCE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf; fpuhkpa–gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp mikr;Rk; r%f eyd;Gupj; jpizf;fsKk; toq;Ffpd;wd. murhq;f Kaw;rpf;Fj; jdpahH JiwAk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. kNyrpa Kd;gs;spfs; ahTk;> gpd;tUk; Nehf;FfSila Kd;gs;spf; fy;tp ,yf;Ffis va;jiy trjpg;gLj;j tFj;j Njrpa Kd;gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;F ,ire;jit.

jk; Njrj;jpd; kPJ gw;iw tsHj;jy;@

ew;gz;GilNahuhAk; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisf; filg;gpbg;NghuhAk; ,Uj;jy;@

mbg;gilj; njhlHghlypy; MSik ngwy;@

Njrpa nkhopfis kjpj;jy;@

Mq;fpy nkhopapd; mbg;gilfspy; MSik ngwy;@

clw; nraw;ghLfis cly;eyj;jpd; xU mbg;gilahf Vw;wy;@

cliy tpUj;jpnra;J cly;ey ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffisf; iff;nfhs;sy;@

crhtY}Lk; rfy Gyd;fspd; ghtida+Lk; ftdr; rpe;jidj; jpwd; tsHj;jy;.

Nkw;$wpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; gug;Gfs; topahf cUg;ngWfpd;wd.

nkhopAk; njhlHghlYk@;

GyDzHthw;wy; tpUj;jp@

r%f-kdntOr;rp tpUj;jp@

Md;kpf-xOf;fnewp tpUj;jp@

cly;rhH tpUj;jp@

mofpay;> Mf;fj;jpwd; tpUj;jp. rpwhupd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L kjpg;gPL Kd;gs;sp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gFjpahFk;. mtjhdpg;G> rpwhH epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> rpwhupd; Ratptug;gjpT Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa njhlHepfo; kjpg;gPLfs; %yk; MrpupaHfs; rpwhHfisf; fzpg;gH.

32

kNyrpahtpy; gupe;Jiuj;j Nghjid Neuk; thuj;jpd; 5 ehl;fspy; ehSf;F %d;wiu kzpj;jpahyq;fshFk;. vLj;Jiuj;j Neu ml;ltiz gpd;tUkhW:

tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfs;: 90 epkplq;fs; FOr; nraw;ghLfs;: 60 epkplq;fs; fl;byhr; nraw;ghLfs;: 30 epkplq;fs;

,ilepWj;jk;/rpw;Wz;b/Xa;T: 30 epkplq;fs;

gpd;yhe;jpy;> ECEC mjw;fhd gpd;yhe;J murhq;f Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if

tiutpyf;fz mbg;gilapyhdJ. ECECapd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; juj;ijAk;

ECECapd; Nkk;gLj;jiyAk; Njrpa xOq;FKiwfSk; nfhs;ifAk; gw;wpa Mtzq;fs; ,uz;L cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;Gk; fy;tpAk; gw;wpa Njrpa fiyj;jpl;l topfhl;ly;@

Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpf;fhd cs;sff; fiyj;jpl;lk;.

jkJ rpwhHf; nfhs;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; xU gFjpahf> ECECf;Fg; nghUe;JkhW mg; gFjpf;fhd nfhs;if tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; %Nyhghaq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s khefu rigfl;F mDkjpAz;L. Njrpa fiyj;jpl;l topfhl;ly; mbg;gilapy;> xU

khefurigNah gyNth mg; gFjpf;fhd ECEC fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tiuayhk;. mg;

gFjpf;fhd Kd;gs;spf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; ECEC fiyj;jpl;lKk; jk;kpilNa

njhlHr;rpAila xd;wpize;j xU KOikahk;. myFf;-Fwpg;ghd ECEC

fiyj;jpl;lk;> mg; gFjpf;fhd ECEC fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpl tptukhdJk; myFfsJk; khtl;lq;fsJk; rpwg;Gf; $WfisAk; Ke;JupikfisAk; tptupg;gJkhFk;. rpwhH guhkupg;G> njhlf;ff; fy;tp> Kd;gs;spf; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd; epiwNtw;wYf;F xU mbg;gilia toq;FkhW njhopy;thz;ikahsUk; ngw;NwhUk;

jdpj;jdp ECEC jpl;lq;fisAk; Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; tiutH. gpd;yhe;J Kiwikapw; iff;Foe;ijfsJk; FWeilf; Foe;ijfsJk; gfw; guhkupg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; MW tajpdHf;fhd xU-tUl Kd;gs;sp my;yJ koiyaH gs;spAk; cs;sd. xt;nthU rpwhuJk; jdpj;jd;ikia kjpj;jiyAk; xt;nthU rpwhUk; jdpj;Jtkhdtuhf tpUj;jpngWk; tha;g;igAk; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp typAWj;JfpwJ. gpd;yhe;jpd; njhlf;fepiyf; fy;tpahsHfs; r%f> Clhlw; jpwd;fis tsHf;fr; rpwhHfis newpg;gLj;JtJld;> gpwupd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk; ftdpf;FkhWk; gpwH kPJ mf;fiw fhl;lTk;> gpw gz;ghLfisAk; NtWgl;l #oy;fisAk; nfhz;l gpw kf;fisg; gw;wp Mf;fkhd mZfiyf; nfhz;bUf;fTk; rpwhHfis Cf;Ftpg;gH. %d;W Kjy; MW taJila rpwhHf;fhd khefurigr; rpwhH guhkupg;G ikaq;fspy; ,UgJ rpwhHf;F KjpHe;NjhH %tH (MrpupaH xUtH> jhjpfs; ,UtH) ,Ug;gH. ,k; ikaq;fs; xd;wpy; mt;tplj;J khefuhl;rp khdpak; toq;Fk; jdpahH Jiwapd; my;yJ kj;jpa murhq;fj; JizAld; khefuhl;rp Mjutpy; ,aq;Ftd. nghUe;Jkplj;Jf;> FLk;g tUkhdj;Jf;fika ,ytrkhf my;yJ cr;r msthf khjj;Jf;F 200 a+Nuhf;fs; tiu fl;lzk; cz;L. koiyaH gs;sp MrpupaHf;fhd jifik> gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lk; my;yJ gpuNahf-tpQ;Qhdg; gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lkhFk;. gfy;Ntisg; guhkupg;G ikag; gzpahsHfs; midtUk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk;> r%f eyDk; cly;eyg; guhkupg;Gk; fw;ifapy; caH ,ilepiyj; jifik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. FLk;gj;Jf;fhd gfy;Ntisg; guhkupg;Gr; Nrit toq;FeHfs; FLk;gj;Jf;fhd gfy;Ntisg; guhkupg;gpy; njhopy;rhH jifikNah nghUj;jkhd NtW gapw;rpNah ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

33

ECECapd; ika cs;slf;fg; gug;G gpd;tUk; MW jpiraikTfspd;

mbg;gilapyhdJ.

fzpjj; jpirKfg;ghL

,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj; jpirKfg;ghL

tuyhw;W-r%fQ;rhH jpirKfg;ghL

mofpaw; jpirKfg;ghL

xOf;ftpaw; jpirKfg;ghL

rka-nka;apaw; jpirKfg;ghL

xt;nthU jpirKfg;ghLk; jpwdha;Tr; rpe;jidiaAk; Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;ghl;ilAk; fw;gidia edthf;fiyAk; czHr;rpfisj; J}a;jhf;fiyAk; nraw;ghl;il newpg;gLj;jiyAk; jdf;Fupa Kiwapy; cilaJ. midj;Jj; jpirKfg;gLj;jy;fsJk; njhlHgpy;> njhlHghlYf;Fk; Clhl;lq;fl;Fk; xU fUtpahd nkhop> midj;Jf; ftdpg;G> fy;tp> fw;gpj;jy; epiyikfspYk; ,d;wpaikah Kf;fpaKilaJ. vdNt fw;gpg;NghH jkJ fw;gpj;jypy; nkhopiaf; ftdkhfTk; Jy;ypakhfTk; ghtpg;gH. jdpahH JiwapdJk; muRrhuh epWtdq;fsJk; rka epWtdq;fsJk; rKjhar; rq;fq;fsJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; $l;bize;j Kd;ndLg;Gfs; %ykhf> ,yq;if> njd;dhrpa Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpapy; cr;rr; nranyy;iyia mile;Js;sJ. ghlrhiy GFk; 100 rpwhupy; 96 NgH VNjh xU tif Kd;gs;spf;Fg; NghapUg;gH. ,yq;ifapy;> xl;Lnkhj;j rpwhHg;guha tpUj;jpf;fhd nghWg;G rpwhH mgptpUj;jp> kfspH mYty;fs; mikr;rplKk;@ cly;eyj;Jf;Fk; Cl;lTzTf;Fkhd nghWg;G Rfhjhu mikr;rplKk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mNjNtis> r%f Nritfs; jpizf;fsk; ghjpg;Gw;w FOf;fSfFg; nghWg;GilaJ. mj;Jld;> NtW gy epWtdq;fSk; jpizf;fsq;fSk; ,t; tplag; gug;Gs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

,yq;if murpayikg;gpd; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;dpizg;G III ,d; gpupT 2,d; gb> Kd;gs;spf; fz;fhzpg;Gg; nghWg;igAk; epakq;fspd; KfhikiaAk; NgziyAk; fy;tp mikr;Nr njhlHe;J itj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. mNjNtis gjpTk; gpw nghWg;GfSk; khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fl;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2004,y;> ngz;fs; mjpfhukspj;jy; mikr;Rk; r%f eyd; mikr;Rk; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhag; ghJfhg;Gk; tpUj;jpAk; gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;ifia tFj;jdH. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha tpUj;jpapd; xU Kf;fpa $whd ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpj; Njrpaf; nfhs;if ,y;yhik xU ghupa FiwghlhfpwJ. ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fisg; gy khfhz rigfs; epWtpAs;s NghJk;> mit Kiwahfr; nraw;ghlhik njupe;jNj. ,t;thW> khfhz rigfl;F murhq;fk; xJf;Fk; epjpAk; muRrhuh epWtdq;fs; toq;Fk; cjtpfSk;> tpidj;jpwdhd jpl;lkpl;l tifapw; gad;gLtjpy;iy. RUq;ff;$wpd;> rpwe;j nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fk; fy;tp tpsTfspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; Njrpa KjyPl;Lf;F NkYk; mjpfg; gaDf;Fkhd xU cj;jpahf xU Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd; tuT mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.

34

,yq;ifapy; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;gpd; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfs;

milif ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpapd; milifapy;> gpw njd;dhrpa ehLfis tpl ,yq;if mjpf Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAilaJ. ,jd; tpisthf> Vwj;jho vy;yhr; rpwhUk; VNjhnthU tifahd Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Ws;sdH. ngUksthd Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpiaj; jdpahH Jiw my;yJ rkar;rhHghd my;yJ muRrhuhr; nraw;ghl;lhsHfs; fl;lzj;jpw;fhf toq;Ffpd;wdH. ntFrpy Kd;gs;spfNs murhq;fj;jpd; MjuTld; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. Cuhl;rp mjpfhurigfspw; gjpthd rpyTk; fzprkhdit gjpthfhkYk; jw;NghJ> gy;tif Kd;gs;spfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,Q;r;nrhd; gpufldk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU tUlkhtJ jukhd Kd;gs;spia ,ytrkhf toq;Fjw;fhd Vw;ghl;il Ntz;LfpwJ. ,g; gpufldj;Jf;F cld;ghlhfTk; xg;GuTf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; filg;gpbf;FkhWk;> xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhHf;Fk; jukhd xU tUl ,ytr Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpia toq;FkhW Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. fiyj;jpl;lKk; Nghjid ClfKk; Kd;gs;sp taJr; rpwhupd; ngw;Nwhupw; ngUk;ghNyhH> jkJ rpwhuplk; kpFe;j fy;tprhH vjpHg;ghHg;Gfis ciladH. gpwUld; gofTk; MSik tpUj;jpngwTk; Njitahd gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;wYf;F khwhff;> fy;tpj; jpwd;fis milAkhW jkJ rpwhH Kd;gs;spapy;> fzpjj;ijAk; jha;nkhopiaAk; Mq;fpyj;ijAk; fw;wiy tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. ngw;Nwhupw; rpWghNyhH Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpg; Nghjid Clfkhf Mq;fpyk; mika Ntz;Lfpd;wdH. khfhz Kd;gs;spfs; rpwhHf;F vOj;Jg; guPl;irfis elj;jpa re;jHg;gq;fs; cs;sd. Kd;gs;sp Mrpupag; gapw;rpiag; ngwhj Kd;gs;sp MrpupaHfs; rpyH rpwhHf;Fj; jtwhd mwpTiufisAk; newpg;gLj;jy;fisAk; toq;f Kw;gLfpd;wdH. Kd;gs;sp MrpupaHfspd; fy;tpAk; njhopy;thz;ikj; jifikfSk; jw;NghJ> Kd;gs;sp MrpupaHfl;nfd tpjpj;j Fwpg;ghd jifik vJTk; ,y;iy.

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz ju (G.C.E. O-L) rpj;jpaw;NwhUk; rpj;jpAilNahUk;

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju caH ju (G.C.E. A-L) my;yJ mjpDk; caHe;j

rpj;jpAilNahUk; Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpg; gzpapYs;sdH. mtHfspw; rpyH> MW khjq;fs; my;yJ mjpDq; Fiwe;j-fhyg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;NwhuhAk; NtW rpyH gapw;rpNa ngwhNjhuhAk; cs;sdH. ,jdhy;> fw;gpj;jw; juKk; gz;Gk; kpf NtWgLfpd;wd. Kd;gs;spf; fy;tp mjprpwe;j juj;jpyiktij cWjpnra;aTk; ,Lk; KjYf;F caH gyidj; jUjw;Fk;> ey;y fy;tpj;jifikAila> gapw;rpngw;w MrpupaHfis toq;FtJ mjpKf;fpakhdJ. nranyy;iy nranyy;iyf;F mikag;> gy;NtWgl;l ngaHfsJk; KiwikfsJq; fPo; Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy fy;tpaikg;Gfs; Kd;gs;spfs;> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha tpUj;jp ikaq;fs;> kjiyaH gs;sp> Foe;ijg; gs;sp vDk; ngaHfspy;> Mdhw; jk; nranyy;iyfis tiuawhJ> ,aq;Ffpd;wd. Kd;dhuk;g MrpupaHfspd; Cjpak; Cjpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> %tif Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp MrpupaHfs; csH: rPuhd khjhe;j Cjpak; ngWNthH@ rPuw;w Cjpak; ngWNthH@ nfhLg;gdtpd;wpj; jd;dhHt mbg;gilapw; gzpahw;WNthH. gyH Cjpak; ngw;whYk;> mijj; jkJ Nritf;F nghUj;jkhdjhff; fUjtpy;iy.

35

Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpf;F ,aw;nghUs; trjpfs; RfhjhuKk; czt+l;lKk; ghJfhg;Gk; gupTk; jukhd fw;wy; tha;g;GfSk; Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpapy; Mizg;gb toq;fg;gLtjhy;> Nghjpa ,aw;nghUs; trjpfs; fpilf;ff; $batha; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jw;fika> rpwhHr; nrayfk; Fiwe;jgl;rj; juhjuq;fis tFj;jpUe;Jk;> NghjpasT ku cgfuzq;fSk; Njitahd fl;bl trjpfSk; nghUj;jkhd tpisahl;Lj; jply;fSk; kyry$lq;fSk; NghjpasT Fbf;fTfe;j ePUk; ghjfhg;ghd Rw;whlYk; Kd;gs;spfspy; ,y;iy. NkYk;> cupa mjpfhupfspd; fz;fhzpg;Gk; Nkw;ghHitAk; Nghjpastpy; ,y;iy. RfhjhuKk; czt+l;lKk; ,yq;ifapy; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha cly;eyr; #oypd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU Fwpfhl;bahd Ie;J tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpwhupd; ,wg;G tpfpjk;> gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J njd;dhrpag; gpd;dzpapw; jpUg;jpahd kl;lj;ij mile;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> Ie;J tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpwhupd; czt+l;lf; FiwghL ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;. Ie;J tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpwhHj; njhifapy; fzprkhd gFjpapdH vil Fiwe;NjhuhtH. ,J Iakpd;wpr; rpwhupd;

cly;-cs tpUj;jpf;F — Fwpg;ghf mwpthw;wypdJk; mwpifj;jpwdpdJk; tpUj;jpf;F

— CW tpisf;fpwJ. rpwhupilNa czt+l;lf; Fiwghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy; rpwhu; midtHf;Fk; jukhd Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpf;Fupa Kd;dpge;jidahFk;. ghJfhg;G ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhar; rpwhiug; ghJfhf;Fk; Njit gw;wpa nghJ tpopg;GzHT ,Ug;gpDk;> ngw;Nwhupy; xUtNuh ,UtUNkh ,we;jjhNyh> FLk;gg; Gwf;fzpg;ghNyh> nfhba tWikahNyh> vg; ghJfhg;Gkw;w rpwhu; gyH cs;sdH. ,j;jF rpwhu; JHg;gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; njhy;iyf;Fk; td;Kiwf;Fk; gypahFk; Mgj;ij Nehf;Ffpd;wdH. jtpHf;ff;$ba #o;epiyfSl;> ngUksTk;> jha;khH njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk;ngaHjyhy; my;yJ ngw;Nwhupy; xUtNuh ,UtUNkh Nghijg; nghUSf;Nfh kJTf;Nfh mbikahjyhy; rpwhu; ghjpf;fg;glj;jf;f ghJfhg;gw;Nwhuhjy; mlq;Fk;.


ngWtop

31. Njrpa juhjuq;fl;F cld;glTk;> Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F epfuhd epiyikfSlDk;> xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhHf;Fk; jukhd xU-tUl ,ytr Kd;gs;spf; fy;tpia murhq;fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

32. fl;lzk; tpjpf;Fk; Kd;gs;sp xt;nthd;Wk;> gzpahsH epakdk;> trjpfs;> ,aw;nghUl; njhFjpfSk; ,af;fYk; gw;wp murhq;fk; tpLf;Fk; topfhl;ly;fl;Fk; epakq;fl;Fk; tpjpf;Nfhitfl;Fk; Rw;wwpf;iffl;Fk; cld;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g; ghlrhiyfs; mwtpLk; fl;lzq;fs; cr;rtuk;Gf;Fl;gl;Lk; murhq;fk; mq;fPfupj;j Kftufq;fspd; gupNrhjidf;Fj; jpwe;Jk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

33. murpdjy;yhj xt;nthU Kd;gs;spg; ghlrhiyiaAk; (khfhz rig> khefu rig> gpuNjr rig Mjpa) Cuhl;rp mjpfhurignahd;wpw; gjpT nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

34. gjpthfhj Kd;gs;spfis vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,aq;ftplyhfhJ@ gjpthfhj Kd;gs;spia elj;jy; jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhitf; fPo;j; jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhf;fg;gLk;.

36

35. rl;l mbj;jskhf> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tp Cf;Ftpg;Gr; rl;lj;ijf; fy;tp gw;wpa rl;lj;Js; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;lKk; Nghjid nkhopAk;

36. Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpg; Nghjid nkhop jha;nkhopahapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

37. ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; ftdpg;Gf;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; (ECCE) ikaj;jpy; tpUj;jpahd Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; jyj;jpw;fikthd khw;wq;fis cl;gLj;j Vw;w topfhl;ly;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

38. rpwhH jkJ Mf;f ,ay;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;a ,aYkhf;FkhW> fiyj;jpl;lk;

rpwhH ikakhf — mjhtJ> kd mOj;jkw;w> nray;Kiw mbg;gilahd>

kfpo;thd fw;wiyf; nfhz;ljhf — mikaNtz;Lk;.

39. Njrg;gw;iw tsHj;jy;> gpwHf;F kupahij> r%f ey;ypzf;fk;> xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;> NgztpaYkhd tho;Kiw> ey;yhNuhf;fpak;> crhTk; MHtk;> Gyd;fs; midj;jpdJk; ghtid Mfpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; fiyj;jpl;lk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;dhuk;g MrpupaHfspd; fy;tp> njhopw; jifikfs;

40. fiyj;jpl;l topfhl;ly;fl;fpzq;ff; fw;ww; #o;epiyfis tpUj;jpnra;a ty;Nyhuhf MrpupaHfis Mf;f Ntz;Lk;.

41. rpwhupd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; eyDf;Fk; tifnra;aTk;> mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l> r%fj; jpwd;fis tsHf;fTk;> mNjNtis> rpwg;Gj; NjitfSila rpwhHfis cs;slf;fiy cWjpg;gLj;jTk; MrpupaHfisg; gapw;wNtz;Lk;.

42. Kd;dhuk;g MrpupaHfspd; Mff;Fiwe;j fy;tpj;jifik> G.C.E. A-L rpj;jpNahL Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk; mq;fPfupj;j xU epWtdk; toq;fpa 9-khjj;Jf;Ff; Fiwahj Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp bg;NshkhthFk;.

43. Kd;dhuk;g Mrpupauhf tpioNthUf;fhd> Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpr; rpwg;Gg; gl;lg; ghlnewpfs; mLj;j %d;whz;LfSs; mwpKfkhf Ntz;Lk;. Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp bg;Nshkh cilNahH gl;lg; gbg;gpy; cupa tpyf;Ffisg; ngWtH.

nranyy;iy

44. ehd;F Kjy; Ie;J taJs;s rpwhHf;fhd Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp ikaq;fl;F Kd;gs;sp vdNth koiyaH gs;sp vdNth ngaupl Ntz;Lk;.

45. rpwhH mYty;fl;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rpd; Nkw;ghHitf; fPohd khfhz mjpfhuq;fs; xg;Gjyspj;j> jdpahH elj;Jk; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha tpUj;jp ikaq;fs; %d;W Kjy; ehd;F taJs;s rpwhHfl;Fr; Nrit toq;fyhk;.

46. rpwhH mYty;fl;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rpd; Nkw;ghHitf; fPohd khfhz mjpfhuq;fs; xg;Gjyspj;j> jdpahH elj;Jk; gfw; guhkupg;G ikaq;fs;> Kd;W taJf;Fl;gl;l rpwhHfl;Fr; (Foe;ijaH> eilf; Foe;ijaH) Nrit toq;fyhk;.

37

Kd;dhuk;g MrpupaHfspd; rk;gsk;

47. Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp MrpupaHfspd; epakdKk; rk;gsKk; Nrit epge;jidfSk; MrpupaH Nritf; Fwpg;Gld; ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;. Kd;dhuk;g MrpupaHfis mur Jiwf;Fs; cs;thq;f> tof;fpYs;s MrpupaH Nritf; Fwpg;igj; jpUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpf;fhd ,aw;nghUs; trjpfs; 48. midj;J Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tp toq;FeHfSk; rpwhHr; nrayfk; tpjpj;j

Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fSld; ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;.

49. Nkw;$wpa epge;jidfis epiwTnra;ahj trjpfis ve;j ECCE toq;FeUk; ghtpf;f Cuhl;rpfs; mDkjpf;fyhfhJ.

50. Cuhl;rpfs; mjpfhuq;fs; Nkw;$wpa nfhs;ifia kPwhikia cWjpnra;af;> fy;tp mikr;R vOe;jkhff; fz;fhzpf;fTk; Nkw;ghHitaplTk; mj;Jld; Fwpg;ghd KiwaPLfisf; ftdpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.

cly;eyKk; czt+l;lKk; 51. Kd;dhuk;gf; fy;tpapYs;s (ehd;F Kjy; Ie;J taJs;s) xt;nthU

rpwhHf;Fk; kjpa epiwAzT toq;fNtz;Lk;.

52. ECCE toq;FeHfs;> xt;nthU rpwhuJk; cly;ey> czt+l;l epiyg; gjpNtl;ilg; NgzNtz;Lk;. njhle;J Fiwa+l;lj;JlDk; ke;j tsHr;rpAlDk; Nja;f;filahfTk; cs;s rpwhHfisr;> rpwhupd; ngw;Nwhupd; xj;Jiog;Gld; cly;ey mjpfhupfs; cupathW ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

53. xt;nthU rpwhuJk; tho;f;if epiyikfis milahsq;fz;L gjptpypl

Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;if epiyikfs; rpwhupd; eyDf;F xt;thntdpd;> ECCE toq;FeH cupa eltbf;iff;fhf ,e; epiyik gw;wp> Cuhl;rp mjpfhuq;fisAk; r%f Nritj; jpizf;fsj;ijAk; vr;rupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghJfhg;G

54. ,lUf;Fl;gl;l rpwhupd; epiyikfs; gw;wp MrpupaHfs; $UzHTld; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ECCE jiytHfs; nghUj;jkhd ntspthup mjpfhuq;fspd; cjtpAld; nrayhw;WkhW> ,e; epiyikfis mtHfl;Fj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k; KOr; nray;KiwiaAk; me;juq;fkhf Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

55. epfof;$ba jPa tpisTfspdpd;W ghJfhf;fTk; jLf;f my;yJ kl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;ba eltbf;iffisr; rpwhHg; ghJfhg;G> rl;lr; nraw;gLj;jy;> Rfhjhu mjpfhuq;fs; cldbahf vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

56. rpwhUf;Ff; Nflhd elj;ijiaj; jtpHf;Fk; kjpj;Jizf; $l;lq;fl;F tUkhW

ngw;Nwhiu mioj;jw;fhd jpfjp ml;ltiznahd;iw xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk; Kd;$l;bj; jPHkhdpf;fNtz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Kiw kjpj;JizahsHfisj; NjitahdNghJ> ngw;NwhHf;Fj; njhlHGgLj;Jk; Vw;ghLfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

38

Mrpupaj; njhopy;

mwpKfk;

Kd;G> Mrpupaupd; tfpghfk;> gz;ghl;L kuGupikiag; Gjpa jiyKiwf;Ff; flj;JtjhFk;. MrpupaH ngUk;ghYk; jhdwpe;jijg; Ngr;R %yk; rpwhHf;F toq;FthH. mtH jUk; jfty;fisf; Nfl;L kddk; nra;AkhW rpwhH vjpHghHf;fg;gl;ldH. mwpit toq;fpj; jpwd;fis tsHj;J kdg;ghq;Ffisg; gz;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghnldf; fy;tp tptupf;fg;gbDk;> MrpupaHfspd; ftdk; Kjyhk; Ms;fskhd mwpT toq;fiyg; gw;wpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;fpy; Kw;Nghf;fhd fy;tp ,af;fj;jpd; tsHr;rpiaAk; rpwhH cstpaw; ghtidiaAk; xl;bf;> fy;tpahsHfs; rpwhupd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspy; rpwhupd; ikag;ghl;il ,dq;fhzyhapdH. rpwhH GyDWg;Gf;fs; ahtw;iwAk; ghtpj;Jr; fw;gjhAk; nraw;ghLfs; fw;wYf;F caHthd tha;g;Gfis toq;FtjhAk; Ma;Tfs; Rl;bd. rpwhH-ika> nraw;ghL-rhH nray;Kiwapay; nghJ Vw;Gs;s fw;wy; KiwahdJ.

,t;thW> ntw;wpfukhf tho mj;jpahtrpakhd NjHr;rpfisAk; nghJepiy Mw;wy;fisAk; rpwhH nfhz;bUg;gij ,d;iwa MrpupaH cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupaupd; cUkhw;Wk; tfpghfj;jpD}L rpwhupy; ,k; KOikahd khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. vOk; gpur;rpidfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Mw;wiyr; rpwhH ngWkhW> cynfq;FKs;s MrpupaHfs; khwptUtNjhL ,t; cUkhw;Wk; tfpghfjjpd; Njitfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;fj; jk;ik ,zf;fp tUfpwhHfs;. khztHfis ikakhff; nfhz;l fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspy; tprhuiz mbg;gilahd> mDgttop> fl;Ljy;Kiwf; fw;wy; mZFKiwfis mtHfs; filg;gpbf;fpwhHfs;.

mwptpj;j ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk;> KiwrhH fw;wypd; mbg;gilia toq;FfpwJ. tPl;bYk; r%fj;jpYk; xj;j tajpdUld; tpisahLtjhYk; ClhLtjhYk; fpl;Lk; mDgtq;fs; %yKk; mr;R> kpd; Clfq;fs; jUk; tplaq;fs; %yKk;> Rw;whly;> fy;tp tha;g;Gfis kpifepug;GfpwJ. tskhd rkfhyf; fw;ww; #oypy;> mwpit cUthf;fTk; Ra-Cf;fKld; fw;gtuhfTk; KOikahd kdpjuhAk; Mtjw;F khztHfl;F tha;g;Gfis trjpg;gLj;Jk; Gjpa tfpghfk; MrpupaUf;Fs;sJ.

jfty; jpul;ly;> nray;Kiwg; gzpfspy; <Lgly;> mtjhdpg;G> Kiwrhuhf; fw;wy; vd;gd %yk; xUtupd; nkhj;j ty;yik tpUj;jpahfpwJ. xUtUf;Fj; jdpj;JtkhdJk; Ngr;rpNyh vOj;jpNyh ,d;ndhUtUf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;jNth ifkhw;wNth fbdkhdJkhd ,ij Nkhdf; fw;wy; vd;gH. xUtupd; jdpg;gl;l gykhd ,ij> MrpupaH Ngz Ntz;Lk;. rkfhy KiwrhH fy;tpKiwapy; xUtUila jpwikfspd; gl;baypy; Nkhd mwpT $wg;gltpy;iy. Nkhd mwpitg; gapw;wTk; gw;wTk; Gwtakhf;fTk; vz;zf;fUg; glkpliy xU fUtpahf;fyhk; vd ,j; Jiwia mwpe;j GyikahsHfs; gupe;Jiuj;Js;sdH. KiwrhH fw;gpj;jy; %yk; toq;Fk; ntspg;gil mwpit kpifepug;g ,r; nraw;gug;igg; ghtpf;f MrpupaHfl;F ,aYkhf Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaH Kjypy; xt;nthU rpwhuJk; jdpj;jd;ikia tpsq;fTk; Vw;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> fw;wy; epiyikfisg; gpd;tUk; topfspy; tskhf;f Ntz;Lk;:

fw;wy; mDgtq;fspy; khztHfspd; <Lghl;il trjpg;gLj;jy;@

fw;wypy; khztHfspilNa xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;jy;@

tskhd fw;ww; #oiy cUthf;fYk; epUtfpj;jYk;@

39

fw;wy; milTfis kjpg;gply;@

fw;ww; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhzYk; jpUj;j eltbf;if vLj;jYk;@

khztupd; tpUj;jp gw;wpa gjpTfisg; NgzYk; mwpf;iffisj; jahupj;jYk;.

Mrpupaupd; tfpghfj;jpd; gpw mk;rq;fSs; cs;slq;Ftd:

topfhl;lYk; mwpTiu $wYk;

Kuz;ghLfisj; jPHj;jy;

fiyj;jpl;lk;-rhuhr; nraw;ghLfspfspy; <Lgly;@

eyd;fis cr;rg;gLj;jg; ngw;NwhUld; cwT NgZjy;.

fy;tpr; nra;Kiwia NkYk; tpUj;jpnra;jiy Nkk;gLj;j cjTkhwhd Ma;Tfisj; njhlHe;J elj;jYk; rf MrpupaHfspilNa $l;lhz;ikiaAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; tpUj;jpnra;jYk; jdJ tho;njhopiy xOq;fhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jp tpUj;jpnra;jYk; xU Mrpupaupd; jdpg;gl;l> njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpfl;F mtrpakhdit. NkYk;> Mf;fj;jpwid caHj;JkhW ghlrhiy gaDw ,aq;f mjpgUf;F cjTk; ghupa nghWg;Gk; MrpaUf;Fz;L.

Nkw;$wpa midj;ijAq; fUjpd;> xU MrpupaH tFg;giwapy; ed;F nraw;gLgtuha;> KOikahd ghlmwpT nfhz;L> fy;tpf; nfhs;ifiaAk; eilKiwiaAk; ed;fwpe;J> xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghL xd;Wf;F cl;gl;Lf;> Fwpg;ghf khztHfl;Fk; nghJthfr; r%fj;Jf;Fk; xU Kd;khjpupahf> ,Uj;jy; %yk; xU njhopy; newpQuhAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F> Mrpupag; gzpapy; ,izAKd;> xUtUf;F Mff;Fiwe;J %d;W Mz;Lf; fhy> epWtdQ;-rhHe;j caH kl;lf; fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk; Ntz;Lk;. Nritapd; NghJ> mtUf;Fj; njhluhd njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp tha;g;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaH gzpapd; Nghf;Ffs;

etPd Njitfl;F Kfq;nfhLfFkhW MrpupaHfis tsHf;f> 21k; E}w;whz;bd; khztHfspd; Njitfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHitf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

cyfshtpa 60 fy;tp epWtdq;fspdpd;W 250 Ma;thsHfisf; nfhz;Lte;j “21k;

E}w;whzLj; jpwd;fis kjpg;gplYk; fw;gpj;jYk; jpl;lg;gzp” 21k; E}w;whz;Lj; jpwd;fis ehd;F tpupthd tiffshfg; gFj;jJ.

rpe;jid Kiwfs; Mf;fj;jpwd;@ jpwdha; rpe;jid@ gpur;rpid jPHj;jy;@ KbntLj;jy;@ fw;wy;.

Ntiy Kiwfs; njhlHghlYk; clDiog;Gk;.

njhopw; fUtpfs; jfty; njhlHghly; njhopy;El;gk; (ICT)@ jftw; fy;tpawpT.

cyfpy; tho;jw;fhd jpwd;fs; FbAupik@ tho;Tk; njhopYk;@ jdpg;gl;l> r%fg; nghWg;Gfs;.

MrpupaHfs; Nkw;$wpa jpwd;fis tsHf;f cjTjw;F> tpisgaDs;s fw;ww;

#oy;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gk; tpUj;jpAk; mikg;gpd;’

(OECD) xg;gPl;Lr; rPuha;tpy;> Gj;jhf;fkhd fw;ww; #oy;fspy; ,Uf;fNtz;bad:

fw;wy; ikakhjy;> <Lghl;bd; Cf;Ftpg;G> khztHfs; jk;ikf; fw;gNghuhf tpsq;Fk; ,lkhjy;@

40

fw;wy; r%fj;jd;ikapdjha;> ngUksTk; clDiog;ghdjha; ,Uj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;@

khztH Cf;Ftpg;Gf;Fk; czHTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; ntF ,irthapUj;jy;@

Kd;id mwpTl;gl;l jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfl;F kjpEl;gkhd $UzHNthbUj;jy;@

xt;nthU khztuplKk; kpf vjpHghHf;Fk; mNj Ntis khztHfl;F kpifahfr; RikNaw;whik@

cUthf;Fk; gpd;D}l;liy typAWj;Jk; kjpg;gPLfisg; ghtpj;jy;@

ghlrhiyapYk; ntspapYk; nraw;ghLfl;Fk; ghlq;fl;Fk; FWf;fhd njhlHGfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

,f; Nfhl;ghLfis xUq;Nf fUjpd; mit MrpupaH njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpf;F xU

fwhuhd fl;likg;ghfpd;wd@ OECD gpd;tUk; KbTfisj; jUfpwJ:

ntt;NtW Kiwfisg; ghtpg;gjpYk; Ntz;bd; xt;nthU khztuJk; fw;wiy cfg;ghf;fj; jkJ mZFKiwfis khw;wypYk; ty;Nyhuhjw;F> MrpupaHfs;> fw;gpf;Fk; ghlq;fspy; ew;gupr;raj;Jld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Fwpj;j cs;slf;fj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; Fwpg;ghd %Nyhghaq;fisAk; KiwfisAk; ,J cs;slf;Fk;.

fw;gpj;jy; %Nyhghaj; njhFjpfspd; tskhd ifapUg;Gk; mZFKiwfis xd;wpizf;Fk; jpwDk; Fwpg;ghd KiwfisAk; %Nyhghaq;fisAk; vt;thW vg;NghJ ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mwpTk; mtHfl;Fj; Njit.

KOf;-FOf; fw;gpj;jy;> topfhl;ba fz;lwpjy;> FOg; gzp> Ra fw;wYf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l fz;lwpjy; topfhl;ly; Mfpatw;iw Neubahf czHj;j Ntz;Lk;. mit jdpg;gl;l gpd;D}l;liy toq;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthff; fw;wy; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ vdTk; jdpg;gl;l khztupd; ce;Jtpg;Gk; kdf; fpsHr;rpAk; Fwpg;ghfg; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa xt;nthU khztuJ tho;f;ifAk; gw;wpAk; MrpupaHfl;F Mokhd tpsf;fk; Ntz;Lk;.

xNu epWtdj;jpd; gpw MrpupaHfs;> njhopy; ty;YeHfs;> cupkkw;w njhopw; jpwdhsHfs; MfpNahUld; my;yJ gpw epWtdq;fspNyh njhopw; Jiwr; rKf tiyaikg;GfspNyh topfhl;Lk; MrpupaHfisf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba ntt;NtW gq;fhsp Vw;ghLfspNyh cs;NshUld; kpf clDiog;ghf Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wy; MrpupaHfl;Fj; Njit.

fw;gpj;jypy; ,yf;f (b[pl;ly;) tsq;fisg; ghtpf;fTk;> jfty; Kfhik Kiwfs; %yk; khztHfspd; fw;wiyg; gpd;njhluTk;> MrpupaHfs; typa njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fisg; ngWtJld; njhopy; El;gj;ij tpisgaDs;s fw;gpj;jw; fUtpahfg; ghtpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.

kw;wtHfSld; NrHe;J fw;ww; #oy;fis tbtikf;fTk; topfhl;lTk; Kfhiknra;aTk; jpl;lkplTkhd Mw;wiy MrpupaHfs; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,WjpAk; mWjpAkhf MrpupaHfs; jq;fs; mDgtq;fspy; ,Ue;J fw;FkhW> jkJ eilKiwfisg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,it ahTk; xU Mrpupaupd; tpupthd> nrwpthd tpUj;jpfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. mZFKiw gw;wp Cwpg;NghAs;s vz;zf;fUf;fis khw;WKfkhfr; rpy ehLfs; ,ijg; Gj;jhf;fkhd tplaq;fSlDk; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfSq; nfhz;L ifahSfpd;wdH. Mrpupaupd; fw;wy; jdpikahd gapw;rpahad;wpg; gpw MrpupaHfspd;

Jizapy; epfo;tJ vdg; Gj;jhf;fkhd mZFKiwfs; Vw;fpd;wd — ,J

41

njhopw;JiwrhH njhlHr;rpapd; xU gFjpahf clDiog;Gf; fw;wypd; gaDilikapd; mq;fPfhukhFk;. MrpupaH Maj;jg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa vOj;Jfspd; Nkyjpf jpwdha;T 21k; E}w;whz;by; MrpupaHfs; Ntz;lf;$ba mwpit vLj;Jiuf;fg; gy topfs; cs;sikia

Rl;LfpwJ. rhd;whf> Darling-Hammond khjpup (glk; 2) mnkupf;fj; Njrpa fy;tpf;

fiyf;fof MrpupaH fy;tpf; FO (Committee on Teacher Education, National

Academy of Education Academy, USA) gpd;gw;Wk; Mrpupaupd; fw;wYf;fhd nghJf;

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lNtz;ba Kf;fpa vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,k; khjpup> mwptpd; ClWf;Fk; nraw;gug;Gfs; %d;iwf; nfhz;lJ:

fw;Nghupd; mwpTk;> mwpT tpUj;jp cl;gl> mtHfs; r%fr; #oypy; fw;W tpUj;jpngWk; tpjKk;@

xOf;fhw;Wj; NjitfsJk; khztH NjitfsJk; fy;tpapd; r%f Nehf;fpdJk; gpd;dzpapw; fw;gpf;fNtz;ba ghl tplaKk; jpwd;fSk; cl;gl;l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; ,yf;FfisAk; tpsq;Fjy;@

kjpg;gPL gw;wpAk; Mf;ftskhd xU tFg;giwiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp epUtfpj;jy; vt;thW vd;gJ gw;wpAkhd tpsf;fk; topelj;JkhW> ghlg;gug;G> fw;gpj;jw;-fiy mwpT> gy;tiff; fw;NghH gw;wpa mwpT vd;gd cl;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Mw;wy;fs; gw;wp tpsq;Fjy;.

glk;-2: MrpupaHfis 21k; E}w;whz;Lf;F Maj;jkhf;fy;: vz;zf;fUf;fspd; cwT

42

jdpaiwfshf;fpa fiyj;jpl;ljNjhL xg;gpbd;> Darling–Hammond khjpupAU> Fwpg;gpl;l xU cj;jpNah ghlNkh vy;yh khztHfl;Fk; MrpupaHfs; nra;af;$banjd;d vd KbntLf;fNth tpisgaDila xU fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gNth cjTk; mwpTf; fsq;fs; %d;iwf; nfhz;lJ. ,jw;F> cs;slf;f ,yf;FfSk; rpwhupd; tpUj;jp kl;lKk; NjitfSk; rhHe;j fw;wYk; tpsf;fKk; gw;wpa mwpTk; Njit. ntt;NtW #oy;fspy; ntt;NtW khztHfspil jkJ ,yf;Ffis miljw;fhd eilKiw tiffisg; vq;Nf vt;thW ghtpg;gnjd mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahff;> fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; #oy;fspy; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;rpidfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;fTk; fw;NghH midtuJk; vjpHghuhg; gapw;ww; NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;wTk; njhlHe;J fw;ff;$bNahuhf MrpupaHfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; nghUNsnjdpy;> MrpupaHfs; tFg;giw-mbg;gilahd Ma;Tj; jpwd;fisg; ngWtJld; xUtH kw;wtuplq; fw;Fk; epGzj;JtkpF xj;Jiog;ghsHfshfTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa fw;wy; khjpupAUitr; nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ nray;Kiw rhHe;j gpuptpd;kPJ rpwg;ghd ftdk; mtrpak;. Mrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ikia Nkk;gLj;jr; rpy ehLfs; vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffsJk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fsJk; mb Mjhukhfr; rpy nghJ epajpfSs;sd:

MrpupaHfs; ey;y fy;tpg; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjd; mtrpak;@

xg;gPl;lstpy; MrpupaHfl;F ftHr;rpahd CjpaKk; Vida trjpfSk;@

njhluhd njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpf;F tha;g;Gfis toq;Fjy;@

njhlf;fepiy> njhlUk; MrpupaH fy;tpapd; mbg;gilahd fw;gpj;jy; juq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.

fw;gpj;jy; juq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> mT];jpNuypa MrpupaH epakq;fs;> gl;ljhupfs;> NjHr;rpAilNahH> kpfj; NjHe;NjhH@ Kd;dpiy MrpupaH vDk; ehd;F gpujhd ftdg; gug;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s> VO gpujhd juq;fisf; nfhz;ld. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; jdJ epakq;fis 2012k; Mz;L kPsha;e;jJ. ,k;

kPsha;T> jFjpAil MrpupaH gbepiy (Qualified Teacher Status, QTS) ngw;w

fhye;njhl;L MrpupaHfsplKk; gapYeHfsplKk; vjpHghHf;ff;$ba Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhopw;gapw;rpia tiuaWf;fpwJ. ghf;fp];jhdpd; fy;tp mikr;rpd; nfhs;ifj;

jpl;lkplw; gpupT> MrpupaHfl;fhd Njrpa njhopy;thz;ikj; juj;ij UNESCO

xj;Jiog;GlDk; USAID epjpAjtpAlDk; tbtikj;Js;sJ. mjpy; cs;s 10 juq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk;> mwpTk; tpsf;fKk; (cs;slf;fk;: MrpupaHfs; mwpe;jit)> csr; rhHG (elj;ij> mZFKiw> tpOkpaq;fs;)> jpwd; ntspg;ghL (MrpupaHfs; nra;a ,ay;tdTk;> nra;af;$badTk;) Mfpa %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;lit. jkJ juq;fSs; gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fisr; NrHj;Js;sik ghf;fp];jhdpdJk; If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpdJk; (UK) epakj; njhFg;Gfspd; Fwpg;ghd mk;rkhFk;.

,yq;ifapy; MrpupaH njhopypd; gpur;rpidfs;

MrpupaH Ml;NrHg;G

,yq;ifapy; MrpupaH Ml;NrHg;G gpd;tUk; ,uz;L jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhdJ:

KiwrhH> epWtd-mbg;gil> Nrit-Kd; bg;Nshkhjhupfs; (Njrpa fy;tpf;

fy;Y}up (NCOE) Njrpa fw;gpj;jy; bg;Nshkh)@ fy;tpkhdp (B.Ed.) gl;ljhupfs;.

43

KiwrhH Nrit-Kd; MrpupaH-fy;tp ngwhj gl;ljhupfs; my;yJ

bg;Nshkhjhupfs; (B.A., B.Sc., NDT, HND Mjpad).

,uz;lhk; tifapdH Nritapw; NrHifapy; MrpupaH njhopypw; njhopy;Kiw mwpNth mDgtNkh mw;NwhuhtH. khztHfspd; cs;shw;wy;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhz mtHfl;F ,ayhikahYk; tpisgaDs;s fw;ww; #oiy mtHfs; cUthf;fj; jtWtjhYk; Nritapy; mtHfspd; jpwd; ntspg;ghL FiwgLfpwJ. mtHfs; jkJ njhopypy; ntw;wpfukhf <LgLtjpy;iy. vdNt khztHfspd; milTfs; vjpHghHj;j kl;lq;fis vl;Ltjpy;iy.

Nkw;$wpaij Mizf;FO Vw;gjhy;> gy;fiyf;fofg; nghJg; gl;lq;fSk; rpwg;G bg;Nshkhf;fSk; cilNahiu MrpupaHfshf epakpf;FKd; mtHfs; epWtd KiwapYk; JiwrhHe;Jk; ,ul;il mbg;gilapy; MW-khj khw;Wjy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F cl;gLtij mtrpakhf;fpAs;sJ. vjpHfhyj;jpy; Mrpupa Ml;NrHg;igf; fy;tp mikr;Rk; khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;RNk nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jw;Nghija ghlrhiy-mbg;gil Ml;NrHg;G eilKiw jFjp $ba MrpupaHfis epakpf;fj; jilahAs;sjhy;> mij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> jdpikg;gl;l ghlrhiyfs; ftHr;rpf; FiwthapUf;fyhk;@ vdNt mtw;Wf;F tpz;zg;gjhuH ,y;yhkNy Nghfyhk;. fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ghlq;fl;F MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiw vDk; fs epytuj;ijj; Njrpa kl;lg; Gs;sptptuq;fs; gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy. xU ghlrhiyapy; ,g; ghlq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU MrpupaH Njit vd;gjhy; ,g; gw;whf;Fiwfs; ,f;fl;lhdit. ,f;fl;lhd ,g; gw;whf;Fiwfis ,dq;fz;L gpur;rpidf;F Kfq;nfhLf;FkhW> ,yf;Fitj;j Ml;NrHg;Gk; gzpakHj;jYk; mtrpak;.

