Future of Future of UrbanisationUrbanisation

Cities will become more Cities will become more populatedpopulated

By 2015 500 cities will have pop By 2015 500 cities will have pop of 1m+of 1m+

Urban Planners must ensure Urban Planners must ensure proper developmentproper development

Well planned cities include

Intensive land useIntensive land use

Good public transportGood public transport

Urban zoning to minimise distance Urban zoning to minimise distance between residential and industrial areasbetween residential and industrial areas

Counter UrbanisationCounter Urbanisation

Counter urbanisationCounter urbanisation

Cities of the futureCities of the future

Counter UrbanisationCounter Urbanisation

Occurs when people and business leave Occurs when people and business leave urban areas to relocate in smaller towns urban areas to relocate in smaller towns and villagesand villages

First happened in USAFirst happened in USA Ireland it began as slum clearances from Ireland it began as slum clearances from

the cities in the 1940s and relocation of the cities in the 1940s and relocation of people to new suburban housing people to new suburban housing schemes to new town in the 1960sschemes to new town in the 1960s

Today it’s a voluntary movement of Today it’s a voluntary movement of people people

Reasons for:Reasons for:

1.1. Environmental and social problems in Environmental and social problems in cities. Encourage people to move to cities. Encourage people to move to rural areas as it offers greater space rural areas as it offers greater space and community spiritand community spirit

2.2. High prices in urban areas force High prices in urban areas force buyers to locate outside the citybuyers to locate outside the city

3.3. Growth of out of town retail, industries Growth of out of town retail, industries and business parks encourage people and business parks encourage people to live close to hometo live close to home

Reason for:Reason for:

4. Improvement in rural transport 4. Improvement in rural transport infrastructure and increased car infrastructure and increased car ownership allow more freedom of choiceownership allow more freedom of choice

5. Growth in communication technology 5. Growth in communication technology has allowed more people to work from has allowed more people to work from homehome

6. Social reasons: older people may retire 6. Social reasons: older people may retire to a quiet place and young people might to a quiet place and young people might move to raise childrenmove to raise children

Impact of counter Impact of counter urbanisationurbanisation

11..

House prices in rural areas have increased as city House prices in rural areas have increased as city people earn a higher wage and can afford more. May people earn a higher wage and can afford more. May force young local people from the areas to move as force young local people from the areas to move as they cant afford prices.they cant afford prices.

22..

Shops and services find they have to change to meet Shops and services find they have to change to meet the needs of new population: pubs become the needs of new population: pubs become restaurantsrestaurants

Business may also expand due to the arrival of new Business may also expand due to the arrival of new consumer baseconsumer base

33..

As a large percentage of people commute to work, As a large percentage of people commute to work, traffic congestion increases. The problem is made traffic congestion increases. The problem is made worse by narrow country roads.worse by narrow country roads.

44..

The identity of rural areas is lost as new residents The identity of rural areas is lost as new residents often commute and have little time to socialise in the often commute and have little time to socialise in the area. Sense of community may change or disappeararea. Sense of community may change or disappear

Rochfortbridge, Co. Rochfortbridge, Co. WestmeathWestmeath

Rapidly expanding town with Rapidly expanding town with population of 1,700population of 1,700

Located on M6 (commuter town)Located on M6 (commuter town) Council rezoned 67 hectares and Council rezoned 67 hectares and

catered for further 2,200 peoplecatered for further 2,200 people Since 2004 three new housing estates Since 2004 three new housing estates

and shopping complex have been builtand shopping complex have been built New business are opening on a regular New business are opening on a regular

basisbasis

Rochfortbridge, Co. Rochfortbridge, Co. WestmeathWestmeath

Towns sewerage system has Towns sewerage system has capacity to deal with 1500 is being capacity to deal with 1500 is being expended to cater for 5000expended to cater for 5000

Still a major lack of services Still a major lack of services Mullingar is the nearest Mullingar is the nearest

employment centre (9miles north)employment centre (9miles north) No dedicated bus from No dedicated bus from

Rochfortbridge to MullingarRochfortbridge to Mullingar

Sustainable Living and Sustainable Living and Cities of the FutureCities of the Future

Sustainable living is a way of life that Sustainable living is a way of life that attempts to reduce an individual or attempts to reduce an individual or society's use of natural resources so they society's use of natural resources so they can be available for future generationscan be available for future generations

Minimise impact on environmentMinimise impact on environment Many cities live beyond their means= Many cities live beyond their means=

ecological footprint being quite largeecological footprint being quite large Cities cover 2% of the earths surface and Cities cover 2% of the earths surface and

use 75% of the earths resources use 75% of the earths resources

Sustainable Living and Sustainable Living and Cities of the FutureCities of the Future

People becoming more aware of People becoming more aware of damage leading to global damage leading to global warming and climate changewarming and climate change

For sustainability to exist For sustainability to exist decisions need to be based on the decisions need to be based on the idea that society, economy and idea that society, economy and the environment are integrated the environment are integrated parts of the global systemparts of the global system

Sustainable Living and Sustainable Living and Cities of the FutureCities of the Future

