future propulsion system mix and its impact on … 2018/s4 - rm.pdf · rahul mital technical fellow...
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Rahul MitalTechnical Fellow Diesel Aftertreatment
General Motors
FUTURE PROPULSION SYSTEM MIX AND ITSIMPACT ON AUTOMOTIVE PGM USAGE
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
v Internal Combustion EnginesØ Projected General Motors North America PGM usage
vGold as a CatalystvOther Propulsion Systemsv Projected Propulsion System Mix in Futurev Impact on PGM usage due to Future
Propulsion System Mix
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COST OF PGM IN THE CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Exhaust System
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OVERVIEW – GM GASOLINE PGM USAGE
Ø Most OEMs are reducing fleetaverage emissions with time asshown in the chart above.
Ø GM is also in a performanceenhancement environment(lower emissions year over year).
Ø GM projects it can hold PGM constant while increasing performance.
Legislated North America
RDE compliance expected on top of this
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OVERVIEW – GM DIESEL PGM USAGE
Roughly 2/3 of GM spend is Pddue to gas engine loadings.
PGM usage in diesels is steady inthe coming years with close to50-50 Pt:Pd ratio.
GM Precious Metal Spend
Ø There is significant interest in substituting Pd with Pt in the converters due to pricing.Ø Pt works well for diesel but generally Pd is more durable for gasoline converters.
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
v Internal Combustion EnginesØ Projected General Motors North America PGM usage
vGold as a CatalystvOther Propulsion Systemsv Projected Propulsion System Mix in Futurev Impact on PGM usage due to Future
Propulsion System Mix
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AU TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Gold was less expensive than Pt during 2003- 2008. There was very high interest inreplacing Pt with Gold in catalytic converters during this period.
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AU TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
vAu has been known as a catalyst for a long time.vIt is not used in production as it is highly susceptible to S poisoning.vIts low melting point makes it unfeasible for gasoline applications.vIt has high sintering potential when exposed to high temperatures.vAu by itself is not as efficient as Pt for HC/CO oxidation and cannot
provide the NO to NO2 oxidation functionality.vPdAu alloy is required for catalyst stability and Pt is necessary for
increasing S robustness, hence use of tri metal (PtPdAu) becomesnecessary.
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AU TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTIONTri-layered Design
v Pt function is physically separated from Pd-Au in a tri-layer orzoned design.
v Use of zeolite separating Pt and Pd-Au functionsv Au is in the bottom layer or in the rear of the zone catalyst to
protect it from S, sintering and HC inhibition of CO oxidation.
v Currently Au price is significantly higher than Pt so there is no business case.
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
v Internal Combustion EnginesØ Projected General Motors North America PGM usage
vGold as a CatalystvOther Propulsion Systemsv Projected Propulsion System Mix in Futurev Impact on PGM usage due to Future
Propulsion System Mix
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Beyond Conventional Powertrain SolutionsHybrids, Battery Electric Vehicles, & Hydrogen Fuel Cells
CONSERVATION PETROLEUM DISPLACEMENT
Increasingly Electrified Propulsion Systems
Electricity and Hydrogen(Zero Emissions Energy Sources)
Petroleum and Biofuels(Conventional and Alternative Sources)
HEVPHEV
Extended-Range
Electric
Battery-Electric
LightElectrification
Fuel Cell-Electric
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Cadillac ELR Chevy VoltBuick LaCrosse
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Chevy Bolt Chevy Spark EV
Chevrolet Spark and Bolt
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Chevrolet Colorado ZH2fuel cell electric vehicle
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HOW DOES PROPULSION SYSTEMMIX CHANGE INTO THE FUTURE ?
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HOW DOES PROPULSION SYSTEMMIX IMPACT FUTURE PGM USAGE ?
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vMore than 85% of the passenger cars are expected to have internalcombustion engines with converters in 2030.
v Cars with electrification will typically be certified to lower emission levels andtheir ICE converter PGM loading is not expected to decrease.
v Even for same certification level, Mild hybrid and Hybrid cars are expected tohave similar amount of PGM as non-electrified cars.
v Sales of Fuel Cell cars, which currently use more PGM, are expected to growto a maximum of 1 million units by 2030.
v Based on these assumptions, the PGM usage is expected to stay stable ordecrease marginally by 2030.
v Diesel sales in the heavy duty industry are expected to stay steady with nochange or slight increase in PGM usage as tougher regulations come into play.
IMPACT ON PGM USAGE
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