MrpupaH gzpakHj;jYk; ,lkhw;wKk;

efu> Fiw efug; ghlrhiyfspy; MrpupaH kpiff;Fk; fpuhk> trjpaw;w ghlrhiyfspy; MrpupaH jl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk; topNfhYk; xt;thj FWf;fPLfshy; rkfhy MrpupaH gzpakHj;jw; nfhs;if xOq;fhf epiwNtWtjpy;iy. rpy MrpupaHfs; gzpNaw;w ehs; Kjy; xNu ghlrhiyapw; gyfhyk; njhlHe;jpUf;Fk; Nghf;FKs;sJ. ,yq;ifr; rpwhuidtHf;Fk; epahakhf mikAkhW> kpfj; NjHr;rp ngw;w MrpupaHfs; fbdkhd> mjp fbdkhd ghlrhiyfspYk; trjpaw;w gpuNjrq;fspYk; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU ghlrhiyapy; xUtuJ Nritf;fhyj;ij kl;Lg;gLj;jp MrpupaHfisr; Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jp ,ijr; rhjpf;fyhk;. vdNt (1) MrpupaHfspd; gzpakHj;jy; ghlrhiyfspd; Fwpg;ghd Njitfl;Nfw;g mikaNtz;LnkdTk;@ (2) Kjy; epakdj;ijf; fbd my;yJ mjpfbd ghlrhiyf;Ff; fl;lhakhd 5 tUl fhyj;Jf;F toq;fNtz;LnkdTk;@ (3) ve;j MrpupaUk; ve;jg; ghlrhiyapYk; 8 Mz;Lfl;F Nky; ,Uf;ff;$lhnjdTk; Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

fy;tp Kiwikapw; Fwpj;j ghlg; gug;Gfspy; Njitfl;Fk; cz;ikahd MrpupaH njhiff;Fkpilapy; cs;s ePbj;j nghUj;jkpd;ik xOq;fPdkhd MrpupaH gug;gPl;Lf;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ. vdNt> MrpupaHfs; jFjpaw;w jhdq;fspy; mkHj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. ,j;jifa gzpakHj;jk; khztUf;F ,ila+whAk; Mrpupaupd; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpf;Fk; njhopy;rhH Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; jilahAs;sJ. MfNt epthuz eltbf;iffshfg; gpd;tUtw;iw fy;tp Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ: (1) Muk;gg;gpupTj; juq;fl;F Kw;whf Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gapw;rp ngw;Nwhiu kl;LNk epakpj;jy;@ (2) xt;nthU ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyapYk; fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;

44

Mfpa xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; Fiwe;jJ xU MrpupaNuDk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;@ (3) MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiw ,Ug;gpd;> mtruj; jpUj;j eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;.

Nrit-Kd; MrpupaH fy;tpAk; gapw;wYk;

jw;NghJ Nrit-Kd; Mrpupaf; fy;tp toq;fYf;Fj;> Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfspd;

(NCOE) fw;gpj;jy; Njrpa bg;NshkhTk; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gy;fiyf;fofg; gPlq;fNsh

gpupTfNsh toq;Fk; B.Ed. gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSkhd ,U xOq;Ffs; kl;LNk cs;sd. ,t;tpU topfsJk; tUlhe;j ntspg;ghL ehl;bd; Njitfis epiwthf;fg;

Nghjh. NkYk;> B.Ed. gl;lk; fiyg;gpupT khztHfl;F kl;LNk toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Nrit-Kd; Mrpupaf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; mikg;Gk;

cs;slf;fKk; nghUe;jhjd vdf; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. B.Ed. gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fy;tprhH gFjpfspy; toq;Fk; ghlq;fspd; kl;Lg;gl;l njhifAk; nraw;gug;Gk;

ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; nghUe;jtpy;iy. vdNt B.Ed. jifikAs;s

MrpupaHfs; tpQ;Qhdk;> fzpjk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> mofpay;> tHj;jfk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; MrpupaH jl;Lg;ghLs;s gpw ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;fg; Nghjpa

jFjpaw;NwhuhAs;sdH. mj;Jld; B.Ed. khztHfspd; fw;gpj;jw; nray;Kiwapd; Nkw;ghHit> ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;glhikahy;> tpisgadw;wJ vdTe; njupatUfpwJ.

,uz;L Mz;Lfl;Fr; nraw;gLj;Jk; fy;tpf; $nwhd;iwAk; njhopy;Kiwf;

$nwhd;iwAk; nghJg;gpupTf; $nwhd;iwAk; nfhz;l NCOE fiyj;jpl;lk;

mz;ikapw; rPuhag;gl;l NghJk;> mDgtKs;s MrpupaH fy;tp gapw;WdHfSlDk; NritapYs;s MrpupaHfSlDk; Nghjpa fye;jhNyhridAk; mtHfsJ gq;Fgw;wYk; ,y;yhikahy;> mJ ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; nghUe;jtpy;iy. NkYk;> nfhs;ifrhH $WfSld; xg;gpLifapw; nra;Kiw> NghjidKiwf; $Wfspd;

Nghjhikahy;> NCOE fiyj;jpl;lk; rkdpd;ikf;fhfTk; tpkHrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

NCOEfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofg; gPlq;fsNjh gpupTfsNjh fy;tpg; gpupTfspYk; MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiw kpf vdTk; mJ ntspg;ghl;bd; juj;ijf; fLikahfg; ghjpg;gjhAk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e; epWtdq;fspw; NritapYs;s MrpupaHfspd; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp tha;g;Gfs; NghjhJs;sd.

Njrpa fy;tp fy;Y}upfl;F khztH NrHg;Gf; nfhs;ifAk; eilKiwAk; njupT mbg;gilfSk; mz;ikf;fhykhf Kuzhfj; njupfpd;wd. njupthd Fwpg;gpl;l ve;jnthU khztH njhFjp khztHfspd; jpwd;fspw; ghupa NtWghl;lhy; mj; njhFjpapd; ntspg;ghl;bd; juk; ghjpg;gilfpwJ. vdNt> fy;Y}upfs; cUthf;Fk; MrpupaHfspd; juk; fhyg;Nghf;fpw; rPuope;Js;sJ.

Nrit-Kd; MrpupaH fy;tp tha;g;Gfis tpupthf;f> midj;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> tzpfk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fspw; ghl myFfisf; nfhz;l

B.Ed. nghJg; gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;Fk; gPlq;fisAk; gpupTfisAk;

cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. NCOEfs; %d;W rpwg;Gf;

fw;if newpfisahtJ toq;fNtz;Lk;. NCOEfs; toq;Fk; ve;jf; fw;if

newpiaAk; epidj;jthW khw;wyhfhJ. NkYk;> vj; JiwapYk; nghJg;gl;lk;/

bg;Nshkh/caH bg;Nshkh ngw;w midtHf;Fk; NCOEfSk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk;

45

MW-khj ,ul;il epWtdKk; JiwAk; rhHe;j khw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

NCOEfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfspd; gzpepiy xJf;if

mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupa fy;tpahsH Nritf;Fl; Nruf; Fiwe;jgl;rj; jifik

B.Ed. rpwg;Gg; gl;lk; my;yJ 1tJ tFg;G my;yJ 2tJ tFg;G (caH epiy) B.Ed.

gl;lk; my;yJ gl;lg;-gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkhtpy; (PGDE) jFjpr; rpj;jp ngw;wtuhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nritapy; mLj;j-kl;lg; gjtpAaHTf;F> fy;tpapaypy; gl;lg;-gpd; jifik ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfs; jkJ njhopy;Kiw elj;ijiaj; juKaHj;jp

,w;iwg;gLj;JkhW> cs;ehl;L/ntspehl;L epWtdq;fspw;> FWfpa-fhyg; gapw;rpf;Fk; gbg;Gg; gpizg;Gfl;Fk; clDiog;G Ma;Tf;Fk; mtHfl;F tha;g;Gfs;

toq;fNtz;Lk;. Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfspd; Muha;r;rpAk;-tpUj;jpAk; (R&D) nraw;ghLfis Mjupf;fr; rpwg;G epjpankhd;iw epWtNtz;Lk;.

MrpupaH fy;tpapd; rkfhyg; Nghf;Ffis cs;slf;Fk; Gjpa khjpupAUnthd;Wld; MrpupaH fy;tpf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij kPs;fl;likf;FkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ tYthd nfhs;ifj; jsj;ijAk;> Nghjidapay; eilKiwiaAk; Muha;r;rpiaAk; Gj;jhf;fj;ijAk;> ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;F ,irthd MSik elj;ijiaAk; tpUj;jprhH $WfisAq; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk;> MrpupaH fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> gapYeHfspd; jdpg;gl;l> FO-rhH nraw;ghLfl;Nfw;w Kiwahd trjpfSs;s gzpaiwfisAk; gl;liwfisAk; Ma;$lq;fisAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfl;F tpz;zg;gpg;Nghupd; njupT eilKiw G.C.E. A-L,y; fy;tp milTfsJk; NeHfhzypd; NghJ fiyj;jpl;lQ;rhuhr; nraw;ghLfSk; ghlrhiyg; gjpTfSk; r^f <LghLfSk; MSikAk; gw;wpg; ngWk; kjpg;gPl;bdJk; mbg;gilapy; mikAkhW njupT eilKiwia kPsha Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

Nritf;fhy MrpupaH fy;tp

jw;NghJ Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis> ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpd;wp> FWfpa fhyj;

jpl;lq;fshfj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtdKk; (NIE) khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuKk; (PEA)

tbtikf;fpd;wd. Vw;fg;gl;l eilKiwapy;> khfhz> tya MrpupaH gapw;rp

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspw; gapw;WeHfshfr; nraw;gLkhW NIE gzpapYs;s

MNyhrfHfis epakpf;fpwJ@ fy;tp KiwikapYs;s MrpupaHfisg; gapw;WtJ khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fspd; nghWg;G. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspw; rpy> ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw; rPHjpUj;jq;fisg; GFj;Jk; Njit rhHe;jitnadpDk;> gpwtw;wpw; ngUk;ghyhdit ed;F jpl;lkplhjitahjyhy;> epWtd tsq;fSk; gq;Fgw;WNthH tFg;giwapw; ghtpf;ff;$ba ngWkjpahd NeuKk; tpuakhfpd;wd. tya> khfhz mjpfhuq;fs; elj;Jk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; nghJthf Mz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; xd;whf neUq;fpaiktjhfj; njupfpwJ. Njitahd epjpia Ntisf;F xJf;fhikNa fhuznkdg;gLfpwJ. jpul;ba jfty;fs;> Nritf;fhy jPtpu Kf;fpaKs;s nraw;ghlhf MrpupaH gapw;rpia milahsq;fz;L nraw;gLj;jhikiar; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspw; gpd;tUq; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd: 1. gq;Fgw;WNthiuf; ftuhikhYk; cl;fl;likg;gpdJk; ,aw;nghUs; tsq;fsJk;

NghjhikahYk; tpupTiufs; Njitfis epiwTnra;aj; jtWfpd;wd.> 2. tpupTiufs; nghUj;jkw;Ws;sd.

46

3. gpiog;g+jpaKk; gazg; gbAk; gq;Nfw;Nghiu Cf;Ftpf;fg; Nghjpastpypy;iy.

Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; xt;nthd;Wk; Njit rhHe;Jk; gpd;tUk; nra;Kiwf;F mikaTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

tuTs;s Mz;bw;fhd jkJ tpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;ij MrpupaHfs; xt;nthU Mz;Lj; njhlf;fj;jpYk; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; tpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;ij mjpgHfs; %yk;

Nritf;fhy MNyhrfHfl;Fj; (ISA) njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ISAfs; MrpupaHfspd; Njitfis milahsq;fz;L tpupthdnjhU Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij tFf;fNtz;Lk;. Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

ZEOf;fs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikar; nraw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

epWtdQ;-rhH Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; tpLghLfis epug;GkhW> ghlrhiy-rhH MrpupaH tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis MrpupaHfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;j xU Kd;$l;ba jpl;lj;Jf;fikag; ghlrhiy mjpgHfs;

ISAfspd; fye;jhNyhridAld; xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Ie;J Mz;Lfl;F Fiwe;j NritiaAila MrpupaHfl;F topfhl;bfshf %j;j MrpupaHfis mjpgHfs; epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa topfhl;ly;fisg; gjpTnra;J %j;j MrpupaHfspd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L kjpg;gPLfspw; ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;.

xj;j mf;fiwAila MrpupaHfisf; nfhz;l rkkhNdhH FOf;fis mikf;f mjpgHfs; toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; FOf;fs; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; Ra Kd;Ndw;wj;jw;Fk; gu];gu MjuT ju Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;$l;ba jpl;lk; tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fiy cWjpnra;jYk; nka;ahd Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l epiwNtw;wy; epjpia Ntisf;F tpLtpj;jYk; khfhz> tyag; gzpg;ghsHfspd; nghWg;G.

cs;slf;fKk; fw;gpj;jw;-fiyAQ; rhHe;J MrpupaHfs; ahtUk; Ie;J Mz;Lfl;F xU KiwNaDk; ,w;iwg;gLkhWk; juKaUkhWk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ePf;fg;gl;LtUk; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfis tjptpl Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp ikaq;fshf;fp> ,j; Njitf;fhd epWtdKiw Vw;ghL nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,k; ikaq;fs;> ,t;thrpupaHfl;fhd ,uz;L thu

“tpLKiwf;fhyg; Gj;jhf;f tjptpl epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis” elj;j Ntz;Lnkd

Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. NIE ,t; “tpLKiwf;fhyg; Gj;jhf;f tjptpl epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lq;fis” cUthf;fp tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;@ mtw;iw khfhz fy;tp mjpfhuq;fs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. 15 Mz;Lr; Nritf;fhyj;Js; ve;j MrpupaUk; Nky; Ntz;bathW juKauhjpUg;gpd;> epiyikiaj; jpUj;j cldb eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;.

FWfpa-fhy MrpupaH gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;jj;> jw;Nghija MrpupaH ikaq;fis tpupthf;fp E}yfq;fs;> Ma;T$lq;fs;> jfty; njhopy;El;g ikaq;fs;> gl;liwfs; Mjpa trjpfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tyaj;jpYs;s MrpupaHfspd; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpf;F tif$w Ntz;batuhjyhy;> tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH

(ZED) ikaq;fspd; Kfhikf;Fk; gzpahsH epakdj;Jf;Fk; nghWg;ghthH.

MrpupaHfsJk; ISAfsJk; mjpgHfsJk; Ntz;LNfhs; mbg;gilapy;> fy;tp ikar;

nraw;ghLfl;F Kd;$l;bNa tUlhe;jj; jpl;lk; tFj;jy; fy;tp ika Kfhikahsupd; tfpghfkhFk;. khztHfsJ vjpHghHg;Gfis epiwTnra;AkhW fw;gpj;jiy Kd;Ndw;wy; vt;thnwd;gijg; gw;wp mtHfsplkpUe;J fUj;Jfis tUtpf;Fk; nray;Kiwnahd;Wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

47

MrpupaHfsJk; Nritf;fhy Mrpupa MNyhrfHfsJk; (ISA) Mrpupaf; fy;tpahsHfsJk; njhlUk; njhopy; tpUj;jp

gy;fiyf;fof (nfhOk;G> Nguhjid> aho;g;ghz> fpof;F> jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;)

gPlq;fSk; gpupTfSk; NIEAk; njhlH njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

(CPD) toq;Ffpd;wd. ,e; epWtdq;fspy; B.Ed. Kjy; M.Phil., Ph.D. tiu

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ghlrhiy Kiwikapw; gapw;whj gl;ljhup MrpupaHfSk; gapw;wpa gl;ljhupay;yhj MrpupaHfSk; ngUe;njhifahf ,Ug;gjhw;> Njit> ,e; epWtdq;fspd; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l Mw;wiy kPWfpwJ.

ngUk;ghyhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lq;fis neLq;fhykhfr; rPuhahjjhy; mit rkfhyj; NjitfSld; nghUe;Jtjpy;iy. ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fw;gpj;j gFjpapy; nfhs;if kpFe;Jk; eilKiwf; fw;gpj;jy; kpf tiuaiwg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. fw;gpj;jy; eilKiwg; gFjpiar; nraw;gLj;jypy; ghlrhiyfSld; tpisgaDs;s gq;fhz;ikapd;ikAk; Nkw;ghHitahsH NghjhikAk; ,jd; fhuzq;fshk;.

,d;ndhU gpd;dilT Vnjdpd;> jFjpAk; mDgtKKs;s fy;tprhH gzpg;gpupTf;Ff; fLe; jl;Lg;ghLs;sjhy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij elj;jj; jFjp Fiwe;j fy;tpahsHfisg; ghtpf;Fq; fl;lhakhFk;. cs;s fy;tprhH gzpg;gpuptpd; njhopy; kdg;ghq;ifj;

juKaHj;Jk; tha;g;GfSk; FiwT. vdNt> CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; juk; jPtpukhfr;

rupfpwJ. gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; NIEAk; ,j; Njrpaj; Njitf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gijj;

jkJ vjpHfhyg; gzpg;ghizahff; nfhz;L xj;Jiof;fNtz;Lk;.

MrpupaHfSk; ISAfSk; MrpupaH fy;tpahsHfSk; jkJ Ntiyj;jyq;fspdpd;W

tpLgLtjpYk; epjp ngWtjpYq; fhZQ; rpukj;jhy; CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy;

gq;Fgw;w my;yw;gLfpwhHfs;. NkYk;> jkJ Ma;Tr; nraw;ghLfl;F crhj;JizfisAk; gpw tsg; nghUl;fisAk; ngWtjpYQ; rpukq;fis vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH. gpuRukhd Mjhuq;fspd; njhluwh ,iza milTf;F> xOq;fikj;j topfhl;lYk; ,ytr my;yJ JizAjtpAs;s Vw;ghLfSk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

njhlUe; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp> MrpupaHfsJk; ISAfsJk; MrpupaH

fy;tpahsHfsJk; njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Mjupf;f Ntz;baikahy;> midj;Jj;

Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; fy;tpg; gPlq;fisAk; gFjpfisAk; epWtp CPD tha;g;Gfis tpupthf;fNtz;Lk;. fy;tp Kiwikapd; rkfhyj; Njitfl;F <lhf

CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lq;fis kPsikf;fNtz;Lk;. gq;Fgw;WNthupd;

Muha;T> Gj;jhf;f Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;JkhW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mikf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mijtplg;> gq;Fgw;WNthupd; Mq;fpy> ICT Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;JkhW

CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Jizf; $Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. juj;ijg;

NgZkhW> CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lg; gzpahsH epakdk; nghUj;jkhd mjpfhuq;fs;

tpjpj;j epakq;fl;F cld;gl;Lk; rHtNjr epakq;fSld; xg;gplj;jf;fthWk;

mikaNtz;Lk;. QAf;fhfr; rkkhNdhH kjpg;gPl;L Vw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

njhopypYs;s MrpupaHfs; jkJ ghl mwpit Kd;Ndw;wTk; Gj;jhf;fkhd fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis tpUj;jpnra;aTk; cjTk; nray;KiwfisAk; Vw;ghLfisAk; xt;nthU gy;fiyf;fofKk; tFf;fNtz;Lk;. jj;jkJ rpwg;Gj; Jiwfspy; Fwpg;ghd ghlq;fisg; gpwUf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpf; fw;wypYk; Muha;tpYk; <LgLNthiuf; fy;tprhH gpupTfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhff;> fzpjf; fy;tpkhd;fs;

48

fzpjj;ij vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; fw;gpf;fTq; fw;fTk; Ntz;Lnkdg; gbf;fNtz;Lk;. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> ,t;tifapw; fy;tpkhd;fspd; gq;fspg;G mtHfSila njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; cupa mq;fPfhuk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Njitahd tpLKiwAld; ghlnewpf; fl;lzr; rYifNahL CPD

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspw; gq;Fgw;WkhW MrpupaHfisAk; ISAfisAk; MrpupaH

fy;tpahsHfisAk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaH Nrit epge;jidfSk; tha;g;GfSk;

MrpupaHfspd; jw;Nghija Nrit epge;jidfisAk; njhopy;rhH tha;g;GfisAk;

Nritf; Fwpg;G (Service Minute) tiuaWj;J tptupf;fpwJ. jw;Nghija MrpupaH

Nritf; Fwpg;G 10 Mz;Lfl;Fk; Nkw; nraypYs;sJ. vdNt ,f; nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfs; milahsq;fhZkhwhd Mrpupaupd; tfpghfj;ij cs;slf;FkhW cWg;Giufisr; NrHj;J mijj; jpUj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nritf; Fwpg;Gf; $Wk; rk;gsj; jpl;lk; xg;gplj;jf;f gpw Nritfl;fhd rk;gsj; jpl;lq;fSld; xg;gpbd; NghjhjhjJ.

nghJthfg;> ghlj;Jf;F Maj;jkhfTk; fw;gpj;jy; Jizfis Maj;jkhf;fTk; xg;gilfisAk; gapw;rpfisAk; jpUj;jTk; rf MrpupaHfSld; $bg;NgrTk; khztHfSld; fye;jhNyrpf;fTk; MrpupaH xUtUf;F xU ehiisf;Ff; Fiwe;jJ xU ghlNtis xoptuhtJ Njit. vdpDk;> ngUthupahd ghlrhiyfspy; mg; gzpfspy; <Lgl MrpupaHfl;F mt;thwhd xopT Ntis fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdNt> trjpfSld;$ba nghUj;jkhdthW gpupj;j CopaH miwnahd;iw xt;nthU ghrhiyapYk; epWtNtz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ.

fw;gpj;jiy tho;f;ifj; njhopnyd mwptpj;jy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. MrpupaHfs; jj;jk; nraw;ghLfisf; fz;zpakhf xOq;FgLj;jp epHtfpg;gH vd mj;jifa gpufldk; Fwpg;ghYzHj;Jk;. mij ,ay;tpf;Fk; njhopy;rhH mikg;nghd;iwNah kd;iwNah mikg;gij Mjupf;Fk; xU rl;le; Njit. MrpupaHfspd; fy;tpj;juj;ijAk; njhopw;juj;ijAk; xOf;ftpaiyAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; njspthff; Fwpj;jYk; NgzYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; mt;tikg;gpd; nghWg;ghFk;. Mrpupag; gzpahw;Wk; cupkj;ijj; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,j; njhopy;rhH mikg;G toq;Fk;. Kd;nkhope;Js;s njhopy;rhH mikg;gpw;F murhq;f my;yJ NtW FWf;fPbd;wpr; nraw;gLk; jd;Dupik Njit.


Ml;NrHg;G

57. MrpupaH Ml;NrHg;G gpd;tUk; jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; mika Ntz;Lk;:

fw;gpj;jy; bg;Nshkh

fy;tpkhdp (B.Ed.)

Njrpa bg;Nshkh my;yJ caH Njrpa bg;Nshkh my;yJ nghUj;jkhd ve;jg; ghlr; NrHf;ifiaAq; nfhz;l nghJg; gl;lk; vd;gJld; epWtdnkhd;wpYk; fsj;jpYk; 6-khj ,ul;ilg; gapw;rp

58. MrpupaH Ml;NrHgigf; fy;tp mikr;R my;yJ khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;R kl;LNk nra;aNtz;Lk;.

49

59. fLk; MrpupaH gw;whf;FiwAs;s ghlq;fis milahsq;fz;L mg; gpur;rpidia tpspf;FkhW ,yf;F-itj;j Ml;NrHg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gzpakHj;jYk; ,lkhw;wKk;

60. MrpupaH gzpakHj;jy; ghlrhiyfspd; Fwpg;ghd Njitfl;Fg; nghUe;jNtz;Lk;.

61. Kjy; epakdk; 5 tUlq;fl;F trjpFiwe;j gpuNjrq;fspYs;s fbd my;yJ mjp-fbd ghlrhiyf;fhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

62. MrpupanuhUtiuf; Fwpj;j vg; ghlrhiyapYk; nkhj;jk; 8 Mz;Lfl;FNkw; gzpahw;w tplyhfhJ.

63. Muk;gj; juq;fl;F Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gapw;rp ngw;w MrpupaHfis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

64. xt;nthU ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyapYk; Mq;fpy> fzpj> tpQ;Qhd MrpupaHfs; fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitfis epug;gw;F MrpupaH Nghjhik epyTNky;> FWfpa-fhy khw;wy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; %yk; mtrukhd jpUj;j eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;.

Nrit-Kd; MrpupaH fy;tp 65. Nrit-Kd; MrpupaH fy;tp tha;g;Gfis tpupthf;f ehl;bd; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;

fy;tpg; gPlq;fisNah gpupTfisNah epWt Ntz;Lk;. mit B.Ed. rpwg;G>

B.Ed. nghJ gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. B.Ed. nghJ gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lg; ghl myFfs; gpd;tUtw;Ws; ,uz;ilNaDq; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;: fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> njhopy;El;gk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> tzpfKk; fzf;fpaYk;.

66. gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfSk; ve;jj; JiwapYk; nghJg; gl;lNkh bg;NshkhNth caH bg;NshkhNth cila vtUf;Fk; epWtd KiwapYk; JiwrhHe;Jk; ,ul;il mbg;gilapy;> fw;gpj;jypy; MW-khj khw;Wjy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

67. G.C.E. A-L ,y; fy;tprhH milTfsJk; NeHfhzypd; NghJ fy;tprhuhr;

nraw;ghLfSk; ghlrhiyg; gjpTfSk; r%f <LghLk; gw;wpa tha;%y kjpg;gPLfsJk; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfl;F khztH NrHg;Gj; NjHitr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Nritf;fhy MrpupaH fy;tp

68. xt;nthU Mz;L ,WjpapYk; xt;nthU MrpupaUk; jdJ nrhe;j

Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;ij Maj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjpgH %yk; mij ISAf;F

mDg;gNtz;Lk;. ISAfs; MrpupaHfspd; Njitfis milahsq;fz;L> gFjpepiyr; Nritf;fhy Mrpupag; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; milahsq;fz;l Njitfl;fika tpUj;jpahfNtz;Lk;.

50

69. MrpupaHfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;Jj; jahupj;j Kd;$l;ba jpl;lj;Jf;fika MrpupaH tpUj;jpf;fhd ghlrhiy-rhH gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mjpgHfs; xOq;fikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

70. khfhz ,af;FeHfs; Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l epjpj; Njitia El;gkhfj; jPHkhdpj;J epjpnahJf;fNtz;Lk;.

71. ePf;fg;gl;LtUk; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfisr; Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rpf; FbapUg;G

ikaq;fshf;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaHfl;fhd xU-khj “tpLKiwf; FbapUg;G

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis” ,k; ikaq;fspy; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

72. caHju Nritf;fhy MrpupaH gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;FkhW> VyNt cs;s MrpupaH ikaq;fis tpUj;jpnra;J Maj;jg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

73. ikaq;fspd; Nkyhz;ikiaAk; gzpahsH epakdj;ijAk; ZED nra;a

Ntz;Lk;. tyaj;jpd; xt;nthU MrpupauJk; njhopy; tpUj;jpf;F ZED

nghWg;ghthH.

74. jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L kjpg;gPLfl;Fk; rk;gs caHTf;Fk; gjtp caHTf;Fk; Nritf;fhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf; fzpg;gpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaHfsJk; Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfsJk; njhlUk; njhopy; tpUj;jp 75. B.Ed., PGDE, M.Ed., M.Phil. Nghd;w epWtdk;-rhHe;j nghUj;jkhd njhopy;

tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;aNtz;Lk;.

76. MrpupaHfspd; Mq;fpy> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopj; NjHr;rpia Nkk;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

77. fy;tp-rhH Muha;Tfis elj;jTk; ICT jpwd;fis tsHf;fTk; MjuTk;

tsq;fSk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

78. CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; rhd;wspg;igAk; ju cWjpg;gLj;jiyAk; caH-

fy;tp mikr;Rk; fy;tp mikr;Rk; $l;lhfr; nra;aNtz;Lk; Ntz;Lk;.

79. CPD ghlepfo;r;rpfl;F khdpaq;fSk; fl;lzq;fl;Fr; rYifAk; toq;f

Ntz;Lk;.

80. CPD epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; MrpupaHfsJk; MrpupaH fy;tpahsHfsJk; njhopy;

tpUj;jpf;F Mjuthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaH fy;tpf;fhd epWtd Vw;ghLfs;

81. NCEOf;fspYk; gy;fiyf;fofg; gPlq;fspYk; gpupTfspYk; Mrpupaf;fy;tpg; gzpepiy xJf;if caHj;j Ntz;Lk;.

51

82. FWfpa-fhy Nritf;fhy tjptpl epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fl;Fg; gad;gLkhW MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfis khw;w Ntz;Lk;.

83. Mrpupa gapw;rpahsHfspd; jdpg;gl;l> FOr; nraw;ghLfl;Fj; Njitahd gzpaiwfisAk; gl;liwfisAk; Ma;T$lq;fisAk; MrpupaH fy;tp epWtdq;fl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

84. NCOEfs; %d;W rpwg;Gf; fw;ifnewpfisahtJ toq;fNtz;Lk;. ve;jnthU

NCOEapYk; fpilf;ff;$ba fw;ifnewpfis vOe;jkhdthW khw;wyhfhJ.

85. Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfsJk; khztHfsJk; Muha;r;rpAk;-tpUj;jpAk; (R&D) nraw;ghLfl;fhf Mrpupa fy;tp epWtdq;fl;Fr; rpwg;G epjp xJf;fNtz;Lk;.

86. rkfhy MrpupaH fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffspy; xU nfhs;if mj;jpthuj;ijAk; fw;gpj;jy; eilKiw> Muha;T> Gj;jhf;fk; Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;FkhW MrpupaH fy;tpf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij kPsikf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;NjhL ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;.

87. MrpupaH fy;tpr;Nritapy; ,iza mjpFiwe;j Njit B.Ed. rpwg;Gg; gl;lk;

my;yJ PGDEapy; jFjpr; rpj;jp my;yJ rpwg;Gr; rpj;jpahFk;. mLj;j kl;lg;

gjtpAaHTf;F mtHfs; fy;tpapaypy; xU tUlg; gl;lg;-gpd; gl;lk; ngwNtz;Lk;.

88. Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfspd; njhopy;Kiw elj;ijiaj; juKaHj;jp

,w;iwg;gLj;JkhW> cs;ehl;L/ntspehl;L epWtdq;fspw; FWfpa-fhyg; gapw;rpf;Fk; gbg;Gg; gpizg;Gfl;Fk; clDiog;G Ma;Tf;Fk; mtHfl;F tha;g;Gfs; toq;fNtz;Lk;.

89. fy;Y}upj; jiytUf;Fr; rkhg;gpj;j Rakjpg;gPl;L mwpf;ifnahd;wd; mbg;gilapy; Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfspd; tUlhe;jj; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;il kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupaj; njhopy; Njrpa rig

90. Mrpupaj; njhopypd; kjpg;ig epiyepWj;j Njrpa rig xd;iw epWtNtz;Lk;.

91. fw;gpj;jw; juj;ij tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa rig tFj;j epakq;fl;fika kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

92. Njrpa rig xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghnlhd;iw tpUj;jpnra;J nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

52

khztH kjpg;gPL

mwpKfk;

fy;tpj; njhlHgpy;> kjpg;gPL vd;gJ> fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;> khztHfs; fw;wnjd;d> tpsq;fpanjd;d> jkJ fw;wy; mDgtq;fspd; gadhf mtHfs; fhuzkhf nra;tnjd;d vd;gd gw;wpa Mo;e;j Gupjiyg; ngWkhW> gaDs;s jfty;fis NtWgl;l gy;tif %yq;fspdpd;W ngw;W tpsf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;. kjpg;gPl;lhy; cUthFk; jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy kjpg;gPl;il cUthf;f kjpg;gPL> jpul;ba kjpg;gPL vd ,U gpujhd tiffshg; gpupf;fyhk;.

epfOk; fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; kjpg;gPL toikahf “cUthf;f

kjpg;gPL” vdg;gLk;. mJ fw;wy;-.fw;gpj;jiy Kd;Ndw;Wjw;fhfj; jfty;fis mWjpaPl;L Kiwapw; ngw MrpupaHfSk; khztHfSk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. cUthf;f kjpg;gPL MrpupaH mtjhdpg;G> tha;nkhop tpdhTjy;> tFg;giwf; fye;Jiuahly;> Ratptug;gjpT kjpg;gPL> jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L kjpg;gPL> tPl;L NtiyAk; guPl;irfSk; cl;gl;l khztH gzpfspd; kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ. tpisthd jfty;fs; khztHfspd; Njitfis epiwthf;FkhW fw;gpj;jiyAk; fw;wiyAk; ,zf;Ftpf;fg; gad;gLk;NghJ> kjpg;gPL cUthf;f kjpg;gPlhfpwJ.

fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gplTk; fw;wypd; rpukq;fspd; fhuzkwpe;J jPHf;FkhW MrpupaHfl;Fk; khztHfl;Fk; jfty; toq;FkhW cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;D}l;ly; toq;fy; cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;bd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. nfhs;ifastpy;> cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfis MrpupaHfSk; khztHfSk; ehshe;j> thuhe;j mbg;gilapy; tFg;giwapw; nra;ayhk;. ,r; nray;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahfr;> Rakjpg;gPl;by; <LgLkhW khztHfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtH. cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;by; tpisAk; jfty;fs; tFg;giwf;F mg;ghw; nry;yh. khztHfisj; juq;fhzNth gbepiy tupirg;gLj;jNth mtw;iwg; ghtpg;gjpy;iy. tFg;giwg; Nghjid xt;nthU ghlj;jpd;NghJk; jpul;lf;$ba> jpul;lNtz;ba cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty; tsj;jhy; mD$ykila mbf;fb jtWfpwJ. toikahf xU myfpdNjh Mz;bdNjh jtizapdNjh ghlnewpapd; ,WjpapNyh

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; kjpg;gPLfs; “jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfs;” vdg;gLk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis khztnuhUtH vt;tsT ed;whf va;jpAs;shH vd;w KbTf;F tuj; Njitahd jfty;fis mit MrpupaHfl;Fk;> khztHfl;Fk;> ngw;NwhUf;Fk; toq;Ffpd;wd. juq;fis toq;fTk; khztHfis kjpg;gplTk; rhd;wpjo;fisNah mq;fPfhuj;ijNah toq;fTk; jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfs; toikahfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfspdpd;W ngWk; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fisg; gy;NtW cUthf;fj; Njitfl;Fk; ghtpf;fyhk; vd;gJ ftdpf;f cfe;jJ. mit> cjhuzkhf tyaq;fs;> khfhzq;fs;> fy;tp Kiwik Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;w Kiwik milTfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> fiyj;jpl;l tplaq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; tptupj;Js;s ,yf;Ffis khztH mile;jhuh vd xU MrpupaH mwpjw;Fj; jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfSk; cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfSk; Njit. jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfs; fw;wiy cWjpnra;Ak; Nehf;ifAk; cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfs; fw;wiy Kd;Ndw;Wk; Nehf;ifAk; cilad.

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khztupd; fw;wiy Kd;Ndw;WjNy kjpg;gPl;bd; gpujhd Nehf;fnkd typAWj;Jk; mNjNtis> xd;Wld; xd;W njhlHGila kjpg;gPl;bd; Njitfs; %d;iw mz;ika

gDty;fs; tiuaWj;Js;sd: fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPL (assessment for learning, AfL)@

fw;wyhf kjpg;gPL (assessment as learning, AaL)@ fw;wypd; kjpg;gPL (assessment of

learning, AoL).

fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPL (AfL) fw;wCaw;ghL neLfpYk; epfo;fpwJ. khztHfspd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjt vd;d nra;ayhnkd MrpupaHfs; jPHkhdpf;FkhW> xt;nthU

khztuJk; tpsf;fj;ijj; njd;gLj;j ,J jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ. AfL,y;> khztHfs; mwpe;jijAk; nra;af;$baijAk; gw;wpAk; mwpjypy; mtHfl;Fs;s Fog;gq;fisAk; guhf;FfisAk; ,ilntspfisAk; gw;wpAk; jk;khypad;wsT mwpjw;fhd xU tprhuizf; fUtpahf MrpupaHfs; kjpg;gPl;ilg; ghtpg;gH.

fw;wyhf kjpg;gPL (AaL) khztH kPJ ftdq;Ftpj;J> kjpg;gpliy khztHfl;fhd

kPawpjy; (xUtH jdJ rpe;jidr; nraw;ghl;il mwpjy;) nra;Kiwahff; nfhz;L mjd;kPJ mOj;jk; itf;fpwJ. fw;wy; vd;gJ ntWNk mwpTila xUtH Fiwe;jsT mwpTilatUf;Fj; jdJ mwpit ,lkhw;wy; md;wpg; Gjpa rpe;jidfSldhd ,iltpidfspd; Nghf;fpy; epfOk; nraY}f;fkd mwpjypd; kPs;fl;likj;jw;

nra;KiwahFk; vd;w fUj;jpypUe;J AaL vOfpwJ. fw;wy; gw;wpa ,g; ghHitapy;

khztHfNs kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; fw;wYf;Fk; ,ilahd Kf;fpa ,izg;ghthHfs;. jkJ tpsf;fj;ij cUthf;Fjypy; Mf;fkhf <Lgl> khztHfs; Ez;zha;e;J kjpg;gpl;Lj; jftypd; nghUSzuTk; jftiyg; gioa mwpTld; cwTgLj;jTk; Gjpa mwpTf;F mijg; ghtpf;fTk; ty;Nyhuhf Ntz;Lk;@

jpul;ba kjpg;gPl;L ,ay;Gilajhd fw;wypd; kjpg;gPL (AoL)> khztHfs;

mwpe;jijAk; nra;a ty;yijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jTk; mtHfs; fiyj;jpl;l ntspg;ghLfis va;jpAs;sduh vd;gij nka;g;gpf;fTk; mtHfspd; NjHr;rpf;Fr; rhd;wspf;fTk; mtHfspd; vjpHfhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp KbntLf;fTk;> ,ilapilNa> gpwUf;Fr; rhHghf mtHfSila epiyiaf; fhl;lTk; gad;gLk;.

fw;wYf;fhd> fw;wyhf> fw;wypd; vDk; tupirf;F Nehf;fKz;L. mJ fw;wYf;fhd

kjpg;gPl;bd; (AfL) Kf;fpaj;ij typAWj;jpf; fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jypy; fw;wyhf

kjpg;gPl;bd; (AaL) gq;if czHj;JfpwJ. jpul;ba KbTfis vLf;Fk; #o;epiyfl;F

kl;Lk; fw;wypd; kjpg;gPl;il (AoL) xJf;fNtz;Lk;.

%tif kjpg;gPLfspilAk; NtWghlwpAk; xU top Vnjdpd;> tFg;giwr;

nraw;ghLfspd; kjpg;gPL fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPL (AfL) my;yJ fw;wyhf kjpg;gPlhFk;

(AaL). NrhjidfSk; guPl;irfSk; KiwikrhH kjpg;gPLfSk; gpujhdkhf fw;wypd;

kjpg;gPlhk; (AoL). NtW nrhw;fspw; $wpd;> cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfs; AfL> AaL MfTk;

jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfs; AoL MfTk; mikAk;.

kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwg; Nghf;Ffs;

fw;wy; vd;gJ tpjpj;j ghlE}y;fspdpd;Wk; MrpupaHfspd; Fwpg;Gfspdpd;Wk; ngWk; tpla mwpitg; gw;wpaJ kl;Lky;y. mJ> NkYkjpfkhfr;> nray;KiwapYk; epr

54

tho;tpYk; mwpitg; ghtpj;jy; gw;wpaJkhk;. fw;wy; gw;wpa gioa khiaiaf; fiyf;Fk; top ed;F tbtikj;j kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwNaahFk;.

nghJthfg; gad;gLk; jug;gLj;jpa guPl;irfshd fl;Liu tif> gy-njupT tif>

nghUj;Jjy; vd;gd ‘ehia Ml;Lk; thy;’ Nghy fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;F MizapLfpd;wd. ,g; guPl;irfs; NghnahopAk; tiu> khztHfis vjpHfhyj;jpw;F Maj;jkhf;f vj; jpwd;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd MrpupaHfl;F tpsq;fhJ. vdNt> tFg;giw kjpg;gPLfs; vjpHfhyj;jpy; khztHfl;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy;fSld; ,zq;Ftij MrpupaHfs; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ek;gfkhd> jpwd; ntspg;ghl;L

mbg;gilapyhd msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;l tFg;giw-kjpg;gPLfspd; ‘Gjpa

miyapd;’ xU gFjpahf MrpupaHfs; mika Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;> toikahd Nrhjidfis kl;Lq; nfhz;buhJ> gpur;rpid jPHg;gjpYk; jfty;fisg; gFj;jha;e;J njhFj;jypYk; khztHfs; jkJ jpwd;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jtijf; NfhUk; Gjpa tof;FKiwfisAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

If;fpa mnkupf;fh (USA)> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (UK)> fdlh> ];fd;bNdtpa ehLfs;> mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w tpUj;jpngw;w ehLfs; ghlrhiy kjpg;gPl;L> fzpg;gPl;L eilKiwiag; gyg;gLj;j ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPl;bd; gpd;Ds;s rpe;jid Vnjdpd;> ghlrhiyf;F ntspNaAs;s tho;f;iff;F mjpfk; nghUe;Jk; Kiwfspy; khztHfs; jkJ mwpitg; Gyg;gLj;jr; nra;tjhFk;. jug;gLj;jpa Nrhjidfs; milT kjpg;gPl;by; xU ghfj;ij tfpj;jhYk;> ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPL NtW ed;ikfisAe; jUfpwJ. ghuk;gupa kjpg;gPLfspy; fw;gpj;jy;> khztHfisr; Nrhjidf;F Maj;jg;gLj;jw;F tiug;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;tpr; nra;Kiwapd; NghJ khztnuhUtH ngw;w mwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;J epr cyfg; gzpfis epiwNtw;wypy; mk; khztupd; NjHr;rpia ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiw kjpg;gpLfpwJ. xg;gil vOJjy;> jdpg;gl;l my;yJ $l;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;> Ratptug;gjpT> MrpupaH mtjhdpg;Gfs;> jpwd; ntspg;ghL my;yJ Gyg;gLj;jy; kjpg;gPL> jpwDf;Fr; rhd;W$Wk; gpw nraw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw ek;gfkhd kjpg;gPL cs;slf;fyhk;.

Ratptug;gjpT Nghd;w Gjpa kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfspd; nry;thf;Ff; $bAs;sJ. fy;tpr; Ratptug;gjpT xU nra;jpl;lj; njhFjpf;Fk; xU Nfhg;gpDs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l fljhrpj; jhs;fl;Fk; NkyhdJ. Mrpupaupd; kjpg;gPLfs;> jiyg;G thrfq;fs;> khztHfs; Ragpujpgypg;Gf;fs; Mfpa Vida mk;rq;fishAk; mJ cs;slf;Fk;. Ratptug;gjpT kjpg;gPL> xU Fwpj;j fhy ,ilntspAs; xU khztupd; NtiyiaAk; Ntiy rhHe;j gpw jfty;fisAq; nfhz;L khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jr; rpj;jupg;igj; jUfpwJ. khztupd; fy;tpf;fhy KOjpYk; mtuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpf;f mijg; ghtpf;fyhk;.

fy;tpapy; Ratptug;gjpitg; ghtpf;fg; gy topfs; cs;sd. cUthf;fpa Ratptug;gjptpd; tif mjd; ,Wjpg; gad;ghL rhHe;jJ. tpUj;jpr; Ratptug;gjpT> jpwikr; Ratptug;gjpT> fhl;rpg;ngl;br; Ratptug;gjpT vd;gd tFg;giwapw; gad;gLk; rpy Ratptug;gjpTfshk;.

ghlrhiy Mz;L KOtJk; Fwpj;jnthU NjHr;rpapy; xU khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij MrpupaH Mtzg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ tpUj;jpr; Ratptug;gjpntdg;gLk;. khztH kjpg;gPl;bYk; ngw;NwhH re;jpg;Gfspd; NghJ khztupd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;ilf; fye;JiuahlTk; gad;gLk; Mtzq;fis ,t;thwhd Ratptug;gjpT toq;Fk;. Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU ghlg;gug;gpy; rpwg;ghSikiaj; jpwikr; Ratptug;gjpT jUk;.

55

fhl;rpg;ngl;br; Ratptug;gjpT> Fwpj;njhU ghlrhiy Mz;bNyh KOf; fy;tpf; fhyj;jpYNkh khztH Mw;wpa mjprpwe;j Ntiyfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk;. rpj;jpu NtiyfSk; tpQ;Qhdg; gupNrhjidfSk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufSk; khztupd; jpwd;fisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; mjprpwg;ghf milahsg;gLj;Jk; gpw ntspg;ghLfSk; ,jpy; mlq;fyhk;.

Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;irfspy; NknyOk; rHtNjr Vw;Gila mjprpwe;j eilKiwfSs; guPl;irfspy; caHe;jsT ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia miljYk; mlq;Fk;. jpUj;jpa tpilj;jhisg; guPl;rhHj;jpf;F mDg;gpg; guPl;irg; ngWNgWfis ghlrhiyfs; Kd;jpUj;Jfpd;w maHyhe;jpYk; fdlhtpd; gpupl;b\; nfhyk;gpahtpYk; epiyngw;Ws;s ,g; Nghf;F jw;NghJ tsHfpwJ. ,J g+uz ntspg;gilahd nra;Kiwiaj; jUtNjhL> epakq;fisf; filg;gpbf;FkhW guPl;irg; nghwpKiw KOijAk; J}z;bj; jpUj;jypy; mfr;rhHghd tOf;fis kpff; Fiwf;fpwJ. mjd; gadhf> Kiwg;ghLfs; mupjhAk;> guPl;irfs; ntspg;gilahAk; ,Ug;gNjhL nghJrd ek;gpf;ifAk; cWjpg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa eilKiwfs; gpw ehLfl;Fk; guTfpd;wd. mT];jpNuypah

— Fwpg;ghf FtPd;];yd;l; — n`hq; nfhq;> epA+rpyhe;J Mfpa ehLfspd; guPl;irj;

jpizf;fsq;fs;/rigfs; ,j;jifa khw;wq;fisg; GFj;Jfpd;wd. ekJ guPl;irfspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia mjpfupf;fTk; ,e;j vz;zf;fUf;fisg; ghtpf;fyhk;.

tpUj;jpngw;w ehLfspy;> ghlrhiy-mbg;gil kjpg;gPLfspYk; Njrpag; guPl;irfspYk; cs;s Nghf;F Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rpapdjd;wp caHe;jgl;r Mw;wypd; rhd;wspg;ghFk;.

‘Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rp’ ghlrhiy-mbg;gil kjpg;gPLfspYk; (SBA) Njrpag;

guPl;irfspYk; gad;gLfpwJ. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ‘Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rpr; Nrhjidfspy;’ vg; ghlj;jpYk;> khztnuhUtH mjpw; rpj;jpngwg; Nghjpajhf> xU tpdhj;jhNsd; (tpdhj;jhs;-1) Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rpg; guPl;irahapUf;Fk;. Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rpiar; rhd;wspf;fj; Njitahd cs;slf;fk;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdpd;Wk; NjHr;rpfspdpd;Wk; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;. Njrpa guPl;irg; ghlj;jpd; kw;w tpdhj;jhs; (tpdhj;jhs;-1) caH

tupirj; jpwd;fisAk; NjHr;rpfisAk; kjpg;gpLk; ,yf;FilaJ. SBAapYk; tpdhj;jhs;-1,Yk; ngWk; gbepiyfs; rpj;jpiar; rhd;wspf;fg; gad;gLk;@ tpdhj;jhs;-2> guPl;rhHj;jp milAk; gbepiyiaj; jPHkhdpf;Fk;.

tpUj;jpngw;w ehLfspw; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia KOikg;gLj;jaijr; rhd;wspf;Fk; ,d;ndhU Nghf;F Vnjdpd;> ghlrhiy-mbg;gil ,iz-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztupd; gq;Fgw;wiyAk; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;ilAk; kjpg;gplyhFk;. rpwhupd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpUj;jpf;F ,J mj;jpahtrpak;. ,J> gd;Kf Ez;zwpit tsHf;fTk; kjpg;gplTk; tpisgaDs;s topahtJld;> Nritj;jpl;lq;fspYk; tpisahl;bYk; gq;Fgw;Wjy; %yk; czHr;rp KjpHit cWjpg;gLj;Jk; xU topAkhFk;. ,J fLk; guPl;ir-ikag; Nghf;iff; Fiwf;f cjTtNjhL ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;Fk; mjpfhukspf;Fk;. tpisahl;L> fiy epfo;r;rpfs;> rq;fq;fs; fofq;fs; Nghd;w ghlrhiyj; jiyikj;Jt epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;> khztH gilg;gapw;rp> topfhl;b> r%f-ikar; Nritfs; Nghd;w ghlrhiy-mbg;gil ,iz-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfs;> rpwhupd; KOikhd MSik tpUj;jpf;F ntFthfg; gq;fspf;fpd;wd. capHg;gw;w mtjhdpfshapUj;jw;F khwhf khztHfs; jk; cstpaf;fj; jpwd;fis tsHf;Fk; RWRWg;ghd gq;Nfw;NghuhtH.