On average:On average: Cities release 80% of carbon dioxide Cities release 80% of carbon dioxide

emissionsemissions Cities use 75% of the worlds industrial Cities use 75% of the worlds industrial

woodwood Cities use 60% of the worlds Cities use 60% of the worlds

freshwaterfreshwater Cities use 80% of the worlds fossil Cities use 80% of the worlds fossil

fuelsfuels

Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint

Indicates how much productive Indicates how much productive land and sea is needed to land and sea is needed to provided the resources provided the resources

Calculates the emissions Calculates the emissions generated from the oil, coal, and generated from the oil, coal, and gas we burngas we burn

Determines how much land is Determines how much land is required to absorb our wasterequired to absorb our waste

Ecological FootprintsEcological FootprintsMethods Methods How it reduces ecological footprintHow it reduces ecological footprint

Green roofs Green roofs Reduces electricity consumption in air Reduces electricity consumption in air conditioning and reduces CO2. harvests conditioning and reduces CO2. harvests rainwater to prevent runoff to rivers rainwater to prevent runoff to rivers

Hexagonal-Hexagonal-shaped buildingsshaped buildings

Reduces space used by city minimising urban Reduces space used by city minimising urban sprawlsprawl

Use renewable Use renewable energyenergy

Lowers CO2 emissions from urban areas from Lowers CO2 emissions from urban areas from sources such as public lighting. Solar panels sources such as public lighting. Solar panels can be used for hot water. Solar powered can be used for hot water. Solar powered signposts save energysignposts save energy

Pedestrian zonesPedestrian zones Less space required for roads, less fossil fuels Less space required for roads, less fossil fuels used in road materials. Reduce noise and air used in road materials. Reduce noise and air pollution. Trees plantedpollution. Trees planted

Non fossil fuelled Non fossil fuelled public transportpublic transport

Reduces CO2 emissions. Reduces pollution.Reduces CO2 emissions. Reduces pollution.

Green RoofsGreen Roofs

Cities of the FutureCities of the Future City dwellers make up half of the City dwellers make up half of the

worlds population but generated three worlds population but generated three quarters of its pollutionquarters of its pollution

Urbanisation will speed up the rate of Urbanisation will speed up the rate of environmental damage environmental damage

Development of green cities and eco Development of green cities and eco cities i.e. Vancouver, Canada cities i.e. Vancouver, Canada

Goals: include improving air quality, Goals: include improving air quality, reduce electricity used providing clean reduce electricity used providing clean transportation etc.transportation etc.

Cities of the FutureCities of the Future

In Chicago city officials decided to In Chicago city officials decided to replace black tar roof on a government replace black tar roof on a government buildings with planted gardensbuildings with planted gardens

Aim to reduce energy costs, improve Aim to reduce energy costs, improve water quality water quality

Tar roofs could reach 76Tar roofs could reach 76°C reduced by °C reduced by 30°C30°C

Hot dry climates buildings painted Hot dry climates buildings painted whitewhite

Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada

100 year plan for clean and green living100 year plan for clean and green living Hydroelectric energy to make 90% of Hydroelectric energy to make 90% of

its power supplyits power supply Aims to use wind, solar, wave and tidal Aims to use wind, solar, wave and tidal

energy to provide future power energy to provide future power requirements requirements

Introduce solar powered waste Introduce solar powered waste compactors around the city (5times as compactors around the city (5times as much waste)much waste)

Reduces the need to use trucks Reduces the need to use trucks reducing pollutionreducing pollution

Malmo, SwedenMalmo, Sweden

World leading in reducing CO2 World leading in reducing CO2 emissions (most electricity nuclear and emissions (most electricity nuclear and hydropower)hydropower)

Plans to reduce carbon dioxide Plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25%by 2012emissions by 25%by 2012

Western harbour area used to be a Western harbour area used to be a shipyard now urban area shipyard now urban area

100% homes and business powered by 100% homes and business powered by renewable energyrenewable energy

Malmo, SwedenMalmo, Sweden

Buildings constructed with Buildings constructed with sustainable materials and are sustainable materials and are energy efficientenergy efficient

Streets are pedestrian Streets are pedestrian

40% of commuters travel by bike40% of commuters travel by bike

Shangai, China Shangai, China

2007 government began to build 2007 government began to build worlds first brand new eco city on worlds first brand new eco city on Chongming Island called DongtanChongming Island called Dongtan

Will ban all fossil fuelled cars Will ban all fossil fuelled cars even most advanced hybridseven most advanced hybrids

Will have canals for waterwaysWill have canals for waterways People will travel using electric People will travel using electric

cars or bikescars or bikes

Shangai, ChinaShangai, China

Buildings will be constructed to highest Buildings will be constructed to highest environmental standardsenvironmental standards

Will recycle as much as possible Will recycle as much as possible including waste waterincluding waste water

Grow its own food and produce energy Grow its own food and produce energy in non polluting waysin non polluting ways

Energy creation will be achieved by Energy creation will be achieved by wind, solar and burning wastewind, solar and burning waste

By 2050 population expected to be By 2050 population expected to be half a million half a million