fusarium oxysporum on lettuce - chambre agri paca · presentation agenda nice ... - soil tillage:...

Fusarium oxysporum on lettuce

Meeting December 8th2016

• French partners presentation (Alpes-Maritimes agricultural extension

services – CA06, APREL, and existing links)

• Current situation in France

• Issues and Experiments

• Results of varietal trials

• Results of biochar application on contaminated soil

• Results of solarization on contaminated soil

• Results of soil solarisation and Serenade max application on lettuces

• Perspectives

Presentation agenda

Nice – December 8th 2016

A professional public facility

A unique expertise for farmers,

A support for fruit and vegetable sector and collectivities

A larger group at the national scale

110 public facilities with mutual expertise and experiences

The team of Alpes-Maritimes

45 representative elected

33 specialist employees

1 experimental unit (CREAT/CREAM)

CA06 works directly in the field on the ground for the development and

the long lasting performance of the companies , sectors and agricultural

land.

Agricultural extension services in Alpes

Maritimes

The Agricultural Chamber of Alpes Maritimes (CA06)

Our Missions

• Installation and transmission (diagnostic, economical

study, follow-up…)

• Farm management (legal, regulatory, and economical

advices, planning permission, training, service to

difficulties farmers…)

• Technical Advise and follow–up of agricultural

productions (planting, fertilization, crop rotation and

crops protection, input and effluent management…)

• Farm management (regulatory and environment,

organic conversion, marketing, diversification,

agroforestry, corporate strategy (costs, products…) to

built the projects and to make the good choices

• Formation of managers and agricultural employees

To advise farmers and companies from

agricultural sector

What is APREL ?

APREL

• Provençal => in the heart of the vegetable

production area in Provence

• Association => non profit organization

• Research et Experimentation : setting up

experiments in growers’ fields, in relation with

research and extension services

• Vegetables => all vegetable crops open field

and under shelter

Main objective:

Development and dissemination of

technical and economic references, to

the attention of growers and the entire

horticulture industry.Created in 1974

Current President : M. Gérard ROCHE

www.aprel.fr

Provençal Association for Research and

Experimentation on Vegetables

http://www.aprel.fr/

What is APREL ?

Main work themes:

1. Varietal innovation (resistance to pests and disease, grafting, post harvest, product quality)

2. Innovative techniques environmentally friendly (IPM, Fertirrigation management, nutrient recycling, green manures…)

3. Optimizing Crop management and business competitiveness (technical and economic analysis, expertise, advisory factsheets…)

Main species studied (glasshouse and open field):

Tomato, Melon, Lettuces and chicory, Strawberry, eggplant,

pepper, zucchini, cucumber, and other vegetable crops

(carrot, potato…)


APREL, a network of competences

Held office in

Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

4 engineers in charge

of experimentations

1 technician

All experiments

located on growers’ farms

Network of growers in organic

or conventional farming

Advices and extension services

20 technicians and advisers

Experimentation Diffusion

COORDINATION

Experimentation

Fusarium wilt observed

2 cases in Rhône-Alpes area

4 cases in Alpes-Maritimes area

1 case in Corse area

1 case in Bouches du Rhône area

Spreading of fusarium wilt in France,

today

• ISSUES: Since 2015, 4 cases of lettuce fusarium wilt have

been detected in Alpes-Maritimes area

3 farms with a strong pressure

1 farm with a limited pressure

Mainly in open field but also in glasshouse (beginning of Autumn)

• EXERIMENTS: In 2016, implementation of 3 experimentations

with different objectives

Varietal trials on batavia resistant to fusarium wilt in

summer cropping.

Evaluation of biochar (active carbon) against fusarium

wilt in lettuce summer cropping.

Evaluation of solarization and application of Serenade

Max (late summer cropping)

Issues in lettuce crops and

experimentations implemented

• Experimental plot located at Gattières (06), on-farm site.

• Cultural Context: open field with a strong and homogeneous

pressure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae- strains 1

(identificated by the Turino Institute)

• Experimental design:

22 varieties tested in different types : green oak leaf, green batavia,

green butterhead, red oak leaf and romaine lettuce

Density : 13 plants/m2

Sowing date : 8/06/2016

Planting date : 23/06/2016

Harvest : 26/07/2016

All marketable varieties, were weighed : 6 salads/repetition

Evaluation according the regional protocol (APREL) with a focus on

resistance to fusarium wilt.