If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk; (USA) fdlhtpYk; cs;s ghlrhiyfSk; midj;J

mnkupf;f> fNdba rHtNjr ghlrhiyfSk; xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; juq;fis tpjpj;jpUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> xt;nthU khztUk; Mff; Fiwe;J ,uz;L tpisahl;Lr; nraw;ghLfspYk; ,uz;L r%fg;gzpj;

56

jpl;lq;fspYk; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,J> czHr;rp eyj;ijAk; cly; eyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> caHthd mwpthw;ww; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fk; gq;fspf;fpwJ.

,yq;ifapy; kjpg;gPl;L eltbf;ifg; gpur;rpidfs;

nghJg;guPl;irfspd; juKk; fLikahd guPl;ir Kidg;Gk;

,yq;ifapd; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwik Ie;jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir> G.C.E.

O-L guPl;ir (juk;-11; ,Wjpapy;)> G.C.E. A-L guPl;ir (juk;-13; ,Wjpapy;) vDk; %d;W

nghJg; guPl;irfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,g; guPl;irfs; khztHfsplKk; ngw;NwhuplKk; ghlrhiyfsplKk; fy;tp mjpfhupfsplKk; kpifahd ftdpg;ig Ntz;Lfpd;wd. khztHfspd; fpsHjy; kl;lk;> xt;nthU guPl;irapYk; jpwk;glr; nra;AkhW Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ngw;Nwhupd; mOj;jj;Jld; NrHe;J> khztHfis kpFk; kd mOj;jj;Jf;F Mshf;fpAs;sJ.

Ie;jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fl;fhf elf;fpwJ: nghUs; trjp Fiwe;j FLk;gq;fspd; Mw;wYila khztHfl;F cjtpr;rk;gsk; toq;fy;@ kjpg;Gkpf;f ghlrhiyfspy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;F khztHfisj; njupjy;. vdpDk;> Clfq;fspd; Njitaw;w ftdpg;ghYk; cr;rj;ij vl;Lk; xUrpy khztHfis mq;fPfupf;f mjpfhuj;jpYs;NshH cUthf;Fk; cw;rhfj;jhYk;> KO Kaw;rpANk Vfg;ngUk;ghyhd khztHfspd; cs-czHT tpUj;jpf;F CwhfpAs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,g; guPl;irfspd; vjpHT$ww; nrk;ik IakhdJ: guPl;irj; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fk; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;Nwhupd; gpw;fhyj; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fk; xl;Lwtpd;ikahy; mJ Nfs;tpf;FupaJ.

Kjypy;> G.C.E. O-L guPl;ir> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; Kbtpy; khztHfspd; ghlthup

milTfl;Fr; rhd;wspf;Fk; Nehf;FldpUe;jJ. ,g; guPl;irapd; gpd; rpy khztHfs;

ghlrhiy ePq;FtH. kw;NwhH> G.C.E. A-L,y; jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhluj; jFjp

ngwNtz;Lk;. ghlrhiyapw; 11 Mz;Lfs; fw;Wk; ,g; guPl;irapw; gy rpwhu; vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk; jtWtJ ftiyf;Fupa xU tplkhFk;. ,d;Dq; ftiyf;FupaJ Vnjdpy;> fl;lha ghlkhd fzpjj;jpy; jtWNthupd; tPjk; mjpfkhapUg;gjhFk;.

G.C.E. A-L guPl;ir ,U Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;WfpwJ: %j;j ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpw;

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; Kbtpy;> jpwd; ntspg;ghl;il msg;gJld; gy;fiyf;fofq;fl;F khztHfisj; njupjw;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; cs;sJ. gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpfs; Nghl;b kpf;fd. khztnutUJk; vjpHfhyk; ,g; guPl;irapy; mtUila nraw;jpwdpw; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jdhy;> khztHfs; cUg;Nghl Kw;gLfpd;wdH. guPl;irf;F khztHfis Maj;jkhf;fj; jdpg;Nghjid epWtd MrpupaHfs; kPz;Lk; FWf;fpLfpd;wdH. ,e;j cr;rkhd Nghl;b r%f eykw;wJ. vdNt NjHTehLNthiu gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;Fj; njupa khw;Wg; nghwpKiw xd;W mtrpak;.

fLikahd guPl;ir ikakhjYk; nghJg; guPl;irfs; %yk; Nrhjpg;gjd; FiwghLfSk; rpwhupd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpUj;jpiag; ghjfkhfg; ghjpj;Js;sd. ghlrhiyfspy;> khztHfis tpdhj;jhs;fl;F tpilnaOj Maj;jg;gLj;Jtjhff; fw;gpj;jy; xLq;fpAs;sJ. khztHfs; ,iz-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfisAk; r%fr; nraw;ghLfisAk; ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; r%fj;jpYk; Gwf;fzpj;Jg; gapw;wy; tFg;Gfl;Fg; Nghifapy;> khztupd; MSik tpUj;jp khztHfshYk; ngw;NwhuhYk; ftdpf;fg;glhJs;sJ my;yJ mwNt Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; gadhfj;> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO tiuaWj;j gue;j ,yf;FfSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; vjpHNehf;Fk; rpwhupd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpUj;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jg; ghlrhiy Kiwik jtwpAs;sJ.

57

nghJg; guPl;irfspy; tpdhj;jhs; mikg;gpYk; Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fspYk; FiwghLfs; njhopypYk; tho;f;ifapYk; ntw;wpngw xU khztH ngwNtz;ba jpwd;fisAk; mwpitAk; ty;yikfisAk; 21k; E}w;whz;Lf; fw;wypd; fl;likg;G typAWj;JfpwJ. mwpthw;wy;> cstpaf;fk;> czHr;rp Mfpa %d;W fy;tpf; fsq;fspilNa rkepiyapd;ikf;fhfg; nghJg; guPl;ir tpdhj;jhs; mikg;GfSk; Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fSk; tpkHrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fiyj;jpl;lKk; guPl;irfSk; fhyq;fle;j khjpupfisj; njhlHtjhy;> tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypYk; nghJg; guPl;irfspYk; caH

mwpthw;wiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; caH-tupirr; rpe;jid (HOT) tpdhf;fspdplj;jpy;

epidthw;wy; mbg;gilahd jho;-tupirr; rpe;jid (LOT) tpdhf;fs; kPNj mjpf

mOj;jKs;sJ. ,jd; gadhf> khztHfs;> tFg;giwapYk; jdpahH Nghjid tFg;GfspYk; fw;w jfty;fisg; ghlkhf;fp caH juq;fisg; ngWfpd;wdH.

khztHfspd; KOikahd tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;Fk; %d;W fsq;fspYk; rkepiyahd fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfl;Fr; rpwg;Gf; ftdj;Jld; tpdhj;jhs; mikg;Gfisr; rPuha;e;J jpUj;j Ntz;Lk;. jho;-tupir mwpthw;ww; jpwikiaAk; caH-tupir mwpthw;ww; jpwikiaAk; Nrhjpf;Fk; Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. guPl;rhHj;jp-el;ig Nkk;gLj;JkhW> Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fspd; njuptpy; trjp kl;lj;ijf; ftdpf;fNtz;Lk;. fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; Nrhjpg;G tpla tq;fpnahd;iw tpUj;jpnra;AkhW Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;Nghija cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfspd; gytPdq;fs;

cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;bd; ,U mk;rq;fshd fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPLk; (AfL) fw;wyhf

kjpg;gPLk; (AaL) fy;tpKiwikapw; Nghjpa mq;fPfhuk; ngwtpy;iy. MrpupaHfs;

fw;gpj;jiy Kd;Ndw;wTk; khztHfs; fw;wiy Kd;Ndw;wTk;> fw;wypd;NghJ khztHfis mtjhdpj;Jr; nry;Ygbahd> fhyg;nghUj;jkhd gpd;D}l;liy toq;FjNy cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;. NkYq; Fwpg;ghf> cUthf;f kjpg;gPL> khztHfs; vq;F rpukj;ij vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH vd MrpupaHfl;Fj; njuptpj;Jg; gpur;rpidfl;F mtrukhd ftdj;ij Ntz;LfpwJ. khztHfs; jq;fs; gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; milahsq;fhzTk; ftdpf;fNtz;ba tplag;gug;Gfis ,yf;Fitf;fTk; mJ topfhl;LfpwJ jpul;ba kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd $l;Lj;njhifiag; ngWkhW> MrpupaH Nrhjidfis elj;jpg; Gs;spfisj; njhFf;Fk; epiyf;F cUthf;f kjpg;gPL jw;NghJ ,ope;Js;sJ. ghlrhiyfspy; cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwiag; gyg;gLj;jp> khztupd; fw;wiy

Nkk;gLj;j mjd; KO Mw;wiyg; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. VyNt NEC milahsq;fz;l

elj;ijfspd; njhFjpiaf;nfhz;l> NkYk; tpupthd cUthf;f kjpg;gPLfis MrpupaHfs; jpl;lkplTk; elj;jTk; cjTk; mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpj; njhFjpj;

jhankhd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jiy NEC gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l fiyj;jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk; ghlj; jpl;lq;fis ,j; jhaj;jpDl; gjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

eilKiwf; fw;wy; <LghLfspd; NghJk; Kiwrhuhf; fw;wypd; NghJk; khztHfs; jpul;ba gy;tifj; jpwd;fisAk; Vw;W mtHfspd; Nkhd mwpitAk; fzpg;gpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Gyg;gLj;jf;$ba gy jpwd;fSlDk; Mw;wy;fSlDk; rpwhH jkJ fw;ww; #oiy ePq;FthH. fy;tprhH> fy;tprhuhj; jpwd; ntspg;ghLfSk;> khztH Ratptug;gjpT> jdpg;gl;l tho;f;iff;Fwpg;G Mfpa Kf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l xU cUthf;f kjpg;gPl;il

khztUf;F toq;fNtz;Lnkd NEC gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

58

ghlrhiy-mbg;gil kjpg;gPl;bd; (SBA) nray;gLj;jw; gytPdq;fs;

jw;NghJ SBAiar; nraw;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G guPl;irj; jpizf;fs

Nehf;nfy;iyf;Fl;gl;L khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuj;jplKs;sJ. guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk; 10k;> 11k; juq;fl;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; khjpupr; Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ. Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk; 6k; juk; Kjy; 9k; juk; tiuahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; khjpupr; Nrhjpg;G tplaq;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; ,g;NghJs;s nghJg; guPl;irg; ngWNgWfisj; jpUg;jpfukhd kl;lj;Jf;F caHj;JnkdTk; ghlrhiy ,iltpyfy; tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FnkdTk; kfpo;thd fw;wy; mDgtq;fis khztHfl;F toq;Fk; ,lkhfg; ghlrhiyia khw;WnkdTq;

fy;tpaikr;rpd; SBA Rw;WepUgk; $wpdhYk;> ajhHj;jk; NtW. ey;y khw;W topfs;

,Ue;j NghJk; jpul;ba kjpg;gPl;L Kiw rhHe;j ‘NgidAk; Ngg;gUk;’ NrhjidfisNa MrpupaHfs; njhlHfpd;wdH.

ngWNgWfspd; ntspaPL> kpf mjpUg;jpahAs;sJld; khztHfspd; tpUj;jpapy; mjd; jhf;fk; Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fJ. jkf;Nfh khztHfl;Nfh nghUSs;s vg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; juhj kpifahd vOj;J Ntiyiaf; ifahsy; gw;wp MrpupaHfs; Fiw$Wfpd;wdH.

guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk; toq;Fk; topfhl;ly;fs; kjpg;gPLfs; vspikahAk; MrpupaH Nkyjpfr; Rikapd;wp tFg;giwapw; nraw;gLj;j vspjhAk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd Ntz;Lfpd;wd. E}y;fisAk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fl;listpjpfisAk; juk; toq;fw; jpl;lj;ijAk; mbf;fb ghuhky; kjpg;gPl;il elj;j ,aYkhapUf;fNtz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;Lr; nray;Kiw ntspg;gilahAk; khztHfSk; ngw;NwhUk; vspjpy; tpsq;FtjhAk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ntspj; jug;gpdH vspjhff; fz;fhzpf;ff;$bajhAk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

MrpupaH kjpg;gPl;by; khwhikiaAk; mwptpj;j SBA KbTfspd; xg;gplj;jf;fikiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; vspa> ,ayf;$ba> xj;jpirthd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhf;FkhW

jw;Nghija SBAIr; rPuha;e;J rupg;gLj;JkhW NEC gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. vOj;Jg; guPl;irfl;F Nkyhf mtjhdpg;G> gaDs;s tpdhty;> nra;Kiwr; Nrhjidfs;> xg;gilfs;> msitfs;> vz;zf;fUg; glkply;> Ratptug;gjpT kjpg;gPL Nghd;w

gy;tifr; Nrhjid topKiwfis SBA nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. SBA khztupd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdJk; njhlHfpw Nkk;ghl;bdJk; njhlH kjpg;gPlhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; Nghf;if ,Wjpg; Gs;spfspDk; Kf;fpakhff; fUj

Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> SBA Gs;spfspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaj; jpul;ba kjpg;gPl;Lg;

Gs;spfSld; NrHf;ff; $lhJ.

MrpupaHfsplk; kjpg;gPl;Lj;jpwd; Nghjhik

ngUk;ghyhd MrpupaHfs; khztHfisg; gaDw kjpg;gplg; Nghjpa jFjpaw;NwhH

vdg;gLfpwJ. PGDE, B.Ed., Mrpupa fy;tp bg;Nshkh (Dip. in Teaching) vd;gtw;wpy; xU kjpg;gPl;Lf; $W ,Ug;gDk;> fw;Fk; khztnuhUtiuj; jpUg;jpahf kjpg;gpl mit MrpupaHfl;F tha;g;gspf;ftpy;iy. jw;NghJ> gapw;wpa Mrpupauhf mkHj;jg;ngw;w MrpupaUf;Fk;> Nrhjpg;G tplaj;ij vOjypNyh kjpg;gPl;bNyh epWtpa Mw;wy;fs; ,y;iy. ,jd; gadhf khztH ghlrhiyfspy; cupa Kd;Dupik ngWtjpy;iy.

MrpupaHfsJk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfHfsJk; Mrpupa fy;tpahsHfsJk; cupa fy;tp mjpfhupfsJk; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpf;F> ed;F jpl;lkpl;l> Kiwahd khztH kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwfisr; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztH kjpg;gPL rhHe;j tFg;giw-

59

mbg;gilr; nray; Muha;T elj;jw;F MrpupaHfis Cf;Ftpf;fTk; gapw;wTk; topelj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwfspw; nra;Ak; khw;wq;fis MrpupaHfspd; njhopy; tpUj;jpf;Fg; nghWg;ghditahd gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F xNu fhyj;jpw; njuptpf;fNtz;Lk;.

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fis mikg;G Nkk;ghl;bw; ghtpf;fhik

nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; mjpKf;fpa ntspg;ghL khztupd; fy;tp milT@ khztH nraw;jpwd; mjd; Fwpfhl;bahFk;. khztupd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk; top kjpg;gPlhFk;. khztHfspd; cUthf;f> jpul;ba kjpg;gPLfspdpd;W ngwf;$ba jfty; tsj;ij khztHfspd; fy;tp milit Kd;Ndw;w cjTjy; Kjy; Kiwikapd; nraw;jpwidf; fz;fhzpj;jYk; nfhs;if kl;l KbntLj;jYk; tiu gy;NtW Njitfl;Fg; gaDwg; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ngWfpw jfty;fs; rpwhupd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; fy;tp Kiwikapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;

nra;jpfisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. ‘fy;tpapy; midj;Jk; Kf;fpakhdit’ vd;w fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fika> Kiwikapd; midj;J mk;rq;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;aj; jfty;fs; gad;glNtz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fs;> rpwhUld; NeubahfNth

kiwKfkhfNth njhlHGila xt;nthUtiuAk; “khztupd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;F

ehd; vt;thW gq;fspj;Js;Nsd;?”; vdj; jd;idj;jhNd Nfl;fj; J}z;lNtz;Lk;.

xt;nthU rpwhuJk; Mw;wy; njhFjpapd; jdpj;Jtj;ij MrpupaH ,dq;fz;L ed;whfr; nraw;gLk; khztHfl;Fk; gytPdkhd khztHfl;Fk; rkkhd ftdQ;nrYj;jp mtHfsJ jpwd; ntspg;ghl;il Kd;Ndw;w Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> kjpg;gPLfspdpd;W Nrfupj;j jfty;fis khztHfspd; fw;wYf;fhd Cf;fj;ij tYg;gLj;jg; ghtpf;fyhk;. Ra-fw;wiyAk; Ra-kjpg;gPl;ilAk; rkkhNdhH kjpg;gPl;ilAk; va;JkhW mtHfisf; FWf;fPbd;wp Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khztHfspilNa cs;s jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfis Vw;W xg;Gf;nfhs;tNjhL rpwg;Gf;

fy;tpj; Njitfs; (SEN) cs;s khztHfs; jkJ kjpg;gPl;bw; jkJ g+uz Mw;wiyg;

Gyg;gLj;JkhW mtHfl;Fr; rpwg;G Vw;ghLfs; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;lk; nghJthf xU Mtzkhf MrpupaHfis milfpwJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij khztHfl;F toq;Fk; gpujhd Kftnud;w tifapy;> MrpupaH mijr; nraw;ghl;L Nehf;fpy; tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaH jdJ tpsf;fj;ijj; njhlhr;rpahf Kd;Ndw;wTk; khztHfl;F tskhdnjhU fw;ww; #oiy toq;fTk; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fs; cjTfpd;wd. ngw;NwhUk; njhopy; toq;ff;$bNahUk; fy;tp mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa gaDupj;jhsHfshtH. vdNt> tof;fpYs;s kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; gw;wp mtHfSila mwpjiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;J> fy;tp Kiwik gw;wpr; rupahd jfty;fspd; mDg;giy cWjpnra;AkhWk; gaDupj;jhsHfSld; xU ciuahliy Vw;gLj;jp Kiwikia Kd;Ndw;Wk; gpd;D}l;lq;fisg; ngWkhWk; mr;R> kpd;dZ Clfq;fs; topNa mtw;iw mtHfl;Fg; gaDw toq;fNtz;Lk;.

Kf;fpakhf khfhz> tya mjpfhuq;fs;> Fiwthd nraw;jpwDila ghlrhiyfis Kd;Ndw;Wjw;Fr; rpwg;ghd ftdq;fhl;bf;> fy;tp Kiwikia Kd;Ndw;w kjpg;gPl;Lj;

60

jfty;fisg; ghtpf;fNtz;Lnkdf; fy;tp Mizf;FO Kd;nkhopfpwJ. ghlrhiy Kd;Ndw;wr; nray;Kiwapy;> Fwpg;ghf MrpupaHfSk; mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;Gk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisgaDs;s toq;fYf;F Ntz;ba jukhd cs;sPLfSe; njhlHghfg;> ghugl;rkpd;wp> rup xg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fspd; JHg;ghtid

caH nraw;jpwDilNahH jho; nraw;jpwDilNahH vd tFg;ig mLf;fikf;Fk; Kidg;ig MrpupaHfspilNa fhz KbfpwJ. kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fis MrpupaHfs; JHg;ghtid nra;ahikiaAk; xt;nthU khztiuAk; epahakhf elj;JtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G mjpgUilaJ. ghlrhiyfSk; ngw;NwhUk; khztupilNa Nghl;bAzHitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wdH. xj;Jiof;fTk; $br; nraw;glTk; Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;ba ,sk; khztHfspd; kdepiyia ,j; jtwhd Kidg;G jPq;fhfg; ghjpf;fyhk;.


nghJg; guPl;irfs; 93. juk;-5 Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir ghlrhiyKiwapd; Njrpa

kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhdNjad;wp khzhupilNa Nghl;bia Cf;Ftpj;jw;fy;y. mJ khztHfspd; nkhop> fzpj> nghJ Mw;wy;fisr; Nrhjpg;gNjhL> mijr; nry;Ygbahf;fg; Nghjpa tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

94. ghlrhiyg; gjpTfsJk; mofpay;> tpisahl;L> Mf;f vOj;J> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; milTfsJk; mbg;gilapy; rpwg;G csr;rhHGg; Gyikg; guprpy;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

95. ngUthupahd khztHfs; G.C.E. A-L f;Fg; Nghtjhy;> G.C.E. O-L guPl;ir

,dpAk; ,Wjpg; ghlrhiy ePq;fw; guPl;iray;y. vdNt SBAf;Ff; fdjpaspj;J

mjd; Nghl;bj; jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

96. G.C.E. O-L guPl;irapy; MW Kf;fpa ghlq;fisAk; ,uz;L njupTg; ghlq;fisAk; Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk; vd;gd Ratptug;gjpT mbg;gil kjpg;gPLfshf Ntz;Lk;.

97. G.C.E. O-L fzpjj;jpw;F ,uz;L tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjyhk; tpdhj;jhs; Fiwe;jgl;rj; NjHr;rpiag; guPl;rpf;Fk;. mjd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; cupa NjHr;rpfisAk; ghltpjhdk; juNtz;Lk;. ,uz;lhk;

tpdhj;jhs; ‘caH mLf;F Mw;wy;fisAk; NjHr;rpfisAk;’ guPl;rpf;Fk;. Kjyhk;

tpdhj;jhspw; rpj;jpf;Fupa Gs;spfs; ngWk; guPl;rhHj;jpia G.C.E. O-L fzpjj;jpw; rpj;jp ngw;wtuhff; nfhs;syhk;.

98. G.C.E. A-L ghlrhiyapd; ,Wjpg; guPl;irahf Ntz;Lk;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;

jPHkhdpj;j NjHTf; fl;listpjpfspd;gb G.C.E. A-L guPl;irapy; ed;whfr; nra;Nthupilapdpd;W gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; khztHfisj; njupaNtz;Lk;.

G.C.E. A-L (Kd;nkhope;j 11k;> 12k; juq;fs;) fiyj;jpl;lj;ij ehl;bd;

Njitfl;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf;f tz;Lk;. G.C.E. A-L guPl;ir> Nghl;b Fiwe;jjhf Ntz;Lk;.

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99. nghJthd nghJtpla tpdhj;jhis (CGP) G.C.E. A-L,y; njhlHtJld; mJ jha;nkhopapy; xU rpW fl;LiuiaAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

100. G.C.E. A-L,y; nghJ Mq;fpyj;ijf; cupathW fw;gpj;Jr; Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiy-mbg;gil kjpg;gPL (SBA)

101. ghlrhiyfspy; gpujhd cUthf;f kjpg;gPlhfTk; ,Wjp kjpg;gPlhfTk; SBAI tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaUf;Fj; Njitaw;w Ntiyr;Rikia Fiwf;FkhW> mt; vz;zf;fUit> mjd; mj;jpahtrpa Fztpay;Gfisg; Ngzp> kPs-tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

102. Ngg;gH-ngd;rpy; Nrhjidfs; %yk; kjpg;gpltpayhr; nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fisAk; tho;f;ifj; NjHr;rpfisAk; czHr;rpj;jpwd;fisAk; trg;gLj;JkhW

MrpupaHfs; Gjpa gy;ypay;ghd SBA kjpg;gPl;Lg; ghq;Ffisg; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpwd; tpUj;jp

103. Nkw;ghHitg; gzpahsHfl;Ff; fz;fhzpg;Gg; gapw;rpaspf;ifapy;> kjpg;gPL gw;wpa tpupthd Nritf;fhy MrpupaH tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaHfis topelj;jTk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijg; gaDwf; fz;fhzpf;fTk; tyaf; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOf;fis epWt Ntz;Lk;.

104. Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfspy; Nrit-Kd; Mrpupa fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpupTfisj; juKaHj;jpg; gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Nrhjpg;G tpla tq;fp / tpdhj;jhs;fs;

105. kpifahd jfty; mwptpd; Nkyhf Kf;fpa NjHr;rpfis typAWj;jg; guPl;irf; fUtpfisj; jahupf;fNtz;Lk;. tpdhf;fs; jfty; epidTkPl;liyad;wpg; gpuNahfj;ij typAWj;jNtz;Lk;.

106. tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;l tpla tq;fpfis tpUj;jpnra;J Ngzp xOq;fhfg; GJg;gpj;Jg; nghJg; guPl;irfspw; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

107. kjpg;gPl;bd; juj;ijAk; NeHikiaAk; cWjpnra;a> kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfis tpUj;jpnra;NthHf;Fj; njhopy;El;gj; Jiztoq;Fk; kjpg;gPl;L epGzHfshFkhW> jFjptha;e;j epiwNtw;ww; gzpahsH mzpnahd;iwg; gzpapw; NrHj;Jg; gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mwpf;ifg; nghwpKiw

108. kjpg;gPLfspdpd;W mwpe;jtw;iw khztupd; Vida milTfSld; MrpupaH gjpaf;$ba khztH gz;Gf;Fwpg;nghd;iwg; ghlrhiyfs; NgZtJld;> njhopy; NeHfhzy;fspw; ghtpf;FkhW jdpg;gl;l gz;Gf;Fwpg;Gfisj; njhopy; jUeHfl;Ff; fpilf;fr;nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

62

fy;tpapy; ju cWjp

mwpKfk;

juk; vd;w vz;zf;fU fy;tp cl;gl> tho;tpd; midj;Jj; JiwfisAk; CLUtpAs;sJ. juk; vd;w gjj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk; Njhd;WtjpDQ; rpf;fyhdJ. Vnddpd;> thbf;ifahsupd; ghHitAk; tptuf;$w;W-mbg;gilapyhd ghHitAk;

cl;gl;l gy;NtW ghHitfisAq; fzpg;gpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘thbf;ifahsupd;

vjpHghHg;Gfis epiwNtw;wy; my;yJ NkTjy;’ vDk; re;ij-Nehf;fpyhd

tiutpyf;fzk; mjw;F Ke;jpa ‘cj;Njrpj;j ghtidf;Fg; nghUe;Jjy;’ vd;gjd; mbg;gilapyhdJ.

fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ‘juk;’ vd;w gjj;Jf;F ‘tpjptpyf;F’ ‘cd;djk;’ ‘Njitf;Fg;

nghUj;jk;’ ‘caHj;jy; my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wy;’ vDkhW> ntt;NtW gaDupj;jhsH FOf;fspd; NtWgLk; rpj;jhe;j> r%f> murpay; tpOkpaq;fl;fikag; gy;NtW fUj;Jfs; fw;gpg;gH. vt;thwhapDk;> tpisgaDilik> tpidj;jpwd;> NeHik> nghUj;jg;ghL> Ngzj;jf;fik Mfptw;iwj; juj;jpd; Ie;J gupkhzq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. fw;NghH> #oy;> cs;slf;fk;> nra;Kiwfs;> tpisTfs; vd;gd> Fwpg;ghff; fy;tpf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; ,d;ndhU gupkhzj; njhFjpahk;.

tiutpyf;fz NtWghLfSk; nghUj;jkhd gupkhz NtWghLfSk;> fy;tpapy; ‘juk;’ vd;gjw;F vy;NyhUk; Vw;Fk;> jdpj;Jtkhd tiutpyf;fzkpd;ikiaf; $WtNjhL>

gy;NtW gaDupj;jhsHfspd; NtWgLk; — Kuz;glTq;$ba — ghHitfisr;

Rl;bDk;> mit> fy;tpapy; ‘juk;’ gy;gupkhz ,ay;GilaJ vdTk;> gaDupj;jhsupd; ghHit rhHe;J> VWkhwhf mikayhnkdTk; czHj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> fy;tpj; juj;ij kjpg;gplg; gad;gLk; mZFKiw vJTk; KOikahAk; nghUj;jkhd midj;Jg; gupkhzq;fl;Fk; ghHitfl;Fk; cupa ftdpg;GlDk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

ju cWjp (QA) khjpupAUf;fs;> ‘juk;’ vd;gjd; tpsq;fpa tiutpyf;fz

mbg;gilapy; tpUj;jpahdit. QA nraw;ghLfs;> mtrpakhd — ctg;ghfj;>

jpl;lkhd jug; gz;ghl;L MjuTila — epWtdg; nghwpKiwfs; cs;sikapw; jq;fpAs;sd. toikahf> cs;thupahf my;yJ Gwthupahf my;yJ ,UtifapYk;

epWtpa Kftufq;fs; QAI Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. QA nraw;ghl;Lf;F %d;W gbfSz;L:

Ra kjpg;gPL@ xg;ghNdhH kjpg;gPL@ mwpf;ifaply;.

Njrpa Nehf;fpy;> ,yq;ifj; Njrj;NjhH vt;tsT rkhjhdkhAk; xj;jpirthAk; xd;wha; tho ,aYfpwJ vd;gjpw; fy;tpj; juk; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ekJ khztupilNa gaq;fukhd Nghl;bAzHitg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiwapd; nraw;ghzp Nkw;Fwpj;j nghJf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F KuzhdJ@ fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jk; ,g; gpur;rpidf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fpf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tp Kiw cUthf;Fk; xUtH jd; jdpg;gl;l jFjpfspw; Gyg;gLk; fy;tpr; rhjidia ntWNk jdJ ,yhgj;Jf;fhf md;wpj; Njrpa ed;ikf;Fk; ,yq;if kf;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;Fk; ghtpf;f ty;ytuhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghl;L Kiwapy;> ,J Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO tpsf;fpathW fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisj; Njrpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; xUepiyg;gLj;jiy Ntz;LfpwJ.

63

QA nghwpKiwfs; Njrpa fy;tp Kiwapd; midj;J Vw;ghLfsJk; nra;KiwfsJk;

mtrpakhd mk;rkhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ghlrhiyapYk; gue;j fy;tp KiwikapYk; gzpahw;Wk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mtiu xUepiyg;gLj;jp Cf;Ftpf;Fk;

‘ju Mw;Wg;gLif’ xd;W ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J xU ,yl;rpaNkh #l;Rkkhd $w;Nwh md;wpf; fy;tpj; Jiwapw; gaDwr; nraw;gLj;jf;$ba tplakhFk;. ,J xU Kd;khjpupahfTk; ehlshtpa juk;Ngzy; ,af;fnkhd;wpd; tpisepyKkhfyhk;.

nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; gpujhd nraw;ghl;Lj; jyk; ghlrhiyahFk;. tFg;giwfs; mq;NfNa cs;sd. fiyj;jpl;l toq;fypd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhd khztUf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fkpilapyhd ,iltpid tFg;giwapy; epfo;fpwJ. mJ MNuhf;fpakhd> gj;jpukhd> ghJfhg;gspf;Fk;> gf;fr;rhHgw;w xU #oiyj; juNtz;Lk;. mjw;Ff;> fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; fw;wYf;Fk; tho;thjhuj;Jf;Fk; Nghjpa trjpfisAk; tsq;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> fiyj;jpl;l toq;fYf;F Ntz;ba mYtyHfisAk; ,lg;gug;Gfs; my;yJ miwfisAk; trjpfisAk; tsq;fisAk; ghlrhiy jUfpwJ. khztHfl;F KOikAila fy;tpia toq;Fk; Nehf;fpy; khztHfsJk; MrpupaHfsJk; gpw nraw;ghLfisAk; Mjupg;gJld;> MrpupaHfspd; njhopy;rhH tpUj;jpiaAk; mJ Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. NkYk;> jdJ r%fj;jpd; fy;tpr;Nrit toq;FeUk; ts ikaKkhd epWtdk; vDk; Kiwapy;> ghlrhiyiaj; njhlHe;J Nkk;gLj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

nghJf;fy;tp Kiwikf;Fs; gpujhd ftd <Hg;G ikakhfg; ghlrhiyAk;> ghlrhiyapd; nray; ,yf;if epiwNtw;wg; gzpahw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; kw;iwa mYtyfq;fSk; epWtdq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis> mit xt;nthd;Wk; jkJ nraw;ghLfspy; juj;ijg; NgzNtz;Lk;. xt;nthU gzpaplKk; gzp epiyaKk; gzpahw;WgtUk; Vw;fj;jF jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf; fl;listpjpfisAk; Fwpfhl;bfisAk; jtwhJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mwpKf ,aypYs;s ‘ghlrhiyAk; mjd; Jiz epWtdq;fSk;-Kftufq;fSk;’ vDk; jiyg;Gila glk; 1> jdJ r%fj;jpd; Nrit toq;Feuhfg; ghlrhiy ,Uf;f cjTk; epWtdq;fsJk; Kftufq;fsJk; tfpghfq;fisAe; njhopw;ghLfisAq; fhl;LfpwJ. ,g; gy;$l;L mikg;gpYs;s xt;nthUtupd; tfpghfKk; njhopw;ghLk; gpwUilatw;Wld; rq;fpyp mikg;gpy; ,izfpwJ. mjhtJ> Njitahd ntspaPl;il cUthf;fg; nghUl;fshfTk; jftyhfTk; xUtUf;F cs;sPLfs; Njit. rpy gjtpepiyfs;> ,jw;fg;ghy;> epjpiaAk; Fwpg;ghd cgfuzq;fisAk; Ntz;Lfpd;wd. mYtyHfSk; gjtpepiyfl;fpilahd cwTfSQ; NrHe;J njhlHGr; rq;fpypfshfpd;wdH. ,j;jF njhlHGr; rq;fpypfspd; nraw;jpwd; juj;ij

cWjpg;gLj;jj;> njspthf milahsq;fz;l ‘Nrit-ngWeH‒Nrit-jUeH cwTfs;’ mtrpakhdit.

Nrit jUeH> thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfs; gw;wpa czHTld; ,Ug;gJld; Njitfis epiwNtw;wg; gzpahw;wTk; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU thbf;ifahsuplKk; mtuJ Fwpg;ghd Njitfis mwpe;J> Njitahdij cupa mstpYk; juj;jpYk; Neuj;jpYk; toq;f Vw;ghL nra;Ak; nghWg;G mtUilaJ. Njitfspd; epiwT vd;gJ> thbf;ifahsuplk; xg;gilj;j nghUs;> Ntz;ba midj;J tpguq;fisAk; Ntz;ba mikg;gpw; nfhz;L thbf;ifahsH Kd;tpjpj;j juhjuq;fisAk; tptuf; Fwpg;gPLfisAk; epiwT nra;tjhAk; thbf;ifahsH Rl;ba Neuf; fl;Lg;ghLfl;F cl;gl;Lk; ,Ug;gjhFk;. Nrit jUeH gpwuplkpUe;J cs;sPLfis Ntz;Ljyhy;

64

mtUk; jdJ Nrit jUeUf;Fj; jdJ Njitfisj; njuptpf;f Ntz;ba xU Nrit ngWeuhfpwhH.

nghJf;fy;tp Kiwik> khztHfisj; jdJ gpujk Nritg; ngWeHfshff; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU khztUk; fy;tp ngWtijAk; ghlrhiy ePq;Fk;tiu mtUf;F cupj;jhd Fwpg;ghd Mtzq;fspd; njhFjpia toq;fy; cl;glg; nghUj;jkhd gpw tifr; Nritfs; fpilg;gijAk; njspthf ,aYkhf;Fk; gy;NtW Nritfisf; nfhz;LNrHf;fNth toq;fNth ty;y tpepNahfr; rq;fpypj; njhliu mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdNt> ghlrhiyf;fhy KOJk; khztH kPJ ftdq;Ftpf;Fk;

“tpepNahfr; rq;fpypfs;” gy ,Uf;Fk;. midj;J tpepNahfr; rq;fpypfSk;> xt;nthU ,yq;ifr; rpwhuJk; ed;ikf;fhf> vjpHghHj;jthW fhye;jtwhJ ,aq;Ftij

cWjpg;gLj;jNt nghJf;fy;tpapd; QA nray;Kiw eilKiwahfpwJ.

nghJf;fy;tp Kiwik QAapd; mjp Kf;fpa nraw;ghl;L mk;rq;fshtd:

1. juf; fz;fhzpg;G ghlrhiyfSld; njhlHGs;s tpepNahfr; rq;fpypfspd;

xt;nthU cWg;gpduJk; gzp epiyaj;jpdJk; njhopw;ghL gw;wpa rkfhy/Gjpa juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. jdJ r%fj;jpd; fy;tpr;Nrit toq;FeuhAk; ts ikakhAk; ghlrhiyfs; Mf;fkhfj; njhopw;glj; jdJ tfpghfKk; njhopw;ghLk; mit rhHe;j nraw;ghLfSk; vt;thW NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth cjTfpd;wd vdj; njspthff; $w xt;nthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; ,ay Ntz;Lk;.

Kjw;fz; jd;dplkpUe;J Nritg; ngWeH vjpHghHg;gJ vJ vdTk; mLj;J Kiwikf;F cs;Sk; Gwj;JKs;s Nrit toq;FeHfsplk; jhd; vjpHghHg;gJ vJ vdTk; njspthfg; gz;gstpYk; njhifastpYk; tptukhf milahsq;fz;L $w xt;nthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; ,ay Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpapy; ju cWjp eilKiwg; Nghf;Ffs;

ghlrhiyfSk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; nghJkf;fSf;F tif$Wk; nghWg;Gilad

vdf; QA gyfhykhf typAWj;jptupDk;> Kiwahd QA nray;Kiw rpy

tpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspYk; etPd vz;zf;fUthfNt ,d;dKk; cs;sJ. ghlrhiyf;

QA nraw;gLk; xt;nthU ehl;bYk;> QAf;Fg; nghWg;ghf xU Kftufk; cz;L. gy

ehLfspy; murhq;fNk gpujhd nghWg;G Kftufkhf ,Ug;gpDk;> jdpahH> muR-rhuh

mikg;GfSk; QA nray;fspy; <Lglyhk;. QA eilKiwapw; ifahSk;

epakq;fisAk; nray;KiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpLk; QA rl;lfq;fs; cs;sd.

,e;jpahtpy;> mur JiwAk; muRrhuhj; JiwAk; nghJf;fy;tpia toq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;jpahtpd; nghJf;fy;tpf; QA> mj;jifa fy;tpia toq;fypy; <LghLila rfy

JiwfisAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,ilepiyf; fy;tp kj;jpa thupak; (CBSE)> ,e;jpa

,ilepiyf; fy;tpr; rig (ICSE)> rHtNjr caHfy;tpj; jFjp epWtdk; (IBO) Mfpa gy;NtW thupaq;fshw; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;ngWk; ghlrhiyfsJk; nly;yp mur ghlrhiyfsJk; fiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; kjpg;gPLfSk; kjpg;gha;TfSk; xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

jdpahH fy;tp epWtdq;fis ICSEAk; rHtNjr ghlrhiyfis IBOTk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 30f;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW thupaq;fis ,e;jpa murhq;fk; mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. fiyj;jpl;lf; $Wfspd; kPJk; fiyj;jpl;l toq;fy; kPJk; guPl;irfspd; kPJk; kjpg;gPLfspd; kPJkhd mOj;jk; thupaq;fl;fpilNa kpf

65

NtWgLtJld;> QAf;Fk; rhd;wspg;gpw;Fkhd Fwpfhl;bfspd; tiuT ftdkhd

Muha;itf; NfhUfpwJ.

Vwj;jho 11>000 murhq;f ghlrhiyfspd; gpujhd QA Kftuikg;ghd CBSE> jd;

ghHitf;Fl;gl;l ghlrhiyfl;fhd QA fUtpahfg; ghtpf;FkhW ghlrhiyj; ju

kjpg;gPLk; rhd;wspg;Gk; (SQAA) ifNal;il 2011Mk; Mz;L gpuRupj;jJ. ,Ue;Jk;>

Muk;gf; fy;tpia SQAA ,d; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltu vk; Kd;ndLg;Gk; ,y;iy.

CBSEapd; SQAA mZFKiwAk; nraw;fUtpAk; KOikahdit. mit

ghlrhiyj; njhopw;ghl;bd; rfy mk;rq;fisAk; — mjhtJ GyikrhH> ,izg;-GyikrhH Ml;rpg;gug;GfisAk;> cl;fl;likg;Gg; gFjpfisAk; kdpj tsq;fisAk; KfhikiaAk; epUthfj;ijAk; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;ngWeupd; jpUg;jpiaAk;

— cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. CBSE milahsq;fz;l VO Ml;rpg;gug;GfSk;> Nkw;$wpa VO gFjpfisAk; ghlrhiyapd; ,ay;jpwd;fspd; KOikahd tpUj;jpiaAk; gw;wpad. NkYk;> ,e;j Ml;rpg;gug;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU Ml;rpg;gug;gpdJk; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fis tpspf;Fk; Jiz-Ml;rpg;gug;Gfshf NkYk; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU Jiz-Ml;rpg;gug;Gf;Fk; 0 Kjy; 7 tiuahd kjpg;Gs;s gPlf;FwpfisAila gy;NtW

Fwpfhl;bfs; cs;sd.

SQAA nray;Kiw> xt;nthd;Wk; ePbj;j ju Nkk;ghl;ilAk; mwpf;ifapliyAk;

,aYkhf;Fk; mfthupr; Ra-kjpg;gPL> Gwthup kjpg;gPL> xg;ghNdhupd; kjpg;gPL vDk; %d;W gbfis cilaJ. ghlrhiyr; rhd;wspg;gpYk; jug; gPlf;Fwp toq;fypYk;

epWtdq;fSs; gad;jU Kiwikfis epWtp ,af;Fjw;Fk; gad;gLkhW> CBSE> 2012

Kjy;> njupe;j ghlrhiyfspy; Kd;Ndhb Kiwapy; SQAAI elj;jp tUfpwJ.

midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; %d;whz;Lfl;F xU Kiw rhd;Wngwy; fl;lhakhdJ.

SQAA mbg;gilapw; ghlrhiyfisj; jutupirg;gLj;jj; jpl;lq;fs; ,y;yhtpbDk;>

ghlrhiyfs; CBSE epakq;fis vl;Ltij cWjpg;gLj;JtJk;> ghlrhiy

xt;nthd;wpdJk; ju epiy gw;wpg; nghJkf;fs; mwpar; nra;tJNk Nehf;fkhFk;.

rpq;fg;G+H> gaDupj;jhsHfspd; Njitia tpspf;FkhW> 1988 Kjy; fy;tpia

murhq;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tpLtpj;Jr;> ‘RahjPdg; ghlrhiyfs;’ ‘xUq;fpize;j

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;’ ‘rpe;jpf;Fk; ghlrhiyfSk; fw;Fk; NjrKk;’> ‘Gj;jhf;fKk;

Jzpthz;ikAk;’ Kjypa fUg;nghUl;fl; fPo;f; fy;tp Kiwikiag; gy;NtW

GJikahd rPHjpUj;jq;fl;F cl;gLj;jpf;> ‘Fiwaf; fw;gp@ mjpfq; fy;’ vDk; fUg;nghUisj; jw;NghJ NjHe;Js;sJ.

ghlrhiyfs; mjpf Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNjhL jukhd fy;tpiag; Ngzy; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahdJ. 1992Mk; Mz;by; ,e; Nehf;fpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Kiwikapdplj;ij 2000Mk; Mz;bd; tpupthd juKfhik Kiwik gpbj;jJ. ju Kfhikf;fhd INuhg;gpa jhgdk; ghtpj;j khjpupAUf;fisj; jOtp mike;j Ra-

kjpg;gPl;L khjpupAUthd ‘ghlrhiy cd;dj khjpupAU’ (SEM)> xd;gJ juf;-fl;listpjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. ghlrhiy toq;Fk; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy;> %d;W

kl;lq;fspy; ngUe;jpl;l tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. “ghlrhiyj; jdpr;rpwg;G tpUJ mtw;Ws; mjp caHe;jjhFk;.

66

rpq;fg;G+upd; QA fy;tp> ntt;NtW kjpg;gPl;Lf; fl;listpjpfisf; nfhz;l ,U tif Kiwikfisg; gw;wpaJ. rpq;fg;G+upYs;s Vwj;jho 1000 jdpahH ghlrhiyfisAk;

jdpahH fy;tpr; rig (CPE) xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. epHzapj;j juhjuq;fis epiwT

nra;Ak; ghlrhiyfl;Fr; rhd;wspf;Fk; EduTrust vDk; jd;dhHt rhd;wspg;Gj; jpl;lKiwnahd;Ws;sJ.

epA+rpyhe;jpy; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; murhq;f Kftufq;fs; xOq;FgLj;Jk;

fl;LWjpahd QA Kiwik cs;sJ. fy;tpapd; QAf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,U

Kftufq;fs; cs: xd;W> ,sQ;rpwhHg;guhaf; fy;tpr; Nritfl;Fk; ghlrhiyfl;FkhdJ. kw;wJ ,ilepiy> Nky;epiyf; fy;tpf;fhdJ.

fy;tpr; rPuha;T mYtyfk; (ERO) Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspw; fy;tpiaAk; ftdpg;igAk;

kjpg;gha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;JfpwJ. ERO kPsha;Tfs; khztupd; fw;wiyAk; khztHfspd; <Lghl;Lf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; milTfl;Fk; mtHfspd; ghlrhiyj; jpwd; ntspg;ghL gq;fspf;Fk; topfisAk; gw;wpad. kPsha;T mwpf;iffs; ngw;NwhHf;Fk; MrpupaHfl;Fk; ,sQ;rpwhHg;guha KfhikahsHfl;Fk; ghlrhiy mjpgHfl;Fk; mwq;fhtyHfl;Fk;> murhq;ff; nfhs;if tFg;NghHf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$bad.

fy;tp kPsha;Tfs;> ,y;y-ghlrhiy kPsha;Tfs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; NritfSk; gw;wpa nfhj;J kjpg;Giufs;> fy;tpj; jiyg;Gfisnahl;b xg;ge;j kjpg;gha;Tk; Njrpa

kjpg;gha;T vdg; gy;tif kPsha;TfisAk; kjpg;gha;TfisAk; ERO elj;JfpwJ.

,sQ;rpwhHg;guhag; ghlrhiyfSk; NritfSk; ruhrupahf %d;whz;Lfl;F xUKiw kPshag;gLfpd;wd.

epA+rpyhe;J jifikfs; mjpfhuk; (NZQA) ,ilepiy> Nky;epiyf; fy;tpiaf; ftdpj;Jr; Nritfis toq;FtJld;> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy khztupd; fy;tp

milTj; Njrpa rhd;wpjioAk; (NCEA) epUtfpf;fpwJ. gy;fiyf;fofQ;-rhuh

Nky;epiyg; gapw;rp toq;FeHfspd; QAf;Fk; mJ nghWg;ghdJ. ghlrhiyapd;

Ml;rpAk; KfhikAk;> fiyj;jpl;l Kfhik> fw;gpj;jw; juk;> ghlrhiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; RfhjhuKk;> cs;thup kjpg;gha;T> xOf;fhW> khztH-MrpupaH tpfpjk; Mfpad mjd; Kjd;ikf; Fwpfhl;bfSs; mlq;Fk;.

mnkupf;fhtpy;> rhd;wspg;G> gpujhdkhff; fy;tpj; juhjuf; Nfhitiaf; filg;gpbf;Fk;

ghlrhiyfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l tbtikj;j RatpUg;G Kiwapyhd QA

eilKiwahFk;. ,yhgNehf;fw;w jdpahH mikg;Gf;fs; nraw;gLj;Jk; ,k; ika-mjpfhukw;w rpf;fyhd rhd;wspg;G eilKiwapy; Muk;g> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfl;fhd rk\;b murhq;fk; mq;fPfupj;j rhd;wspg;G Kftufq;fspd; gl;bay; ,y;iy. NkYk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfl;Fr; rhd;wspf;Fk; rq;fq;fspd; mq;fPfhuj;ij MSk; Fwpg;ghd rk\;br; rl;lq;fNsh xOq;FtpjpfNsh ,y;iy. mj;Jld;> mnkupf;fhtpd; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;Jf;Fg; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wspg;ig Nkw;ghHitapLk; tfpghfk; ,y;iy.

xt;nthU khepy muRk; epHzapj;j fl;listpjpfs; mnkupf;f mur ghlrhiyfis MSfpd;wd. mNjNtis> jdpahH ghlrhiyfspd; Njitfs; ntt;NtW khepy muRfspilNa fzprkhf NtWgLtNjhL ,yhg-Nehf;fw;w jdpahH epWtdq;fs; ghlrhiyfl;Fr; rhd;wspf;fpd;wd.

