Crop Protection Solutions

FUNGICIDES I INSECTICIDES I HERBICIDES I SEED PIECE TREATMENTS

2014

Two powerful active ingredients with different modes of action for effective resistance management. Quadris Top® fungicide provides protection for your crop with two active ingredients that work together to more effectively protect against disease for improved plant performance.

Quadris Top protects your crop from disease for improved plant performance.

Visit SyngentaFarm.ca or contact our Customer Resource Centre at 1-87-SYNGENTA (1-877-964-3682).Always read and follow label directions. Quadris Top®, the Alliance Frame, the Purpose Icon and the Syngenta logo are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. © 2014 Syngenta.

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DATE: FEBRUARY 1, 2014

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POTATO GUIDE 2014 03

Luna TranquilityFor the 2014 season, Bayer CropScience has introduced Luna Tranquility, a fungicide combining fl uopyram (Group 7 fungicide) and pyrimethanil (Group 9 fungicide), for the control of early blight. Bayer says this fungicide combination should greatly reduce resistance problems. In addition to early blight (Alternaria solani), Luna Tranquility will provide excellent protection against brown leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) and white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). This new fungicide also appears to have a suppression effect on black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes).

As with most pesticides, it is strongly recommended to use Luna Tranquility as a preventive approach.

According to agronomist Lindsay Fletcher, who performed part of the registration trials on Luna Tranquility for Alberta’s Crop Protection Services, this combination of active ingredients should allow unrivalled control of the fungi from the genus Alternaria. Fletcher says that Luna Tranquility’s unique chemistry will bring to potato growers an effi cient tool against problems associated with resistance. bayercropscience.ca

Serenade SOILIn the summer of 2012, Bayer purchased AgraQuest, a California company specializing in biopesticides, for close to US$500 million. With this acquisition, Bayer aimed at implementing a technological platform dedicated to organic products, among which is Serenade SOIL, and wanted to reinforce its position in the fruit and vegetable production market.

Serenade SOIL, registered in Canada since May 2013, will be available in 2014 for the control of potato diseases such as rhizoctonia canker (black scurf and stem and stolon canker), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, pink rot (Phytophthora erythroseptica), seed-piece decay and leak (Pythium spp.), and different fusarium rots (Fusarium spp.).

When applied in-furrow at planting, Serenade SOIL (a Group 44 fungicide) will provide protection in the soil area surrounding the potato seed piece, acting as a shield around the potato roots.

This fungicide is composed of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and should become particularly popular among organic potato growers and those willing to prevent the resistance problems due to the repeated use of pesticides from the same chemical groups. bayercropscience.ca

Reason 500 SCLast December, Bayer CropScience announced an addition to the label of Reason 500 SC. It is now also registered for application on potato seed pieces for the control of the late blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans). This fungicide, whose active ingredient is fenamidone (Group 11), is already known by most potato growers who spray it during the growing season for the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans).

As with all seed treatments, uniform coverage of the potato seed pieces with the fungicide is essential for the effi cacy of the treatment.

Reason 500 SC can be mixed at the rate of 10 ml/100 kg, with Titan insecticide and Emesto Sylver fungicide during seed treatment.bayercropscience.ca

Verimark and ExirelFor the last few years, we have been talking about the coming of new cyazypyr-based insecticides from Dupont Canada. Finally, in August 2013, two new cyazypyr insecticides were registered in Canada — Verimark and Exirel. The active ingredient of both belongs to Group 28 (the same group as Coragen).

Verimark is composed of the active ingredient cyantraniliprole. It was registered for the control of Colorado potato beetles and potato fl ea beetles. It is specifi cally formulated for in-furrow application or as a potato seed piece treatment.

Exirel is also composed of cyantraniliprole. It was registered for the control of Colorado potato beetles and of larvae from many lepidopterous insects. Contrarily to its “little brother,” Exirel was formulated only for ground or aerial spraying.

Applications of Exirel must be carried out with a minimal spray volume of 100 L/ha for ground spraying, or a minimal volume of 50 L/ha for aerial spraying.

Cyazypyr-based products have an excellent environmental and toxicological profi le, since they specifi cally target undesirable insects without necessarily killing benefi cial insects like the predatory arthropods feeding on aphids. These products will also show an excellent persistence in the plant, due to their strong systemic movement. dupont.ca/ag

New productsfor potatoes in 2014

BY GUY ROY, CONTRIBUTOR

Heads UpPotato rhizoctonia (black scurf, and stolon and stem canker), is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, a fungus almost ubiquitous in soils suitable for potato production in Quebec and Ontario. It survives in the soil, in plant debris and in the form of small, hard, black masses (sclerotia) at the surface of tubers. The disease is particularly severe in cold, moist soils, and affects the potato plants at any of their growth stages. Sprouts can be destroyed or weakened, which results in plant misses (gaps), delayed emergence, or weak or stunted plants from which arise numerous stems.

Depending on the growth stage of the potato plant at which rhizoctonia strikes, one can notice stunting or delayed maturing of plants, as well as upward curling or some reddening of upper leaves. Aerial tubers can sometime develop. Reddish-brown lesions can often be seen on the underground part of stems and on stolons. Severely infected plants may produce small and misshapen tubers. Near the end of the growing season, a greyish-white powdery film can often appear at the base of the stems, just above the ground. Rhizoctonia is a disease much too often underestimated which definitely affects yield and the quality of the potato harvest.

Heads Up is a new product designed for potato seed piece treatment that can be part of a general disease control program, and more specifically against rhizoctonia (black scurf and stolon and stem canker) caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. This crop protectant comes from a plant source — it is an extract of a substance called saponin, more precisely, saponin from the plant that gives us quinoa grain (Chenopodium quinoa).