Experimentations conducted in 2016

A/ Variety trial

Green Batavia Varieties with the best results in our trials compared to standard

Varieties Seed companyFusarium

susceptibility*

Weight

(g)

Note

1 to 10

SVLA3787

LoubressacSeminis

Belle présentation, feuilles frisotées d'un vert

moyen brillant, plante très compacte, sensible au

rhizoctonia1 439 9

J953 GautierVert blond terne développement correcte; bonne

homogénéité- fond plat à légèrement conique 1 414 8

Tourbillon

(standard)Rijk Zwaan Sensible à la fusariose 3 0 0


A/ Variety trial

*From 1 resistant

to 3 susceptible

Green Batavia Varieties with less interest


A/ Variety trial

*From 1 resistant to 3 susceptible

VarietiesSeed

company

Fusarium

susceptibility*Weight (g)

Note

1 to 10

BVP 15346 Vilmorin

différence entre les 2 répétitions : mieux

en B : variété fragile. Développement

régulier, cœur ouvert à large estampe,

fond très moyen

1 399 7

Model Gautier

Développement moyen sensible au

rhizoctonia- fond légèrement conique –

cycle tardif

1 367 7

J952 GautierVariété souple, pivot dur à couper, un

peu de rhizoctonia1 360 7

Rebelina Gautier

Développement moyen sensible au

rhizoctonia- fond légèrement conique –

cycle tardif

1 325 6

Green Batavia Susceptible varieties in the trial showing fusarium wilt symptoms :

• Tourbillon (Rijk Zwaan): standard, highly susceptible

• LS15732 (Syngenta): susceptible

• SVLA0534 (Seminis): some symptoms, limited growth

• SV6621LA (Seminis): some symptoms

Non recommended

LS15732 SVLA0534 Tourbillon

SV6621LA


A/ Variety trial

Green butterheadAll tested varieties were highly susceptible, showing important

fusarium wilt symptoms.

All varieties were were non-marketable.

• Hungarina - RZ (standard)

• Analora - Enza

• LS15627 - Syngenta

• Radian - Syngenta

Hungarina

Analora LS15627 Radian


A/ Variety trial

Red and green Oak leaf

All tested varieties were highly susceptible, showing important

fusarium wilt symptoms. Green oak leaf appeared more

susceptible red oak leaf.

All varieties were were non-marketable.

• Kirinia - RZ (standard – green oak leaf : very susceptible)

• Vitrai – RZ (standard – red oak leaf)

• SV1258LK – Seminis (red oak leaf)

• E01L.30313 - EZ (red oak leaf)

Kirinia

Vitrai SV1258LK EO1L.30313


A/ Variety trial

Romaine lettuceOne variety tested and recomended:

• R376 - Gautier : high and open plant, , with a mean weight

of 588g. Good plant homogeneity. The variety didn’t show

any symptom of fusarium wilt.

R376


A/ Variety trial


B/ Evaluation of biochar

Product name : ESK’FertilCommercialized by Callegari-Distribution

Contact : Thomas UCEDA

IntroductionA 3 years experiment

Biochar, produced from pyrolysis of hard wood. Main interests :

• Fungistatic and sanitizing effects and may help to reduce soil born pathogen such as Fusarium oxysporum

• May improve soil water retention capacity and soil porosity (benefits for soil biological activity)

• May improve nutrient biodisponibility for the plant

• Reduce the impact of fusarium wilt on lettuce in summer production.• Improve soil biological activity

Main Goals

Evaluation of biochar against fusarium

wilt on lettuce.

Material and MethodsA 3 years experiment

• Nice, plaine du Var

• Highly contaminated soil

• Low/poor crop rotation

• June 18th : biochar incorporation (1T/ha)

• June 20th : planting

• July 26th : harvesting

• Variety : green oak leaf : Kirinia (Rijk Zwaan)

• Tensiometer used to measure soil water status during crop cycle

• Soil solution analysis (Nitratest) to check nitrogen status in the soil (1/week)


wilt on lettuce.

Soil caracterizationA 3 years experiment

Distribution of elements in the solid phase

Clay

Sand

Silt

Limstone

OM

Stones

- Calcareous clayey soil

- pH 8,2

- Low aeration

- Poor biological activity


wilt on lettuce.

Soil caracterizationA 3 years experiment

• Earth worm analysis for biological activity

Analysis done on february 16th

Result = No earthworm


wilt on lettuce.


Soil preparation before planting (june 18th)- Fertilization : Angibio 4-6-10+2 Mg (C/N 4.4) 3t/ha

N: 120U ; P: 180U ; K: 300U

- Soil tillage: ripper and rotary tiller/cutter gear

Biochar application (june 20th)- Braodcast treatment of biochar at 1t/ha

- Incorporation in the soil with a rototiller

- Soil covering with biodegradable plastic mulching

30gr/m²


wilt on lettuce.


Biochar application in the soil

Lettuces observed for the experiment

Lettuce cropSix plots of 30

lettuces

No observation to avoid side-effect

30 letuces

30 lettuces

30 letuces

30 lettuces


wilt on lettuce.


Scale used to measure intensity of fusarium wilt attack

Dead plantAlmost no plant

development

Strong growth

reduction

Many yellow and

dead leaves

Significant growth

reduction

Yellow and dead

leaves at the basis

of the plant

Non-commercial

Slight growth redution

due to fusarium wilt

Some yellow leavesGood for

commercilzation

No symptom

543210

Good for

commercilzation

Many yellow and

dead leaves

Non-commercial Non-commercial


wilt on lettuce.