67

mnkupf;fj; njhlf;fg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; ,sepiy caH ghlrhiyfl;Fk; ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; caH ghlrhiyfl;Fk; caHfy;tp epWtdq;fl;Fk; fhyq;fhykhfr; rhd;wspj;j MW gpuhe;jpar; rhd;wspg;ghsHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH. khepy muR kl;lj;jpy; mq;fPfupj;j mjpfhurigfspd; rhd;wspg;igAk; khepy murpd; mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; ngw;w ghlrhiyfis mnkupf;ff; fy;tp Kiwik mq;fPfupj;j ghlrhiyfshff; nfhs;tH. NkYk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; jhaf ,lHfhg;Gf;Fk; khepy muRfl;Fkhd rk\;bj; jpizf;fsk; mq;fPfupj;j gpw rq;fq;fs; rhd;wspj;j jdpahH ghlrhiyfisAk; mq;fPfupj;j ghlrhiyfshff; nfhs;tH.

gRgpf; fy;tp kjpg;gPl;L thupar; nrayfk; (SPBEA) gRgpf; gpuhe;jpag;

ghlrhiyfspd; rhd;wspg;Gf;Ff; fl;lhakhd gpd;tUk; VO QA epakq;fisg; gl;baypLfpwJ: kjpg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if@ MSifAk; KfhikAk;@ gzpahsH@ ,aw;nghUs;-fw;wy; tsq;fs;@ fw;NghHf;fhd jftYk; MjuTk;@ tpUj;jp@ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l toq;fYk; rPuha;Tk;@ kjpg;gPLk; nrt;itahf;fKk;. xt;nthU Mz;bYk; Nk khjj;jpw;F Kd;> ghlrhiyfs; Nkw;$wpa epakq;fis epiwTnra;Ak; jkJ rhd;wspg;Gf; ifNaLfis tpUj;jpnra;J> Ra-kjpg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. xf;NlhgH mstpy; rhd;wspg;Gr; nray;Kiw Kw;whFk;. etk;gupy;> thupaj;jpd; jPHg;Gk; mLj;j Mz;Lf; fw;ifnewpfspd; jahupg;gpw;fhd tpjg;GiufSk; ghlrhiyfl;Ff; fpilf;Fk;.

And];Nfh ghlrhiyfl;fhd juf; fl;likg;G> ghlrhiyf; nfhs;if> ghlrhiyf;

fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlrhiy mikg;G> QA> njhlHghly; vDk; Ie;J tifapdq;fshfj;

njhFj;j 35 Kf;fpa fy;tpf;$Wfis cilaJ. ,j; juf; fl;likg;G> And];Nfh ghlrhiy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj; juj;ijf; fz;fhzpf;Fk; xU rhjdkhFk;. ghlrhiyfl;Fs;Nsh jkJ kjpg;gPl;il xg;ghNdhUld; gupkhwypw; gFjpahfNth ghlrhiyfs; ,j; juf; fl;likg;igg; ghtpf;fyhk;. ,r; Ra-kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fk; ghlrhiyfspd; And];Nfh epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tYthf;Fk; gupe;Jiufisf; Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lyhFk;.

ntt;NtW ehLfspYs;s nghJf;fy;tp QA khjpupAUf;fspd; Nkw;$wpa tptupg;G>

mtw;wpd; gy nghJg; gz;GfisAk; xt;nthd;wpdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisAk;

Rl;LfpwJ. QA khjpupAUf;fs; — ghlrhiyfl;Fk; epWtdq;fl;Fk; ehLfl;FkpilNa

NtWgLtjhd — juj;jpd; czug;gLk; tiutpyf;fz mbg;gilapyhdit vd;gjhy;> ,J vjpHghHf;ff;$baNj.

nghJj; jd;ik> ‘juk;’ vd;gjd; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd nghJ

mk;rq;fSld;> QAf;Fg; gad;gLk; fUtpfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; KOikahd

,ay;gpd vd;gjd; gadhdJ. NkYk;> midj;J ehLfspYk;> rhd;wspg;Gf;F

Kd;epge;jidahd QAIr; RahjPd Kftufq;fs; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjd;

nray;Kiw> Ra-kjpg;gPL> xg;ghNdhupd; rPuha;T> mwpf;ifaply; Mfpa %d;W

gbfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; nghJf;fy;tpf; QA fl;likg;ig Nkk;gLj;j> ,t;

mk;rq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

jw;Nghija QA Kiwikg; gpur;rpidfs;

fy;tp mikr;rpd; (MoE) Kfhik–juhjuq;fs; gpupT> ghlrhiyfspd; cs;thup>

ntspthup kjpg;gha;T topfhl;ly;fis tpUj;jp nra;J@ ghlrhiy kjpg;gha;Tj; juhjuq;fisAk; Fwpfhl;bfisAk; gpukhzq;fisAk; jahupj;J@ cs;thup-ntspthup

68

kjpg;gha;Tfis elj;Jk; nray;Kiwfisf; $Wk; Mtzq;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJld;

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; jur; Rl;ilAk; (SEQI) tpUj;jp nra;fpwJ.

ghlrhiynahd;wpw; fy;tp toq;fw; ju kjpg;gPl;bw;Fg; gpd;tUk; vl;Lg; gug;Gfs; milahsq; fhzg;gl;ld.

nghJ Kfhik

,aw;nghUs;> kdpj ts Kfhik

Kiwahd fiyj;jpl;l Kfhik

,izf;fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfs;

khztH milTfs;

khztH eyd;

ghlrhiyAk; r%fKk;

mwpT-mbg;gilr; r%fj;jpw;Nfw;w khztupd; tpUj;jp

Nkw;gb gug;Gfis cs;slf;fp xt;nthd;Wk; jdpr;rpwg;ghd Fwpfhl;bfisf; nfhz;l> vy;yhkhf 220 Fwpfhl;bfSld;> gd;dpuz;L Njrpa fy;tpj; juhjuq;fs; tpUj;jpahapd. xt;nthU Fwpfhl;bAk; cupa Njrpa fy;tpj; juhjuj;ij epiwTnra;Ak; msitj;> juhjuj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; fl;listpjpfs; rpytw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU Fwpfhl;bf;Fk; tpjpj;j 1 Kjy; 5 tiuahd kjpg;ngz;fs; fzpf;fpd;wd.

QA Kiwik> ,izthf;f topahdJk; xU cs;thup kjpg;gha;Tg; gFjpiaAk; xU ntspthup kjpg;gha;Tg; gFjpiaAk; nfhz;lJkhFk;. ntspthupg; gFjp> mjd; Njit

fUjp DEO njupTnra;J mwptpj;j my;yJ gapw;Wtpj;j ntspthup kjpg;gha;thsH FOf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,t; mzp> nghJthff;> fy;tp mYtyHfs;> tyag; gzpg;ghsHfs;> mjpgHfs;> cg mjpgHfs;> gpupTj; jiytHfs;> %j;j MrpupaHfs; MjpNahiuf; nfhz;lJ.

cs;thup kjpg;gha;Tf; FO> ghlrhiy Kfhikr; nraw;FOTld; fye;jhNyhrpj;Jg; ghlrhiyapd; mjpgH epakpj;j ghlrhiy MrpupaHfisf; nfhz;lJ. toikahf> mjd; jiytuhfg; gpupTj; jiytNuh Jiz-mjpgNuh %j;j MrpupaH xUtNuh ,Ug;ghH. vl;L Ml;rpg;gug;GfsJk; Ra-kjpg;gha;T mwpf;ifj; jahupg;Gk; xt;nthU nraw;fsj;Jf;Fk; Jizr;rhd;Wfisj; njhFj;jYk; MrpupaHfs; vz;kiuf; nfhz;l ,t;tzpf;F Fwpj;njhJf;fpa nghWg;Gfshk;. ghlrhiyf; fy;tpr; nray;Kiwapd; ju tpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fKk; rPuhaNtz;ba mk;rq;fSk; njhFf;fNtz;ba Jizr;rhd;Wfspd; jd;ikAk; gw;wp cs;thup kjpg;gha;Tf; FO cWg;gpdHfl;F

mwpTWj;jg;gLk;. FO cWg;gpdHfspw; rpyH> Fwpg;ghf mzpj; jiytH> Nfhl;l/tya

kl;lq;fspy; QA gapw;rp ngw;wpUg;gH.

jw;NghJ> murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs; rPuha;Tr; nra;Kiwia Mz;LNjhWk; Kd;ndLf;fpd;wd. cj;Njr tUif gw;wpg; ghlrhiyfl;F Kd;$l;b mwptpf;fg;gLk;.

tUiff;Fj; Njitahd Mtzq;fis mit Maj;jkhf;Fk;. jy tUiff; fhyk; toikahf xU ehshFk;. tUfpw rPuha;thsH FO> ghlrhiy rkHg;gpf;Fk; Jizr;rhd;WfisAk; Ra-kjpg;gha;T mwpf;ifiaAk; gupNrhjpj;J> xt;nthU Ml;rpg;gug;gpw;Fk; toq;fpa kjpg;ngz;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> Njrpa juhjuq;fl;Fr; rhHghff; fy;tpj; juj;ij epHzapf;Fk;. rPuha;thsH FO> ghlrhiy MrpupaHfSld; re;jpg;nghd;iw elj;jp> xt;nthU gug;gpYk; ghlrhiyapd; epiy gw;wpa jdJ kjpg;gPl;ilf; $wpf;> FiwghLfisj; jPHf;Fk; topfisAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.

69

QA Kiwik> eilKiwapy; cs;sthW> ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jg;

gq;fspj;Js;sik gw;wpg; nghJ cld;ghLz;L. QA topfhl;ly;fs;> ghlrhiyfspd;

Mtzg;gLj;jy; eilKiwia Kd;Ndw;wTk; Kiwg;gLj;jTk; cjtpAs;sJld; ghlrhiyfspy; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;JkhW ghlrhiy mjpfhuj;ij ,irtpj;Js;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> topfhl;ly;fspYk; rPuha;Tr; nray;KiwapYk; jpUj;jNtz;ba rpy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd.

kpifahd Fwpfhl;bfSk; topfhl;ly;fspd; tpsq;ftpayhikAk; ghlrhiyg; nghJf;fy;tpj; juj;ij kjpg;gplg; gad;gLk; vl;L Ml;rpg;gug;GfsJk; Nehf;nfy;iy> tpupthfg; gy;gupkhzKilajhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; fl;likg;G ,ay;gpw; gue;Jk; kpifahd Fwpfhl;bfisf; (220) nfhz;Lk; cs;sik kjpg;gPl;ilf; fbdkhf;FfpwJ. topfhl;ly;fspd; kpif tpupTk; ePsKk; tpsq;f ,ila+whAs;sik ,d;ndhU gpur;rpid. mNef mYtyHfl;Fk; MrpupaHfl;Fk; vl;L Ml;rpg;gug;GfSk; KOjhf tpsq;ftpy;iy vdf; fhzg;gl;lJ. Fwpfhl;bfsJk; fl;listpjpfsJk; njhifiaf; Fiwj;Jr; nray;Kiwia ,yFthf;FkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nghUe;jhf; fl;listpjpfs;/Fwpfhl;bfspd; rk-kjpg;gPLk; mtw;wpd; nefpo;tpd;ikAk; Fwpfhl;bfis Nkk;gLj;j kpf;f ,lKz;L. midj;J tFg;Gfl;FNkh kl;lq;fl;FNkh FWf;fhf kl;Lkd;wpg;> ghlrhiyfspd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik fhuzkhf> midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; nghUe;jhj Fwpfhl;bfs; rpy cs;sikAk; $wj;jf;fnjhU ftiyahFk;. midj;J Muk;g my;yJ ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfsJk; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; ghtpf;ff;$ba Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bfspd; njhFjpnahd;iw milahsq;fz;L ,e; epiyikia nty;yyhk;. Fwpj;j tifahd ghlrhiyfis xg;gpl mJ cjTk;. kjpg;gpLk; ghlrhiyf;Fg; nghUe;JkhW gpw Fwpfhl;bfiis KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfshfg; ghtpf;fyhk;.

ghlrhiyfs; kjpg;gha;tpw;Fj; jahuhjypd; Rikia ,j;jifa mZFKiw

Fiwg;gNjhL> Fwpg;ghff; FiwtpUj;jpAila ghlrhiyfspilNa> QA nray;Kiw

kPJ ek;gpf;ifia caHj;Jk;. mj;Jld;> kjpg;gha;thsHfs; jkJ gzpia MWjyhf epiwNtw;WtH. NkYk;> nefpo;thd xU jd;ikiag; GFj;jyhy;> ,t; mZFKiwahy; topfhl;ly;fs; nrOikAWk;.

KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfis cs;slf;F Kd;> mtw;wpd; nghUj;jg;ghLk; ,aYikiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg;> gaDupj;jhsUldhd tpupthd fye;jhNyhrid Njit. mj;Jld; khfhz> tya kl;lq;fspYk; mtw;wpDk; caH kl;lq;fspYKs;s mYtyHfSlDk; NtWgLk; #o;epiyfspYs;s ghlrhiy mjpgHfs;> Jiz-mjpgHfs;> gpupTj; jiytHfs;> MrpupaHfs; MfpNahNuhLk; gpur;rpidfisf; fl;lhaq; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.

KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;br; rhd;Wfs; %yk; jkJ Mw;wiyf; fhl;lg; ghlrhiyfs; Mtyhf ,Uf;Fkhjyhy;> jdJ jdpj;Jtkhd gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; gpw Fwpfhl;bfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bj;> ju Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd Nkyjpfj; juhjuq;fisAk; kjpg;gha;Tf; fl;listpjpfisAk; gpNuupf;Fk; cupik kjpg;ghag;gLk; ghlrhiyf;F ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ju caHT Nehf;fpy; Nkyjpfj; juhjuq;fisAk; kjpg;gha;Tf; fl;listpjpfisAk; Vw;Fk; nefpo;T> Gj;jikthd> Mf;fkhd fUj;Jfis toq;Fjw;Fg; ghlrhiyfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. jdf;F mjpnghUj;jkhdij xU ghlrhiy njupAkhW mike;j> ntt;NtW juhju> kjpg;gha;Tf; fl;listpjpj;

70

njhFjpfisf; nfhz;l> nefpo;thdnjhU QA khjpupAU> nghJf;fy;tp toq;FeHfs;

ahtiuAk; NkYQ; rkkhd mbg;gilapy; QA fl;ikg;Gl; nfhz;Ltu cjTk;.

vy;yhf; Fwpfhl;bfl;Fk; ,g;NghJ Nghw; rk kjpg;gsT xJf;fhJ Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bfl;F caH kjpg;gsTk; KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfl;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gsTkhf NtWgLk; kjpg;gsTfisg; ghtpj;J tpisgaid NkYk; caHj;jyhk;.

Kfhik mk;rq;fl;Ff; $ba kjpg;gsT QA topfhl;lypd; Fwpfhl;bfsJk; ntt;NtW Ml;rpg;gug;Gfspd; kjpg;ngz;

xJf;fPl;bdJk; neUq;fpa Ez;zha;T> ghlrhiyfspy; QAf;Fg; gad;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd Ml;rpg;gug;GfSk; Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; ghlrhiy Kfhik gw;wpad vdf; fhl;Lk;. ,izf;-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfSk; khztH eyDk; ghlrhiy-r%f cwTk; rhHe;j Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; Kfhikj;Jtk; Nehf;fp kpfr; rha;fpd;wd. xJf;fpa 1200 Gs;spfspy; Vwj;jho 775 Gs;spfs;> Kfhik mk;rq;fl;fhdit. ,aw;nghUs;-kdpj tsq;fspd; jpwkhd Kfhik jukhd fy;tpf;F

epr;rakhf Kf;fpankdpDk;> ve;j QA eilKiwapYk; cl;nghUs;> fw;ww; R+oy;> fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;> khztH gpd;D}l;ly;> ctf;fj;jF khztH fw;wy; tpisTfs; Mjpa gpw fy;tpj;ju Jzpfhuzpfl;F cupa ftdk; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> fiyj;jpl;l Kfhikf; Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; cl;nghUs;> fw;ww; R+oy;> fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;> khztH gpd;D}l;ly; Mjpatw;iwf;

ftdpf;Fk; msT tiuaiwg;gl;lJ. vl;L Ml;rpg;gug;GfSk; 220 QA Fwpfhl;bfSk;> fw;ww; R+oYf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wYf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfl;Fk; jUk; kjpg;gstpd; NghJikia ,J Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;JfpwJ. nkhj;jj;jpy;> jw;Nghija topfhl;ly;fs; KfhikapdJk; kdpj> ,aw;nghUs; tsq;fspd; ghtidapdJk; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j tbtikj;jitahAk; fy;tpj; juj;ij mjd; KOikapy; Nkk;gLj;Jk; fuprid NghjhkYk; njupfpwJ.

QA topfhl;lypd; fUj;Jepiyf; fl;likg;ig tpUj;jpnra;aj; njhopw;Wiwf;Fg;

nghUe;Jk; mk;rq;fisg; ghtpj;jikahy; ,e; epiyik Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. QA

topfhl;lw; fl;likg;ig tpUj;jp nra;af; fy;tpj; jug; gupkhzq;fisg; ghtpj;J ,f; Fiwghl;il ePf;FkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J> ,dq;fz;l midj;J Ml;rpg;gug;Gfl;Fk; cupa kjpg;gsTfis toq;FtNjhL topfhl;ly;fis ,yFthf;fpg;

nghJf;fy;tp QAI Nky;epiyf; fy;tp QA cld; ,zf;Fk;.

gpur;rpidahd Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; QA topfhl;ly; Ml;rpg;gug;Gfs; rpy> nraw;gLj;jf; fbjhd Fwpfhl;bfisAk;

fl;listpjpfisAk; ghtpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> ‘mwpTr; r%fj;jpw;fhd khztH

tpUj;jp’ vDk; Ml;rpg;gug;gpYs;s gy Fwpfhl;bfisAk; fl;listpjpfisAk; caH mjpfhu MjuTk; rpwpJ fiyj;jpl;lr; rPuha;Tk; ,y;yhJ ghlrhiyfs; nraw;gLj;jy; fbdk;. NkYk;> MrpupaHfl;Ff; fbdkhd gzpahd khztHfspd; csg;ghq;fpd; Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;il xU ehspw; nra;jy; ntspthup kjpg;Giu mzpf;F mjpDq; fbdkhaikAk;.

ntt;NtW juhjuq;fspYk; Ml;rpg;gug;GfspYk; fl;listpjpfs; kPstUjy; Fwpfhl;bfs; rpy kPstUjYk; ntt;NtW juhjuq;fspYk; Ml;rpg;gug;GfspYk; fl;listpjpfspd; Nkw;FtpTk; NeunkLg;gNjhL jg;ngz;zj;Jf;Fk; ,lkspf;fpd;wd.

71

,f; Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; ntt;NtW Ml;rpg;gug;Gfspy; ntt;NtW mOj;jq;fisg; ngwyhk;. vdNt mjp nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gha;T Ml;rpg;gug;ig kl;LNk

,dq;fhzy; QA nray;Kiwr; Rikiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.

KOj; NjHr;rp ngw;w khztiu ,yf;fhf;fhik ‘khztH rhjidfs;’ Ml;rpg;gug;Gf; Fwpfhl;bfSk; fl;listpjpfSk; mbg;gilapy; tFg;Gg; guPl;irfspd; epiwitAk; ghlrhiyg; guPl;ir> Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;irg; ngWNgWfisANk fUJfpd;wd. gpujhd Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;irfs; %d;Wk; jpwd;fl;Fk; csg;ghq;Ff;Fk; mw;g Kf;fpaj;Jld; my;yJ Kf;fpaNkapd;wp> ghl tpla mwptpd; kPJ mOj;jk; itf;fpd;wd. KOj; NjHr;rp ngw;w khzt MSikapd; ctf;fj;jF gz;Gfl;Fg; guPl;irj; jpwd; ntspg;ghL gq;fspf;Fk; msit mit fUJtjpy;iy. ,jdhy;> tpsq;fj;jf;fthW> ngw;NwhUk; MrpupaHfSk; guPl;irapy; cd;djk; va;JkhW rpwhHfisj; ce;JfpwhHfs;@ Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;irfspy; ey;y ngWNgWfisj; jUk; ghlrhiyfspy; jkJ rpwhiur; NrHf;fg; ngw;NwhH Kw;gLfpd;wdH. vdNt> jpwd;fisAk; csg;ghq;FfisAk; NkYQ; rpwg;ghfg;

gpujpgypf;FkhW kjpg;gha;T Kiwia khw;whtpbd;> vjpHghHj;j gyhgyd;fspy; QA

nrhw;gj; jhf;fj;ijNa tpisf;Fk;.

nray;Kiw-rhH gpur;rpidfs; topfhl;ly;fspd; fyg;ghd> tpupthd jd;ik> kpf;f fhyr;nrytpw; gy;tifj; Jizr;

rhd;Wfisj; jpul;bj; njhFf;f Ntz;LfpwJ. mijr; nra;a — Neu ml;ltizg;gb tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jiyAk; mJ rhHe;j nraw;ghLfisAk; elj;jNtz;ba toikahd

ghlrhiy Ntisapy; — xOq;fhd fw;gpj;jw; nghWg;Gfspy; <LgLk; MrpupaHfl;F Neuk; ,y;iy. vdNt> gzp tpjpj;j MrpupaHfs; Mtzq;fisAk; Mjhur; rhd;WfisAk; jahupf;ff; flik Neuj;jpw;F ntspNa Ntiynra;a Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsH gw;whf;FiwAs;s ghlrhiyfspy; epiyik NkYk; NkhrkhdJ. ,r; R+oiktpy;> MrpupaHfs; jkJ Neuj;ij tpidj;jpwDld; nrytpLkhW Fwpfhl;bfsJk; fl;listpjpfsJk; njhifiaf; Fiwg;gJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

KiwrhH MjuTg; nghwpKiwfspd; NghjhikAk; gzpahsupd; <Lghbd;ikAk; cs;thup QA,y; MrpupaHfs; Nehf;Fk; kw;nwhU gpur;rpid> ju tl;lq;fis epakpg;gpDk;> ngUk;ghYk; Ml;rpg;gug;gpd; nghWg;ghrpupaNu midj;J NtiyiaAk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. gy MrpupaHfs; ,ij xU gpur;rpidahfr; Rl;bAs;sNjhL>

nghJf;fy;tpapy; QAI ,yFgLj;jTk; NgzTk; xU KiwrhH MjuTg; nghwpKiwapd; Njitia typAWj;jpAs;sdH. Fiwthd fw;gpj;jw; RikAila Nkw;ghHit mYtyHfs; Nghjpastpy; ,Ug;gpd;> mtHfs; ,g; gzpfis Mw;wyhk;.

MrpupaHfspil QA gw;wp tpopg;GzHT Nghjhik

fy;tp mikr;rpd; (MoE) Kaw;rpfis kPwp> MrpupaHfspw; fzprkhd tpfpjj;jpdH

ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; QA Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; nray;KiwfSk; gw;wp tpopg;GzHT

NghjhJs;sdH. ghlrhiy QAapd; ntw;wpf;F MrpupaHfspd; $ba <LghLk;

ey;nyhOq;fhd> mjpgutyhd tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; Njit. QA

nray;Kiwapy; <LgLk; MrpupaHfs;> ngUksTk;> QA kWrPuha;Tf;F Ntz;ba

Mtzq;fisAk; cupa Nfhg;GfisAk; jpul;lNy jkJ tfpghfk; vdf; fUJfpd;wdH. Mdhy;> khztH jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf; Fwpfhl;bfisf; fle;j> mjNdhnlhl;ba ju Nkk;ghl;Lr; nray;Kiw gw;wp czuhJs;sdH.

72

QA epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gaDilik> mbg;gilapy; cs;thup QA kPNj

jq;fpapUg;gpDk;> tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; QAapd; cs;thupf; $w;wpDk;

ntspthupf; $w;iwNa typAWj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt MrpupaH kl;l tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,t; mk;rj;jpw; $ba ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;>

rpy ghlrhiyfs;> tpopg;GzHit Mf;fTk; QA nghwpKiwfisr; nraw;gLj;jTk;

Gj;jhf;fkhd topKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;fpd;wd. ghlrhiyfspil ,j;jF eilKiwfisg; gfpHjy; gaDW %Nyhghaq;fl;F topNfhyyhk;.

gzpj;-jyg; ghHitaplw; fhyk; Nghjhik Vw;ghl;L> epjpg; gpur;rpidfshy; rPuha;Tf; FOtpd; ghHitaply; nghJthf xU ehs; kl;LNk ePbf;Fk;. Mdhw;> nghUj;jkhd vy;yhf; fl;listpjpfisAk; guPl;rpj;J> rfy Jizr;rhd;WfisAk; ghHitapl;L midj;Jg; gaDupj;jhsHfisAk; re;jpj;Jg; ghlrhiyj; juj;ij kjpg;gply; xU ehspy; ,ayhJ. ntspthupr; rPuha;Tf;fhf kpFe;j fhyQ; nrytpl;l MrpupaHfSk; ghlrhiyfSk;> juTfspd; Fiwghlhd Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;> nrk;ikaw;w xU jPHg;Giuiag; ngWtJ epahakd;W. gzpapd; msitAk; rpf;fiyAk; nghWj;Jg;> gzpj;-jyg; ghHitapliy xU ehSf;F Nky; ePbg;gJ mtrpak;.

mftakhd Gs;sp xJf;fPLk; nrk;ikaw;w kjpg;gha;Tk; Njrpa juhjuq;fl;Fr; rhHghff; fl;listpjpfis tpsq;FtjpYk; tpsf;FtjpYk; cs;s jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfshw;> Gs;sp xJf;fPL mftakhf mikayhk;. vr; rPuha;tpYk; XusTf;F mftag; gz;G ,Uf;FnkdpDk;> NtWgLk; tpjq;fspy; tpsf;ff;$ba Fwpfhl;bfisf; fzprkhd tpfpjj;jpw; nfhz;l ngUe;njhifahd Fwpfhl;bfisf; FWfpa fhyj;Jl; fUJtJ gpur;rpidia Nkhrkhf;fpj; jtwhd jPHg;Giuf;F topNfhyyhk;.

Nkk;gLj;jiy tpl ep&gpj;jiy tpiojy; ,J NkYnkhU toikahd kdpjg; gytPdk;. ghlrhiy mjpfhupfs;> caHe;j ghlrhiyj; jur; Rl;biag; ngwy; mtrpankdf; fUjpr;> rPuha;Tg; ghHitaply; ehspy; toik kPwpa xU #o;epiyia cUthf;fp> caHthd Rl;biag; ngw vy;yh Kaw;rpfisAk; vLg;gH. mjd; tpisthf> toq;fpa Rl;b ghlrhiyapDila cz;ik epiyiag; gpujpgypahjNjhL ghlrhiyapd; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk; cjthJ.

khztH gpd;D}l;lypd; Gwf;fzpg;G khztHfNs nghJf;fy;tp Kiwikapd; ngUk; gad;ngWdHfs;. Mdhy; cs;thup> ntspthup kjpg;gha;Tfspy; mtHfspd; fUj;Jfs; mupjhfNt ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;-njhlHTk; tif$wYk; Nghjhik

ghlrhiyf; QA rPuha;Tfis Mz;LNjhWk; elj;jpDk;> ,dq;fz;l FiwghLfisf;

fisjw;F Ntz;ba Mjuit toq;fTk; ghlrhiyia Mjupf;fTkhd gpd;-njhlH

eltbf;ifiaf; fhz ,ay;tjpy;iy. QA fz;lwpjy;fisg; ghlrhiyr;

r%fj;jpw;Fj; njuptpf;f> epWtg;gl;lnjhU nghwpKiwapy;iy.

rPuha;Tr; Rw;Wfs; kpf mbf;fb epfoy; gpd;-njhlHTf;F tsq;fSk; NeuKk; Nghjhj #oypy;> tUlhe;j ntspthupr; rPuha;Tr; Rw;Wfs; kpf mbf;fb epfo;tjhfj; njupfpwJ. vdpDk;> Fwpg;gpl;l juj;jpw;Ff;

73

fPohdit vd ,dq;fz;l ghlrhiyfspd; tplaj;jpy;> gpd;-njhlHTg; ghHitaply;fs; NkYk; mbf;fb epfo Ntz;Lk;.


nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikf;fhd juf; fl;likg;G

109. QA Kiwik> ghlrhiyia kl;Lkd;wpj;> jdJ r%fj;jpd; fy;tpr;Nrit

toq;FeH vd;w tifapw; ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghl;bw; jhf;fKila gpw jpizf;fsq;fs;> epWtdq;fs;> mYtyfq;fs; midj;ijAk; gw;wpajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

110. PEAfisAk; ZEOfisAk; DEOfisAk; ghlrhiyfisAk; NIEAlDk;

DoEAlDk; DEPAlDk; njhlHGWj;jf; fy;tp mikr;irg; gpujhd fZthff;

nfhz;l xU QA tiyaikg;G Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; QA

nray;Kiwfis eilKiwahf;Fk; KOg; nghWg;igAk; DEOfs; Vw;W>

tiyaikg;gpd; gq;fhsHfs; ahtUf;Fk; jj;jkJ nraw;ghLfspw; QA

Nehf;fpyhd iriffis mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

111. ,yFthAk; njspthAk; tpsq;FkhWk; ,aYkhAk; eilKiwr;rhj;jpakhAk;> Ml;rpg;gug;Gfl;fpil rkepiyahd fl;listpjpfSld; juhjuq;fspil

Nkw;FtpNth ,ilntspfNsh ,d;wp mikAkhW QA topfhl;ly;fisr; rPuhf;fp

Ml;rpg;gug;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW kPs;tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;: ghlrhiy Kfhik> fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;jYk; kjpg;gPLk;> ,izf;-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfSk; gpwTk;.

nraw;jpwd; Rl;bfs;

112. Fwpfhl;bfspd; njhifiaf; Fiwj;J khztupd; fw;wYk; tpisgaDk; rhHe;j mk;rq;fis tYthf;fp NkYk; nghUj;jKwr; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

113. midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; fl;lhakhd Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bj; njhFjp xd;iwAk; KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfs; vdf;$ba nghUj;jkhd Fwpfhl;bfisAk; Vw;wthW milahsq;fz;L Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bfl;Fk; KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfl;Fk; nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gsTfis xJf;fNtz;Lk;.

114. nghJf; fy;tp toq;fypy; milT kl;lj;ij xg;gpl> Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bfisg; ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;@ ntt;NtW ghlrhiyfspd; NtWgLk; gyq;fisAk; Mf;fj;jpwidAk; Gj;jhf;fj;ijAk; mq;fPfupf;f KOikahf;Fk; Fwpfhl;bfisg; ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;.

115. guPl;irj; jpwd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;F mg;ghy;> khztH jpwd; ntspg;ghl;bd; tpUk;gj;jf;f midj;Jg; gz;Gfl;Fk; nghUe;Jk; juhjuq;fisAk;

fl;listpjpfisAk; cs;slf;fp QA topfhl;ly;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy; %yk;

KOj;NjHr;rpAila khztHfis cUthf;FtNj ,yf;fhf Ntz;Lk;.

74

QA gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT

116. QA Kiwikia epWTKd;> rfy gaDupj;jhsHfl;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; QA

Kiwik gw;wpj; njuptpf;fNtz;Lk;.

117. mjpf MjuT Ntz;Lk; ghlrhiyfspy; NkYk; mjpfstpw; ghHitaply; mikAkhW ntspthupr; rPuha;Tfspd; mLf;F epfo;itj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;-njhlHTk; tif$wYk;

118. QA ngWNgWfisg;> gjpT nra;jw;F kl;Lkd;wpg; ghlrhiy Kfhik>

fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;jYk; kjpg;gPLk;> ,izf;-fiyj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfSk; gpwTk; Mfpa %d;W Ml;rpg;gug;Gfspd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;jTk; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

119. ghlrhiy jdpj;J ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. ghlrhiyf; QA ngWNgWfs; ghlrhiy

,ize;Js;s tiyaikg;gpd; gpw epWtdq;fspd; QA ngWNgWfis

Neubahfg; ghjpf;Fk;. vdNt epWtdk; xt;nthd;Wk; jdJ QA ngWNgWfspd;

mbg;gilapw; jpUj;j eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

75

fy;tpj; jpl;lkplYk; KfhikAk;

mwpKfk;

fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; vd;gJ> khztHfsJk; r%fj;jpdJk; Njitfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;FkhW fy;tpia NkYk; tpisgaDk; tpidj;jpwDKilajhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;> mwpthHe;j xOq;fhd Ma;TKiwiaf; fy;tp tpUj;jpf;Fg;

gpuNahfpg;gjhFk;. fle;jfhy Qhdj;ijg; ghtpf;Fk; vjpHfhynkhd;wpd; cUthf;fj;ij

mJ tpisf;Fk;. jpl;lkply; vd;gJ> vq;F nry;tJ vd;gij kl;Lkd;wp khw;W topfis Muha;e;J mq;F nry;y mjpeykhd topiaj; njupAk; tpjj;ijAk; gw;wpa xU njhlH nra;KiwahFk;.

rpj;jhe;jj;jpYk; tpUj;jp kl;lj;jpYk; murhq;ff; nfhs;iffspYk; kpf NtWgLk; epiyikfl;Fg; nghUe;JkhW> nra;Kiwfs; NghjpasT nefpo;thfTk; ,zq;fj;jf;fdthAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpl;l tpUj;jp eilKiwr; nra;Kiwfs;> #o;epiyfl;fika> vspikahditapdpd;W mjpetPdkhdit tiu NtWglyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> mit cyfstpa Vw;Gila epakq;fl;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfl;Fk; ,irtha; mika Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; Kw;wpYk; tplaq;fspy; khw;wkpd;wp mtw;iwg; ngupjhf;fpf; fy;tpia tpupTgLj;Jtijg; gw;wpaJ vDk; jtwhd fUj;J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J> fy;tpj; jpl;lkply;> tpupthd Gs;spapw; ghtidia kpfTQ; rhHe;jpUg;gjd; tpisthFk;. Gs;sptptuq;fs; jpl;lkplypd; mj;jpthukhapDk;> fUjpathW vjpHfhyf; fy;tpKiwapd; mk;rq;fis tpUj;jpnra;ag;> gz;GrhH mk;rq;fSk; mNjasT Kf;fpakhdit. ,t;thW> jpl;lkpliyf; fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xd;wpize;j gFjpahf;fp> vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk;> KbT vLg;NghH mwpthHe;j KbntLf;f mJ cjt Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lkply; xU Roy; nra;Kiw. tpisgaDs;s jpl;lkply;> fw;w ghlq;fs;> vjpHghuhj; jilfSk; ,lHfSk;> mtw;iw nty;Yk; Kaw;rpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fUjpj; jd; eilKiwg;gLj;jiy tpspf;fNtz;Lk;. jpl;lq;fs; nefpo;tw;Nwh khwtpayhNjh ,Uf;ftpayhJ@ mtw;iwj; Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wTk; jOtTk; Njitg;gLk;. jpl;lkply;> fle;jfhyg; gpd;D}l;lj;jhy; Cl;lk; ngw;Wk; vjpHghHg;gpay;GlDk; vjpHfhy tpUj;jpf;F ,lkspj;Jk; mikaNtz;Lk;.

vjpHfhyNehf;fpyhd vg; gupe;Jiuf;Fk; Kd;> rKjhaj;jpd; epiyAk; mjd; ,yf;FfSk; jw;Nghija mwptpdJk; fy;tpf;fiyapdJk; njhopy;El;gj;jpdJk; jFjpepiyapdJk; mbg;gilapy; ,yf;Ffis miljw;fhd fy;tpj; NjitfSk; gw;wpa mwpT Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk;> fy;tp mikg;igj; jpwdha;e;J mjd; nraw;jpwid Kd;Ndw;wg; Gj;jpahd eltbf;ifnaLf;FkhW nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs; midtUk; fy;tp mikg;gpd; cs;shHe;j Mw;wy;fisf; fzpg;gpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpj; jpl;lkply;> Kfhikg; Nghf;Ffs;

Jupjkhd Kbw;w njhopy;El;g khw;wr; nra;Kiwnahd;wpd; eLNt r%fk; cs;sJ. ,f; fhl;rpg;Gyj;jpy;> nkd;jpwd;fs;> tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fs;> njhopy;tha;g;Gj; jpwd;fs;> kdpjHf;fpilj; jpwd;fs;> Ntiyj;jpwd;fs;> mwpthw;wy;-rhuhj jpwd;fs; Nghd;w gue;j

76

jpwd;fspd; njhFjpiag; ghlrhiyfs; khztHfl;F Kd;itf;fNtz;Lnkd;gH. ,e;j epiyikfSs;> fw;ff; fw;wYk; tho;ehl; fhyf; fw;wYk; ntw;wpf;F topfshfpd;wd.

jhdpaq;fYk; cyfkakhjYk; vDk; ,U Kf;fpa ghjpg;Gfspd; fPo; njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. ,g; Nghf;F kdpjupd; tho;tpYk; Ntiyj;jyq;fspYk; r%f cwTfspYk; MSik tpUj;jpapYk; Mo;e;j jhf;fj;ij tpisf;Fk;.

jhdpaq;fy; Ntiyapd; ,ay;ig — mjhtJ ,ae;jpuq;fs; NkYk; NkYk;

Ntiyj;jyq;fspy; cw;gj;jp kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JkhW — khw;wpaJld; njhopyhsupilAs;s cwtpd; jd;ikiaAk; khw;WfpwJ. thyhakhd Ntiyfs; ahitAk; jhdpaq;fr; nra;apDk;> nghwpfs; Mw;wtpayhj nraw;ghLfSs;sd. gpw

jug;gpdUld; ,iltpidia Ntz;Lk; vjpHghuhj gpur;rpidfisAk; “rpf;fyhd

njhlHghliyAk;” jPHf;fj; Njitahd “epGzr; rpe;jid” vd ,it

mwpag;gLfpd;wd. jhdpaq;fypd; gadhf “ePyf; nfhyH” njhopy;fSk; thyhakhd njhopy;fSk; Fiwifapy;> caHkl;l Mw;wy;fis Ntz;Lk; Nritj; njhopy;fs; tpupfpd;wd.

kWGwk;> cyfkakhf;fy;> ehLfspilahd nghUshjhu> r%f> mwpTrhH vy;iyfis cilf;f KidfpwJ. ,izaj;jpd; tuNthL Gtpapaw; njhiyTfs; nghUsw;Wtpl;ld. Ntiyfis ehl;L vy;iyf;F ntspNaAk; ntspahuplKk; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; eilKiwfisf; nfhz;l> mjhtJ epiyf;Fj;jhd cw;gj;jp cwtpdpd;W fpilahd clDiog;G Nehf;fpa ngaHitf; Fwpf;Fk;> njhopy; eilKiwj; njhFjpnahd;W cUthfpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; epGzHfl;fpilNa Nghl;b NkYk; tYj;Js;sJ.

r%f mstpy;> Ntiyf;FOf;fs;> NtWgLk; ,d> kj> gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpfisAilNahiuf; nfhz;Ls;sd. vdNt gd;ikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jYk; xd;Wgl;L thof; fw;wYk; mtrpak;. Njr tpUj;jpf;Fj; Njrpa ey;ypzf;fk; mj;jpahtrpakhjyhy; ,yq;if Nghd;w gy;-gz;ghl;L ehLfspy; ,j;jifa kdg;ghq;Ffs; Kf;fpakhfpd;wd.

,j; njhlHgpy;> fy;tpj; jpl;lkpLNthH jkJ ePz;l-fhy> eLj;ju-fhy> FWfpa-fhyj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupf;f> vjpHfhy Ms;typikj; Njitfspd; ,ay;igAk; kdpjupilahd cwTfl;F cfe;j r%f Mw;wy;fisAk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; fy;tpj; jpl;lkpliy xl;Lnkhj;jj; Njrpa jpl;lkplYld; ,izf;fNtz;Lk;. vy;yhr; rpwhUk; jkJ r%fg;-nghUshjhu> ghy;> ,df; fhuzq;fshy; ghjpg;GwhJ jkJ Muk;g> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpia KOikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

,yq;ifapy; fy;tpj; jpl;lkply;> Kfhikg; gpur;rpidfs;

fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fsJk; MizAupikfl;Fk; gzpfl;Fk; vy;iy tiuahik

13k; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; ,aw;wp khfhz rigfis epWtpaNjhL fy;tp mikr;R jd; mjpfhuq;fis khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fSld; gfpHfpwJ. fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;RfsJk; gzpfisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; 13k; jpUj;jk; njspthf tiuaWj;j NghJk; cupik khw;wpa tplaq;fs; rpyij ,d;dKk; fy;tp mikr;Rf; ifahSfpwJ. nfhs;ifr; nraw;gLj;jypy; kj;jpf;Fk; khfhzq;fl;Fk; ,ilNa Gupe;JzHtpd;ikAk; Nghjpa xj;Jiog;gpd;ikAk; NkYnkhU

77

FiwghlhFk;. khfhz kl;lr; nraw;ghLfspd; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; kj;jpapYs;s tpla ,af;FeHfs; gq;Fgw;Wk; NghJ> khfhz kl;lj;jpy; cs;s vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSk; cupa ftdj;ijg; ngwhikahy;> cupik khw;wy; gadw;wjhfpwJ.

jw;Nghija Kfhik mikg;G rpf;fyhdJ. kj;jpa> khfhz mikr;Rf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; nrk;ikahff; $wp> mijj; jHf;fuPjpahf kPs tiuaWf;fNtz;Lk;.

khfhz mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fSk; ghlrhiy eltbf;iffspy; mtw;wpd; ghjfkhd jhf;fKk;

ghlrhiyfl;Fr; Nrit toq;fy; khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fl;F

eilKiwr;rhj;jpakpy;iy vdf; fUjp tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fs; (ZEO) epWtg;gl;ld. vdpDk; xt;nthU tyaj;jpYk; ngUe;njhifahd ghlrhiyfs;

(mz;zsthf 100) ,Ue;jjhy; ZEOtpd; Nrit toq;fy; mjpUg;jpahapUe;jJ.

gpd;dH> Nritfis tYg;gLj;JkhW Nfhl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fs; (DEO)

epWtg;gl;ld. xt;nthU Nfhl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfKk; jdJ ghHitf;Fs; 30 Kjy; 40 ghlrhiyfs; tiu cilaJ. vdpDq; Nfhl;l mYtyfq;fspy; trjpfsJk; mYtyHfsJk; gw;whf;Fiw epyTfpwJ. Nfhl;l mYtyfq;fspd; fl;bl trjpfs; jukw;wit@ MSjtp Nghjhj xU mjpfhup nghWg;gpYs;shH. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp Nghjhik ,d;ndhU FiwghL. mjd; gadhfg; ghlrhiyfl;F tpisgaDs;s xU Nrit kWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ghlrhiyf;F ntspapYs;s KO epUthf epWtdj;ijAk; ,af;Fk; xNu jHf;f epahak; jdJ r%fj;jpd; fy;tpr; Nrit toq;Feuhf xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk; nraw;gl cjTtjhFk;. ,t;thW Kjw;fz; Nfhl;lf;fy;tp mYtyfq;fs; Nghjpa mYtyHfisAk; mtrpa trjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;FkhWk; mLj;Jg; ghlrhiy mjpgH ghlrhiyia tpisgaDw epUtfpf;fj; jukhd fy;tprhH jiyik toq;f mtiu md;whlg; nghWg;Gfspdpd;W tpLtpf;FkhWk; khfhz> tya> Nfhl;l kl;l mYtyfq;fsJk; njhopw;ghLfis kPs;guprPypj;J Kiwahf tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy; Kfthz;ikfl;fpilNa njhlHghlYk; xUq;fpizg;Gkpd;ik

kj;jpa epiy mikg;G fy;tp mikr;R> guPl;irj;jpizf;fsk; (DoE)> fy;tp

ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; (DEP)> ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; epWtpa Njrpa fy;tp

epWtdk; (NIE) Mfpa epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,t;tikg;Gf;F cld; Gwj;Js;sJ>

fz;fhzpg;G tfpghfj;ijAilaJk; [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpg;gJkhd Njrpa fy;tp

Mizf;FO (NEC) MFk;.

DoE ghlrhiyg; guPl;irfisAk; gpw nghJg;guPl;irfisAk; elj;jg; nghWg;ghd

guPl;ir MizahsH ehafj;jpd; fPOs;sJ. guPl;irfis elj;jg;> nghJg; guPl;irfs; rl;lk; mtUf;F topfhl;LfpwJ. ghlrhiyg; ghlE}y;fis cUthf;fTk;

tpepNahfpf;fTk; DEP nghWg;ghdJ. Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jpnra;aTk; fy;tp KfhikahsHfsJk; MrpupaHfl;Ff; fw;gpg;NghuJk; MrpupaHfsJk; njhopy;thz;ik

tpUj;jpf;F tifnra;aTk; fy;tprhH Ma;itAk; tpUj;jpiaAk; Kd;ndLf;fTk; NIE

nghWg;ghdJ. NkYk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtdr; rl;lk; (NIE Act) mjw;Ff; fy;tprhH

gl;lq;fisAk; bg;Nshkhf;fisAk; toq;f mjpfhukspf;fpwJ.

78

khztHfspd; ed;ikf;fhfg; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwik ,aq;ff;> fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; Nkw;$wpa %d;W epWtdq;fsJk; nraw;ghLfl;fpilNa tYthd xUq;fpizT mj;jpahtrpak;. nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; epiyj;jpwidAk; tpidj;jpwidAk;

Mf;fj;jpwidAk; cWjpg;gLj;j> MoE> xU Filepoy; epWtdkhfj; jiyikj;Jt> xUq;fpizg;G> Nkw;ghHit tfpghfq;fis Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. ePz;lfhy xUq;fpizg;Gf; Fiwghl;lhy; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; ghlE}y;fl;Fk; ,ilapYk; fiyj;jpl;l tptuf;$w;Wfl;Fk; nghJg;guPl;irfl;Fk; ,ilapYk; fzprkhd nghUe;jhikfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; fy;tp mikr;rpdJ %d;W epWtdq;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfspy; Nkw;ftpT cs;sJ. ,J epWtdq;fl;Fg; nghWg;gspj;j gzpfspd; ,ul;bg;G tpuaj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;. epWtdq;fspd; tfpghfq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk; nghWg;GfSk; cupa ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lq;fspy; Fiwepug;G ghq;fpw; jpl;lkhf tiuaWj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk; cupa fye;jhNyhridNah mjpfhuNkh ,d;wpj; jkJ Mizia kPWk; Nghf;F epWtdq;fspilNa cs;sikahy; ,ul;bg;Gk; nfhs;if epiwNtw;wj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gzpahsupilNa Fog;gKk; tpisfpd;wd. nghJf;fy;tp Kiwikapd; tpisgad;kpF nraw;ghl;bd; NjitfUjp> xt;nthU epWtdKk; jdJ vy;iyfl;Fk; kl;Lg;ghLfl;Fk; cl;gLtijf; fye;jhNyhrid> jpl;lkplw; nra;Kiwfs; %yk; fy;tp mikr;R cWjpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpak;. mikg;gshtpa gpur;rpidfisf; ifahsTk; Kftufq;fspilj; njhlHghliyAk; xUq;fpiritAk; gyg;gLj;jTk; caHkl;l nraw;wpwd; rPuha;T xUq;fpizTf; FO

(PRCC) xd;iw epakpf;FkhW NEC gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,f; FO fy;tp mikr;rpd;

cupa Kftufq;fspd; jiytHfisAk; mjd; jiytuhff; fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsiuAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

kj;jpa kl;l epWtdq;fspy; jFjpAs;s gzpahsH Nghjhik

toq;ff;$batw;wpy; juf;FiwTf;F topNfhYk; cs;thupg; gpwo;njhopw;ghL xt;ntU epWtdj;jpYk; cs;sJ. nraw;ghLfis elj;jj; jFjptha;e;j gzpahsHfsJk; tbtike;j nraw;gL epWtdq;fspilj; njhlHGfsJk; Nghjhik ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ. gzpahsH gpur;rpid njhlHgpy;> Nghjpa Cjpaj;Jld; jFjptha;e;j njhopy;rhH gzpahsHfis epakpf;Fe; Njit midj;J epWtdq;fl;Fk; cs;sJ. mj;Jld; gzp tptuf;$w;Wk; Ml;NrHg;Gj; jpl;lKiwAk; tiuaWj;jthW mikaNtz;Lk;@ njhopy; tho;f;ifg; ghijfisAk; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp tha;g;GfisAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpj; jpl;lkplypYk; KfhikapYk; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghjhik

,yq;if fy;tp epHthfpfs; NritapYk; (SLEAS) ,yq;if mjpgH NritapYk;

(SLPS) cs;s mYtyHfl;Ff; fy;tpj; jpl;lkplypYk; fy;tp KfhikapYk; gapw;rp

Njit. mz;zsthf nkhj;jk; 15>000 NgH ,r; Nritfspy; cs;sdH. mtHfspw;

ngUk;ghNyhH SLPS,y; cs;NshH. fy;tp Kfhikapw; gapw;rp tha;g;Gfs; Nghjhik

fy;tp mikg;gpy; xU fLk; gpur;rpidahFk;. mij mtrukhff; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wpNahHf;fhd njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpia jw;NghJ NIE kl;LNk kj;jpa

kl;lj;jpy; toq;FfpwJ. vdNt khfhz kl;lg; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; Njit. NkYk;

NIEapy; gapw;Wtpg;Nghiug; gapw;wj; jFjp tha;e;j gzpahsH gw;whf;Fiw cs;sJ.

79

gy;-Jiw mZFKiwAk; vjpHfhy-Nehf;FKila jpl;lkplypd;ik

vjpHfhy Nehf;Fila fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ> ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kPJ jhf;fKila Rfhjhuk;> thoplk;> r%feyd;> tpisahl;L> Clfk;> gz;ghL> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpa JiwfSld; xUq;fpizg;Gk; xj;Jiog;Gk; Njit. Rfhjhuk;> tpisahl;L> Clfk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; nraY}f;fkhd ,izg;Gfis tpl;lhy;> jw;NghJ jpl;lkply; epiyapy; ,t;thwhd ,izg;Gfs; ,y;iy. vdNt> Njitahd cjtp ngUk;ghYk; fpl;lhkw; Nghtjhy;> ,J fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fspd; nraw;gLj;jypw; ghjfkhd tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

fy;tp Kiwik gw;wpa jfty;fs; nfhs;if tFg;Nghiu Ntisf;F milahik

fy;tpia vjpHfhyj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;yf; fy;tp Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik

(EMIS) gy;jpwDila xU fUtpahfyhk;. fy;tpj; jpl;lkplypy; cyfshtpa xU

Kf;fpa Nghf;fhfj; njhopy;El;gk; milahsg;gLk; epiyikfl;F ,J nghUe;Jk;.

$ba njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL MoEapdJk; mjd; Kftufq;fsJk; tpidj;jpwd;kpF

Kfhikia trjpg;gLj;Jk;. juT Kfhik Ma;Tf;-fpisapd; (DMR) gpujhd tfpghfk; juTfisj; Jupjkhf mLf;FjYk; toq;FjYkhFk;. ghlrhiy Ml; njhiff; fzf;fPl;il elj;jYk; Kiwtopahf;fYk; mjd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfspy; xd;W. nra;Kiwiaf; fzdpg;gLj;jpAk;> KbntLj;jypw; gad;gLkhW Ntisf;Ff; fpilg;gjpNyNa jkJ ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;l juTfis ,Wjpg;gLj;jpg; gpuRupg;gjpy; ,d;dKk; Rzf;fKs;sJ. KOikahd juTj;-jsnkhd;W cs;sik> jhk;Ntz;Lk; juTfis mjpfhupfs;

cld;ngw cjTk;. jw;NghJ DMR MrpupaH juTj;-jsj;ij tpUj;jpnra;fpwJ. mNj

Ntis> MoEapd; gy;NtW fpisfs; jdpj;Jj; jkJ juTj;-jsq;fis

tpUj;jpnra;tjhy; Kaw;rp ,ul;bg;Gf;Fl;gl;L tpuak; Neuyhk;. vdNt jw;Nghija juT Kfhik fy;tpj; jpl;lkplypy; mjpf tpisgadw;wJ. mf;fiwAs;s midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk; jhk; Ntz;Lk; jfty;fisj; jpul;l> mtHfs;

milaf;$ba KOikahd juTj;-jsnkhd;iw MoE tpUj;jpnra;aNtz;Lk;. juTj;-

jsg; guhkupg;Gf;Fj; jfty; njhopy; El;g (IT) ty;YeH xUtiug; nghWg;ghf;fp>

mij xOq;fhf ,w;iwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpf; nfhs;if> jpl;lkply;> Kfhik mikg;Gfs;> ghlrhiyj; juTfs; Mfpad rhHe;j midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; ,e;j juTj; jsj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Njitaw;w vOj;J NtiyiaAk; Rzf;fj;ijAk; Fiwf;f mYtyHfl;F ICT JizAila fy;tp epUthfg; gapw;rp toq;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpaikr;R vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpg; nghJkf;fspilNa tpopg;GzHT kl;lj;ij tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; ICT ghtidapy; MrpupaHfsJk; Vida fy;tp mjpfhupfsJk; NjHr;rpia

Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

ghlrhiyfisj; jdpj;j cUnghUshf tpUj;jpnra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Nghjhik

jiyik epiwNtw;WeH vDk; tfpghfj;ij Mw;wTk; ghlrhiyia ntw;wpfukhf elj;jYf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;fTkhd kd typik ngUk;ghyhd mjpgHfl;F ,y;iy. caH Kfhik kl;l ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gtjpw; Rzf;fq; fhuzkhfg; gjpyhs; epakdq;fs;

80

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thW ngUe;njhifahd ghlrhiyfspy;> jpwd; jtpHe;j

fhuzq;fl;fhf epakpj;j “gjpyhs; mjpgHfs;” jiyikapYs;sdH. ghlrhiyfl;F tsq;fis toq;f xOq;fhd jpl;lk; ,y;iy. ghlrhiy mjpfhupfs; ghlrhiyj; jpl;lq;fis tFf;Fk;NghJ> tsq;fs; fpilf;ff;$baik gw;wp mtHfl;F njupahJ. epUthfg; gzpfisf; ftdpf;Fk; Mjhug; gzpahsHfSk; ghlrhiyfl;F toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ghlrhiy Kfhikapw; r%f <LghLk; mjp FiwthdJ. ,yq;if Vwj;jhog; gj;J Mz;Lfshfg; ghlrhiy Nkk;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;

(PSI) fPOs;s “rkr;rPHf; fl;Lg;ghl;L khjpupAU” xd;iwf; filg;gpbf;fpwJ. vdNt

epiyikiaf; fzf;nfLj;J PSII ,w;iwg;gLj;jp mt; vz;zf;fUitAk; mLj;j

gj;jhz;Lfspy; mjd; nraw;gLj;jiyAk; tYthf;fj; jpl;lk; tFj;J mjd; %yk; ghlrhiyfis mjpfhuKiladthf;Fk; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ.

jw;Nghija ghlrhiyf; fl;likg;gpd; gpur;rpidfs;

jw;Nghija ghlrhiy mikg;G gy;gbj;jhdJ. murhq;fKk; kjg;gpupT mikg;GfSk; jdpg;gl;NlhUk; vdg; gyjug;gpdUk; ghlrhiyfis epWtpajhy;> ghlrhiy miktplq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gltpy;iy. gy;NtW tifahd ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd: juq;fs; 1 Kjy; 5 tiu my;yJ juq;fs; 1 Kjy; 8 tiu fw;gpf;Fk; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs;@ juq;fs; 1 Kjy; 11 tiu nfhz;l ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfs;: juq;fs; 1 Kjy; 13 tiu nfhz;l ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfs;. ghlrhiyr; rPuikg;G Kaw;rpfs; gadw;W tpl;lik Nghfg;> ghlrhiy Kiwik mjp-rpwpa> mjp-ngupa ghlrhiyfs; vd;gtw;wpilNa ,U KidTg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwpa ghlrhiyfs; nkd;NkYQ; rpwpjhfp <w;wpy; %lg;gLfpd;wd. ngupa> gpugykhd> efug; ghlrhiyfs; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp tpupe;J epUtfpf;f Kbahjitahfpd;wd. ,g; ghlrhiyfspy; tFg;Gfs;

neupryhf — rpy Ntisfspy; 50f;F Nkw;gl;l khztHfSld; — cs;sd. rpwpa> fpuhkg; ghlrhiyfspy; khztH njhif kpff; Fiwthjyhy;> mtw;iw elj;jy; rpf;fdkw;wJ. jw;NghJ 50f;Ff; Fiwe;j khztHfSld; 1652 ghlrhiyfSs;sd. ,j;jifa ghlrhiyfspy; MrpupaHfs; gzpapw; NrhHTw;Ws;sJld; fy;tpj; juKk; jho;thAs;sJ. ghlrhiyr; #oy; rpwhupd; KO tsHr;rpf;F ctg;ghapy;iy. vy;yh xOq;FfisAk; Njitahd trjpfisAk; Cl;ly; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf; nfhj;jzpiaAq; nfhz;l ,ilepiyg;ghlrhiynahd;iw xt;nthU epUthfg; gpuptpYk; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; jpl;lNk jukhd fy;tpia mjpFiwe;j nrytpy; toq;Fk; topahfj; njupfpwJ. ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy miktplq;fis cz;ikahd Njitfs; rhHe;j> ghlrhiyr; Rw;wha;tpd; KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy;,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. r%f ,zf;fj;Jf;F ,ilQ;ryhd cl;FOf; fUj;Jfs; ghlrhiy mikg;gpd; kw;nwhU gpur;rpidahFk;. ghlrhiyfisr; rpq;fs> jkpo;> K];ypk;> ngsj;j> fj;Njhypf;f> ,e;J> ,];yhkpag; ghlrhiyfnsd mioj;jhYk; vy;yhk; mur ghlrhiyfNs. NkYk;> ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfs; xU nkhopg; ghlrhiyfshk;. gy;ypdg; gFjpfspYk; ghlrhiyfs; ,d mbg;gilapy; xOq;fike;Js;sd. ,yq;if Nghd;w xU gy;ypd ehl;by;> r%f ,zf;fj;Jf;F cjTkhW> vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa cl;FOf; fUj;Jfis Cf;Ftpf;fyhfhJ.

fy;tp mikr;R mikg;gpd; gpur;rpidfs;

jw;NghJ fy;tpr; nrayhsH ,U gjtpfis tfpf;fpwhH: mit KiwNa mikr;rpd; nrayhsH> fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH ehafk; vd;gdthk;. nrayhsuhf mtH mikr;rpd;

81

nghJ epUthfj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtUk; epjp Kfhikf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gpujhd fzf;fha;T mjpfhupAkhthH. gzpg;ghsH ehafkhff; fy;tp mYty;fspy; KbntLf;Fk; gpujhd nra;gzp mjpfhupahthH. ngUk;ghyhd nrayhsHfis ,yq;if epUthfpfs; Nritapdpd;W epakpg;gjhy; gzpg;ghsupd; cldb epWtd epidthw;wy; mg; gjtpapy; mtUila Nritf;fhyj;Jf;F tiuaiwg; gl;ljhFk;.

,g; gpur;rpidiaj; jPHf;ff;> fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH ehafk; vd;w gjtpiaf; fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsH vd;w gjtpapdpd;W NtWgLj;JkhWk; mjw;fikaf; fy;tp mikr;ir kPsikf;FkhWk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

fy;tpr; Nritg; gzpepiy xJf;fPl;by; tpNtfkpd;ik

SLEAS, SLPS, SLTES, SLTS mYtyHfspd; gzpepiy xJf;fPL cz;ikahd

Njitfl;fikaj; jPHkhdpj;jjy;y. cz;ikahd Njitfl;fika xt;nthU Nritf;Fk; Ntz;ba njhifapdiu mwpe;J mjw;fika ntw;wplq;fis epug;g eltbf;ifnaLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nritf;fhy MNyhrfHfs; (ISAs) ghlrhiy MrpupaHfl;F topfhl;Lk; xU FOtpdH.

vdpDk;> jw;NghJ> mikr;ruit rhjfkhfj; jPHj;jNghJk;> mtHfspd; Nrit fz;Lnfhs;sg;gLtJ NghjhJ. ,J ePz;lfhy kdf;Fiwia cz;lhf;fpAs;sJ. mtHfspd; epakdk;> gzp tptuk;> gjtpAaHT> Nrit epiyikfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fupa xU jpl;lj;ij cUthf;FtJ mtrpak;. mtHfs; jkJ njhopyhw;wYld; njhlHG nflhikia cWjpg;gLj;j mtHfisf; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ghlrhiyapy; xU rpy Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wr; nra;ayhk;. mtHfSila mLj;j kl;lg; gjtpAaHiit ,t;thwhdnjhU epge;jidAld; ,izf;fyhk;. mtHfsplkpUe;J NkYk; ey;y

Nritiag; ngw ISAfl;Fj; jdpg;gl;l Nritnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;

gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. epakdq;fis tUlhtUlk; nra;aNtz;baNghJk; eilKiwapw; Rzf;fq;fs; cs;sd. mjd; gadhf ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; gjtp ntw;wplq;fs; cs;sJld;

mtw;iw epug;gg; “gjpyhs;” gzpahsHfs; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

SLEAS mYtyHfisg; ghlrhiy mjpgHfshf epakpj;jy; gw;wpj; njspthd

nfhs;ifapy;iy. rpy mYtyHfs; gpugykhd ngupa ghlrhiyfspy; mjpgHfshfr; nraw;gLifapy; VidNahH ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspy; gpujp mjpgHfshf epakdk; ngWfpd;wdH. ghlrhiy mjpgHfis mtHfSila njhopw;fhyg; gpw;gFjpapy; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsHfshf epakpj;jy;> mYtyf epUthfj;ij mtHfs; Gjpjhff; fw;ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jpg;> gpur;rpidfl;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ. mt;thNw> tFg;giw mDgtkpd;wp> epUthfpfshfg; gy Mz;Lfisr; nrytpl;NlhH ghlrhiyr; #oYf;Fg; gofr; rpukg;gLtH. vdNt epUthfpfis mjpgHfshf ,lk; khw;WtijAk; mjpgHfis epUthfpfshf ,lk; khw;WtijAk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.


fl;likg;Gk; mjpfhuq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;

120. kj;jpa> khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;Rfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfisAk; 13k; murpay;rl;lr; rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;F mikthfj; njspthfTk; Iaj;Jf;fplkpd;wpAk; tiuaWj;J Kfhik mikg;igj; jHf;fuPjpahf kPs tiuaWf;fNtz;Lk;.

82

121. khfhz> tya> Nfhl;l mYtyfq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfis kPsha;e;J Kiwahf tiuaWj;Jj; Njitahd mYtyHfSlDk; gpw trjpfSlDk; tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

122. MoE, DoE, EPD, NIE Mfpatw;wpd; gzpfis xUq;fpizf;f caHkl;l

nraw;wpwd; rPuha;T xUq;fpizTf; FOnthd;iw (PRCC) epWtp xOq;fhfj;

njhopw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Mw;wy; tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

123. MoE, DoE, EPD Mfpatw;Wf;Fj; njupe;j gzpahsHfs; fy;tp Kfhikg; gapw;rp ngwNtz;Lk;. VyNt NritapYs;Nshiuf; fy;tp Kfhikapy; NkYk; jifikAk; mDgtKk; ngw Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

124. fy;tpapYk; njhlHGs;s gpw JiwfspYk; gl;lg;-gpd; jifikAs;s

fy;tpkhd;fis NIE gzpapw; NrHf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jifikAk;

mDgtKk; ngwj; jw;Nghija gzpahsHfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

125. NIE %yKk; khfhz ikaq;fs; %yKk; vy;yhf; fy;tp epUthfpfl;Fk; fy;tp

Kfhikj; jpirg;gLj;jYk; gapw;rpAk; toq;Fk; jpl;lnkhd;iw MoE 5-7

Mz;Lf; fhy ,ilntspAs; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

126. gy;fiyf;fof Kfhikg; gPlq;fspd; clDiog;Gld; khfhz kl;lf; fy;tp

Kfhikg; gapw;rpj; jpl;lg; gapw;WeH NrHkk; xd;iw NIE cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khfhz kl;l SLEAS mYtyHfl;Fk; mjpgHfl;Fkhd ,g; gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fis khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhupfs; jpl;lkpl;L elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

ICT ghtid

127. nfhs;if cUthf;fj;Jf;Fk; gpw Njitfl;Fk; NjitahdNghJ fpilf;Fk; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> jpl;lq;fs;> Kfhik mikg;Gfs;> ghlrhiyj; juTfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l gue;j juTj;-jsk; xd;iwf; fy;tp mikr;R> tpUj;jpnra;J xOq;fhf ,w;iwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

128. jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fTk; MuhaTk; juTfis toq;fTk; tpisgaDs;s

Kfhikf; fUtpahf ICTiag; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;J SLEAS mYtyHfisAk; mjpgHfisAk; epUthfj;jpy; fzdpia ghtpf;fg; gapw;w Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpr; Nritg; gzpepiy xJf;fy;

129. Kfhik Mw;wYk; jiyikj;JtKk; nfhz;l mjpgHfspd; epakdj;ij cWjpnra;AkhW mjpgHfs; njupT Kiwiar; rPuha Ntz;Lk;.

130. ghlrhiyfspd; fy;tprhuh CopaH xJf;fPL xt;nthU ghlrhiyapdJk; Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; mika Ntz;Lk;.

83

131. xt;nthU epUthfg; gpuptpYk; vy;yh xOq;FfSk; Njitahd trjpfSk; Cl;ly; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf; nfhj;jzp xd;Wk; nfhz;l ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy xd;iwNaDk; tpUj;jpnra;a xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Ntz;Lk;. ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy ,lmikTfis cz;ikahd Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;.

132. fy;tp mikr;ir kPsikj;J mjd; ,aq;fw; njhopw;ghLfisg; nghWg;Ngw;ff; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH ehafk; vd;w gjtpia epWtNtz;Lk;.

133. nghWg;ghd Kftufq;fspd; MNyhridAld; xt;nthU Nritf;Fk; Njitahd gzpepiy xJf;fPl;ilj; njspthfj; jPHkhdpj;J ntw;wplq;fisf; fhyf;fpukkhf epug;gf; fy;tp mikr;R eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

134. epakdk;> gzp tptuk;> gjtpAaHT> Nrit epiyikfs; vd;gtw;iwf; ftdpf;Fk; jpl;lKiwAld; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfHfl;fhd jdpg;gl;l Nritnahd;iw epWt Ntz;Lk;.

84

fw;ww; #oy;

mwpKfk;

fw;ww; #oy; vd;w vz;zf;fU ,lk;> ntsp> efuTk; Rw;wpg; ghHf;fTk; tha;g;G> nghJthd ngWtop Mfpad rhHe;jnthU fUj;ijj; jUfpwJ. mJ xUtH jdJ Rw;whlYld; ClhLtjd; %yk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tpsf;fnkd mwpitg;gw;wpa xU Nehf;Fld; mjprpwg;ghf xj;jpirf;fpwJ. fw;ww; #oYf;F xU cUthf;ftpay;

(constructivism) tiutpyf;fzk; gpd;tUkhW: “fw;NghH> jkJ fw;wy; ,yf;FfisAk; gpur;rpidj; jPHT eltbf;iffisAk; topfhl;lYld; njhlUk; Nehf;fpy; gy;NtW fUtpfisAk; jfty; tsq;fisAk; ghtpf;ifapy; xd;W$br; nraw;glTk; xUtiunahUtH Mjupf;fTk; ,aYkhd xU ,lk;”. ,t; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahjnthU mk;rNknjdpd;> fw;ww; #oiy ntWNk ,aw;nghUs; my;yJ nka;epfH #oyhfNth ntspahfNth kl;Lkd;wp> Mjuthd Clhly; tiyg;gpd;dyhaike;j xU kdpj rKjhakhfTk; nfhs;tjhFk;. tho;ehl;fhyf; fw;wypy; KbAk; mwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; csg;ghq;ifAk; fw;NghH miljw;fhd jsj;ij toq;Fjyhy;> fw;ww; #oy; khztHfspd; fw;NghnuhUtupd; fy;tpapy; Kf;fpa tfpghfNkw;fpwJ. vdNt> xUtiur; #o;e;J mtUila fw;wiyg; ghjpf;Fk; mfg;> Gwr; #o;epiyfspdJk; jhf;fq;fsJk; KOik vdf; fw;ww; #oy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fw;ww; #oy; gy fw;wy; Kidg;Gfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;baikahy; fw;ww; #oypd; tbtikg;Gr; rpf;fyhdJ. cjhuzkhf> kpf;f MHtKk; mHg;gzpg;GKila fw;NghnuhUtUf;F (cUkhWk; fw;gtUf;F) nefpo;thff; fl;likj;j rthyhd topfhl;lw; #oy; Njit. toik> fl;likg;G> cWjp Mfpatw;iw tpUk;Gk; xj;Jg;NghFk; fw;NghHf;F NeHNfhl;by; mLf;fpa ,lH Fiwe;j fw;wy; ,yf;FfisAila ghJfhg;ghd> vspa #oy; Njit. ,j;jifa fw;ww; #oy;fis cUthf;ff;> fw;ww; #oy;fspd; $Wfis Nehf;fy; nghUe;Jk;.

fw;ww; #oy;fs; vg;NghJk; ,aw;nghUs;> r%f (mwpTrhH/cstpay;)> njhopy;El;g Nghjpj;jw; gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;ld. fw;ww; #onyhd;wd; r%fg; gupkhzk; cjhuzkhf> xU FOtpd; tfpghfj;ijAk; Clhl;lj;ijAk; gu];gu kjpg;Gk; xj;Jiog;Gk; kfpo;Tk; nfhz;l #oiyAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,aw;nghUl; #oy; Nkir fjpiufspd; mikitAk; ntspr;rkpliyAk; ,Uf;iffspd; trjpiaAk; nghJg;gl ,aw;nghUl; Rw;whlypd; Kf;fpaj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;. gy;NtW njhopy;El;g> gy;Y}lff; fUtpfs; kPJ jq;fpAs;s fw;gpj;jw; gpuNahfq;fs; njhopy;El;gg; gupkhzj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. mjd; fl;listpjpfs; fUtpfspd; gadH el;Gilik> ek;gfk;> eyd;jUk; ,ay;G> Ntfk;> kdpj Nehf;Fepiy Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Ftd. Nghjpj;jw; #oy; my;yJ fw;ww; #oy; mwpTWj;jYk; fw;wYk; jq;fpAs;s Nghjpj;jy; mZFKiwiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. vr; #oYk; Kjy; %d;W cWg;GfisAq; nfhz;lJ. Mdhw; Nghjpj;jw; gupkhzNk mijf; fw;ww; #oyhf;FfpwJ. fw;wiy Mjupf;Fk; Nghjpj;jy; Nehf;FfSld; NrHe;jpUg;gjhy;> trpg;giw xU fw;ww; #oyhfpwJ.

fw;ww; #ow; Nghf;Ffs;

yptpdpd; (Liwin) Gy khjpup> thy;NgHfpd; (Walberg) cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; khjpup>

fhbdupd; (Gardiner) fUj;jikT Kiwikahd khw;w khjpup Mfpad fw;ww;

#oy;fis Muhag; gad;gLfpd;wd. fhbdupd; khjpup> ,ay;ghd #oypYk; kdpjH-

85

cUthf;fpa #oypYk; kw;NwhUld; jdpg;gl;l Clhl;lq;fspd; tpisTfisf; fhl;Ltdthd xd;wd; kPJ xd;W ftpAk; ,aw;nghUl; #oy;> r%fr; #oy; tl;lq;fisAilaJ. fhbdupd; fUj;jpy; ,ilapYs;s khztHfs; Kiwikapd; mjp rpf;fyhd $whtH. ,aw;nghUs;> cstpay;-r%fg; gupkhzq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Rl;LkhW njhopy;El;gr; nrwpthd tFg;giwr; #oy;fis Muha> ]hd;l;t;iyw;Wk;

(Zandvliet) ];w;Nuf;fUk; (Straker) fhbdupd; khjpupia ,irthf;fpAs;sdH. fw;NghH fw;ww; #oYf;F ,irthtjh md;wpf; fw;ww; #oy; fw;NghHf;F ,irthtjh vd;w tpdhit Ma;thsHfSk; tbtikg;NghUk; mbf;fb tpthjpf;fpd;wdH. ,t;

tpdh> ngupJe; jtwhdJ. rupahd tpdh Vnjdpd;: “#oy; fw;Nghiu vt;thW

tbtbikf;fpwJ> fw;ww; #oy; kPJ fw;Nghupd; jhf;fnkd;d?” vd;gjhFk;. fw;NghH Ra-,af;ff; fw;wypYk; $l;L-Kaw;rpf; fw;wypYk; <LgLk; ,lq;fshf 21k; E}w;whz;bd; fw;ww; #oy;fs; jpl;kplg;gLfpd;wd. fw;gtiur; nraw;gLNthuhAk; #oiy capHg;gw;wjhAk; Nehf;fpa 20k; E}w;whz;bd; fl;bnaOg;gw; ghHitf;F khwhff;> fw;wiy ,af;Ftpf;Fk;gb fpukkhf kPnshOq;fikf;ff; $bathW ,aw;nghUl; #oy; jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ. ekJ ghlrhiyfspw; fw;ww; #oiy kjpg;gpLk; mbg;gilia toq;ff;$badthf khztH-ika> mwpT-ika> kjpg;gPl;L-ika> r%f-ikaf; $Wfnsd ehd;F mj;jpahtrpa cWg;Gfs; fw;ww; #oy;fspy; cs;sd. fw;NghH-ikaf; fw;ww; #oypy; MrpupaHfs;> jkJ fw;gpj;jypy;> jdpg;gl;l fw;Nghupd; mwpitAk; Kd;ida mDgtq;fisAq; fzpg;gpw; nfhz;L fw;Nghupd; typikfl;Fk; mf;fiwfl;Fk;

,lkspf;f Kay;thHfs;. mwpT-ikaf; fw;ww; #oypy;> Fwpg;gpl;lnthU epiyikapy; mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;fTk; mijg; Gjpa #oy;fl;F khw;wTk; fw;NghUf;F Ntz;ba Mokhd tpsf;fj;ij mtHfs; tpUj;jpnra;tij Nehf;fpf; fw;ww; nraw;ghLfis newpg;gLj;JtH. MrpupaHfs; fw;ww; nraw;ghLfis khztHfspd; tpUj;jpf;F Vw;wthW jpl;lkpLtJld; mt;twpit vt;thW re;jHg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g ghtpg;gJ vd;gij

fw;gpg;ghHfs;. kjpg;gPl;L-ikaf; fw;ww; #oypy; khztHfspd; rpe;jid ntspj;njupAkhW MrpupaHfs; khztHfl;Fg; gy tha;g;GfisAk; mtHfspd; Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa gpd;D}l;lq;fisAk; toq;FtH. r%f-ikaf; fw;ww; #oypy;> Nfs;tp Nfl;fTk; jkJ fUj;JfisAk; fw;w tplaj;ij tpsq;FtjpYs;s Iaq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jTk; khztHfs; mQ;rhjNjhL mr; r%fr; #oypy; ntw;wpfukhff; fw;fg; gq;fspf;Fk; elj;ij epakq;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;tH. fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jypYk; xg;gpbw; FWfpa rhHGfspd; gl;banyhd;iwAk; gz;ghl;L> rpj;jhe;j> murpay; vy;iyfl;Ff; FWf;fhf mr; rhHGfspd; juj;ij msj;jw;fhd Rl;bfisAk; gw;wp cld;glypYk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,f; $Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;ij mwpjy;> ,t; Ms;fsj;jpy; cyfshtpa ,k; Kaw;rp vjpHNehf;Fk; rthyhFk;. kl;Lg;gl;l tsq;fSila ehLfl;Fg; gpd;tUkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ:

midtUf;Fq; fy;tp (EFA) %Nyhghaj;jpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis va;jw;fhfj; Jupjg;gLj;jpa Kaw;rpfs; Kyk; midtHf;Fk; jukhd fy;tp toq;Fjw;fhd Njrpaf; flg;ghl;il epiwNtw;Wf@

Nkw;$wpa mbg;gilj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; cyfshtpa Kaw;rpf;F cs;sPLfis toq;f ehLfl;Fk; gpuhe;jpa tiyaikg;Gfl;Fk; NkYk;

tha;g;gspf;Fk; ‘mbapdpd;W NkNdhf;fp’ mZFKiwiag; ghtpf;Ff@

fw;wy; ntspfspd; tbtikg;Gk; rKf epytuKk; mwpt+l;l ty;y jyj;J my;yJ cs;ehl;L my;yJ ,uz;LQ; NrHe;j mwpT> njhlHghly; Kiwikfis kPshw;ww;gLj;jypy; ngw;NwhiuAk; r%fj;jpdiuAk; <LgLj;Jf@

86

ngz;fSf;Fk; rpwg;ghd fw;ww; NjitAs;s fw;NghUf;Fk; jUkepahaj;ijAk; cs;slf;fiyAk; typAWj;Jk; cstpay;-r%fg; gupkhzk; cl;gl;l tFg;giwr; #oypd; juk; gw;wp MrpupaHfs;> ngw;NwhH> fw;NghH MfpNahHf;F mwpTWj;j ty;y kjpg;gPLfis elj;jw;fhfj; jdpg;gadhf;fpa KiwikfisAk; fUtpfisAq; nfhz;L njhluhd Mor;rpe;jpf;Fk; gq;Fgw;wy; Ma;Tfis elj;Jf@

mjpfsthd $wpaJ$wYk; khztH tpyfYk;> ghlrhiy-rhH td;Kiw> ghybg;gilg; ghugl;rk; Mjpa fw;NghH r%f eyid kpul;Lk; gutyhd gpur;rpidfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;f tpisgaDs;s %Nyhghaq;fis tpUj;jpnra;a> tFg;giw> ghlrhiy mbg;gil Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ngw;w KbGfisg; gad;gLj;Jf@

ghlrhiyapd; tpisgaDilikiaAk; fw;ww; #oy;fSk; gw;wpr; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;Tfspy; <LgLk; Muha;r;rpr; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ghlrhiy Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gaDupj;jhsHfl;Fk; cwit epWTkhW fy;tp Kiwikia Cf;Ftpf;Ff@

ghlrhiyfis Kd;Ndw;wr;> #ow;-Fwpg;ghd> Kiwik-mshtpa ifNaLfisAk; fUtpfisAk; cs;thupr; Ra-kjpg;gPl;Lr; nray;Kiw mg;gilapy; tpUj;jpnra;a cjTf@

Muha;r;rpiaAk; fUtpfisAk; ey;y eilKiwfisAk; gfpuTk; fw;ww; #oy;fis Kd;Ndw;wTk;> rHtNjr> gd;nkhop kpd;dZj;jfty; jPHtfk; xd;iw epWTf@

fyg;Gr; nra;Kiwfs; %yk; fw;wy; epiyikfis ,aYkhf;fty;y Muha;Tf;fhd eilKiwf; ifNanlhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;f@

fw;ww; #oy;fisAk; MrpupaH gapw;ww; fiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpr; nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; gw;wpa Ma;TfisAk; gw;wpa rHtNjr mwpTj; jpuspdpd;W nfhs;ifAk; eilKiwAk; rhHe;j jiyaha cjhuzq;fis cl;NrHf;fTk;.

fw;gpj;jw;-fiyf;Fk; fw;ww; #oypd; tbtikg;Gf;FKs;s cwT gw;wpa juKk; MoKq; nfhz;l Ma;T Nghjhnjd ,f; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjp rhHe;j vOj;jhf;fq;fspd; guprPyid fhl;Lk;. ,j;jifa Ma;T fw;ww;Fg; nghUe;jiy cWjpg;gLj;j mij tFg;giw MrpupaHfSld; ,ize;J nra;aNtz;Lk;. MrpupaHfSk; fw;NghUk; jPHTfhZk; Fwpg;ghd gpur;rpidf;fg;ghy; fpl;lf;$ba eyd;fisAila nray;Nehf;F> njhiyTNehf;F khw;wq;fis mDgtpf;FkhW> tbtikg;Gr; nra;Kiw ghlrhiyfspd; #oy; khw;wj;jpd; ikakhf Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;ifapdJk; maw; #oy;fsJk; jhf;fNk ghlrhiyapDs; khw;w Kfhikf;F ,ila+whapUe;jJ vd;gJ tpf;Nlhupah efuj;jpYk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; cs;s gd;dpuz;L Gj;jhf;fkhd fw;ww; #oy;fisg; gw;wp Nkw;nfhz;l rhd;wbg;gilapyhd xU Ma;Tf; fw;ifapd; KbthFk;. ,lQ;rhHe;j eilKiwfs; (fl;blQ;rhH ntsp Mfpatw;wpd; ghtid)> fhyQ;rhHe;j eilKiwfs; (Muha;Tf;F xJf;Fk; Neuk; Mfpad)> mikg;Gr;rhH eilKiwfs; (mjprpwpa mikg;G> nefpo;thd ,izT> ghlrhiyiar; re;jpahff; nfhz;L epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Sk; ntspapYk; mjpfstpy; mtrpaQ;rhH mbg;gilapy; tiyaikg;ghf;fk;)> njhlHghly; eilKiwfs; (mDgtq;fspd; gfpHT Mjpad)> r%f eilKiwfs; (fw;gpj;jiyAk; fw;wiyAk; $l;L Kaw;rpahf topelj;jy;)> nghUl;Fwp eilKiwfs; (eilKiw khw;wq;fisj; njuptpf;fg; gad;gLk; ciuahlYk; nkhopAk;) Mfpatw;wpd; ftdpg;G Gj;jhf;fkhd fw;ww; #oy;fl;Fj; Njit. ,f; fw;iffs;> #oy;fs; epiyikfis cUthf;Fk; tpjj;jpw;fika> mbg;gilr; rPHjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfisg; gpw

87

ghlrhiy Kiwikfl;F toq;FtNjhL> nray;Kiwfisg; gupe;Jiuj;J> MjuTfis ,dq;fhl;bf;> fw;gpj;jypw; Gj;jhf;fkhd eilKiwfl;Fk; khztupd; kfpo;thd fw;wYf;Fk; kpf ,irthd rpe;jidtsj;ij cUthf;Fk; njhopy;thz;ik ,af;fj;ijAk; ,iztpidfisAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. fw;ww; #Oy;fspd; mjprpwe;j eilKiwfisAila nghJf;fy;tp> rpwhH cupikr;

rhrdk; 1989 (CRC 1989) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s rpwhupd; fy;tp cupikia Mjupj;Jr; rpwhH jkJ KO Mw;wy; epiwe;Njhuhf tpUj;jpngWjiyg; NgZfpwJ. ghJfhg;Gk; ftdpg;Gk; gq;Fgw;wYk; Vw;Gj;jd;ikAKila ghlrhiy KiwikfSk; ,y;yq;fSk; eykhd [dehaff; Fbfshfr; rpwhH tsu cjTfpd;wd. tpUj;jpngw;w ehLfs;> ghJfhg;Gk; gq;Fgw;wYk; Vw;Gj;jd;ikAKila fw;ww; #oiy toq;f Kidfpd;wd.

khztH-ika> Clhl;lkhd fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy; nray;Kiwfisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy;

ghlrhiy tbtikg;Gf;F Kf;fpa tfpghfKz;L (OECD). rpy ehLfspd; ,aw;nghUl; #oYf;Fk; fw;wy; tpisTfl;FKs;s njhlHG gw;wpa Ma;Tr; rhd;Wfs; gpd;tUkhW:

ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fspy; %yjd KjyPL> khztHfspd; kdTWjp> Cf;Ftpg;G> tpisgaDs;s fw;wy; Kiw Mjpatw;wpy; mjptypa

nry;thf;FilaJ. (UK)

xUq;fpizj;j ICTAld; $ba Gjpa ghlrhiyr; #oy;fs; tFg;Gfspd; top khztHfspd; tpUj;jp tPjj;ij Kd;Ndw;wf;$Lk;. (gpuhd;];)

,aw;nghUl; #oiy Nkk;gLj;jy; khztHfspd; nraw;jpwdpw; fzprkhd

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F topaikf;fpwJ. (USA)

Fiwghlhf tbtikj;j ghlrhiyfspDk; ed;F tbtikj;j ghlrhiyfspy;

khztHfspd; nraw;jpwDk; milTfSk; elj;ijAk; Nkyhdit. (USA)

tFg;giwapy; mjpfgl;r ,aw;ifg; gfnyhsp ngWk; khztHfs;> Fiwe;jgl;r ,aw;if xsp ngWk; khztHfspDk; Jupjkhf ghlrhiyg; guPl;irfspy;

Kd;NdWfpd;wdH. (USA)

khztUf;F 100 rJu mbf;F (9 m2) NkYs;s ghlrhiyfspy; Kd;Ndw;wkhd

guPl;irg; Gs;spfSk; rpwhH elj;ijAk; fpilf;fpd;wd. rpwg;Gj; NjitAila

khztHfspilNa ,J $Ljyhf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (USA)

vdNt> khztHfs; jkJ fw;wy; mDgtj;ij Nkk;gLj;jty;y cj;Ntf%l;Lk; ntspfisAk; jsthlq;fisAk; Nrkpg;G KiwikfisAk; njlHghly; trjpfisAk; mtHfl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. MfNt vjpHfhyg; ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fs; mWjpapLtdthad;wp ,irTiladtha; mika Ntz;Lk;. fw;wiy trjpg;gLj;JkhW> FOf; fw;wYf;Fk; jdpj;jd;ikg;gl;l fw;wYf;Fk; Vw;w nefpo;thd ntspfisAk; fw;wy;> rpwg;Gr; nraw;ghLfl;fhd jpwe;j ntspfisAk;

ghlrhiyfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd OECD gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. FOf; fw;wYf;fhd

ntspfs;> FOg; gzpf;Fk; fiyj;jpl;lq;fl;Ff; FWf;fhd fw;wYf;Fk; kl;Lkd;wpg;> gythwhd fw;wy; ghzpfisAila khztHfl;Fk; trjpNaw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jdpg;gl;l fw;wYf;fhd ntspfs;> khztH jdpNa fw;ww;fhf xJf;fpa gFjpfshk;. jpwe;j gFjpfs;> r%f Nehf;fq;fl;Fupad@ rpwg;ghd gFjpfs;> tpisahl;L> njhopw; gapw;rp> Mw;Wq; fiyfs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fupad. ntt;NtW ,dq;fl;fpilNa ,zf;fj;ij trjpg;gLj;j ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,t;thwhd ntspfisf; ifahsyhk;.

88

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ghlrhiyg; guhkupg;gpy; KjypLf@

njspthd vjpHghHg;GfSk; tpisTfSk; nfhz;lnjhU xOf;fhw;W Kiwikia cUthf;Ff@

ghlrhiy tpjpfisj; njspthAk; RUf;fkhAk; $Wf@

midj;J khztHfsJk; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpj;J ntFkjpaspj;jy; %yk; fy;tpg; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jf@

Mf;fkhd tpkHrdq;fSld; xj;JzHT nfhs;f@

epahakhff; fUjp xt;nthUtHf;Fk; epahakhfg; nghUe;Jk; xU nfhs;iff;fhfr; nraw;gLf.

,aw;nghUs; trjpfl;fg;ghy;> ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfSk; eykhd fw;ww; #oy;fl;F Kf;fpakhdit. khztHfl;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd #oiy cWjpg;gLj;Jk; topfhl;ly;fisg; gy ehLfs; tpjpj;Js;sd. Fiwe;jgl;rj; juhjuq;fs;> ,urhadg; ghJfhg;G> czTg; ghJfhg;G> FbePH> ,iur;ry;> ntspg;Gwf; fhw;Wj; juk;> rf;jp-tpidj;jpwd; MfpadTk; Mgj;jhd MAjq;fis itj;jpUj;jYk; eykhd ghlrhiyf; fw;ww; #oiy cWjpg;gLj;j murhq;fKk; ghlrhiy mjpfhuq;fSk; ftdpf;Fk; rpy mk;rq;fshk;.

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Kf;fpaj;jpYk; jj;jk; tfpghfq;fspw; gapw;rp ngwNtz;Lk; (ED306 Minimum

Standards for Public Schoool). mT];jpNuypahtpd; tpf;w;Nwhupah gjpTk;

jifikfSk; mjpfhuk; (Victorian Registration & Qualification Authority) jdJ

“Fiwe;jgl;rj; juhjuq;fl;Fk; gpw Njitfl;Fkhd topfhl;bapy;”> ghlrhiyf; fl;blKk; trjpfSk; tpisahl;Lj; jplYk; tl;lhur; rl;lq;fSk; ghlrhiyg; gjpTf;Fupa fl;bl> jpl;lkply;> njhopy;rhH cly;ey> ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fSk; cl;glg; ghlrhiyfl;Fr; nry;Ygbahd midj;Jr; rl;lq;fl;Fk; cld;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ,e;j ey;y eilKiwfis ,yq;if jdJ #oYf;fikaf; filg;gpbj;J> rHtNjrg; ghlrhiyfs; cl;gl midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; ekJ ghlrhiyr; rpwhHfl;F ghJfhg;ghd> eykhd fw;ww; #oy;fis toq;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyr; #oypd; epiyik> xOf;fhw;Wf; nfhs;iffs; Kjy; mwpTWj;jw; juk;> MrpupaHfsJk; khztHfsJk; xOq;FzHT Mfpad tiu gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;lJ. fupridkpF cwTfs;> fw;ww; #oy;> fl;likg;Gk; ghJfhg;Gk;> gq;Nfw;Gf; fw;wy; vd;gd ghlrhiyia Kd;Ndw;ww;Fupa ehd;F Kf;fpa Vw;Gila $WfshFk;.

nghJthd jpl;lkply; Neuk;> Jiwfl;fpilahd gzpf; FOf;fs;> NrHe;J nraw;gLk; tha;g;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; MrpupaHfl;fpilNa cwit Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. kpf Mgj;jhd

89

caH ghlrhiyahf xUfhw; fUjpa epa+-Nahf;fpd; Grand Street Campus

ghlrhiyapy; Nkw;nfhz;l Gj;jhf;fkhd jiyikj;Jtg; gzpj;jpl;lk; ghlrhiy td;Kiw epfo;Tfisf; fzprkhff; Fiwj;jJ.

MrpupaHfSlDk; rf khztHfSlDk; jdpkdpj cwTfs; ghlrhiy toq;Fk; fupridapd; juj;ijj; jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. gpd;tUtd MrpupaH-khztH njhlHGilikia Nkk;gLj;jw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fs; rpy:

khztHfspd; jpuz;l Nfhg;Gfisr; rPuha;e;J khztHfis Mjupf;f mq;Fs;s jfty;fisg; ghtpj;jy;

khztHfs; jk;ikg;gw;wp ciuahlf;$bathd Rarupij Mf;fk;> Ratptug;gjpT tpUj;jp> jhk; tpUk;Gk; jiyg;Gfspy; fl;LiuNah ftpijNah vOjy; Nghd;w fy;tpg; gzpfis tpjpj;jy;

fUj;JfisAk; ftiyfisAk; gfpu> ehshe;jNkh thuhe;jNkh xOq;fhdNjhH Neu ,ilntspiag; Ngzy;

gjpiyr; nrtpkLf;f Neuk; cs;s NghJ kl;LNk Nfs;tp Nfl;ly;

khztHfspd; fw;wy; typikfisAk; tYtPdq;fisAk; njhlHr;rpahff; ftdpj;jwpjy;.

tUl KOJk; tFg;G Ntisf;F ntspNa khztHfSk; ngw;NwhUk; milaf;$bathW Neuk; xJf;fy;

Gjpa khztHfisAk; FLk;gq;fisAk; tuNtw;W mtHfSld; ,izar; rpwg;G Kaw;rpnaLj;jy;

ghuhl;Lfisg; gfpuq;fkhAk; tpkHrdq;fis me;juq;fkhAk; toq;fy; %yk; khztHfis kupahijahf elj;jy;

khztHfs; gpur;rpidfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;ifapy; mtHfSld; xw;WzHe;J mtHfisg; gapw;wy;

tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp khztHfspd; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jp mit gw;wpr; nraw;gly;

rf khztH rPuha;T> FO Ntiy> khztupilf; fye;Jiuahly; Mfpatw;iw

cl;NrHj;Jg; ghl Ntisapy; “MrpupaH Ngr;R Neuj;ijf;” Fiwj;J “khztH

Ngr;R Neuj;ijf;” $l;Ljy;

khztHfspd; rhjfkhd gz;Gfisf; ftdpg;gij mtHfs; mwpAkhW> khztHfspd; rhjfkhd gq;fspg;Gfis md;whlk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; fhl;lYf;F xU ,yf;if tFj;jy;

khztHfs; jk; gpiofisj; jpUj;j tha;g;gspj;J mtHfspd; Mw;wypd; kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifiaf; fhl;ly;

khztH ngWk; ntw;wpfSk; vjpHNehf;Fk; rthy;fSk; gw;wpf; FLk;gj;jpdUld; xOq;fhf ciuahbf; FLk;gj;jpdUld; njhlHig tsHj;jy;.

,e; eilKiwfs; MrpupaH–khztH cwitAk; khztH–khztH cwitAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;. ,j;jifa eilKiwfs; ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bad.

NeHelj;ijj; jiyaPLk; xj;Jiog;Gk; (PBIS) NkYk; ghJfhg;ghdJk; NkYk;

fy;tpj;jukhdJkhd ghlrhiy cUthf;fj;Jf;fhd mjprpwe;j eilKiwnad epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. elj;ij tpjpf; Nfhit> r%fj; jpwd;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;>

rd;khdq;fs;> kjpg;gPL> topelj;jy; Mfpad PBIS,y; mlq;Fk;. Blum,d; gb>

90

mtUila mZFKiw> khztHf;Ff; Fwpg;ghdJk; ghlrhiyashtpaJkhd xOf;fhw;Wj; jpl;lq;fis tFf;fTk; nraw;gLj;jTk; kjpg;gplTk; ,aYkhf;Fk; xU

mikg;gpd; %yk; fy;tptoq;Fk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. KbntLj;jypYk; jpl;lkplypYk; ngw;NwhiuAk; khztHfisAk; <LgLj;jy; ey;y eilKiwahFk;. ghlrhiyfs;> ghlrhiyapd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspf;f khztHfl;Fk; ngw;NwhHfl;Fk; MrpupaHfl;Fk; tha;g;Gfisj; juNtz;Lk;. gq;Fgw;ww; fw;wiyg; Ngzg; gpd;tUk; %Nyhghaq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

MrpupaHfisAk; ngw;NwhiuAk; khztHfisAk; r%f cWg;gpdHfisAk; KbntLj;jypy; <LgLj;jy;

gq;fspj;jw;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;ww;Fk; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fy;

,e;j caHthd eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp k]r;Rn]w;]pYs;s Hudson High

School Fbik <Lghl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ. mJ 9k; ju

khztHfs; midtHf;Fk; rhuhk;rf; Fbapay; tFg;GfisAk; Nritf; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; gy;NtW caH ghlrhiyfspd; ghlnewpfSl; NrHj;jiyAk; Gj;jhf;fkhd nfhj;jikg;Gila ghlrhiyashtpa Ml;rpf; fl;likg;igAk; efuf; $l;lq;fisAk; jiyikj;Jt tfpghfq;fspy; khztHfSldhd r%f kd;wq;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. fy;tpr; #oy;> fw;gpj;jypYk; fw;wypYk; cd;djj;jpd; kPJ kl;Lk; ftdq;FtpahJ> jd; Fwpf;Nfhis khztHfl;Fk; MrpupaHfl;Fk; ngw;NwhHfl;Fk; njuptpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpr; #onyhd;wpy;> vy;yh khztHfSk; mj;jpahtrpaj; jpwd;fspy; MSikngw ty;NyhH vd;w fUj;JlDk; khztHfspd; tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJk; mtHfsJ mf;fiwiag; gw;wf;$baJkhd tFg;giw Ntiyia tbtikf;Fk; Mf;fkhd mwpTWj;jYlDk; ed;F cld;gLk; fy;tpahsHfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpapy; cd;djj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fg; gpd;tUk; %Nyhghaq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

fy;tpahsHfNs ghlrhiyapd; Ftpikak; vd;gijr; nrhy;ypYk; nraypYk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;: mw;gkhd fy;tp-rhuhg; gzpfspdpd;W MrpupaHfis tpLtpj;jy;@ fw;gpj;jw;Fj; jilfis ePf;fy;@ Gj;jhf;fq;fl;F ntFkjpaspj;jy;@ MrpupaHfl;Fr; Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;@ khztHfl;Ff; fy;tp milTfl;F ntFkjpaspj;jy;.

caH vjpHghHg;Gfis tpUj;jpnra;J> fw;wYf;F MjuT toq;fy;: jho; vjpHghHg;Gfisj; njuptpf;Fk; fz;fhzpg;ig ePf;fy;@ gzpfis KOikg;gLj;jYf;F khztHfisg; nghWg;ghf;fy;@ fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mila MjuT toq;fy;@ khztHfisj; jkJ vjpHfhyj;jpy; <LgLj;jy;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis Kd;Ndw;wpg; gy;tifg;gLj;jy;: gy;tiff; fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;@ tpisgaDs;s fw;gpj;jy; %Nyhghaq;fis vy;yh khztHfSlDk; ghtpf;FkhW MrpupaHfl;Ff; $UzHt+l;ly;@ khztHfspd; mf;fiwfl;Fk; tpUj;jpj;Njitfl;Fk; nghUe;Jk; ghl tplaq;fisj; njupjy;@ Jiwfl;fpilahdJk; gpuNahfKiwahdJkhd nra;jpl;lq;fisAk; NritfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

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91

Nrhjpj;j ghlq;fis kl;Lkd;wp midj;Jg; ghlq;fisAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ@ capHg;gw;w mtjhdpfisad;wpr; nraY}f;fkhd gq;Nfw;Nghiu cUthf;FfpwJ@ rpwhH jkJ KO %isiaAk; ghtpf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ.