ResultsA 3 years experiment

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

cbar

Suivi tensiométrique

moy temoin 20cm moy temoin 10cm moy charbon 20cm moy charbon 10cm

• Soil water status during the experiment for traeted and non treated plots


wilt on lettuce.


• Nitrogen status in soil solution during the experiment

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

mg/l d

e N

-No3

Témoin

Charbon actif

Nitrogen Supply


wilt on lettuce.


• Attack intensity of fusarium wilt

1

Global measurement of fusarium wilt

pressure on the lettuces

Mean notes on the 6 sites of

observation (0 to 5 scale) :

- Non treated : 4,79

- Biochar (treated) : 3,83

Distribution of observed lettuces

among class of symptoms for the 6

traeated and 6 non treated plots.

2

NOTENON

TREATEDBIOCHAR

0 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 1

3 0 9

4 2 12

5 11 10

DEAD 23 (64%) 4 (11%)


wilt on lettuce.


• Attack intensity of fusarium wilt

3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Parcelle1

Parcelle2

Parcelle3

Parcelle4

Parcelle5

Parcelle6

Pla

nt w

eig

ht

(g)

témoin

charbonactif

Lettuce mean weight for 6 plants on each plots

Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6


wilt on lettuce.

Discussion and ConclusionA 3 years experiment

• Significantly less dead plants in biochar treated plots.

• Nonetheless, plant growth still strongly reduced by fusarium wilt

• Lettuces were non suitable for commercialization.

• Regarding biochar mode of action, time may be needed to improve

fusarium spores catching and to reduce pathogen pressure in the

soil.

Trial located at Gattières (06)

Solarization: 38 days set up on the 8th July - taking off the 15th August

Evaluation of sanitation effect on susceptibles lettuce crop:

SV1258LK (red oak leaf) 2 repetitions of 50 plants/elementary plot

Hungarina (green butterhead) 1 repetition of 100 plants

Sowing: 10/08/2016;

Planting: 29/08/2016 (13 pl/m²);

Harvest: 30/09/2016 and 3/10/2016

Planting-harvest cycle: 33 days - Climate: very hot at the beginning of September


C/ Effect of soil solarization in open field

Introduction

• Soil Solarization is used against several soil desease and

weeds.

• Temperature increase sanitizes first cm of soil

Material and Methods

For the 2 varietes tested: 95% harvested, all harvested

plants were marketables.

We found only 5 plants with fusarium wilt symptoms, the

rest was marketable.


C/ Effect of soil solarization in open field

Results

Encouraging signs on this plot !

Trial located at Gattières (06)

Soil solarization was conducted for 38 days before planting.

Serenade Max was applied in nursery at 4g/l, each 5 days from

sowing until planting - 4 applications. Spray on the plant and in

the soil.

Susceptible variety to Fusarium: SV1258LK (red oakleaf)

Observations of 2 rep. of non-treated vs. treated plants


C/ Effect of Soil solarisation and Serenade

Max application

Introduction

Regarding experiments from Giovanna Gilardi, Serenade Max

may have help to reduce fusarium wilt symptoms on lettuce.

Material and Methods

There is a slight difference of volume between the treated

salads and standard (non treated) but the difference of

weight is not significant.

SV1258 LKWeight (g)

on 30th sept.

Weigtht (g)

on 3rd oct.

Treated 306 268

Non-treated 258 243

SV1258LK non-treated SV1258LK treated


C/ Effect of Soil solarisation and Serenade

Max application

Results

On the farms followed by CA06, we observed a spread of the pathogens on

the farm with infected soil

At Gattières,

First observations of fusarium wilt under plastic tunnel in 2016. The same

plot non infected in 2015, was totally infected in 2016.

Planting date: 10 /09, variety: Curtis (Gautier) - fusarium susceptible the

totality of tunnel infected by fusarium wilt 10 days of planting date. All

plants were pulled out.

2nd planting date: 25/09, variety: Curtis (Gautier). About 50% of salads

were harvested

Preventive methods adopted by the grower to avoid spreading:

Careful cleaning of material (tractor…) with water after every rotation

At Saint Laurent du Var,

we detected the 1st case of fusarium wilt in 2015. First case under plastic

tunnel observed in 2016. Planting date: 22nd of September but the distribution

is by spot. It’s at 100 m to the infected plot observed in open field.

So, the situation is worrying and the propagation is very quick when the

pressure of the disease is strong.

Current situation in the Alpes-Maritimes

The program for experimentations next year:

On infected soil at Gattières

Variety trials in open field in summer

Variety trials under plastic tunnel in autumn

On the same plot of solarization - Green manure trial with a crucifer crop (a mixture

with mustard, radish and colza – sowing date : 2/11). Evaluation of effect on

susceptible summer lettuces

On infected soil at Saint Laurent du Var

Effect of biochar (active charcoal) in summer (following during 2 years).

Perspectives

Discussions


fusarium oxysporum on lettuce - chambre agri paca · presentation agenda nice ... - soil tillage:...

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