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khztH-ikakhd mDgtuPjpahd KOikahd ek;gj;jFe;j rthyhd

mwpthw;wy; rhHe;j tpUj;jp rhHe;j fl;Ljy; gw;wpa ntspg;gLj;Jtjhd gpujpgypg;gjhd

r%fg; gz;ghd $l;Liog;ghd [dehafkhd

fy;tprhH fw;ww; #oiy vt;thW khztH ikakhf xOq;fikf;fyhnkd ,f; nfhj;Jfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. gy;NtW tprhuizj; JiwfSld; njhlHGs;s caHepiyr; rpe;jid %yKk; jkJ rpe;jidapd; Rafz;fhzpg;G %yKk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; gw;wpa nka;ahd tpsf;fj;ij khztHfs; ngWk;NghJ fw;wy; NkYk; typTWfpwJ. fw;wy; vg;NghJk; r%fg;ghq;fpw; fl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mit typAWj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt MrpupaHfs; fw;wiy cau vOg;Gk; tFg;giw Clhl;lq;fis cUthf;fNtz;Lk;.

MrpupaHfs; ghtpf;Fk; xOf;fhw;W Kiwfs; ghlrhiyapd; cstpay;–r%fr; #oiyg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. khztHfis xOf;fhw;wy; gw;wp tpupthd ghlrhiyashtpa jpl;lnkhd;W Ntz;Lk;. ,j; jpl;lk; Ra xOq;ifAk; jtwhd elj;ijj; jtpHg;igAk; fLikahd ePbj;j elj;ijg; gpur;rpidfis kPs ,zf;fp Kfq;nfhLj;jiyAk; cs;slf;Fk;.

Ra xOq;if tsHf;fg; ghlrhiyfs; VyNtAs;s fiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}L — Fwpg;ghf

r%ff;fy;tp> vOj;jwpT> Rfhjhuf; fy;tp — Ra xOq;if tpUj;jpnra;Ak; ghlq;fisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; GFj;jiyf; fUjNtz;Lk;. r%f> mwKiwg; gpur;rpid jPHf;Fk; Mw;wy;fisAk; nghWg;ghd elj;ijiaAk; khztHfs; gpuNahfpf;fTk; ghlrhiyfs; mtHfl;Fg; gd;Kf tha;g;Gfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; 46 khepyq;fspy; %d;W kl;lq;fspw; nraw;gLk; ghlrhiyashtpa NeH

elj;ij MjuT (Positive Behaviour Support, PBS) khjpupAU> NeHKiw

xOf;fhw;wYf;F ey;y cjhuzkhFk;. mJ gpd;tUk; %d;W kl;lq;fspy; eilKiwf;Fl;gLfpwJ.

Kjy; epiy: njhlf;fepiyapYs;s gpur;rpidahd elj;ijiaj; jtpHf;FkhW midj;J khztHfl;Fk; nghJikahd tpjpfSk; eilKiwfSk; ,aw;nghUs; Vw;ghLfSk;

,uz;lhk; epiy: gpur;rpidahd elj;ij ,liu vjpHNehf;Fk; khztHfl;F topelj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; %yKk; MrpupaH MjuTf; FOf;fs; %yKk; rpW FOf;fshfNth jdpg;glNth Jyq;fy;

%d;whk; epiy: gpur;rpidahd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fisf; nfhz;l jdpg;gl;l khztHfsJ Fwpg;ghd Njitfl;F Kfq;nfhLf;FkhW mikj;j jPtpukhd FWf;fPL

92

njhopy;El;gk; kughd tFg;giwf; fw;ww; #oiy khw;wpAs;sJ. njhopy;El;gj;ij tFg;giwf;Fl; nfhz;LtUjy; %yk;> ,yf;Ffl;Fk; Nehf;fq;fl;Fk; ghlnewpapd; toq;fy; Kiwf;Fk; mDrupj;jiyf; NfhUk; Gjpa fw;wy; epiyikfis MrpupaH cz;lhf;FfpwhH. njhopy;El;g-MjuTila ,f; fw;ww; #oy; vq;F cUthfpDk;>

“vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fupa” fy;tpf; fl;lhaq;fs; rhHe;j fw;wy; ,yf;Ffis MrpupaH jd; kdjpw; nfhz;bUg;ghH.

MrpupaHfs; jkJ tfpghfj;ijj; jfty;fl;fhd %y tsk; vDk; epiyapdpd;W khztHfl;F mikg;Gk; MNyhridAk; toq;fp mtHfSila Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;

fz;fhzpj;J mtHfSila milTfis kjpg;gpLk; xd;whf khw;w ICTIg; ghtpg;gH. ,J etPd tFg;giwfspd; fw;ww; #oy;fspy; ghupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. njhopy;El;gg; Gj;jhf;fq;fisr; nraw;gLj;j ehd;F gpujhd jilfs; cs;sd.

mitahtd> (i) #oy;> (ii) Gj;jhf;FeH> (iii) Gj;jhf;fk;> (iv) ,af;FeH. ,tw;Ws; KjyhtJ> fw;ww; #oy;fSld; Neubj; njhlHGilaJ. epWtdg; gz;ghl;L> kdpj cl;fl;likg;G> njhopy;El;gr; #oYs; gytPdkhd cl;fl;likg;G tFg;giwapy; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; ntw;wpia kwpf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; tFg;giwapw; nray;eaKk; tFg;giwapy; xg;GUthf;fj;ijj; J}z;lYk; r%f tiyaikg;ghf;fKk; ,j; jilfspw; ngUk;ghytw;iw nty;y ed;F gad;gl;Ls;sd.

,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; fw;ww; #ow; gpur;rpidfs;

kpif neupryhd> Fiwgad;ghLila tFg;giwfs;

neupry; kpFe;j rpy ngupa ghlrhiyfSlDk; ngUe;njhifahd ghtid Fiwe;j Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l rpwpa ghlrhiyfSlDk; ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; Kidthf;fk; mjd; ftdpf;fj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. 9931 mur ghlrhiyfspy; 3000 ghlrhiyfspy; 100f;Fk; Fiwe;j khztHfNs ,izifapy; 200 ghlrhiyfspy; khztHfspd; ,izT Vwj;jho 2500 my;yJ mjpfkhFk;. efHg;Gwj;Js;s ngupa ghlrhiyfs; gpugyKk; EioTf;F mjpf Nfs;tpAk; ciladthy; tFg;Gfs; rpy

Neuq;fspy; 50f;F Nkw;gl;l khztHfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e; epiy fw;gpj;jy;–fw;ww; nray;KiwfisAk; ntspg;ghl;Lj; juj;ijAk; xOf;fhw;iwAk; Kfhik tpidj;jpwidAk; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,g; ghlrhiyfspd; MrpupaHfs; tsg;gw;whf;FiwiaAk; ngupa tFg;GfisAk; NeunkLf;Fk; gjpT itj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpfisAk; gw;wp Kiwg;gl;Ls;sdH. kWGwk;> 2k;> 3k; tifg; ghlrhiyfs; gytw;wpy; tFg;gpYs;s khztH njhif FiwthAs;sJld; ghlrhiyfs; rpf;fdkw;w myFfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,g; ghlrhiyfspw; ngUk;ghytw;Wf;Fg; Nghjpa fl;blq;fSk; gapw;wpa MrpupaHfSk; cs;sdH vdTk;

fl;blq;fspy; 55% Mdit fy;tpj;Njitfl;Fg; gad;gLtjpy;iy vdTk; NEC fw;ifnahd;W (2003) fz;lwpe;jJ. ,e; epiyiaj; jpUj;j> tFg;gsitAk; ghlrhiy msitAk; rkhspf;ff;$ba kl;lj;Jf;F tiuaWf;fyhnkd Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ.

,aw;nghUl; fl;likg;G trjp toq;fypy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;

ghlrhiyfspy; khztH NrHtJ gw;wpAk; Muk;g> ,il epiyfspw; fw;gpf;Fk;

ghlq;fs; gw;wpAk; ghlrhiy epakq;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw MoE Kd;nkhope;Js;sJ.

,k; Kd;nkhopT> Njitfisg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSs; tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ: (1)

tFg;giw ,ltrjp (2) rpwg;G trjpfs; (tpQ;Qhd miwfs;> G.C.E.(O.L) tpQ;Qhd

Ma;T$lq;fs;> njhopy;El;gg; gl;liwfs;> G.C.E. A-L tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lq;fs;>

Gtpapay; miw> mofpay; myFfs;> kidapay; Ma;T$lq;fs;> E}yfq;fs;>

93

r%ftpQ;Qhd miw> Mq;fpy miw> tptrha Ma;T$lq;fs;)@ (3) jsthlq;fs;@ (4)

Jg;GuT trjpfs; (5) epUthf ,ltrjp. ,Ug;gpDk; ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s ,j;jifa trjpfs; gw;wpa nrk;ikahd gjpTk;

,t; trjpfsw;w ghlrhiyfspd; tptuq;fSk; MoEaplkpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk; fy;tpg;

gpupTf;fhd Njrpa %Nyhghaj; jpl;lk; mbg;gil trjpfsw;w ghlrhiyfspd; rjtPjj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW njuptpf;fpwJ.

trjp rjtPjk; Rfhjhu trjpfs; 42 ePH 15 kpd;rhuk; 13 njhiyNgrp 69

G.C.E. O-L tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk; 72

G.C.E. A-L tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk; 11

E}yfk; 64 fzdp Ma;T$lk; 42

ngUthupahd ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspy; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;> E}yfk;> fzdp miw Nghd;w Kf;fpa trjpfs; ,y;yhikia NkYs;s juTfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. xt;nthU khztHf;Fk; ,ytrkhd> rkkhd fy;tp trjp vd;w murhq;ff; nfhs;ifia ,e; epiy kPWfpwJ. ghlrhiyfspil fy;tp trjpg; gFg;gPl;il kPsr; Nrhjpj;Jf; fy;tpr; rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;il cWjp nra;AkhW Kd;nkhopag;gLfpwJ.

Muk;gf; fy;tp trjpfs;

Muk;gf;fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; ghlrhiyapdJk; tFg;giwapdJk; ,aw;nghUs; trjpfis khztHfl;Ff; ftHr;rpahditahAk; nraw;ghl;L-mbg;gilf; fy;tpf;F cfe;jitahfTk; Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb> rpwhupd; KOikg;gl;l Mf;fq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghfg; ghHitf;F itf;FkhW tFg;giw #og;gl;Lk; RtUf;F tz;zk; g+rpAk; jsthlq;fSf;Fj; jPe;ij G+rpAk; Gj;jf %iynahd;WlDk; nraw;ghLfl;fhd kzy; %iynahd;WlDk; khztH cauj;jpw;F

Vw;w NkirfSlDk;— fpilf;Fkhapd; Foha; ePUld; ,izj;j —ePHj;njhl;bAlDk;

rpwhH ghtpf;ff;$ba RtHf; fUk;gyifAlDk; $lNt Njhl;lj;jpy; tpisahl;Lg; gFjpnahd;WlDk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Njitahd nghUl;fis toq;fhikahNyh guhkupg;gpd;ikahNyh> Fwpj;jthwhd cs;> ntspf; fw;ww; #oy;fs; ngUthupahd ghlrhiyfspy; jw;NghJ ,y;iy. mj;NjhL Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F mwpTWj;jw; nray;Kiwf;Nfw;gj; jsthlq;fis ntt;NtW mikg;G tiffspy; mLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfl;F toq;fpa ghukhd ,Uk;Gj; jsthlq;fs; xU gpd;dilthFk;. vdNt ,sk; khztHfl;F trjpahd ,Nyrhd kuj; jsthlq;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;fd.

,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy tFg;giw mikg;Gk; tFg;giw xOq;fikTk;

ngUthupahd ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fs; gpupg;gw;w> ghJfhg;gw;w tFg;giwfisAila jpwe;j kz;lgq;fshk;. rpy ghlrhiyfspy; tFg;Gfisg; gpupf;Fk; jLg;Gfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; mz;ba tFg;Gfspdpd;W CLUTk; ,iur;rw; gpur;rpidia mit jPuh. NkYk;> gy ghlrhiyfspy;> khztH njhiff;fikthAk; fw;ww;-fw;gpj;jw; nray;Kiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhAk; gupe;Jiuj;j tFg;giw trjpfs; ,y;iy. vjpHfhyj;jpw;> ghtidahsHfis ,aw;ifapdpd;W fhf;FkhW> ghlrhiyfs;

94

gpupj;j> ghJfhg;ghf;fpa> ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lKs;s> NghjpasT xspa+l;ba tFg;giwfisf; nfhz;l epue;juf; fl;blq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fw;gpj;jy;–fw;ww; nray;Kiw

khztHfspd; KOikahd tpUj;jpf;F cjTkhW nraw;ghL rhHe;J khztH

ikakha; mikAk; vd vjpHghHj;jNghJk;> ajhHj;jj;jpy; tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;–

fw;ww; nray;Kiw mt;thwpy;iy. fw;gpj;jy;–fw;ww; nray;Kiw ngUk;ghYk; capHg;gw;w xUjpirr; nray;Kiwahf KidfpwJ. gbg;gpw; gytPdkhd khztHfs; jz;lidAk; VsdKk; ghugl;rKk; MrpupaHfspd; ftdpg;Gg; NghjhikAk; Nghd;w vjpHkiw mDgtq;fshy; fy;tpia ,ilapw; iftpLk; ,liu vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH. khztHf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s r%fj; njhiyTf;F MrpupaHfs; gyupd; ghjfkhd kdg;ghq;F fhuzkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

guPl;ir-Nehf;Fila khzt elj;ij kpifahd ghlr; rhHig tpisj;Js;sJ. mij tpl> Vwj;jho KOg; ghlrhiyf; fhyKk;> khztupilNa guPl;irfl;fhd gapw;Wtpg;G tpUk;gj;jfhj xU Nghl;bg; gz;ig Cf;Ftpj;Js;sJ. khztHfspd; Neuk; ngUksTk;> r%f Mw;wy;fspd; tpUj;jpiaj; jtpHj;Jg;> gapw;Wtpg;gpNyNa fopfpwJ. jiyikj;Jtj;JlDk; FOg; gzpAlDk; gy;NtW ,d> gz;ghl;L> kjf; FOtpdupilNa gu];gu ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;lYlDe; njhlHGila r%f Mw;wy;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy; gw;wpaitahd r%fr; #oypd; Kf;fpa gug;Gfis tpyf;fypd; gadhf khztupd; KOikahd tpUj;jp vd;w ,yf;Fj; jilg;gLfpwJ.

fw;ww;Fk; fw;gpj;jw;Fk; jukhd cs;sPLfs; (Quality Inputs)

ghlrhiy mwpTWj;jw; nray;Kiwj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jj; Njitahd nghUl;fis toq;fg;> ghlrhiyfl;F khdpak; mspf;Fk; mikg;nghd;iw murhq;fk; epWtpAs;sJ. khdpaj;ijg; ghtpj;jy; gw;wpg; ghlrhiy mjpfhuj;jpw;F topfhl;lf; ifNanlhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ifNal;bd; Vw;ghLfspYs;s kpifahd xOq;FtpjpfshYk; mjpgH kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l ghupa nghWg;gpd; fhuzkhAk; epjpiag; ghtpf;fg; ghlrhiy

mjpfhuj; jug;G mQ;rpajhYk; jukhd cs;sPLfspd; (Quality Inputs) fPo; toq;fpa epjpiag; ghlrhiyfs; KOjhfg; ghtpf;ftpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthfj; jukhd cs;sPLfs; epjp nrytopahJ vQ;rpaJld; jukhd cs;sPLfs; edthftpy;iy. gzg; gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghLfshy;> ghlrhiyfSf;F cupa Neuj;jpy; gzj;ij tpLtpf;f khfhz rig mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,aytpy;iy. ,jw;Fg; gupfhukhf> epjpia NkYe;

jhuhskhff; ifahsg; ghlrhiyf; FOf;fl;F MoE mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ. kPz;Lk;

gzg; gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; epjpg; gha;it kl;Lg;gLj;jpd.

ghlrhiy xOf;fhW

“rpwhH cupikr; rhrdj;ijg;” (CRC) If;fpa ehLfs; rig gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ. rpwhH cupikfis Vw;W tpupthf mtw;iw tpsf;fpAs;s ,yq;if cl;gl> Vwj;jho midj;J cWg;G ehLfSk; mij mq;fPfupj;Js;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,yq;ifapy; rpy MrpupaHfs; ,d;dKk; ruPuj; jz;lidiaAk; (gpuk;gb) gpw ,opTgLj;Jk; jz;lidfisAk; toq;FtJz;L. ghlrhiyfspy; ,e; eilKiwia Kw;whfj; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; nghUs; ghlrhiy xOf;fhw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jyy;y. khwhf NkYk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd %Nyhghaq;fshy; mij ,d;Dk; tYg;gLj;jyhFk;.

ghlrhiy mjpfhuj;jpdH khztH xOf;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;jiy Nehf;fpajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. jhq;fs; ghlrhiyapd; xU mq;fk; vdTk; ghlrhiy jkJ vdTk;

95

midj;J khztHfisAk; czur; nra;aNtz;Lk;. NkYk;> ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztHfs; gq;Fgw;wTk; ghlrhiyapd; KbntLj;jw; nray;Kiwfspy; <LglTk; tha;g;Gfisg; ghlrhiy mjpfhuj;jpdH cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztHfs; jkJ nghWg;Gfis milahsk; fhzpd;> td;Kiwf;Fk; mf;fiwapd;ikf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; me;epakhjy; czHit ePf;ftpaYk;.


,aw;nghUl; #oy;

135. Kfhikf;F ,aYkhd kl;lj;jpw;Fg; ghlrhiyapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j xU tFg;gpd; khztH njhifia 35 MfTk; xU juj;jpy; ,izahd tFg;Gf;fs; 6I kPwhkYk; kl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

136. vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; MoE epWtpa epakq;fl;fika mbg;gil trjpfSk;

tFg;giw ntspAk; rpwg;G ntspfSk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e; epakq;fisj; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wq;fl;fikaf; fhyhfhyk; rPuhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

137. ghlrhiy cl;fl;likg;ig khztH ikakhd Clhlw; fw;gpj;jy;–fw;wy; Kiwfl;F Vw;g mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdpahd> ghJfhg;ghd tFg;giwfSld; epue;juf; fl;blq;fis epHkhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

138. ghlrhiyfl;F toq;Fk; jsthlq;fs; tFg;Gfis nefpo;thd Kiwapy; ntt;NtW tbtikg;Gfspy; khw;wp mLf;fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

139. ghlrhiyr; #oy; rpwhHfl;Fg; ghJfhg;ghAk; Mgj;jw;Wk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cstpay;-r%fr; #oy; 140. ghlrhiyapd; cstpay;-r%f epiyik ghJfhg;ghAk; mf;fiwAlDk;

khztH gq;Fgw;wYf;F Vw;GilajhAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

141. ruPuj; jz;lidiaAk; gpw ,opTgLj;Jk; jz;lid tiffisAk; ghlrhiyfspdpd;W Kw;whf ePf;fpg; ghlrhiy xOf;fj;ijg; Ngzj; jpUj;jy; %Nyhghaq;fisf; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

142. vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; jukhd cs;sPl;L khdpaj;ijg; (Quality Input

Grant) ghlrhiy Mz;bd; Kjw; jtizapy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

143. ghlrhiy cl;fl;likg;gpd; xOq;fhd guhkupg;G xU NjitahFk;. xt;ntU ghlrhiyf;Fk; tUlhe;jg; guhkupg;G khdpak; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

144. midj;J khztHfl;Fk; mtHfisg; ghjpf;Fk; ghlrhiy mYty;fspd; KbntLj;jypw; gq;Nfw;f tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

96

fy;tpapy; KjyPL

mwpKfk;

Nghjpaik> tpidj;jpwd;> epahaj;Jtk; Mfpa %d;W Nfhl;ghLfsJk; epiwTf;Ff;> fy;tpapy; KjyPL gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;: (1) fy;tpapd; Kjypl;l njhif Fiwe;jgl;rf; fy;tp trjpfl;Fg; NghJkhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;@ (2) Kjypl;l tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gl Ntz;Lk;@ (3) fy;tp ghugl;rkpd;wp midj;Jf; Fbfl;Fk; fpilf;FkhW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> epjp Kfhik xspTkiwtw;wpUj;jy; mj;jpahtrpak;.

Nghjpaik vd;gJ fy;tpf;F xJf;Fk; epjp cj;Njrpj;j Njitfis epiwNtw;wg; Nghjpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpaikapd; kuGrhH msTfs; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L

cw;gj;jpapd; (GDP) rjtPjkhff; fy;tpapy; KjyPL> murhq;fj;jpd; nkhj;jf; fy;tpr;

nrytpdk; vd;gdthk;. cyfshtpa Vw;Gila epakq;fs; cs;sd. fy;tpr; nryT

GDPapd; 6 rjtPjk; vdTk; nkhj;j murhq;fr; nrytpd; 20 rjtPjk; vdTk;

Vw;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; ,j;jifa epakq;fl;Fr; nry;Ygbahd mwpe;j tpjpNah Gs;sptptu my;yJ nka;apay; mbg;gilNah ,y;iy. nghJ cld;ghNlh Kw;$wpa msTNfhy;fl;Fj; njhlf;fg; gb vJTNkh ,y;iy. vdpDk; ,t; msTNfhy;fs; ehLfl;fpilNa xg;gPl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. xU khztUf;fhd fy;tpr; nryT> vspjhd fzpg;igAk; tpahf;fpahdj;ijAk; ,aYkhf;Fk; ,d;ndhU msTNfhyhFk;. epjp xJf;fPl;Lg; Gs;sptptuq;fs; Nghfg;> ghlrhiyapw; fpilf;Fk; trjpfSk; fy;tpf;fhd epjpg; Nghjpaikapd; msTNfhy;fshk;.

Kjypw; $wpa %d;W fl;listpjpfSk; epjpapd; Nghjpaikapd; njhlf;fepiyf; Fwpfhl;bfNs. MrpupaHfSk; gpw tsq;fSk; Nghd;w fy;tp cs;sPLfSk; taJ-

Fwpj;j ghlrhiyr; NrHf;if tPjq;fSk; G.C.E. O-L> G.C.E. A-L Nghd;w Fwpj;j ,yf;Ffis milAk; khztH rjtPjq;fSk; Nghd;w fy;tp ntspg;ghLfSk; rhHe;j gpw eltbf;iffSk; Njit.

tpisgaDs;s epjp xJf;fPLk; tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd ghtidAk; fy;tp Kiwikapd; gaDilikapd; gue;j msTNfhy;fSs; mlq;Fk;. tpiy-gad; tpfpjKk; tpiyg; gaDilikAk; Nghd;w toikahd msTNfhy;fisf; fy;tp epjp xJf;fPl;Lf;Fg; ghtpj;jy; fbdk;. vdNt Njhy;tp tPjk;> ,iltpyfy; tPjk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw; Rzf;fk; Nghd;w mstPLfisg; ghlrhiyr; nraw;wpwdpd; kiwKf msTNfhy;fshfg; ghtpf;fyhk;.

r%f> nghUshjhu> Gtpapay; kw;Wk; rdg; guk;gy; mbg;gilahd cg-FOf;fspilNa epahakw;w ts xJf;fPL xU ngupa ftiyahFk;. khtl;lq;fl;Fk; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfl;FkpilNa ts xJf;fPl;L Vw;wj; jho;TfSk; ,j;jifa gFjpfl;F NkNdhf;fpa gf;fr;rhHG ,y;yhikAk; xg;Gutpd;ikf;F topNfhYfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; kpf cWj;JtJ Vnjdpd; gpugykhd efug; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkg; ghlrhiyfl;FkpilNa ts xJf;fpl;by; Vw;wj;jho;thFk;.

r%f kd;Wfspy; tsg; ghtid tpidj;jpwidr; Vwj;jhof; fye;JiuaLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mJ nfhs;if tFg;Nghupd; Kf;fpa ftiyfSs; xd;whFk;. ,ytrf; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nghf;fpy;> tpuaf; Fiwg;Gk; khw;W tsq;fspd; mzpjpul;lYk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

97

,yq;ifapy; fy;tpapy; Kjyply; gw;wpa thjq;fSk; gpur;rpidfSk;

epjptoq;fw; Nghjhik

mz;ikf;fhykhff; fy;tpapy; KjyPL rupe;J te;Js;sJ. 2014k; Mz;L mJ

GDPapy; 1.86 rjtPjkhfTk; murhq;fr; nrytpy; 8 rjtPjkhfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

NkYk;> tpepNahff; fl;Lg;ghLfshy;> xJf;fpa epjpia vg;NghJNk mila ,ay;tjpy;iy. mspg;gjw;fhd xJf;fPL fpilg;gJ rpf;fyhfpwJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j njhiffs;> ,yq;ifAk; cs;slq;Fk; fPo;-eLj;ju tUkhd ehLfspd; ruhrupahd

GDPapd; 4.5 rjtPjj;jpDk; kpff; FiwthFk;.

kpifahfr; rpf;fdkw;w ghlrhiyfs;

mjp njhiytpYs;s fpuhkj;ijAk; vl;lg; gutpAs;s ghlrhiy tiyg;gpd;dnyhd;W

cs;sJ. ehl;bd; rdj;njhif tsHr;rp kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L> khztHfs; gpugy/efug; ghlrhiyfis ehLk; Nghf;F mjpfupg;gjhy;> rpy ghlrhiyfspy; khztH njhif rpf;fdkw;w kl;lq;fl;F tPo;e;Js;sJ. gpur;rpid Vnjdpd; jukhd fy;tpia toq;Fk; NjitNahL> ngUFe; njhifahd rpf;fdkw;w ghlrhiyfisAk; NgzNtz;bAs;sJ.

ghlrhiyfspy; mbg;gilahfj; Njitahdtw;wpd; gw;whf;Fiw

ePUk; Rfhjhu trjpfSk; tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> njhiyNgrp> kpd;rhuk;> tpQ;Qhd

Ma;T$lqfs;> gl;liw/nraw;ghl;L miw> E}yfk;> fzdp trjpfs;> ciwtplk;

Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfSk; mw;w gy ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd. fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; rpy ghlrhiyfs; ePiuAk; Rfhjhu trjpfisAk; ngw;w NghJk;> gy ghlrhiyfl;F

tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;> E}yfk;> gl;liw/nraw;ghl;L miw> fzdp trjp Mfpad

,d;dKk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

Cjpaq;fspy; tpfpjg;nghUj;jkw;w caH nryT

jdpNa vz;zpf;ifapy; MrpupaHfs; kpifahAs;sdH. jw;Nghija MrpupaH khztH tpfpjk; 1:18 MFk;. Mdhw; gjtp mkHj;jypw; gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. Ml;NrHg;Gk; mkHj;jYk; gw;wp Kiwahd nfhs;ifapd;ikahy; efug; ghlrhiyfs; MrpupaH kpifAlDk; J}uTs;s ghlrhiyfs; MrpupaH FiwTlDk; cs;sd. tpQ;Qhdk;>

fzpjk;> Mq;fpyk;> ,uz;lhk; nkhop (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;) MrpupaHfl;Fk; jl;Lg;ghLs;sJ.

vOJtpidQH ju Mjhu CopaHfs; vOJtpidQH> Kfhik cjtpahsH> Mtz cjtpahsH> jpl;lkply; cjtpahsH> nraw;jpl;l cjtpahsH vd vOe;jkhd Kiwapy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,g; gjtp tiffs; gytw;wpy; Nghjpa njhifapdH ,y;yhikahy; ,g; gjtpfisr; rPuikj;J xNu Nritahf ,izf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. rpw;W}opaHfs; njhlHgpYk; epiyik ,ijnahj;jNj.

jukhd cs;sPl;L epjpr; Rzf;fKk; tpLtpahikAk;

%yjd tuTnrytpYk; kPs-epfo; tuTnrytpYk; gFjp fy;tpf;fhd jukhd cs;sPl;Lf; nfhs;tdTf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfl;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J tpUk;gj;jf;fjhapDk;> tpLtpj;j epjp FiwthdjhYk; fpilf;ff;$baijg; ngWtjpw; Rzf;fj;jhYk; ghlrhiyfs; jkf;Fupaijg; ngWtjpy;iy. ghlrhiyfl;Fg; nghJthf tUl Kjypy; jukhd cs;sPl;Lf; nfhs;tdTf;Fg; gzk; Njit. Mdhy; khdpaq;fs; tUl ,WjpapNyNa ghlrhiyfl;F fpilf;fpd;wd. rpy ghlrhiyfs; epjpiag; ngWtNjapy;iy.

98

guhkupg;G khdpak; Nghjhik

ghlrhiyfl;F %d;W mbg;gilfspw; guhkupg;G khdpak; Njit: ehshe;j guhkupg;Gj; jpUj;jk;@ ,f;fl;lhdJk; vjpHghuhjJkhd jpUj;jk;@ Gduikg;G. tya> khfhz mjpfhuq;fsplk; Nkw;ghHitj; jpl;lkply; Kiwik vJTkpy;iy. vdNt nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapy; ghlrhiyfspd; ,aw;nghUs; cilikfspd; guhkupg;Gf;Fk; jpUj;jj;Jf;Fk; Gduikg;Gf;Fk; epjp xJf;fy; KiwiikNaJk; ,y;iy.

ghlrhiyfspilNa ts xJf;fPl;L Vw;wj;jho;T

ghlrhiyfspd; ts xJf;fPl;by; Njrpa> khfhz> efu> fpuhk> mur> Njhl;lg; ghlrhiy tiffs; rhHe;j rkepahakpd;ik cs;sJ. ,J rkj;Jtkhd fy;tp toq;fiyg; ghjpg;gJld; murpayikg;Gr; rhHe;j cupikfspd; mg;gl;lkhd kPwYkhFk;. vdNt> ,e;j epahatPdkhd epiyikia khw;w cWjpahd eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

epjp jpul;lypy; ghlrhiyfl;fpilahd NtWghL

ghlrhiy kl;l epjp jpul;lypy; gpd;jq;fpa ghlrhiyfisAk; fpuhkg; ghlrhiyfisAk; tplg; ngupa ghlrhiyfs; $ba ntw;wpfz;Ls;sd. ePr;ry; jlhfq;fis mikj;jw;Fk; thfdq;fspd; nfhs;tdTf;Fk; epjp jpul;lg; ngupa ghlrhiyfl;F ,aYfpwJ. rpwpa ghlrhiyfl;Ff;> $iuiaj; jpUj;jNth fopg;giwiaiwf; fl;lNth gzkpy;iy. ghlrhiy jpul;lf;$ba epjp ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk; ghlrhiy tpUj;jpr; rq;f cWg;Gupikf; fl;lz %yKk; trjpfs; fl;lz %yKk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,q;Fk;> fpuhk mjpfhupapd; gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy;> Vio khztHfl;Ff; fl;lz tpyf;Fz;L. vdNt ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; epjp jpul;Ltjpy; rpwpa ghlrhiyfs; NkYk; eyq;Fiwe;j epiyf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. tpyf;fspf;Fk; Kiwapd; ,lj;jpy; twpa FLk;gjjpdUf;F mur MjuTj; njhif toq;fp ,g; gpur;rpidiaj; jPHf;fyhk;.

epjp toq;fypw; Fiw tpidj;jpwd;

murpd; fy;tp epjp xJf;fPl;bd; ngUk; gFjp MrpupaH Cjpaj;Jf;Fr; nrythfpwJ. mLj;Jg; ghlE}y;fs;> ghlrhiyr; rPUil> kjpa czT Mjpa eyd;Ngzw; Nritfs; tUfpd;wd. ngUk; kpifahf MrpupaHfSk; rpwpa tFg;Gfisf; nfhz;l gy ghlrhiyfSk; cs;sikahw; fzprkhd tpuak; epfo;fpwJ. ,yf;F itf;fhky; eyd;Ngzw; Nritfis vy;yhHf;Fk; toq;Ftjhy; mj;jifa eyd;fs; Njitaw;w khztHfSk; mtw;iwg; ngWfpwhHfs;.


KjyPl;bd; Nghjpaik

145. fy;tp xJf;fPl;il GDPapd; 6 rjtPjk; my;yJ tUlhe;j tuTnrytpd; 15

rjtPjk; Mfpa ,uz;bw; $ba msthf caHj;jNtz;Lk;.

146. ghlrhiyfl;F mtw;wpd; mstpw;fika tFg;giw> FbePH> Rfhjhu trjpfs; Nghd;w Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r mbg;gil trjpfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw

trjpfisj;> Njrpa–khfhz> efu–fpuhk> mur–jdpahH> fpuhk–kiyaf vd;wthwhd gpupTrhH NtWghbd;wpg; ghlrhiyfl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

99

147. fy;tpj; ju cs;sPl;L khdpaj;jpd; msit mjpfupj;J mijg; ghlrhiy Mz;bd; KjypNyNa ghlrhiyfl;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

148. cl;fl;likg;Gj; jpUj;j> guhkupg;G khdpankhd;iw epak-mbg;gil myF mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. epak-mbg;gilr; #j;jpuQ; rhHe;j xU Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; vy;yhg;

ghlrhiyfl;Fk; khdpaj; njhifiaf; fzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J rpwpa> gpd;jq;fpa ghlrhiyfl;F eyd; jUk;.

tpidj;jpwDk; epahaj;JtKk;

149. KiwahdnjhU MrpupaH NjHitAk; cz;ikj; Njit rhHe;j gjtpapykHj;jiyAq; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; Mrpupa epakdq;fspy; tpuaj;ijj; jtpHf;fyhk;.

150. ghlrhiyg; glf;-fzpg;G mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyfis kPs;fl;likj;J Vw;ftpayhjsT rpwpa tFg;Gfs; nfhz;l ghlrhiyg; guhkupg;gpw;fhd tpuaj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

151. fy;tpg; ngWkjpaw;w tpohf;fspy; ghlrhiyfs; Mlk;gukhfr; nrytopj;jiy mDkjpf;fyhfhJ.

152. trjpaw;w ngw;NwhHf;Fr; RikNaw;whJ ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; epjp jpul;LkhW ghlrhiyfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW jpul;ba epjpia xspTkiwtpd;wpAk; nghWg;GilikAlDk; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

153. xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk; xU ghlrhiy tq;fpf; fzf;ifg; Ngzp mjpNyNa midj;Jg; gw;Wf;fisAk; ,l Ntz;Lk;.

100

ghlrhiyfspy; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly;

mwpKfk;

vt; tajpYk; tho;tpd; ve; epiyapYk;> jdpkdpjHfs; fy;tp> gapw;rp> njhopy; rhue;j njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; jkJ tho;f;ifj; njhopiy epUtfpf;fTk; cjTk; Nehf;Fila NritfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ghlrhiyfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; fy;Y}upfspYk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fspYk; mur njhopw; NritfspYk; gzpaplj;jpYk; jd;dhHt r%f> jdpahH JiwfspYk; ,j;jF Nritfisf; fhzyhk;. cyfshtpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; njhlHe;J Nghl;bapl ,ad;NwhuhAk; mHj;jKk; Mf;ftsKKs;s tho;it elj;JNthuhAk; khztHfs; mikjw;fhd jpwd;fis cilNahuhf;fp mtHfis tho;f;ifj;njhopy; cyfpw;Fj; jahuhf;Fk; jPHkhdkhd ghfj;ij tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; tfpf;fpwJ. ghlrhiy tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; khztupd; fy;tp> njhopw; jPHkhdq;fspYk; fy;tpr; rhjidfspYk;> Mf;fkhd jhf;fj;ijj; juyhk;.

Fwpg;ghf vspjhf Ntiy fpilahj R+o;epiyfspy;> ‘tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYk;

kjpj;JizAk;’ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; xU mjpKf;fpa mk;rkhfpwJ. ghlrhiyfspw; Nghjpa tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; ,d;wpf;> fw;NghH gyH jkJ njhopw; ghijfisNah caH fy;tpf;Nfh gapw;rpf;Nfh cs;s tha;g;GfisNah mwpa ,ayhNjhuhapdH. Kiwahd tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly;> ,k; khztHfspw; gyH $Ljyhd fy;tpiaAk; gapw;rpiaAk; ngwTk; jk; njhopw; ghijia Kd;$l;bNa njupaTk; NkYk; njhopw; njupTfis mwpaTk; cjtpapUf;Fk;. khztHfs; jk;ik ed;F mwpa cjTkhW jf;f kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; mwpitAk; ngwTk;> <Nlwf;$ba fy;tp> njhopw; njupTfis Ma;e;jwpaTk;> mwpTrhH KbTfis vLf;fTk;> jkJ njhopy; mgpyhl;irfis milAk; jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;aTk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; cjTfpwJ. ghlq;fisAk; fw;ifnewpj; JiwfisAk; njupaTk; gzp ,lmkHTfisf; fz;lwpaTk; topfhl;ly; Njit. fw;gtHfs; jkJ vjpHfhyj; jpl;lq;fl;Fg; nghUe;Jk; ghlq;fisj; njupa tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; mDkjpf;fpwJ. fw;gtHfs; vjpHfhyj;jpy; vq;fpUf;f tpUk;GfpwhHfnsdj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; jd;dk;gpf;ifiaj; juTk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; kpf cjtyhk;.

kf;fs; jkJ ,yl;rpaq;fisAk; <LghLfisAk; jifikfisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; gw;wp Nahrpf;f tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; cjTfpwJ. njhopw; re;ijiaAk; fy;tp KiwikiaAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTtJld;> mijj; jk;ikg; gw;wpj; jhkwpe;jdTld; cwTgLj;j mJ cjTfpwJ. NtiyiaAk; fw;wiyAk; jpl;lkplTk; mitgw;wp KbntLf;fTk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; MrpupaHfs; khztHfl;Ff; fw;gpg;gH. mt;twptpd; mbg;gilapy; xUtH mij xOq;fikj;Jk; Kiwg;gLj;jpAk; kPl;nlLj;Jk; njhopw; re;ijiaAk; fy;tp tha;g;GfisAk; gw;wpa jfty;fis Ntz;baNghJ milayhk;. khztHfis ciog;G-cyfpw;F epiykhw;w tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; cjTk;. fy;tpia Kbj;NjhH njhopw; re;ijfisf; fz;lwpa ,aYkhf;Ftjhy;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; trjpfisg; ngwf;$baik> fy;tp Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwid caHj;j cjTk;. mjd; gadhfj;> jdpnahUtupd; jpwikfisAk; jifikfisAk; njhopy; toq;FeH NfhUk; NjHr;rpfSlDk; jifikfSlDk; ,r; nray;Kiw nghUj;Jtjhy;> ,isQupil Ntiyapd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;. khztHfspd; Mw;wy;fs; gw;wpa ey;y tpsf;fj;Jld;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly;> MrpupaHfisAk; khztHfisAk; mjpnghUj;jkhd fy;tp topfspy; newpg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gjhy;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy;

101

topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; fy;tpia ,ilapw; iftpLk; khztH tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;f cjtyhk;.

xUtH Ntz;ba jFjpfis tpUj;jp nra;AkhW> jdJ gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; njhopw; re;ij njhlHghd jfty;fisAk; milahsq;fhz cfe;j MNyhridia tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; MNyhrfHfs; ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpw;F toq;fNtz;Lk;. jpwik vd;gJ> Ntiyapd; jd;ikf;Nfh jpwikiag; gad;gLj;jyhw; fpl;Lk; nraw;jpwd; kl;lj;jpw;Nfh rhHgpd;wpg;> gzpaplj;jpNyh ghlrhiyapNyh md;whl tho;tpNyh nghJthfg; gad;glf;$ba xUtuJ jdpg;gl;l Fztpay;GfisNa Rl;LfpwJ. %d;W ngupa fhuzpf; FOf;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L njhopy;rhH ,yf;Ffis milayhk;.

jd;idAk; jdJ kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; mf;fiwfisAk; Mty;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; mtw;wpd; fhuzq;fisAk; gw;wpa njspthd Ra tpsf;fk;.

ntt;NtW Ntiyj; Jiwfspy; ntw;wpf;fhd NjitfSk; epge;jidfSk; ed;ikjPikfSk; <lhf;fq;fSk; tha;g;GfSk; tha;g;GepiyfSk; gw;wpa mwpT

,t;tpU nghUz;ikf; FOf;fl;FKs;s njhlHG gw;wpa Neupa fhuz Ma;T. Fwpj;j jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfl;Fk; Fwpj;j tfpghfq;fspYk; njhopw; JiwfspYk; ngWk; ntw;wpf;Fk; njhlHGs;sJld>; njhopy;thz;ik ,yf;Ffis ,j;jifa rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa njupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; cl;fpil.

,yq;iff; fy;tp Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahnthU $whf tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; gutyhf Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhopw;re;ijj; Njitfl;Fk; fy;tp> gapw;rp Kiwik ntspg;ghLfl;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghUj;jkpd;ikiaf; ftdpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; xU Kf;fpa ftdg;gug;ghf ,J milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1930fspw; njlq;fpa murg; Nguit fhyj;jpYk;> ghlrhiyfspD}lhd jpwd; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;ijf; fy;tp mjpfhurigfs; Vw;wd@ vdNt nray;Kiw eltbf;iffs; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jl; NrHe;jd. 1957Mk; Mz;bd; Rw;WepUgk; xd;wpd; %yk; ghlrhiy Kiwikf;Fs; tud;Kiwahfr; NrHe;j tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; nghJg; ghzpia tpjpj;J tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;liyg; ghlrhiy topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ftdf;Ftpg;Gj; jhdkhf typAWj;jpaJ. njhopy;El;gg; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpj;jiy tYg;gLj;jpajw;fg;ghy;> khztupd; tpguq;fis toq;Fk; xl;Lnkhj;jg; gjpNtLfisg; NgZk; xU jpl;lKk; mwpKfkhdJ. vdpDk;> njhlHe;J Kd;ndLf;fg;glhj ,k; Kiwik rpy Mz;Lfspw; nraypwe;jJ. 1970fspy; njhopYf;F-Ke;jpa ghlq;fspd; mwpKfj;Jld;> njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp khw;wq;fz;lJ. rpyfhyQ; nry;y mJTq; iftplg;gl;lJ. 1983,y; fy;tp mikr;rpy; kjpg;gha;T> topfhl;ly;> Muha;r;rpg; gFjpia epWtpj;> Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; rigapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; topfhl;lYf;Fk; kjpj;Jizf;Fkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fpd. nfhOk;gpy; njhlq;fpa ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; gpd;G khfhz efuq;fl;F tpupthapd.

jw;NghJ> topfhl;lYk; kjpj;JizAk; nraw;ghLfis 2013,w; jpUj;jpa 2006Mk;

Mz;bd; 16Mk; ,yf;fr; Rw;WepUg Vw;ghLfs; ghypf;fpd;wd. “ghlrhiy topfhl;lYk;

kjpj;JizAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;” ,g;NghJ jdpg;gl;l topfhl;liyAk; kjpj;JiziaAk; ftdpg;gNjhld;wp> khztHfis vjpHfhyj; njhopw; re;ijf;F Maj;jkhf;FtijAk; ngw;Nwhupil tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;JtijAk; typAWj;JfpwJ.

ngupa ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspy;> topfhl;lw; gapw;rp ngw;w MrpupaH xUtupd; fPo; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gpupTfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it> jkJ gpuNjrq;fspy;

102

ngwf;$ba njhopy;–njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rpf; fw;ifnewpfs; gw;wpAk; ,aYkhd Ntiy

tha;g;Gfs; gw;wpAk; juTj;-jsq;fisf; fl;Lnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; nry;newpfs;

rpwe;j tho;f;ifj;njhopw; fy;tp eilKiwfisf; fUjpd;> taJte;NjhHFupa tha;g;Gfl;Fk; nghWg;Gfl;Fk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fl;Fk; khztHfis Maj;jkhf;Fk; rkepiyahd gue;j mbg;gilf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghlrhiyfs; toq;fw;fhd gaDW

Kaw;rpfis If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; (UK) nehl;bq;`k;\aH> Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

tho;f;ifj;njhopw; fy;tpAk; topfhl;lw; jpl;lq;fSk; ,g; gue;j ,yf;Ff;Fg; ngupJk; gq;fspf;fpd;wd. jpl;lkpl;l tho;f;ifj;njhopw; fy;tp> topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; xd;iw Mz;L 7 Kjy; 11 tiu vy;yh khztHf;Fk; toq;FtJ ghlrhiyfspd; rl;luPjpahd nghWg;ghFk;.

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lypy; nfhupaf; FbauRf;F kpf;f mDgt tsKz;L. 1990,y;> midj;J khefu> khfhzf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fspYk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; Muha;r;rpj; jpizf;fsq;fs;> epWtg;gl;ld. 1994,y;> ghlrhiyfspd; midj;J kl;lq;fspYKs;s khztH topfhl;lw; gpupTfSk;> gue;jstpy; kPsikj;j

njhopw;ghLfSld; ‘tho;f;ifj;njhopy; kjpj;Jizg; gFjp’ vdg; ngaH khw;wg;gl;ld. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; kjpj;Jizg; ghlE}y;fs; jpUj;jg;gl;ld. 1996,y;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; kjpj;Jizf; fy;tpiag; gpd;tUkhW tYT+l;Lk;gb fy;tp mikr;R khefu> khfhz mYtyfq;fl;F fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jJ.

tho;fhy tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;liyAk; jfty; jUjiyAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;

midj;Jj; ju ,ilepiy> caHepiyg; ghlrhiy khztHfl;Fk; njhopy;Kiw csg;ghq;Fr; Nrhjidfis elj;jy;

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; jfty; mYtyfnkhd;iw epWty;

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; fw;gpj;jy; Ma;Tfisg; gyg;gLj;jy;

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; fy;tpf;fhd khjpupg; ghlrhiy xd;wd; Kfhik

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; Muha;r;rpapYk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; Mrpupag;

gapw;rpAk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; rhjdq;fspd; gug;gYk; ‘tho;f;ifj;njhopy;

ehl;fs;’ Kfhikapd; Nkk;gLj;jYk; NkYk; Kd;NdwpAs;sd. ve;j ehl;bd; fy;tp KiwikapYk; KOikahd tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw epiwNtw;w murhq;ff; FWf;fPLk; nfhs;iffSk; ,d;wpaikahjd.

mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspy; ghlrhiyapypUe;J njhopYf;F khwy; Kiwikfs;> tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jpiraikitAk; fy;tpj; jpiraikitAk; njhopy;Kiwj; jpiraikitAk; caH ghlrhiyfSlDk; ,ilepiyg;-gpd;ghd ghlrhiyfSlDk; njhopy;-mbg;gilf; fy;tpAlDk; jpwik tpUj;jpAlDk; xd;wpizf;fpd;wd. ghlrhiyfl;Fk;> njhopy; jUeHfl;Fk;> njhopw; rq;fq;fl;Fkpilapyhd gq;fhz;ika+L tpUj;jpahFk; ,k; Kiwikfs; r%fj; jsj;Jf;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; %d;W gpujhd $Wfshtd:

(i) ghlrhiy-mbg;gilf; fw;wy;

Njrpa juhjuq;fis epiwthf;Fk; caH ghlrhiyf; fw;gpj;jy;

njhopy; Muha;Tk; kjpj;JizAk;

khztHfspd; KjyhtJ tho;f;ifj;njhopw; ghijj; njupT

103

fy;tprhH> njhopy;rhH fw;wy;fis cs;slf;fpa mwpTWj;jy;

fy;tpf;Fk; gapw;rpf;Fkpilapy; ,irtpg;G

khztH Kd;Ndw;wKk; Ra ,yf;FfSk; fw;wy; NjitfSk; gw;wp Xahj kjpg;gha;T

(ii) gzp-mbg;gilf; fw;wy;

njhopw; Nghjhd gapw;rpapdJk; Ntiy mDgtj;jpdJk; Vw;Gk; rhd;wspg;Gk;

njhopw; Jiw mk;rq;fs; midj;jpYk; gutyhd mwpTWj;jy;

gzpj;-jy topg;gLj;jy;

(iii) njhlHGgLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs:;

njhopy; jUeHfisAk; njhopw; rq;fq;fisAk; epiykhwy; Kiwikapw; gq;Nfw;f Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs;>

Ntiy-mbg;gilf; fw;wy; tha;g;GfSld; khztHfisg; nghUj;jy;>

ghlrhiy-mbg;gil> Ntiy-mbg;gilf; fw;wy;fspd; xUq;fpizTf;F cjty;

khztH> ngw;NwhH> Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfk;> njhopy; toq;FeHf;fpilNa gpizg;G

jf;f njhopy;fisNah Nkyjpf njhopw;fhyg; gapw;rpiaNah ngwg; gs;spapWjpg; gbg;G Kbj;NjhHf;F cjty;

gq;Nfw;Nghupd; Kd;Ndw;wf; fz;fhzpg;G

mT];jpNuypahtpy;> tho;f;ifj;njhopw; Nritfs; gw;wpa xU mwpf;if KOikahd> elg;Gf;Fupa> Jy;ypakhd tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jfty; ,d;wpaikahjnjd typAWj;jp> kjpj;JizAk; topfhl;lYk; mg; gFjpj; njhopw; re;ij tha;g;GfSld; ,ize;jpUj;jiyg; gupe;Jiuj;jJ.

tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jfty; tpisnghUl;fs; gyTk; mT];jpNuypah KOJq; fpilf;ff; $bad. gy;NtW njhopy;fSk; mitf;fhd fy;tp> gapw;rp topfSk; gw;wp Mo;e;j ghHit jUk; xU njhopy; topfhl;b vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; gug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jftw; gpuRuq;fs; jhk; nfhz;Ls;s jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhwpUf;f mika Ntz;Lk;.

ehsJtiuahf@

,aYkhdNghJ r%f tsq;fisf; nfhz;L tpepNahfpj;J ,yFthf milaf;$bathf@

,aYkhd vt;tplj;Jk; Ra-Nrit mbg;gilapy; ngwf;$bathf@

kypthfTk; ngUkstpYk; gpujpnaLf;ff; $bathf@

vOj;jwpT kl;lj;ij czHe;jitahf@

gpuRuq;fisg; gfpHe;jspf;Fk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; Jiwapdupd; gapw;rpaspg;Gld; ,ize;jitahf.

mT];jpNuypahtpd; Njrpa tho;f;ifj;njhopy; tiyj;jsk;> fy;tpf;Fk; gapw;rpf;Fkhd fw;ifnewpfSk;> ciog;G toq;fYk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lf; Nfs;tpAk;> njhopy;fspd; cs;slf;fk;> fy;tpf;fhd epjp %yq;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

104

khztHfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l <LghLfisAk; tpUg;gj;njupTfisAk; ehbawpe;J mtw;iwf; fy;tpAk; njhopYk; gw;wpa jfty;fSld; njhlHGgLj;jyhk;. mT];jpNuypa khztHfspilAk; njhopy; NjLNthupilAk; ,t; mZFKiw gpurpj;jpAilaJ.

[nka;f;fh (Jamaica) njhopw; re;ijj; jfty; Kiwik (LMIS)> njhopw; re;ijj;

jftw; fpilg;ig Kd;Ndw;wpj;> jfty; toq;FNthH eLtpYk; jfty; jUNthHf;Fk; ngWNthHf;FkpilapYk; xUq;fpirit trjpg;gLj;jy; %yk;> ed;F ,aq;Fk; jpwd;kpF nghUshjhuj;jpd; nraw;ghl;il Mjupf;fpwJ. nfhs;if tFg;NghUk; njhopy;tha;g;G> fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkpLNthUk; vjpHfhy KjyPl;lhsHfSk; njhopy; toq;FeHfSk; njhopy; NjLNthUk; gad;ngWeHfshtH.

ghngnlh]; (Barbados) njhopw; re;ijj; jfty; Kiwik> kpd;dZr; rhjdq;fs; top toq;Fk; njhopw; re;ijj; jfty; %yj;ijAila xU njhluwhj; jfty; KiwikahFk;. njhopy;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G mikr;rpd; Ms;typik Ma;Tk; Gs;sptptuKk; myfhy; epHtfpf;fg;gLk; ,k; Kiwik ehd;F cl;gpupTfisAilaJ.

(i) ,yj;jpudpay; Ntiytha;g;G Kftufk;: ,t; trjpKiw %yk; gjtp

ntw;wplq;fisj; njhopy;rhH gpuNjrk;> njhopw;Jiw tif my;yJ gjtpg; ngaH tifapy; Ntiy NjLNthH rPuhaTk; njhluwh ,izatop tpz;zg;gpf;fTk; ,aYk;. njhopy; toq;FeHfSk; Ntiy NjLNthupd; Ra tptuf;Nfhitia mt;topg; ghHitaplyhk;. njhopy; NjLNthH jhk; mjpfe; jFe;j njhopy;fisf; fz;lwpaj; njhopw; nghUj;jf; $nwhd;W cjTfpwJ.

(ii) njhopw;Jiwg; gz;Gf;Fwpg;G: ,J> ghngnlh]pd; gy;NtW njhopw;Jiwfspw; gad;gLk; njhopy;El;gk;> njhlHGila njhopy;fs;> Njitahd jifikfs;> njhopYf;Fupa Cjpak;> rk;gs tPr;rq;fs;> njhopw;Jiwapy; vjpHfhy tha;g;Gfs; Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;Fk; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gz;Gf;Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.

(iii) gzpj; njhopy;Kiwg; gz;Gf;Fwpg;Gfs;: ,it ghngnlh];-,w;Fupa njhopy;

tifg;ghl;L mfuhjpapdpd;W NjHe;j njhopy; tptuzq;fisf; nfhz;lit. Ntiyr; nra;gzpfs;> jpwd;fs;> Njitahd mwpTk; Mw;wy;fSk;> Ntz;ba jifikfs; Mfpad KO Ntiy tptuzq;fSs; mlq;Fk;.

(iv) fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk; juTj;-jsq;fs;: ,it> fy;tpf; fw;ifnewpfs; gw;wpa

RUf;fkhd nghJr; rPuha;itAk; fy;tpf;fhd epjp %yq;fSk; gw;wpa jfty; cl;gl> cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lf; fy;tp> gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa jftiyAk; toq;Ftd.

,yq;ifapy;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gpur;rpidfs;

ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; miu E}w;whz;bw;Fk; Nkyhf tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; nraw;gl;bUg;gpDk;> mt; vz;zf;fU ,k;Kiwikapy; KOikahf Nt&d;wtpy;iy. nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlHr;rpapd;ik Nghfr;> nray;Kiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; nghWg;ghdtupd; mf;fiwapYk; MHtj;jpYNk jq;fpapUe;Js;sJ. ftdpf;f Ntz;badthfg; gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidfs; mwpag;gl;Ls;sd.

105

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYk; fy;tpAk; gw;wpj; njspthd nfhs;ifapd;ik

fy;tp mikr;rpd; fhyhfhy topg;gLj;jy;fl;fika tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; nraw;ghLfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nghJg;gl tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYf;Fk; cs-r%f MNyhrid toq;fYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;ilr; rupahf tpsq;fhJ> ,uz;Lk; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapy; ,t;tpU gug;Gfspd; fPOk; fy;tp topfhl;lypd; fPOkhd eltbf;iffis tpupj;Jiuf;fyhk;.

tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jftypd;ik mtrpakhd tho;f;ifj;njhopw; jfty;fisg; ghlrhiyfl;F toq;fj; Njrpa> khfhz kl;lq;fspy; xU nghwpKiw Njit. mjw;Fj; jfty;fisj; jpul;b> ,w;iwg;gLj;jpg;> gadH-el;ghd Kiwapw; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; xU epWtdf; fl;likg;Gj; Njit.

gaDW tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhd <Lghl;LWjpAk; tsq;fSk; Nghjhik Rw;wwpf;ifg;gb kjpj;Jizf;Fk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYf;Fk; xU KO-Neu MrpupaUf;F top ,Ug;gpDk;> gy ghlrhiyfspy; mjw;nfd mHg;gzpj;j MrpupaH ,y;iy. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;ijr; rpy mjpgHfs; mwpahH@ vdNt xU Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jw; flikf;F Nkyhf> mtuplk; mg; gzp ifaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gadhf> mt; MrpupaUf;Fg; ghl tplak; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd mwpTq; fpilg;gjpy;iy@ tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; nraw;ghLfl;F NeuKk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Ntz;ba juTfisg; Ngzp tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; Nrit toq;Fk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gFjp ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfspy; ,y;iy.

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gapw;rp ngw;w MrpupaH gzpepiyg;gpuptpd;ik ghlrhiyfspy; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; MrpupaHfl;fhd rpwg;Gg; gzpepiyg; gpupT ,y;iy. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gzpahw;Wk; ngUthupahd MrpupaHfs; FWq;fhyg;-gapw;rpia kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sdH. ,J NghjhJ vd;gJld;> gy MrpupaHfl;Fj; jhk; ngw;w gapw;rpapw; jpUg;jpapy;iy. vg; gapw;rpAk; ngwhj MrpupaHfSk; ,e; Nehf;fj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.

ngw;Nwhupd; <LghL Nghjhik ngw;NwhH jkJ gps;isfspd; njhopy; mgpyhl;irfspy; MHtKilNahuhapDk; jk; gps;isfspd; ehl;lk; gw;wpAk; ngwf;$ba njhopy; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mwpahikahy; kuGtop tpUg;Gf;Fupa njhopy;fis ehLkhW jk; rpwhHfisj; J}z;LtH.

gpw tho;f;ifj;njhopw; fy;tp Kftufq;fSld; xUq;fpizg;gpd;ik

tho;f;ifj;njhopw; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; mf;fiwAila TVECAk; VTAAk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; njhopw; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w murhq;f Kftfuq;fSk; tHj;jf> njhopw; fofq;fs; Nghd;w njhopy; toq;FeH mikg;GfSk; ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;Wf;Fk; ghlrhiyfl;Fk; ,ilapy; xUq;fpizg;G ,y;iy.


topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l <Lghl;LWjpAk; tsq;fSk;

154. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; toikahd ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghl;bd; gFjpahf Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fika> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; gw;wpa mtrpakhd jfty;fisf;nfhz;l> nray;Nehf;Fld; epWtpa tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly;

106

myFk; mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; MrpupaUk; ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfs; midj;jpYk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

155. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;liyAk; fy;tprhH kjpj;JiziaAk; KOjhfr; nraw;gLj;j trjpahf tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYk; fy;tprhH

kjpj;JizAk; gpupnthd;iwf; fy;tp mikr;rpy; (MoE) epWtNtz;Lk;. ,g;

gpupT> mijnahj;j khfhz/tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfg; gpuTfSld; tiyaikg;gpw; NrUk;.

156. nghUj;jkhd mikg;GfsplKk; njhopy; toq;FeuhFk; tha;g;GilNahuplKk; Njrpa mstpy; jfty; jpul;lYk;> gug;Gjw;Nfw;g tplaq;fisg; gFg;gha;jYk; jahupj;jYk;> nraw;gLj;jiyf; fz;fhzpj;jy; Mfpa %d;W njhopw;ghLfl;Fg;

gzpahw;Wk; gpujhd Kbr;rhf MoE,Ys;s gpupT ,Uf;Fk;.

157. khfhz> tya kl;lq;fspy; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mYtyHfNs ghlrhiy kl;l tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;liyr; nraw;gLj;Jk; nghWg;GilNahuhtH. ghlrhiyfl;Fk; r%f mikg;Gfl;FkpilNa ,izg;Gfis epWtTk; jfty; jpul;lTk; gzp mkHj;jq;fl;F trjpaspf;fTk; mtHfs; ghlrhiyfis topg;gLj;JtH.

158. mjpgH> tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; MrpupaH> gpw MrpupaHfs; MfpNahupd; tfpghfq;fisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; njspthf tiuaWj;Jg; ghlrhiy kl;l

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;ly; Vw;ghl;ilf; fl;likf;f Ntz;Lk;. G.C.E. O-L>

G.C.E. A-L tFg;G khztHfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAila xU juTj; jsk;

tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lw; gpuptplk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

Mw;ww; fl;bnaOg;gYk; tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; 159. tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYk; kjpj;JizAk; midj;J MrpupaH fy;tp

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fsJk; fl;lhaf; $whf Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfspy; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; topfhl;lYf;Fk; kjpj;Jizf;Fk; nghWg;ghd MrpupaHfs; rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw;W NritapYs;s jpl;lq;fs; %yk; xOq;fhf ,w;iwg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd gpuRuq;fspd; Clhf tho;f;ifj;njhopYk; fy;tp tha;g;GfSk; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,w;iwg;gLj;jTk; juTj; jsq;fis milaTk; mtHfis topelj;j Ntz;Lk;.

160. rpwhupd; ehl;lKk; fy;tp topfhl;lYk; fpl;lf;$ba tho;f;ifj;njhopy; tha;g;GfSk; gw;wpg; ngw;NwhHf;fhd tpopg;GzHTj; jpl;lq;fisg; ghlrhiyfs;

elj;j Ntz;Lk;. TVEC> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> tHj;jf> njhopw; rq;fq;fs;

Nghd;w Njrpa kl;l Kftufq;fspd; clDiog;Gld; mr;R> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; Njrpa kl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf; fy;tpaikr;R elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

107

Nghjid Clfk;> Njrpa> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa> rHtNjr nkhopfs;

mwpKfk;

nkhopg; ghtid> jdpauhfTk; r%fkhfTk; kdpj ,Ug;Gf;Fk; tpUj;jpf;Fk; ikakhdJ. rpe;jid tpUj;jpf;F nkhopj; jFjp mj;jpahtrpak;. vdNt KiwrhH ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; nkhopf;fy;tp Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ,Ue;JtUfpwJ. ,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapy; Vfg;ngUk;ghNyhupd; jha; nkhopfshfr; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; cs;sd. ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;G mtw;iwj; Njrpa nkhopfshf Vw;fpwJ.

nkhopf; fw;if gpwg;gpw;F Ke;jpa fl;lj;jpNyNa njhlq;FfpwJ vDk; ek;gpf;if ekJ kugpy; cz;L. vdpDk; gpwe;J rpy khjq;fspd; gpd;Ng iff;Foe;ij nghUSs;s xypfisg; NgRfpwJ. rpwhH KiwrhH ghlrhiyf;Fg; NghFKd; jkJ nkhopahw;wiyj; jha;nkhopapNyNa ngw;Wj; jk;ikr; #oTs;NshUld; njhlHghLtH. ,yq;ifr; rpwhH> ghlrhiyfspy; KjypU tUlq;fspy; jha;nkhopapy; vOj;Jf;is milahsq;fhzTk; vOjTk; Mw;wiy tsHf;fpwhHfs;@ KiwrhH nkhopf; fw;if ghlrhiyapd; %d;whk; Mz;bw; njhlq;FfpwJ.

nfhydp Ml;rpf;F Ke;jpa ,yq;ifapw;> rka epWtdq;fspd; my;yJ ,j;jifa epWtdq;fspw; gapw;wpa rhjhuz kdpjHfspd; iffspw; fy;tp ,Ue;jJ. khztHfs; jha;nkhopf;fg;ghw; ghsp> rk];fpUjk;> muG Nghd;w nkhopfisf; fw;f Cf;Ftpg;Gw;wdH@ ,t;thW> ngsj;j khztHfs; ghspAlDk; rk];fpUjj;JlDk;> ,e;J khztHfs; rk];fpUjj;JlDk;> K];ypk; khztHfs; mwG nkhopAlDk; gupr;rakhfpdH. nrk;nkhopfisf; fw;w Nehf;fk;> rka E}y;fisAk; kuGtop kUj;Jt> Nrhjplj; njlHGila E}y;fisAk; gapy;tjhFk;. vdpDk;> KiwrhH fy;tp ntF

rpyHf;Nf fpl;baJ. 19k; E}w;whz;bd; <w;wpy; ‘jftpyhH fy;tp Kiw’

Gj;JapHg;Gw;wijaLj;J nkhopapaw; fw;iffs; nropj;jd. gpupNtd fiyj;jpl;lj;Js; Mq;fpyKk; GFe;jJ. etPd Nehf;fpy;> ,e;j epiyikia vy;iyg;gl;l xU gd;nkhopf; fy;tp Kiw vdyhk;.

gpupj;jhdpa nfhydp Ml;rpapd; fPo; tpUj;jpngw;w ehlshtpa ghlrhiy Kiwapy;> ngUthupahd ghlrhiyfspw; Nghjdhnkhop rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpohAk; ,Ue;jJ. nghJj;JiwapYk; cUthfpte;j tzpfj; JiwapYk; Mq;fpyj;jpw; gzpahw;w ty;y xU tHf;fj;jpdiu cUthf;f Ntz;b> efHg;Gwg; ghlrhiyfspy; Nghjdhnkhop Mq;fpykhapUe;jJ. ehl;lhH nkhopfspy; nghJkf;fSf;F mbg;gilf; fy;tp vd;gJ> md;W gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;j kdpjhgpkhd ,af;fj;jpdpd;W ntspg;gl;l jhuhz;ik nka;apaYf;F cld;ghlhf murhq;fj;jpd; flg;ghl;bd; xU gFjpahFk;.

fy;tp gw;wpa rpwg;Gr; nraw;FO 1943,y; ntspapl;l “fd;dq;fu mwpf;if”

Nghjdhnkhop gw;wpa nfhs;ifia tFj;jw;fhd KjyhtJ Kaw;rpahFk;. “fy;tpf;F ,ay;ghd Clfk; jha;nkhopNa@ xU Njrj;jpd; Nkijik jdJ jha;nkhopa+Lk;

,yf;fpaj;J}LNk KOikahf ntspg;gLk;” vd ,t;twpf;if rhw;wpaJ. vdpDk;> rdj;njhifapy; 99 rjtPjj;jpdupd; jha;nkhop rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpohf ,Ue;Jk;> md;W epytpa fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; gd;nkhopj; jd;ikiaAk; fUjpf;> fy;tpapd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; kl;LNk jha;nkhop Nghjdhnkhopahf ,Uf;Fnkdr; nraw;FO gupe;Jiuj;jJ. jha;nkhop gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ:

(m) ngw;NwhH ,UtUk; rpq;fstNuh jkpoNuh vdpd;> mjw;fikaj; jha;nkhop rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo;@

108

(M) ngw;NwhH ,UtUk; ntt;NtW r%fj;jpdnudpd; tPl;L nkhop> mjhtJ> ngw;NwhUk; rpwhUk; tPl;bw; gpujhdkhfg; NgRk; nkhop@

(,) kw;wg;gb> Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> kyha; Mfpatw;Ws; ngw;NwhH tpUk;GtJ.

cyf nkhopahf Mq;fpy nkhopapd; tfpghfj;ijAk; caH fy;tpf;Fk; ntspAyfj; njhlHGfl;Fk; mj;jifanjhU nkhopiag; ghtpf;Fe; NjitiaAk; Vw;W>

Mq;fpyj;ijf; iftpl ,ayhJ vd;w fUj;NjhbUe;j nraw;FO> “gpw fhuzq;fs; Nghfg;> nghJthd ,uz;lhk; nkhopahtjd; %yk;> tHf;f NtWghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; xU rpd;dnkd;w epiy ePq;fp> mJ nghJthd GupjYf;fhd fUtpahFk; vd;gjhy; mij

vy;yhUf;Fk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;” vdr; Rl;baJ. epytpa #o;epiyapy;> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; fPo;g;gpupTfspy; Nghjidia jha;nkhopapNyh my;yJ ,UnkhopfspNyh (mjhtJ Mq;fpyKk; jkpo; my;yJ rpq;fsKk;) elj;JkhWk;@ caH ,ilepiyg; gpuptpy; rpq;fsj;jpNyh jkpopNyh Mq;fpyj;jpNyh ,U nkhopfspNyh elj;JkhWk; mJ gupe;Jiuj;jJ. rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo; nkhop Clfg; ghlrhiyfspy; %d;whk; juk; Kjy; Mq;fpyk; fl;lha ghlkhf Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Mq;fpy Clfg; ghlrhiyfspy; rpwhu; midtHf;Fk; rpq;fsNkh jkpNoh fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mJ gupe;Jiuj;jJ. MrpupaHfisg; gapw;wTk; ghlE}y;fisAk; crhj;Jiz E}y;fisAk; nkhopngaHf;fTk; Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy;> ,f; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;j ,U jrhg;jq;fs; vLj;jJ. vdpDk; ,U nkhopf; fy;tp gw;wpa Kd;nkhopT nraw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

20k; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ele;j ,U tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; ghlrhiyg; Nghjdhnkhop kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd: KjyhtJ ,ytrf; fy;tpr; rl;lk; (1947)@ ,uz;lhtJ> 1960fspy; KOf; fy;tp KiwikiaAk; murhq;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;Ll; nfhz;Lte;jik. mj;njhL> Nghjid Clfj;ijj; Njrpa nkhopfshd rpq;fsj;Jf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; khw;ww;fhd Nfhupf;ifAk; tYj;jJ vdNt Mq;fpy topg; Nghjidia 1971,y; Kjyhe; juj;jpy; epWj;jpg;> gbg;gbahf> tFg;gpd; gpd; tFg;ghf Mq;fpy Clfg; Nghjidiag; epWj;j murhq;fk; jPHkhdpj;jJ. 1983,y; mur ghlrhiyfspNyh jdpahH ghlrhiyfspNyh Mq;fpyg; Nghjdhnkhop tFg;Gfs; ,y;iy.

Njrpa nkhopfis Cf;Ftpj;jNy 1950fspy; xUkpj;j fUj;jhapUe;jJ. mjd; gadhf> Muk;gf;fy;tp Kjy; gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp kl;lk; tiu Nghjdhnkhop

Raghi\ahf (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;) khwpaJ. kztHfSk; ngw;NwhUk; MrpupaHfSk;

rpq;fsk;/jkpo; topf; fy;tpiar; Rje;jpuj;ijaLj;J te;j rpwg;Gr; rYifnadf; fUjpdH. Mq;fpyj;ijf; nfhydp Ml;rpahsupd; nkhopahff; fUjp mijg; Gwf;fzpf;Fk; xU Nghf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; gad;fs; ,U jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd; njspthfpd: murhq;f caH gjtpfspy; ,Ue;j fw;wwpthsHfspw; ngUk;ghNyhHf;F Mq;fpyj;jpw; gzpahw;Wk; Mw;wy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

,J jdpg;glTk; tpupe;j rKjha mstpYk; xU gpd;dilthfpaJ. murhq;fKk; fw;gpg;NghUk; nghJkf;fSk; Mq;fpyg; Gwf;fzpg;gpd; gadhd ntw;wplj;ijf; fz;ldH. mz;iknjhl;L epfOk; Mq;fpy Cf;Ftpg;G ,g; ghHit khw;wj;jpd; gadhdJ. jw;NghJ> fy;tpKiwik> Mq;fpyj;jpw; gzpahw;Wk; nkhopahw;wiy khztHfspil Nkk;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisr; RWRWg;ghf Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisTfspw; gFjpahfr;> rpy mur ghlrhiyfspy; mz;iknjhl;L ,Unkhopf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; nraw;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb> rpy ghlq;fs; ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

109

1992,y; ntspahd Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; Kjd;Kjyhd mwpf;if “Njrpa

xUq;fpirtpdJk; Njrpa xd;wpiztpdJk; Njrpa xw;WikapdJk; va;jiy” Kf;fpa ,yf;fhff; $wpaJ. ,Unkhopfisg; gpujhdkhfg; NgRk; Fbfisf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifiag; Nghd;w gz;ghl;Lg; gd;ikAila xU ehl;by; mikjpahf tho;jiyAk; xUq;fpUj;jiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;fg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiag; nghUj;jkhf;FtJ gw;wp mJ Ma;e;jJ. ,J 2003,y; Mizf;FO rkHg;gpj;j nghJf;fy;tpf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpy; NkYk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nkw;$wpa Fwpf;Nfhis milaTk; Njrpa nkhopfspd; ghtidf;F tha;g;Gfis ,aYkhf;fTk; gz;ghLfspd; gu];gu eag;gpw;Fk;> ,uz;lhe; Njrpa nkhopnahd;iwj; juk; 6 Kjy; 9 tiuAk; fw;gpj;jy; 1999k; Mz;bw; njhlq;fpaJ. 2001k; Mz;L Kjy;> juk; 10> 11fspy; ,uz;lhe; Njrpa nkhop Nkyjpf ghlkhf;fg;gl;lJ. 2003,y; 3k;> 4k;> 5k; juq;fspYk; ,uz;lhk; nkhop mwpKfkhdJ@ ,uz;lhk; nkhopapd; tha;nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; 2007,y; 1k;> 2k; juq;fspy; njhlq;fpaJ.

jw;NghJ khztHfs; Kjy; nkhopiaAk; (rpq;fsk;> jkpo;) ,uz;lhk; NjrpankhopiaAk; (rpq;fs khztHfl;Fj; jkpo;> jkpo; khztHf;Fr; rpq;fsk;) ,izg;G nkhopiaAk; (Mq;fpyk;) fw;fpd;wdH. Muk;g> ,ilepiyf; fl;lq;fspw; jha;nkhop Nghjid Clfk; MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspw; rpWghyhd khztHfs; rpy ghlq;fis Mq;fpy %yq; fw;fpwhHfs;. mtHfs; ,Unkhopf; fy;tp ngWfpd;wdH vdg;gLfpwJ.

Nghjid Clfg; Nghf;Ffs;

jha;nkhopay;yhj xU Nghjid Clfj;ijg; ghtpf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd xU Kd;Kaw;rp>

ghlg;gug;Gk; nkhopAk; xd;wpize;j fw;wiy (Content and Language Integrated

Learning, CLIL) khjpupAUthff; nfhs;tjhFk;. “ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; may;nkhopnahd;iwAk; xNufhyj;jpw; fw;wy; vd;w ,ul;ilf; ftd ,yf;FfSld;

xU ghlj;ijNah ghlq;fspd; gFjpfisNah xU may; nkhopapw; fw;gpf;Fk; #oy;”

vd CLIL tiutpyf;fzg;gLk;. ,k; Kiw OECD ehLfspy; ,uz;lhk; nkhopf;

fw;gpg;gjy; Kiwnahd;whfg; gue;jstpw; gad;gLfpwJ.

mz;ikapy;> xU jrhg;jj;Js;> Nghjid Clfk; njhlHghd ,U Kf;fpa nfhs;if khw;wq;fis kNyrpah GFj;jpaJ. KjyhtJ> 2003k; Mz;L Kjy; fzpj> tpQ;Qhd ghlf; fw;gpj;jiy gh]h kNyrpah nkhopapy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpyj;jpw;F khw;wy; gw;wpaJ.

mJ 2012,y; NeHkhwhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gadhf ‘gh]h kNyrpah nkhopia cWjpahfg; gw;wYk; Mq;fpyj;ij tYg;gLj;jYk; vd;w Gjpa nfhs;if cUthdJ.

1997 tiu gpupj;jhdpaf; nfhydpahapUe;J jw;NghJ rPdhtpd; rpwg;G epUthfg; gpuNjrkhfTs;s n`hq; nfhq; ehy;tiff; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffisf; fz;Ls;sJ:

1994f;F Kd;G tiu mur FWf;fPbd;ikf; nfhs;if@ 1994–1998,y; jug; gpupg;Gf;

nfhs;if@ 1998–2010,y; fl;lha rPd Clfg; Nghjidf; nfhs;if@ ,Wjpahf> 2010

nrg;w;nwk;gH Kjy;> “Nghjdh nkhopf; nfhs;ifapd; Jy;ypa ,irthf;fy;”. r%fj;jpw; ngUk;ghNyhupd; ciutof;F rPd nkhopNa (fd;w;nwhdpa ciutof;F) MapDk;> Mq;fpyk; xU caH jFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Muk;gf; fy;tpapw; nghJthfr; rPd nkhopNa Nghjdh nkhopahfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspw; rpy Mq;fpy nkhoptopg; Nghjidg; ghlrhiyfs;@ Vidait

110

fw;gpf;Fk; xU ghlkhf Mq;fpyj;ijf; nfhz;l rPd nkhoptopg; Nghjidg; ghlrhiyfs;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpe;jpa fw;iffs;> gy;fiyf;fof khztHfspy; rPd Clfj;jpw; fw;wtHfspd; Mq;fpy nkhopj; jifik> Mq;fpy Clfj;jpw; fw;wtHfspDk;

FiwthapUf;ff; fz;ld. 2010 nrg;w;nwk;gupy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if “Nghjdh nkhopf;

nfhs;ifapd; Jy;ypa ,irthf;fy;” vd khwpr;> rpy epge;jidfspd; epiwNtw;wYf;Fl;gl;Lg;> ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpyj;jpNyh rPd nkhopapNyh ,U nkhopfspYNkh tFg;Gfis elj;Jk; nefpo;T mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghf;fp];jhdpy;> mjd; mjpf rdj;njhifAila khfhzkhd gQ;rhg;gpd; murhq;fk;> midj;Jg; nghJg; ghlrhiyfspYk; juk; 1 Kjy; 12 tiu> fzpjj;ijAk; tpQ;Qhdj;ijAk; Mq;fpy %yk; fw;gpj;jiy 2009,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. caH fy;tpAk; cyfshtpa Muha;tpd; ngUk; gFjpAk; fy;tprhH mwpTk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; milaf;$bad vd;gjhy;> Mq;fpy Clff; nfhs;ifia Muk;gg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; fy;tp Kiwikf;F cjTfpwJ. 2011,y; njhlf;fpg; ghlrhiy milifapYk; Nghjidj; juj;jpYk; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis ,aYkhf;fpa gQ;rhg; ghlrhiyr; rPHjpUj;jj; jpl;lk; ,f; nfhs;if khw;wj;ij Mjupj;jJ. xU kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd khztHfs; ghlrhiyfspw; NrHe;jdH@ trjpfs; jpUe;jpd@ Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gjpa MrpupaHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldH@ Gjpa>

jpUe;jpa fw;gpj;jw; jputpaq;fs; mwpKfkhapd@ MrpupaH tuT Jupjkhf caHe;jJ.

,Ug;gpDk;> gpupj;jhdpa kd;wk; (British Council) Kd;ndLj;j xU fw;if

gpd;tUtw;iwf; fz;lJ:

jdpahH ghlrhiy MrpupaHfspy; 62% NgUf;Fk; murhq;fg; ghlrhiyapdupy;

56% NgUf;Fk; md;whlg; ghtidg; gjq;fisAk; vspa nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; tpsq;Fk; Mw;wy; cl;gl> mbg;gilahd vspa Mq;fpy mwpT ,y;iy.

vQ;rpa MrpupaHfspw; ngUk;ghNyhH ngw;w Gs;spfs;> mtHfis Mq;fpyf; fw;ifapd; Muk;g epiyapy; itj;jd. Mq;fpy Clfg; ghlrhiyfspYk;

44% MrpupaHfs;> gpupj;jhdpa kd;wk; elj;Jk; Mq;fpy mwpT kjpg;gPlhd

Aptis,d; mb kl;lj;jpNyNa Gs;spfs; ngw;wdH. nkhj;jj;jpy; Mq;fpy

Clfg; ghlrhiyfspy; 94% MrpupaHfs; ,ilepiyf;F Ke;jpa my;yJ Fiwthd Mq;fpy mwpitNa nfhz;bUe;jdH.

%j;j MrpupaHfspd; Mq;fpy mwpT kl;lj;jpDk; ,sk; MrpupaHfspdJ caHthapUe;jJ: xg;gpbd;> ,ilepiyf;F Ke;jpa tiffSs; 21 Kjy; 35

taJila MrpupaHfspy; 24% NgUk; 51 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhupy; 7% NgUk; mlq;fpdH.

Mq;fpy topg; Nghjid gw;wpa ,f; fz;lwpTfs; gQ;rhg;gpd; MrpupaHfs; Mq;fpy Clff; nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;wg; Nghjpa Maj;jkw;Nwhnudf; $Wfpd;wd.

rpq;fg;G+upd; fy;tp nkhopf; nfhs;if> Mq;fpyj;ijg; Nghjdh nkhopahd L1 vdTk;>

khztupd; Mw;ww; FO mbg;gilapy;> Kjd; nkhopahfNth ,uz;lhk; nkhopahfNth

fw;gpf;fg;gLk; jha;nkhopia L2 vdTk; $WfpwJ. ghlrhiyr; rpwhupw; gyH> Fwpg;ghff; Fiw tUkhdf; FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;NjhH> tPl;by; Mq;fpyj;ijg; gpujhd nkhopahfg; NgRtjpy;iy. vdpDk; nkhopr;#oypw; ngUksTk; Mq;fpyk; xU gFjpahFk;. kd;lupd;> kyha;> jkpo; Mfpa %d;Wf;Fk; Nky;> ehd;F murfUk nkhopfspy; xd;whd

111

Mq;fpyk;> gy;NtW msT> ju kl;lq;fspy; rpq;fg;g+upd; midj;J ,y;yq;fspYk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

Nghjdh nkhop Clf> Njrpa> ,uz;lhe; Njrpa> rHtNjr nkhopg; gpur;rpidfs;

rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhop MrpupaHfspd; nkhop fw;gpj;jw; jpwd; FiwT

Njrpa nkhopfs; ,uz;bYk; MrpupaHfspd; nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpf; fzprkhd jpUg;jpapd;ik cs;sJ. rpy rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhop MrpupaHfs; jkJ nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;Fk; NjHr;rp NghjhNjhuhf cs;sdH. gaDw nkhop fw;gpf;f> nkhop MrpupaHfl;F mbg;gil nkhopapay; mwpT Njit. cs-nkhopapaiyAk; ,U Njrpa nkhopfisAk; fw;gpj;jw;fhd fw;gpj;jw;-fiyiaAk; GFj;jp MrpupaHfspd; nkhop fw;gpj;jw; jpwid tsHf;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; MrpupaH fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; ,y;iy.

MfNt> nkhop MrpupaHfspd; Nritf;F-Ke;jpa fl;lq;fspy; nkhop fw;gpj;jypy;

NjHr;rp kl;lj;ijAk; Mw;wy; kl;lj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jpj; juKaHj;j Ntz;Lnkd NEC

gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiw ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fw;gpj;jYf;F ,uz;lhk; nkhopapw; fw;gpf;Fk; jpwd;fs; Njit. vdpDk; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; ,U nkhop xOq;FfspYk; NghjpasT MrpupaHfs; ,y;iy. jw;NghJ xU Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}up kl;LNk Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf;fhd fw;gpj;jy; bg;Nshkh epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij toq;FfpwJ. mjd; tUlhe;j ntspg;ghL 60 bg;Nshkhjhupfs; kl;LNk. ,J vkJ fy;tp Kiwikapd; Njitf;Fg; NghjNtNghjhJ. rpyH FWq;-fhyg; gapw;wy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspw; gq;Fgw;wp ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop MrpupaHfshf tpiofpwhHfs; vdj; njupfpwJ. njupnthd;W Njit vd;gjw;fhf ,il Vw;ghlhfg; gzpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l MrpupaHfspd; tpla mwpitNah fw;gpj;jw; jpwidNah kjpg;gplhj

,t;thwhd Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpfhz;gjhff; fw;iffs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop fw;gpj;jw;fhd fiyj;jpl;l tplaq;fspd; nghUj;jkpd;ik

jw;Nghija fiyj;jpl;l tplaq;fs; (ghltpjhdk;> MrpupaH topfhl;b> ghlE}y;) nrk;ikahd ,uz;lhk; nkhopf; fw;gpj;jw; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapyhditay;y. ghltpjhdj;Jf;Fk; MrpupaH topfhl;bf;Fk; ghlE}Yf;FkpilNa jHf;fuPjpahd ,ilapizg;G ,y;iy. ghlj; jiyg;Gfs; nkhopj; jpwd;fspd; gbg;gbahd trg;gLj;Jifia Cf;ftpf;FkhW tupirg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> ,t; tplaq;fs; khztHfspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wf;$bait my;y. mjdhy; ,uz;lhk; nkhopf;fw;if khztHfl;Fr; rpf;fyhd fhupakhfpwJ.

NkYk;> MrpupaH topfhl;bfs;> ,uz;lhk; nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;fj; Njitahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; MrpupaHfl;F toq;fj; jtwptpl;ld.

,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopg; ghl E}y;fs; khztHfspd; Ra fw;wYf;fhf tbtikj;jdty;y. fw;ww; Njitf;fhfr;> rpwhupd; jha;nkhopapy; tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gfisg; ghlq;fspy; nghUj;jkhdthW nghjpf;fNtz;Lk;.

112

ghlE}y;fs; rhuhk;rj;jpy; vOj;J nkhop gw;wpad. Mdhy; Ngr;R tbtpw;Fk; vOj;J tbtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,yf;fz NtWghLfs; gw;wp khztHfl;F mwptpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; khztHfs; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopapw; rupahfj; njhlHghlj; jtWfpd;wdH.

,U-nkhopf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia MOE fl;listop epiwNtw;wypy; xt;thikfs; ,U-nkhopf; fy;tp gw;wpa MOE fl;lisfisr; rpy ghlrhiyfs; gpd;gw;Wifapy; kw;wit gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. cjhuzkhfr;> rpy ghlrhiyfs; ,U-nkhopf; fy;tpia Muk;g kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J elj;jpd. rpy ghlrhiyfspy; (rpy ghlq;fis ,U nkhopfspw; fw;gtHfSk; vy;yhg;ghlq;fisAk; jha; nkhopapw; fw;gtHfSk; cl;gl) midj;J khztHfSk; xd;whf ,U-Clf tFg;giwapypUf;fg;> gpw ghlrhiyfs;> ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifapd; rPuhd nraw;ghl;Lf;F ,ila+whf> xU-nkhop tFg;GfshfTk; ,U-nkhop tFg;GfshfTk; khztHfisg; gpupj;jd.

,U-nkhopf; fy;tpf;Fj; jFjpAs;s MrpupaHfs; gw;whf;Fiw jFjpAs;s MrpupaH gw;whf;Fiwahy;> ,U-nkhopf; fy;tp toq;Fk; ghlrhiyfl;F Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,U ghlq;fl;F Nkw; fw;gpf;f ,ay;tjpy;iy. fw;gpj;jypy; ,U nkhopfisAk; ghtpf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nrhy;tsk; Gfl;lYk; fUj;ijf; fye;JiuahlYnkdpDk;> ,U-nkhop tFg;Gfisf; fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaHfs; fw;gpj;jypy; ,UnkhopfisAk; ghtpf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhfg;> nghUj;jkhd jFjpAla ,U-nkhop MrpupaHfl;Fs;s fLk; gw;whf;Fiwahy; ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpy nkhop MrpupaHfisg; Gtpapay;> tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fis Mq;fpyj;jpw; fw;gpf;fg; nghWg;gspf;fpwhHfs;. Mq;fpy MrpupaHfshfg; gzpahw;WNthH gpw ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f tpla mwpT NghjhNjhH vd;gjhy; ,J jfhj eilKiw.

mj;Jld;> ,U-nkhop tFg;Gfspw; fw;gpf;Fk; rpy MrpupaHfl;Fg; ghl tplaj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; tpsf;Fk; Mw;wypy;iy. vdNt> ,tHfs; MrpupaH mwpTWj;jw;

ifNal;bYk; (TIM) ghlE}y;fspYk; cs;s Fwpg;Gfis thrpf;fpd;wdH@ my;yJ

jha;nkhopapy; tpsf;FfpwhHfs;.

,U-nkhopf; fy;tpapw; ghlE}y;fspYk; gpw fw;ww; jputpaq;fspYk; cs;s FiwghLfs; ,U-nkhopf; fy;tpg; ghlE}y;fsJk; gpw fw;ww; nghUl;fsJk; jahupg;gpy; toikahd eilKiw> rpq;fsj;jpdpd;W Mq;fpyj;jpw;F nkhopngaHj;jyhFk;. ngUksTk; nkhopngaHg;ghsHfs; ghl tplaj;ij ed;fwpahjtHfs;. MfNt> ,Wjp Mf;fj;jpw;> fiyr;nrhw;fs; jpUj;jkw;Wk; nkhop nghUe;jhkYk; fUj;J tpfhukhAk; mikfpd;wd.

NkYk;> ghltpjhdj;jpw;F nghUe;Jk; thrpg;Gf;fhd Jizg; gDty;fs; fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdNt khztHfl;F ,U-nkhopf; fy;tpapd; vjpHghHj;j gyd; fpilg;gjpy;iy.

,U-nkhopf; fy;tpapy; khztHfspd; Kuzhd nraw;jpwd; ,U-nkhop tFg;G khztHfs; Mq;fpyj;jpw; jkJ nkhopj; jifikia Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sdnudj; njupfpwJ. mtHfs; Mq;fpy nkhopg; ghlq;fspw; guPl;irfspw; rpwg;ghd nraw;jpwd; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. vdpDk; md;whlg; Ngr;rpy; mtHfs; Mq;fpyj;ijg; ghtpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt mtHfs; thrpj;jypYk; vOjypYk; kl;LNk jk; Mq;fpy Mw;wiy tsHj;Js;sdH vdj; njupfpwJ. mj;NjhL jha; nkhopapy; mtHfSila guPl;irr; nraw;jpwd; gytPdkhdJ. ,e; epiy xU gpur;rpidia

113

cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Vnddpy; xU khztH mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jhy;> xU nkhopapy; ngw;w nkhopapaw; jpwid vspjhfg; gpwpnjhU nkhopf;F khw;wyhk; vd mwpNthk;. ,J> ey;y guPl;irr; nraw;jpwd; xU khztupd; nkhopj; jpwikia mstplr; rupahd msTNfhyy;y vd;gjhNyh fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk; kjpg;gPl;L KiwikAk; khztupd; mZFKiwAk; ,k; Kuzhd nraw;jpwdpw; jhf;fQ; nrYj;jpajhNyh epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk;.

mjpUg;jpahd Mq;fpy nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; ghlrhiyfspy; Mq;fpy nkhopf; fw;gpj;jiy xU ,uz;lhk; nkhopf; fw;gpj;jyhfr; nra;tjpy;iy. njspthf> ,jdhNyNa nghJg; guPl;irfspw; ngUe;njhifahNdhH jtWfpd;wdH. guPl;irfspy; NjWNthUk; eilKiwj; njhlHghlw; Njitfl;Fk; jkJ njhopYf;Fk; Mq;fpyj;ijg; ghtpf;f ,ayhJs;sdH.

xU nkhopia> Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; nkhopia> trg;gLj;j ,yf;fz tpjpfspd; tpupthd czHTg+Htkhd ghtidNah jsuhj nkhopapaw; Njitapy;iy. khwhf> ,yf;F nkhopapw; NgRNthH jhk; nrhy;Yk; tpjk; gw;wp Fiwe;j mf;fiwNahL jhk; toq;fpg; gpwH tpsq;f

Ntz;ba nra;jp gw;wpf; $ba mf;fiw fhl;Lkhwhd> nghUSs;s ,iltpidahf;fk; —

,ay;ghd njhlHghly; — Njit.

,e;epiyiar; rupg;gLj;j> ,yf;fzk; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;f kpf Kd;djhfNt Nfl;ly;> Ngr;Rj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ghy tajpy; Mq;fpy nkhopAld; gupr;rakpd;ik Muk;gf; fy;tpf;Fj; jha;nkhopNa Nghjdhnkhopahf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpg; nghJ cld;ghLz;L. vdpDk; gupr;raKz;lhf;FkhWk; gpd;dH thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; Kiwahff; fw;FkhWk;> ,g; gUtj;jpy; Mq;fpyj;ij milaf;$bajhf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ mij va;j ,U epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd. KjyhtJ nray;Kiw-

mbg;gil tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk; (ABOE) kw;wJ %d;whk; juk; Kjy; Mq;fpyj;ij

,uz;lhk; nkhopahff; fw;gpj;jy;. Muk;gg; ghlrhiy MrpupaHfs; Njitf;fika

Kiwahd gapw;rp ngwhikahy; ABOE $W ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;ngwtpy;iy vdj; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,U epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tYT+l;bj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;.


Nghjid Clfk; 161. fy;tpapd; Muk;g epiyapw; jha;nkhopNa Nghjdhnkhopahf Ntz;Lk;. juk;-1

Kjy; nray;Kiw-mbg;gil tha;nkhop Mq;fpyj;ijAk; (ABOE) juk;-1 Kjy;

KiwrhH Mq;fpyj;ijAk; fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlHtjw;F NkYk; tYT+l;l Ntz;Lk;.

162. ,ilepiyf; fl;lj;jpYk; jha;nkhopNa Nghjdhnkhopahf Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fl;lj;jpy;> tsq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; kl;LNk> tpUk;GNthUf;F ,U-nkhop my;yJ Mq;fpy Clff; fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlq;fyhk;. ,U-nkhop my;yJ Mq;fpy Clff; fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa GFj;jpapUg;gpd;> mij ,ilepiyf; fl;l KOikf;Fk; njhlUtJ ghlrhiyapd; nghWg;ghFk;.

114

fw;ww; jputpaq;fSk; Mrpupa epakdq;fSk;

163. ghl ty;YeHfisAk; nkhop ty;YeHfisAk; ghlE}y; tbtikg;ghsHfisAq; nfhz;l epGzH FOf;fs; ghlE}y;fisAk; gpw fw;ww; jputpaq;fisAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Kk; nkhopfspYk; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

164. ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop (2NL) MrpupaHfspd; epakdk; tUlhe;jj; Njit

milahsq;fhzypd; mbg;gilapy; mikaNtz;Lk;. 2NL Njitf;fhf

MrpupaHfis Maj;jkhf;Fk; NCOEfspd; njhif 2NL MrpupaH Njitf;F

<lhff; $l;lg;glNtz;Lk;.

165. 2NL Njitf;fhd ghlE}y;fisAk; fw;wy; jputpaq;fisAk; ,uz;lhk;

nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; epajpfl;F cld;glj; jahupf;fNtz;Lk;. midj;J 2NL ghlE}y;fspYk; jputpaq;fspYk; khztHfspd; jha; nkhopapy; tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs; cl;gl N;tz;Lk;.

166. nkhop MrpupaHfl;fhd Nritf;F-Ke;jpa> Nritf;fhy MrpupaH Mw;wy; tpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; cs-nkhopapaypYk; fw;gpj;jw;-fiyapYk; ghl tplaq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

167. NCOEfspy; midj;J Mrpupa gapYeHfSk; jha;nkhopapYk;

,iznkhopapYk; fw;gpf;fg; nghUj;jkhNdhuhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

115

rpwg;Gf; fy;tp

mwpKfk;

rpwg;Gj; Njitf; fy;tp vdTk; tpspf;fg;gLk; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp> toikahd ghlrhiy eilKiwfspy; khw;wj;ij Ntz;LksTf;Fr; r%f> cs> cly; mstpy; ruhrupapdpd;W NtWgLk; khztHfspd; fy;tpahFk;. czHr;rp> elj;ij> mwpthw;wy; tYf;FiwTs;s rpwhHfl;Fk; mwpthw;wy;> nrtpg;Gyd;> ghHit> fw;ww; FiwghLfspy; vijNaDKila rpwhHfl;Fk; Kd;Ndwpa mwpthw;ww; jpwd;fSs;s ,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhHfl;Fk; vYk;gpay;> euk;gpay; tYf;FiwTs;s rpwhHfl;Fk; Nrit toq;FfpwJ.

ghy;> r%f-nghUshjhu epiy> ,dk;> nkhop> Mw;wy;/ Mw;wypd;ik vd;gd fle;J> midj;Jr; rpwhUk; fy;tpia miljw;fhd mbg;gil kdpj cupikAilNahuhtH. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa cyfshtpa rhw;WiuAk; mijaLj;j fy;tpapw; ghFghl;Lf;F vjpuhd rhrdKk; (1960) rHtNjr nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;L cupikfs; cld;gbf;ifAk; (1966) rpwhH cupikr; rhrdKk; (1989) Nghd;w rhw;WiufSk; rpwhHpd; NtWghLfs; fle;j fy;tp cupikf; fUj;jhf;fj;ij

tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk;> midtHf;Fk; fy;tp gw;wpa cyfg; gpufldk; (Jomtien,

1990) ‘midtHf;Fk; fy;tp’ ,yf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tuk;gpw;Fs; va;jYf;fhfg;

gzpahw;WkhW cyf rKjhaj;ij tpspj;jJ. tYf;Fiwthd khe;jUf;F

tha;g;Gfisr; rkkhf;fy; gw;wpa I.eh. epak tpjpfs; (1993) “xUq;fpizj;j

ghlrhiyr;” rhHgpYk; “nghJg; ghlrhiyr;” rhHgpYk; fy;tp toq;fiy tw;GWj;jpd. tYf;Fiwe;j rpwhHpd; rkTupikf; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;gijr; rHtNjrr; r%fk; Iaj;Jf;fplkpd;wp tpjpj;Js;sJ. cWg;G ehnld;w tifapy; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,f; Nfhl;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;Jr; nraw;gLj;Jq; flg;ghLs;sJ.

,yq;if [dehaf Nrhrypr Fbaurpd; murikg;Gr; rl;lk;> [dehaf Nrhrypr

rKjhankhd;iw epWTjiy cWjp$Wk; ‘mur nfhs;ifAk; mbg;gilf; flikfSk;

gw;wpa topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;’ gw;wpa ,aypy; murpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg;

gl;baypLfpwJ. mtw;Ws; xd;W> “vOj;jwptpd;ikia Kw;whf xopj;jYk; khe;jH midtHf;Fk; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpf;F KOg;nghJthd> rkkhd milT

cupikia cWjpg;gLj;jYk;” MFk;. ,yq;if muR rpwhH midtHf;Fk; rkkhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfis toq;fg; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;sJ.

mz;ikapw; fy;tp cupikf;F Nkyhf ntspg;gl;l ,d;DnkhU Kaw;rp> cs;slf;fiy Nehf;fpa efHthFk;. cs;slf;F fy;tp> gpujhd fiyj;jpl;lj;ij khztHfs; milaj; Njitahd #oy;> fw;gpj;jw;-fiy ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpr;> rpwg;Gj; NjitAila rpwhHfis toikahd tFg;giwfspy; jd;takhf;Fjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

cs;slf;F fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis Vw;fr; nra;Ak; ,e; efHT> vy;yhHf;Fk; fy;tp cupik vd;w fUj;jpaiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; cupik-mbg;gilahd tYtPdH ,af;fj;jpy;

NtHfisAilaJ. rpwg;Gj; Njitf; fy;tpf;fhd rykd;fh (Salamanka) mwpf;ifAk;

eltbf;iff; fl;likg;Gk; (1994)> tYtPdKila khe;jH cupikfs; gw;wpa If;fpa ehLfs; rhrdk; (2008) Mfpa gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;ghdhd rhrdq;fs; %yk; ,f; fUj;jpaYk; ,af;fKk; rHtNjrstpy; tYg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j I.eh. rhrdj;jpd;

116

Kjyhk; gpupTf;$W> “ePz;lfhy cly;> cs> mwpthw;wy;> GyDzHT tYf;FiwTilNahH> tYtPdKila khe;juhtH. ,f; Fiw gy;NtW jilfSld; ,ize;J mtHfs; gpwUf;Fr; rkkhfj; jkJ KOjhd tpiisgaDs;s

gq;fspg;Gf;Fj; jilahfyhk;” vd;fpwJ.

,J “rKjhaj;jpy; KOjhd tpiisgaDs;s gq;fspg;Gf;F” tYtPdKila khe;jH midtuJk; cupikiaAk;> cs;slf;F fy;tp trjpfl;Fr; rhjfkhf> tpyf;Fk; fw;gpj;jw; jWtha;fl;F KbTfhziyAk; typAWj;JfpwJ.

rpwg;Gf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs;

gy INuhg;gpa ehLfs; tYf;FiwTfspd; tpisTfisf; ftdpj;J> NkYk; ‘fy;tprhH

mZFKiw’ xd;iw Vw;Ws;sd. rpwg;Gf; fy;tp gw;wpg; nghUj;jkhd> Kw;Nghf;fhd rl;l epiwNtw;wy; %yk; gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; gpujhdNghf;Fg; ghlrhiyfSs; ,r; nray;Kiw tYg;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk;> rpy ehLfs; jkJ epjp toq;fy; Kiwikfis cupathW rupf;fl;bAs;sd@ gpw ehLfs; cs;slf;F fy;tpia Cf;Ftpf;fg; NghjpasT epjpapd; Njitia ed;FzHfpd;wd.

,Ug;gpDk; INuhg;ghtpd; tsk; epiwe;j ehLfspilapYk; ‘,e;j cs;slf;fy;

nka;apaiy eilKiwapy; epiwNtw;w mit jw;NghJ mtjpAWtjhfr;’ nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. jdpg;gl;l fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fNs tYtPdKila rpwhHfl;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fy;tpr; nraw;gLj;jiyj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fUtpfshAs;sd. ];fd;bNdtpa ehLfspYk; njd; INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; rpwg;Gj; NjitAs;s rpwhupy;

Vwj;jho 1% NgH rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdH. gpw ehLfspy; ,j;jifa

ghlrhiyfspYs;s rpwhupd; njhif 6% tiu caHfpwJ. INuhg;ghtpy; jw;Nghija

fy;tpg; Nghf;F ,U-jl KiwahFk;. gpujhdNghf;Fg; ghlrhiyfis mz;b —

Vidatw;wpw; Nritfspd; njhlHjd;ikAld; — xg;gpbd; mjpfstpy; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp Kiwikfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. NehHNtapYk; ,j;jhypapYk; murhq;fk; eljJk; gy rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyfspw; gy tsepiyaq;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

U.K.apy; tLg;glj;jf;f khztHfis cs;slf;Fjw;Fk; ehlshtpa ghlrhiyr;

nraw;jpwj;ij msf;f yPf; ml;ltizg; (league tables) ghtidf;Fkpilahd

,Ogwp> cs;slf;F fy;tpf;F ,d;ndhU rthyhFk;. ghlrhiy ntspg;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; ntw;wpia mstpLk; ,k; Kiw> cs;slf;F fy;tpapd; tpupthf;fj;Jf;Ff; Fopgwpf;fpwJ.

N[Hkdpapy; njhlf;f Mz;Lfspy; tYtPdKs;s rpwhHfl;F ntt;Ntwhd fy;tpAk;

cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp ,ltikTfs; — rpwg;G koiyaH gs;spfs;> Mjupj;j koiyaH

gs;spfs;> xUq;fpizj;j koiyaH gs;spfs; — toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. midj;Jg; nghUj;jkhf;fy;fSk; Mjhug; nghwpKiwfSk; toq;fg;gbd;> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpj; NjitAs;s rpwhHf;F> koiyaH gs;spfl;fg;ghy;> gpujhdNghf;Fg; ghlrhiyfis mila ,aYk;. rpwg;Gj; NjitAs;s khztHfis Mjupf;fr; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp MrpupaHfs; gpujhdNghf;Fg; ghlrhiy tFg;giwAs; mkHj;jg;gLtH. MjuT tFg;giwapDs;Nsh ntspapNyh toq;fg;glyhk;. gpur;ridfs; Vw;fj;jf;f kl;lj;Jf;Fj; jho;e;j gpd; kPsTk; gpujhdNghf;fpDl; NruTs;s Ngr;R my;yJ elj;ij ,f;fl;Ls;s khztHfl;F epthuz MjuT toq;f> ,ilkhww; ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd. NkYk;> NtwhfNth cs;slf;FQ; #oypNyh> njhopw;gapw;rpAk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. toikahd nra;njhopnyhd;wpw; NrHj;jy; ,ayhjtplj;J> ,k; khztHfl;F>

117

mtHfsJ jFjpf;Fk; jpwd; kl;lj;Jf;Fk; Vw;wthW> ,ad;wsT RahjPdkhapUf;Fk;gb> tYtPdKila khe;jHf;fhd njhopw; gl;liwfspy; jdpg;gl;l gapw;rp toq;fg;gLk;.

cs;slf;Fk; fy;tpf; nfhs;if xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Mf;fkhd eltbf;iffis

,e;jpah Kd;ndLj;Js;sJ. fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fspy; ‘tYtPdKila khe;jH

rl;lk;’ (Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995) ‘tYtPdKila khe;jHf;fhd Njrpaf;

nfhs;if’ (National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2006) vd;gtw;Wld;>

murhq;f Kd;ndLg;Gfshd tYtPdKilNahHf;fhd ‘xUq;fpizj;j fy;tpj; jpl;lk;’

(Project Integrated Education, 1987) ‘rHt rPf;\h mgpahd;’ my;yJ ‘vy;NyhHfFk;

fy;tp ,af;fk;’ (Sarva Shiksha Abiyan or Education for All Movement in 2001)

‘tYtPdKila rpwhHf;Fk; ,isNahHf;Fk; cs;slf;F fy;tpf;fhd nraw;ghl;Lj;

jpl;lk;’ (Action Plan for Inclusive Education of Children and Youth with

Disabilities, 2005) vd;gdTk; cUthapd. vt;thwhapDk;> eilKiwapy;> ,r; rl;l

Vw;ghLfs;> tYtPdKila midj;Jr; rpwhiuAk; fy;tp tha;g;Gg; ngWtpf;fj; jtwpd.

Nkiyj;Nja tifkhjpupahd cs;slf;F fy;tpia Kw;whfj; jOTtjpy; ag;ghdpag; ghlrhiyfspd; jaf;fj;ij ag;ghdpa tho;f;if Kiwf;F ikakhd gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; tpsf;ff;$Lk;. ag;ghdpaf; fy;tp Kiwik> fy;tp gw;wpa Nkiyj;Nja nka;apay;fshy; ngUksTk; khw;wj;Jf;F cl;glhkNy cs;sJ. $l;L Kaw;rpapdplj;Jj; jdpg;gl;l gd;ikj;Jtk; gw;wpg; Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f mf;fiwAld;>

mJ $Ljyhf kuGrhHe;j ‘$l;Lg;’ gz;ghl;L Nehf;ifNa njhlHe;Jk; NgZfpwJ. vdNt vy;yh khztHfSk; fy;tpapw; RlHtpLk; Mw;wYilNahH vdTk; Nkyjpf MjuT vJTk; ghugl;rnkdTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh khztHfSk; ntw;wpngWk; Mw;wiyr; rktstpYilNahnuDk; ,f; fUJNfhSld; njhlHGilajhff;> fLk; ciog;ghw; $Uw;w jd;ndhOf;fk; gw;wpa ghHit mikfpwJ. vdNt rk epiyikapYs;NshUld; cwTfis tbtikj;jy; topahd r%f> czHTepiy tpUj;jp gw;wpa mOj;jKKs;sJ. gz;ghl;L Ez;ZZHTfl;Fg; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lf;Fk; Nghjpa ftdpg;gpd;wp cs;slf;F mZFKiwia xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jiy ag;ghdpa cjhuzk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;JfpwJ.

Nfl;lw; FiwAila rpwhHf;fhd xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij n`hq; nfhq; guPl;rpj;J tUfpwJ. ,q;F Mapuk; NgUf;F %NtWgl;l tpUg;gj; NjHTfs; cs;sd: gpujhdNghf;fhd tha;nkhopg; ghtid gad;gLk; mZFKiw@ irif nkhop mZFKiwia toq;Fk; nrtpg;Gyd; Fiwe;NjhH ghlrhiy@ ,Unkhop

mZFKiwiaAila gpujhdNghf;Fg; ghlrhiy. UNESCOtpd; rHtNjr fy;tpg;

gzpafk;> ey;y cs;slf;F fy;tp eilKiiwf;F cfe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;nld ,ij tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ. irif> Ngr;R nkhopfspd; tpUj;jpia tsg;gLj;JkhW irif nkhopia cs;slf;fpa ,U-ghq;fhd fy;tpr; #oiy ,J gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ngw;NwhH ,g; gpujhdNghf;fhd ,U-nkhop mDgtj;ijj; jkJ rpwhUf;F toq;f MHtkhAs;sdH. vdpDk; ,ij ,d;dKk; murhq;fk; Vw;ftpy;iy.

Mgpupf;f ehLfs;> khztHfspy; xUkpj;j jd;ikia> mjhtJ xU FOtpYs;s

midj;Jr; rpwhUk; xj;j Mw;wYilNahH vd> Cfpf;Fk; ‘KO tFg;Gf;’ fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. kshtpapy; MrpupaHfl;F toq;Fk; MrpupaH topfhl;bfspy; ,ijf; fhzyhk;. fiyj;jpl;l mwpitf; Nfs;tpf;fg;ghw;gl;l cz;ikfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fUJk; Neupaw; ghHit khztHfspilNa NtWghl;ilg; Gwf;fzpf;Fk; nghw;];thdhtpYk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; nefpo;tpd;ikAk;

118

tpiwg;ghd fw;gpj;jw;-fiyAk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tifahd kuGrhH fw;gpj;jw;-fiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; eilKiwfisAk; njd;dhgpupf;fhTk; Mjupf;fpwJ.

,yq;ifapw; rpwg;Gf; fy;tpg; gpur;ridfs;

rpwg;Gf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;jYf;Fr; rupahd topfhl;lypd;ik

fy;tpaikr;Rk; r%f Nritfs;> rpwhH tpUj;jp mikr;RfSk; jd;dhHt epWtdq;fSk; murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fSk; rpwg;Gj; NjitAila rpwhHfl;Fr; Nrit toq;fypy; <Lgl;bUg;gpDk;> mit gpd;gw;wf;$ba xU nghJ topfhl;ly; njhFjp mitf;fpilNa ,y;iy. cs;slf;F fy;tpf; fUj;jhf;fj;ijg; nghJg;gl Vw;gpDk;>

kjpapWf;fk; (Autism), Downs Syndrome (Kd;dH kq;Nfhypak;) Nghd;w

tYtPdq;fspd; njhlHgpy; mZFKiw khw;wk; Njit. rhjhuz tFg;Gfspy; xd;wpizAKd; jpirg;gLj;J ikaq;fspw; NrHf;fNtz;bNahUs;sdH. ,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhHfl;fhd rpwg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; mwNt ,y;iy.

rKjhaj;jpy; vjpHkiw kdg;ghq;Ffs; kuGtopr; rKjhak; tYtPdKila rpwhiug; gpwupd; mDjhgj;jpw;Fj; jf;Nfhuha;f; fUjpDk; mtHfsJ cupikfis kw;Nwhupdit Nghy kjpg;gjpy;iy. mtHfspd; fy;tp cupik Vw;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjd; tpisthf mj;jifa rpwhHfisr; rhjhuz tFg;Gfspy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ gpw rpwhupd; ngw;NwhH vjpHf;fpd;wdH. ,jw;fhd tpopg;GzHT epfo;Tfisj; Njrpa> jyj;J> epWtd kl;lq;fspy; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t; tifapy; nghJrd Clfq;fs; ngUk; gq;fhw;wyhk;. khw;Wj; jpwDila rpwhupd; ngw;NwhH jk; rpwhiuf; ftdpj;jw;fhd rpwg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Ntz;Lk;.

tYtPdKilNahHf;Fj; jdpikg;gl;l ghlrhiyfs; cs;sik cs;slf;fy; vDk; vz;zf;fU Gof;fj;Jf;F tUKd; tYtPdk; cs;NshHf;F kl;Lkd;wp tYtPdKilNahupilAk; Nfl;lw;> ghHitf; FiwghLilaNahHf;nfdj; jdpg; ghlrhiyfspUe;jd. ,j;jifa 25 ghlrhiyfs; ,d;Dk; cs;sd@ mtw;Wf;F murhq;f MjuTs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mit cs;slf;FtdthFkhW> mtw;iwr; rhjhuz ghlrhiyfshf;fy; ,ayhjpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,r; rpwhu; r%fj;NjhL xd;wpiztjpw; gpur;rpidfis vjpHNehf;FtH. ,r; rpwhu; toikahd ghlrhiyr; rpwhUld; NrHe;J gof tha;g;gspg;gJ mtrpak;.

xJf;fg;gl;l rpwhupd; fy;tpg; ngWif ,g;NghJ tYtPdk; cs;s rpwhupw; ngUk;ghNyhH ghlrhiyfspw; NrHfpd;wdH. MapDk; trjpfis toq;fj; jkJ ngw;Nwhupd; ,ayhikahy; ghlrhiy nry;yj; jtWk; xJf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;j rpwhu; cs;sdH. njhiytpYs;s ghrhiyfl;Fr; nry;y ,r; rpwhHfl;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J cjtp Njit. ,j;jifa FLk;gq;fl;F cjtp toq;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ,j;jifa rpwhHf;F tjptpl trjpfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tsg; gw;whf;Fiw tpiyAaHe;jdTk; tYtPdk; cs;s rpwhupd; ngw;Nwhupd; Mw;wiy kPwpadTkhd cgfuzq;fs; ,r; rpwhHf;Fj; Njit nrtpg;Gyd; Fiwe;j rpwhHf;Ff; Nfl;lw;

JizAk; (hearing aid) ghHit Fiwe;jtHfl;F gpnua;y; vOjpfSk; (Braille writers)

cly;-rhH/gyTWg;G tYtPdKilNahHf;F efHTf;fhd rpy;Y ehw;fhyp Nghd;w trjpfSk; mtrpak;. Njitg;ghLila rpwhHfl;F ,t; trjpfis toq;f NkYk; tsq;fs; Njit. NkYk;> rpwg;Gf; fy;tp tFg;Gfl;F 5 khztHfl;F xU MrpupaH vDk; MrpupaH-khztH tpfpjk; Ntz;Lk;. xt;ntU fy;tp tyaj;jpYk;> Nghjpastpy;>

119

tYtPdk; cs;s rpwhHfl;fhd rpwg;G ts-epiyaq;fs; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfSk; jPtpu tYtPdk; cs;stHfl;fhd xU tjptplg; ghlrhiyahtJ Ntz;Lk;.

MrpupaHfsJk; Nkw;ghHit CopaHfsJk; njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp rpwg;Gf; fy;tpj; NjitAila rpwhHfl;Fj; Njitf;fikar; rpwg;ghd cjtp toq;FkhW> mj;jifNahiuAk; mtHfSila tYtPdq;fisAk; milahsq;fhZk; gapw;rp MrpupaHfs; ahtHf;Fe; Njit. xUq;fpize;j tFg;Gfspd; MrpupaHfisAk; ngw;NwhiuAk; topelj;JkhW> rpwg;Gf; fy;tp ikaq;fl;Fg; nghWg;ghd MrpupaHfl;F ntt;NtW tif tYtPdq;fs; gw;wp Mo;e;j tpsf;fe; Njit. mj;Jld;> MrpupaHfl;F mwpTWj;jp mtHfis topelj;JkhW> Nkw;ghHit CopaHfl;Fk; ,r; rpwhupd; rpwg;Gj; Njitfs; gw;wp KOjhd mwpT Njit.

,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhUk; cstpUj;jp Fd;wpa rpwhUk; jw;Nghija fy;tp Kiwikfs;> ruhrup khztHfSila Njitfisf; ftdpg;gd. mit ,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhHfisAk; cstpUj;jp Fd;wpa rpwhHfisAk; Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wd. fy;tp mikr;rpd; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp myF> MrpupaHfspy; tiuaiwg;gl;l njhifapdHf;Nf cstpUj;jp Fd;wpa rpwhHfis elj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpg; gapw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. ,J NghjhJ. ,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhHfis milahsq;fz;L mtHfs; Jupjkhf tpUj;jpngww;fhd xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKkpy;iy. ,uz;Lk; mj;jpahtrpakhdit.


epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l epiwNtw;wy; topfhl;ly;fs; 168. khw;Wj;-jpwDs;s khztHfspd; ntt;NtW tif tYtPdq;fis milahsq;

fz;L tifg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tbtikg;Gf;Fk; nraw;gLj;jYf;Fkhd topfhl;ly;fis mjw;fika tFf;fNtz;Lk;.

169. khztH njhifapdupilAs;s khw;Wj; jpwdhsHfspd; cupikfis tpsq;fTk; kjpf;fTkhd r%f tpopg;GzHit Clfq;fs; %yKk; cupa epWtdq;fs; %yKk; cUthf;fNtz;Lk;.

170. xt;nthU fy;tp tyaj;jpYk; Fiwe;jJ %d;W Muk;gg;ghlrhiyfspYk; xU ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyapYk; cs;slf;F fy;tp eilKiwfisg; GFj;jp> khw;Wj;-jpwDs;s khztHfisAk; ke;jNtfj;jpw; fw;NghiuAk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g; ghlrhiyfl;F Ntz;ba cl;fl;Lkhd> ,aw;nghUs; trjpfisAk; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp MrpupaHfisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

171. toikahd ghlrhiyfspy; cs;slf;F fy;tpf;fhf mDkjpf;f ,ayhjsT fLk; tYtPdKs;s khztHfisf; ftdpf;FkhW> xt;nthU fy;tp tyaj;jpYk; xU rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyia epWt Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa rpwhHf;F> Ntz;batplj;J> tjptpl trjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g; ghlrhiyiaf; fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; r%f Nritfs; mikr;rpdJk; gq;fhz;ik %yk; epWtp ,af;f Ntz;Lk;.

172. NtWgl;l tYtPdq;fisAk; Mw;ww;FiwfisAKilNahHf;fhd rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyr; rpwhUk; maypYs;s rhjhuz ghlrhiyr; rpwhUk; NrHe;J nraw;gLkhW rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyfspy; r%f Clhl;lk; tpUj;jpAw Ntz;Lk;.

120

fy;tp milT 173. tpspk;Gepiyg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; tYtPdKila rpwhH ghlrhiy nry;y

,aYkhW> mtHfis ,dq;fz;L Ntz;ba cgfuzq;fisNah nryTfl;Fg; Nghjpa epjpAjtpiaNah toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

174. Njitahd trjpfis toq;fTk; cl;fl;likg;ig tpUj;jpnra;aTkhfr; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp epjp xJf;fPl;ilf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.

175. xt;nthU fy;tp tyaj;jpYk; r%f Nritfs; mikr;Rld; gq;fhz;ikahf xU rpwg;Gf; fy;tp> kjpj; Jiz ikaj;ij epWt Ntz;Lk;.

176. rpwg;Gf; fy;tp MrpupaHfspd; jpwd; tpUj;jpia tYg;gLj;JtNjhL midj;J MrpupaH fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspYk; rpwg;Gf; fy;tp gw;wpa tpopg;GzHTf; $nwhd;iw cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.

177. cstpUj;jp Fd;wpa rpwhuJk; ,aw;ifg; NgWila rpwhuJk; Njitfisf; ftdpg;gJld;> nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. kPj;jpwd; $ba khztHfl;Fk; kdtpUj;jp Fd;wpa khztHfl;Fk; Njitahd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

121

Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp

mwpKfk;

“epWtpa KiwrhH Kiwikf;F ntspNa> jdpahfNth gue;j nraw;ghNlNjdJk; gFjpahfNth> milahsq;fz;l fw;wy; thbf;ifahsH FOtpw;Fk; fw;wy;

,yf;Ffl;Fk; Nritahw;WkhW xOq;fikj;j fy;tp eltbf;ifnaJTk;” Kiwrhuhf;

fy;tp (NFE) vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLk;. fw;NghH jkJ fw;wypy; capHg;Gs;s

gq;Ftfpj;jyhYk; jkJ Rw;whlYf;Fj; jdpg;gadhf;fyhYk; NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; fw;NghH ikakhdit. mjd; fiyj;jpl;lk; nefpo;thdJ@ mij xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpdpd;W ,d;ndhd;Wf;F khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. nray;Kiwf;Fupa kdpj cwTfs; KiwrhuhjdTk; xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtH fw;wy; kPJ jq;fpAs;sitAkhk;. fiyj;jpl;lk; eilKiwj; jpwd;fs; kPJk; mwptpd; kPJk; ftdq;Ftpj;J> ,isQiuAk; khjiuAk; ViofisAk; tpspk;GepiyapdiuAk; ,yf;F itf;fpwJ. r%fg; gq;fspg;G kpf mjpfkhAk; Kfhikj;Jtk; gutyhfpAk; epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfs; nefpo;thAk; ,Uf;Fk;

“Learning to Be – 1972” (csjhff; fw;wy;)> “Learning the treasure within – 1993”

(cs;spUf;Fk; mUk;nghUisf; fw;wy;) Mfpa UNESCO mwpf;iffspd; ntspaPL

tho;ehl;-fhyf; fy;tp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; gutyhf;fypy; Kf;fpa jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mwpT Jupjkhf khWfpwJ. ,e; epfo;Tld; xl;b Kd;dfuf;> fw;ww; r%fk; xd;wpd; tuit cyfk; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;ff; fw;wy; vd;gJ etPd kdpjupd; mj;jpahtrpaj; jpwd;fspy; xd;W. r%fq;fs; Gjpa fw;wYld; rkkhf Kd;Ndw Kiwrhuhf;fy;tp %yk; kl;LNk tha;g;Gfis toq;Fk;. jd; tpisnghUl;fis toq;f ePz;l fhynkLf;Fk; KiwrhH fy;tpiag; Nghyd;wpf;> FWfpa fhyj;jpy; tpisTfisj; jUk; mD$yj;jhy;> tpUj;jpf;fhd fUtpahf

cyfsht NFEapd; Kf;fpak; Vw;fg;gl;lJ. KiwrhH fy;tpapDk; tpiy–gad; jpwDilanjd;gJld; Fwpg;ghd ,yf;Ff; FOf;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;w mij elj;jYk; ,d;ndhU fhuzpahFk;. mJ> Fwpg;ghfr; r%fj;jpy; trjpFiwe;j FOf;fis ,yf;fhf;fpr;> nraw;jpwd; fy;tpiaAk; trjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

I.eh. kdpjTupikg; gl;laj;jpw; (UN Charter on Human Rights 1948) njhlq;fpg; gy;NtW I.eh. gpufldq;fspw; nghjpe;Js;s fy;tpAupikia cWjpg;gLj;JkhW>

cyff; fy;tp khehL (Jomtien,1990) jdJ “midtHf;Fk; fy;tpg;” gpufld %yk;> midtHf;Fk; fy;tp vDk; ,yf;iff; Fwpj;j fhy tuk;gpw;Fs; va;j ciof;FkhW rHtNjrr; r%fj;Jf;F miog;GtpLj;jJ. rpwhH gw;wpa cyf cr;rp khehL (2000)

Maputhz;L tpUj;jp ,yf;Ffisf; (Millennium Development Goals) ifnaLj;jJ. mtw;Ws; 2015k; Mz;by; cyfshtpa Muk;gf; fy;tpapd; milT mtw;Ws; xd;W.

,t;tpyf;Ffis milag; gpd;gw;wTfe;j vspa topfspy; NFE xd;whFk;. vdNt

E}w;whz;Lj; njhlf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU fy;tp %Nyhghakhf ,J milahsk; fhzg;gl;bUe;jJ.

1972,y; fy;tpaikr;rpd; kf;fs; fy;tpf; fpisia (Janatha Education Branch)

epWtpaNjhL> 1970fspy; ,yq;ifapy; NFE Kiwg;gb Vw;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; Kd;>

,d;iwa NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;W> tptrha mikr;Rk; Rfhjhu mikr;Rk;

$l;LwT mikg;Gfs; mikr;Rk; fpuhk tpUj;jp mikr;Rk; elj;jpa tpupthf;fy;

122

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; njhopy; mikr;R elj;jpa njhopw; gapw;rpAk; fy;tp mikr;R

(MoE) xOq;fikj;j ,uTg; ghlrhiyfSk; Nghd;w gy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

yq;fh k`py rkpjp (,yq;if kfspH rq;fk;)> rHNthja ,af;fk; Nghd;w muRrhuhj; jd;dhHt epWtdq;fSk; Rfhjhuj; Jiw epWtdq;fSk; elj;Jk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; cs;sd.

MoEapd; NFE fpisaplk; Kjypy; %d;W epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd: ghlrhiy

tpyfpNahHf;fhd njhopw;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;@ ghlrhiyapypy;yhj rpwhHfl;Fk; KjpHe;NjhHf;Fkhd nghJf; fy;tp@ ghlrhiy tpyfpNahHf;fhd thu ,Wjp Mq;fpy tFg;Gfs;. nghJthd KjpHe;NjhH fy;tpia xOq;fikf;fTk; Nkw;ghHitaplTk; Nfhl;l kl;lj;jpy; KjpHe;NjhH fy;tp mYtyHfspd; epakdj;Jld;> 1977,y; KjpHe;NjhH fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; tYg;ngw;wd.

mLj;j jrhg;jq;fspy;> NFE fpis tYg;ngw;Wg; gpw gFjpfisAk; cs;slf;FkhW

tpuptile;jJ. Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf epakpj;j KjpHe;NjhH fy;tp mYtyHfspd;

,lj;jpy;> ,sk; gl;ljhupfis NFE jpl;l mYtyHfshfr; NrHj;J vy;yhf; Nfhl;lq;fspYk; gjtpapy; mkHj;jpdH. ,f; fpis jw;NghJ elj;Jk;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fshtd:

ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpwhHf;Fk; KjpHe;jtHfl;Fkhd nray;rhH vOj;jwpT ikaq;fs;

r%ff; fw;wy; ikaq;fs;: ,k; ikaq;fs;> Ntiyaw;w ,isNahH> FLk;gj; jiytpaH Nghd;w gy;tif KjpHe;NjhH ,yf;Ff; FOf;fl;fhd r%fg; gpur;ridfSk; FWfpa fhy tUkhdkPl;Lk; nraw;ghLfSk; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cl;gl;l gy; tif epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;Jfpd;wd.

tPlw;w rpwhHfisf; ftdpj;J mbg;gilf; fy;tp toq;Fk; tPjptho; rpwhHfl;fhd Nedruz ikaq;fs;.

ghlrhiy tpyfpNahHf;fhd njhopw;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

ntspehl;L Ntiyf;Fg; NghFk; ngz;fl;fhd Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

ghlrhiy tpyfpNahHf;fhd njhopy; KidTg; gapw;rp.

ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpwhHfis KiwrhH fy;tpf;Fl; NrHf;f Maj;jg;gLj;Jk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtdKk; (NIE) 1989,y; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsnkhd;iw

epWtpaJ. mjd; Nehf;fk;> tpUj;jpapy; xU fUtpahf NFE kPJ ftdq; Ftpg;gjhFk;.

mj;Jld;> NFEapy; <Lgl;bUe;j CopaHfl;Fg; gapw;rp toq;FtNjhL mj; Jiwapy;

Muha;it elj;JtJk; mjd; mf;fiwfshk;. mjd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfspy; xd;W> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpia epiwthf;fhJ ghlrhiy ePq;fpa ,isNahupd; Njitfisf;

ftdpf;FkhW “jpwe;j ghlrhiy” vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jpnra;jikahFk;.

Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; Nghf;Ffs;

tpUj;jpailAk; ehLfspy; kf;fspilNa> xU tpUj;jp %Nyhghkhf> NFE epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; nry;thf;Filad. jha;yhe;jpy;> KiwrhH> Kiwrhuh> ,ay;ghd fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; mwpT-mbg;gilf; fy;tpr;-rKjhaj;ij miljw;fhd fUtpfshf

123

Vw;fg;gLtd. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; njhlHr;rpahd tho;ehl;fhyf; fw;wy; tpUj;jp Mw;wiyf; fl;LkhW> jha;yhe;Jf; fy;tp KiwrhH> ,ay;ghd> Kiwrhuh fy;tpfspd; xUq;fpiztpd; gadhd tho;ehl;fhyf; fy;tpahf Ntz;Lk; vdj; Njrpa fy;tpr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ. fy;tpapd; epiwthf;fy; vd;w epge;jidf;Fl;gl;L> Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; Kfhikr; nray;KiwfisAk; fhy msitAk; kjpg;gPl;ilAk; mstPl;ilAk; jPHkhdpg;gjpy; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp nefpo;thdJ. Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapd; cs;slf;fKk; fiyj;jpl;lKk; Njitg;ghLfl;Fg; nghUj;jkhAk; gjpyspg;gdthAk; jdpg;gl;l fw;NghH FO xt;nthd;wpdJk; Njitfis epiwthf;FtdthAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;NghH jkJ mf;fiwf;Fk; ,ay;jpwj;Jf;Fk; Maj;jj;Jf;Fk; gpwuplkpUe;Jk; r%fj;jpdpd;Wk; Rw;whlypdpd;Wk; Clfq;fspdpd;Wk; kw;iwa Cw;W%yq;fspdpd;Wk; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;Gfl;F mikaj; jhkhff; fw;wiy Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp ,aYkhf;FfpwJ.

fy;tp mikr;R NFEf;Fg; nghWg;ghf Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Mizf;FO mYtyfj;ij

(ONFEC) epWtpaJ. ghlrhiyf;F ntspapYs;s ,yf;Ff; FOf;fSk; mbg;gilf;

fy;tpiaAk; caH fy;tpiaAk; Kbj;NjhUk;> tho;ehl;fhyf; fy;tpiaj; njhlUkhW>

Kiwrhuh> ,ay;ghd fy;tpr; Nritfis toq;FtJk; Mjupg;gJNk ONFEC,d; gpujhd gzpfshk;. mJ> jd; Nritfis mbg;gilf; fy;tp tha;g;G kWf;fg;gl;l gpw;gl;NlhUf;Fk; toq;FfpwJ. mjd; nraw;ghLfs; %d;W fsq;fspy; cs;sd:

mbg;gilf;fy;tp: nray;rhH vOj;jwpT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;@ kiyg; gpuNjr fy;tpg; gzpj;jpl;lk;> njhlH fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;.

njhopw; fy;tpAk; jpwd; gapw;rpAk;: tpUg;Gf; FOf;fs;@ FWfpa-fhy njhopw;

fw;ifnewpfs;@ njhopw; rhd;wpjo;f; fiyj;jpl;lk;@ NFE nra;njhopy;rhH

rhd;wpjo;f; fiyj;jpl;lk;.

jftw; Nrit: nghJ E}yfk;@ r%ff; fw;wy; epiyaq;fs;@ fy;tp thndhypAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfSk;@ tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpj; Njrpa ikak;.

jha;yhe;jpd; NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; tpupthdJk; mfd;w nraw;gug;igf; nfhz;lJnkd

,J fhl;LfpwJ. njd; nfhupahtpy; nra;njhopy; mjpfhu mLf;fpy; caH epiyg; gjtp ngww;fhd Nghl;bapd; gadhf fy;tpiaj; njhlHjw;fhd Nfs;tp kpf mjpfk;. mjd; tpisthf caH jifikfisg; ngw Ntz;LNthUf;F tha;g;gspf;FkhW jdpahH fy;tp FWf;fpl;Ls;sJ. ,g; Nghf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;JkhW> murhq;fk; fy;tpiaj; njhlHjw;fhd jdJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisj; njhlf;fpaJ.

mjw;fikag; gpd;tUk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis murhq;fk; njhlf;fpaJ.

KjpHe;NjhH fy;tp: Fwpg;ghf toikahd ghlrhiyfl;Fg; Ngha;f; fy;tpia Kbf;f ,ayhj njhopy;nra;Ak; ,isNahHf;Fk; KjpHe;NjhHf;Fk; khw;Wf;

fy;tp tha;g;Gf; Nfhupf;iff;F kWnkhopahfr; “r%ff; fy;tp Cf;Ftpg;Gr;

rl;lk;” Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; CopaHfspd; Njitia epiwTnra;ag; Nghjpa tho;ehl;fhyf; fy;tp Cf;Ftpg;ig Mjupg;gd.

khw;Wg; ghlrhiy: KiwrhH ghlrhiyfl;F epfuhfg; ghlnewpfis toq;Fk; FbrhH ghlrhiy (Muk;g epiy)> FbrhH ghlrhiy (,il epiy)> njhopw; JiwNahL ,ize;j ghlrhiy> ghlrhiyNahL ,ize;j khiy tFg;Gfs;> thd;top> njhlHghly; caH ghlrhiy> njhopy;rhH gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Mfpad cs;sd.

124

njhiyf; fw;wy; epWtdq;fs;: jpwe;j nefpo;thd fy;tpr;#oiy mila

,aYkhf;FkhW njhiyf;fhl;rp> thrpg;G-kl;Lk;-epidtf ,Wtl;L (CD-ROM)>

tPbNahf; fye;jha;T> ,izak;> mr;rpl;l tplaq;fs;> thndhyp> Nfl;nghypg; Ngio Mfpatw;iwg; ghtpj;J elj;Jk; njhiyf;fy;tp Kiwapy; ,skhdpg; gl;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; ghlnewpfisf; nfhupa thd;top> njhlHghly;

gy;fiyf;fofk; (Korea Air and Correspondence University) toq;FfpwJ. mjpy; ,ize;j khztHfspw; ngUk;ghNyhH> njhopw;rhiyj; njhopyhsHfSk; murhq;f CopaHfSk; ,uhZt tPuHfSk; MrpupaHfSkhtH.

,e;jpahtpy;> ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNawpa khztHfl;F ,uz;lhtJ tha;g;G toq;fy; kPJ Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp ftdq;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,k; khztHfSs; nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;Lf; fl;lhaq;fshy; ghlrhiyapypUe;J xJq;fpNdhUk; tpyf;fpNdhUk; tpyfpNdhUk; mlq;FtH.

KONeug; ghlrhiyf;Fg; Nghf Kbahj fpuhkr; rpwhu; midtHf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp vDk; ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;w ,f; fy;tpKiw

tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp (NFE) jw;NghJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;F xU

khw;whff; $Hg;gile;Js;sJ.

1988 Kjy;> vy;NyhHf;Fkhd Muk;gf;fy;tpia milAkhW NFEapd; nraw;ghLfs;

tYT+l;lg;gl;ld. KiwrhH fy;tpNa nghJf; fy;tp toq;Fk; ghq;Ffspw; rpwe;jnjdf; fUjg;gbDk;> ,e;jpah jdJ ngUQ; rdj;njhiff;F> Kf;fpakhf trjpaw;w r%fg; gpuptpdH midtHf;Fk; tha;g;Gfis toq;f ,ayhJ. vdNt> ,j; Njit fUjp kdpj

ts tpUj;jp mikr;R (MHRD)> fy;tprhH Ma;T> gapw;rpj; Njrpa rigapd; (NCERT) fPo; > KOikahdnjhU Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. 1988 Kjy; 1995 tiu> ,j; jpizf;fsk; gl;baypl;l (jho;j;jg;gl;l) rhjp> ,d kf;fspd; fy;tpj; Njitfis fz;fhzpf;fg; nghWg;ghapUe;jJ. 1995,y; ,j; jpizf;fsk;> Kiwrhuh> khw;Wg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; vdg; ngaHkhw;wg;gl;lJ. ,j; jpizf;fsk; Njrpaf; Fwpf;Nfhsha; ,Ue;Jte;j> midtHf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp vd;gij milaf; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fhw;w Maj;jkhAs;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs;

fle;j ehY jrhg;jq;fspy; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpg; gpupT> nray;rhH vOj;jwpT> njhopw; gapw;rp> kf;fspd; tho;Tj; ju caHit Cf;Ftpj;jy; gw;wp tpopg;GzHt+l;ly; Mfpa Jiwfspy; nkr;rj;jf;f rhjidfis va;jpapUg;gpDk;> epug;g Ntz;bait gyTs;sd. ,t; ,ilntspfis epug;GkhW> ,g; gpupit tYt+l;l Ntz;Lk;.

,g;Nghija #o;epiyapy;> NFE tpUj;jpf;Fg; gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidfisf;

ftdpf;fNtz;Lk;.

Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; xUq;fpizg;gpd;ik fy;tpj; JiwapDs; ntt;NtW Kftufq;fspdpilNa xUq;fpizg;G ,y;iy. fy;tp mikr;rpNyNa Kiwrhuh> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf; fpis vdTk; midtHf;Fk; fy;tpf; fpis vdTk; xj;j gzpfisahw;Wk; ,U fpisfSs;sd. murpayikg;gpd; 13k; rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd; gb Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp khfhzq;fl;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt

mitAk; NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j ,ul;bg;ig ePf;f> 13k;

rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpw; $wpathW> NFE gzpfis khfhzq;fl;F Kw;whfg;

125

gutyhf;FkhW gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,r; nraw;ghLfis fz;fhzpf;fTk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jf;F mwpf;ifg;gLj;jTk; NjitAz;L. ,e; Nehf;fj;Jf;fhff;> fz;fhzpg;G> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jw; gzpfis fy;tp mikr;rpd; midtHf;Fk; fy;tpf; fpisaplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;Nghija Kiwrhuh> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf; fpisapd; ngaiur; rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf; fpis vd khw;wpg; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; rpwg;Gf; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfis ,irtpf;fTk; fz;fhzpf;fTk; mJ nghWg;ghf Ntz;Lk;.

‘jpwe;j ghlrhiy’ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;jypd; gpur;rpidfs;

ghlrhiy ePq;fpa ,isNahHf;fhfj;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtdk; (NIE) ‘jpwe;j ghlrhiy’

vDk; vz;zf;fUitAk; fiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL>

jw;NghJ mJ jpwe;j ghlrhiyf;fhd gapw;rp tFg;Gfis elj;JfpwJ. NIE mjw;fhd fiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; khjpupAUf;fisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;J> jpwe;j ghlrhiyf;fhd gapw;WeHfspd; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpiaAq; ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ. NkYk;> jpwe;j ghlrhiy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l epiwNtw;ww; nghWg;igAk; khfhzf; fy;tp mjpfhuq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fNtz;Lk;. mit rhHe;j

fz;fhzpg;G> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfisf; MOEapd; EFA fpisapd;

fPopUf;fNtz;Lk;.

Njit-ikakhfhj; njhopw; gapw;rpf;fhd NFE epfo;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

jw;NghJ MoEapd; NFE fpis elj;Jk; NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,g;Nghija

Njitfis epiwT nra;ah. mjd; njhopw;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,isNahiuj; njhopYf;Fg; gapw;w tpisgadw;wJ. mijtpl ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Njit-mbg;gilapyhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisj; njhopw; gapw;rp mikr;Rk; gpw

Kftufq;fSk; elj;Jfpd;wd. jw;NghJ MoEapd; NFE fpis elj;Jk; midj;Jj; njhopw; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.

nray;rhH vOj;jwpTikaq;fspy; ,ayhj epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; fy;tpawpT tFg;igf; fpuhkq;fspy; elj;jg; ghlrhiy nry;yhj khztH njhif NghjhjpUe;jjhy;> nray;rhH vOj;jwpTikaq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. vdpDk;> nray;rhH vOj;jwpTikaq;fs; ntF njhiyT tpyfp mike;Js;sikahy;> mit ,aYtd my;y. ghlrhiy nry;yhr; rpwhH jdpikg;gl;l fpuhkq;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. mtHfs; neLe;Juk; gazQ;nra;J vOj;jwpT ikaq;fl;Fg; Nghf ,ayhJs;sdH. mtHfl;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf;> fpuhkq;fspw; nghUj;jkhd jhdq;fspy; kPs Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

r%ff; fw;wy; ikaq;fspy; CopaH gw;whf;Fiw tpisagaDs;s epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;jr;> r%ff; fw;wy; ikaq;fspy; CopaHfSk; tsq;fSk; FiwT. r%fj;jpy; cs;s> njupthd ntt;NtW ,yf;Ff; FOf;fl;Fj; njhlHr;rpahd fy;tpia toq;FkhW mtw;iw tYT+l;l Ntz;Lk;.

NFE jpl;l mYtyHfl;Fg; gapw;rp Nghjhik

NFE jpl;l mYtyHfs; KjpHe;NjhHf;fhd fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elj;j

Kiwahd gapw;rp ngw;Nwhuy;y. Nritapw; gjtpAaHT tha;g;Gfspd;ikahy; mtHfs; tpuf;jpNahLs;sdH. Mw;wYila mYtyHfspw; ngUk;ghNyhH $ba tha;g;Gs;s gpw epWtdq;fl;F tpyfpr; nrd;Ws;sdH.

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epjp tsg; Nghjhik

NFE f;F toq;Fk; epjp tsk; NghjhJ. NFE gapw;rp ikaq;fl;F> etPd ICT cgfuzq;fSk; gapw;wpa CopaHfSk; cl;gl NkYk; ey;y trjpfs; Njit.

Kiwahd NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fl;fhd ,aw;nghUs; tsq;fisg; gpw;gfypw;

ghtpj;Jr; nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwf;fyhk;.


NFE nraw;ghLfis khfhzq;fl;Fg; nghWg;gspj;jy; 178. MOEapdJk; NIEapdJk; khfhz mjpfhuq;fsJk; Kiwrhuh> rpwg;Gf; fy;tp>

midtHf;Fk;-fy;tpf; fpisfsJk; nraw;ghLfisj; njspthf tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.

179. murpayikg;gpd; 13k; rl;lj;-jpUj;jj;jpw; $wpagb NFE nraw;ghLfis

khfhzq;fl;F Kw;whfg; nghWg;gspj;Jf;> fz;fhzpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk;

nghWg;ig MoEapd; midtHf;Fk; fy;tpf; fpisaplk; (Education for All

Branch) xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

180. MOEapYs;s jw;Nghija Kiwrhuh> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf; fpisapd; ngaiur;

rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf; fpis vd khw;wpg; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapd; rpwg;Gf; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspd; ,irtpg;Gf;Fk; fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fk; mijg; nghWg;ghf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpAk; gapw;Wtpg;Nghupd; gapw;wYk;

181. fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpf;Fk; gapw;Wtpg;Nghupd; gapw;wYf;Fk; jpwe;j

ghlrhiyf;fhf Ma;Tfis elj;jw;Fk; NIE nghWg;ghf Ntz;Lk;.

182. njhopw; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis NFE epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fPo;

elj;jyhfhJ.

183. ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpwhH vj; jyj;jpYk; nrwpthf thohikahy;> nray;rhH vOj;jwpT ikaq;fs; jkJ gaid ,oe;Jtpl;ld. mj;jifa rpwhu; midtiuAk; nghUj;jkhd FOg; Nghjidf;F cfe;j ,lq;fspy; mkHj;j Ntz;Lk;.

184. etPd ICT cgfuzq;fisAk; gpw trjpfisAk; toq;fpr; r%ff; fw;wy;

ikaq;fis tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,ad;wsT mjpf fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;FkhW khfhz mjpfhuq;fs; ,e; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij tpupTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

185. NFE jpl;l mYtyHfspd; Nrit epge;jidfis xOq;fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. NFE jpl;l mYtyHfl;F KjpHe;NjhH fy;tpapy; njhopy;rhH gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

186. NFE epjp xJf;fPl;il caHj;j Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpj; juj;ij cahj;jy; -...

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