Heads Up acts as an elicitor inside the potato plant. An elicitor is a molecule produced by a pathogen or pest that stimulates production of phytoalexins (plant antibiotics) by the infected plant, or, by extension, an elicitor is any molecule-triggering defence mechanism and substance within the plant. Saponin does that without harming the plant.

More research is focusing on this kind of mechanism for the control of plant pests. Heads Up is another useful tool for the control of potato rhizoctonia canker (black surf and stem and stolon canker). engageagro.com

Minecto DuoSyngenta has introduced Minecto Duo, a new solution for potato growers who prefer to apply their early-season insecticide in the furrow. It was registered last November. Minecto Duo contains thiamethoxam (insecticide from Group 4 — neonicotinoids) and cyantraniliprole (insecticide from Group 28 — agonist for the ryanodine receptor). This insecticide protects the plant from its emergence until adult stage, later in the season, by means of these two active ingredients working together for long-lasting control of Colorado potato beetles, potato aphids, flea beetles and leafhoppers. Moreover, the novelty of one of the two active ingredients of Minecto Duo is the guarantee of longer protection against resistance development in Colorado potato beetles.

04 POTATO GUIDE 2014

As is mentioned on the label and for most pesticides, the use of Minecto Duo must be part of an integrated pest management program including field inspections, record-keeping, and possibly cultural, organic or other forms of chemical pest control practices. syngenta.com

StadiumIn September 2013, Syngenta introduced Stadium, a post-harvest fungicide to be applied immediately before storing potatoes. Application will help protect potato tubers against diseases spreading in the storage facility. Stadium provides protection against fusarium dry rot and controls the spread of silver scurf caused by the fungus Helminthosporium solani. Stadium contains three fungicide active ingredients with as many different modes of action. Azoxystrobin is a strobilurin belonging to Group 11, fludioxonil is a phenylpyrrole from Group 12 and difenoconazole is a fungicide from the triazole family, belonging to Group 3.

It is to be noted that Stadium is not recommended on tubers intended for potato seed production. syngenta.com

Boundary LQDSyngenta says Boundary LQD is a new solution for pre-emergent weed control. This herbicide comprises a combination of S-metolachlor (a Group 15 herbicide — chloroacetamids) and metribuzin (Group 5 herbicide — triazinones). Boundary LQD offers excellent residual control of grass weeds like barnyard grass, crabgrass (smooth and hairy), foxtails (green, yellow and giant), and witch grass and fall panicum. The two modes of action also provide excellent control on some broadleaf weeds.

As is the case for all new herbicide combinations, the manufacturer suggests to first confirm the tolerance of the potato variety before treating the whole field. It is not recommended to use Boundary LQD on potato varieties Belleisle, Tobique or Superior. syngenta.com

Maxim DWhile it was introduced last season inside the Cruiser Maxx D Potato “combo,” the potato seed treatment Maxim D will be available this year in an individual, separate format. This premix includes fludioxonil (Group 12 fungicide — phenylpyrroles) and difenoconazole (Group 3 fungicide — triazoles). Maxim D is registered for use against soilborne diseases, including black scurf and stolon and stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani), silver scurf and diseases caused by different fusarium species (including strains resistant to thiophanate-methyl and fludioxonil).

Syngenta recommends to use Maxim D in combination with Actara insecticide on the potato seed piece, or with a subsequent in-furrow application of Actara or Minecto Duo insecticides. syngenta.com

Potato Guide 2014 05

POTATO GUIDE 201406

HERBICIDES APPLICATION TIME ANNUAL GRASSES ANNUAL BROADLEAF WEEDS PERENNIAL

COMMERCIAL NAME Grou

p1

Prep

lant

Pre-

emer

genc

e

Pre-

emer

genc

e (c

rack

ed s

oil)

Early

pos

t-em

erge

nce

Post

-em

erge

nce

Befo

re h

arve

st2

Crab

gra

ss

Barn

yard

gra

ss

Wild

oat

s

Witc

hgra

ss

Fall

pani

cum

Pros

o m

illet

Foxt

ail

Poly

gonu

m

Lam

b’s q

uarte

r

Mus

tard

Pigw

eeds

Com

mon

ragw

eed

Yello

w n

utse

dge

Quac

kgra

ss

Pere

nnia

l sow

-this

tle

Cana

da th

istle

Aim EC 14 x P P P P P P P P E P E P P P P P

Boundary LQD 15 + 5 x E E P E E P E – – – E – – – – –

Chateau WDG 14 x P P P P P P M – E – E E – – – –

Des-I-Cate2 16 x – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Dual II Magnum3 15 x x E E P E E P E P – P M P E P P P

Dual Magnum + Lorox 15 + 7 x E E P E E P E E E P E G M P P P

Eptam 8E3 8 x E E E E E – E M M P E M E G P P

Excel Super 1 x E E P E E E E P P P P P P P P P

Gramoxone3 22 x x G G G G G – G M G G G G – G M P

Ignite SN3 10 x E E E E E – E E E E E E – – – –

Lorox L3 / Linuron 400 L3 7 x M M P P M P M E E P G G P P P P

Poast Ultra 1 x E E E E E E E P P P P P P M P P

Prism 2 x P E P E E P E – M G E P – G – –

Reglone2 22 x E E E E E E E E E E E E P P M P

Glyphosate (several formulations) 9 x x E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

Select / Arrow 240 EC / Centurion 1 x E E E E E E E P P P P P P E P P

Sencor + Linuron 5 + 7 x G G – G G – G E E E E E P P P –

Sencor3 5 x x x G G – G G – G E E E E E P P P P

Sencor + Dual II Magnum 7 + 15 x E E E E E – E E E E E E M P P –

Sencor + Eptam 5 + 8 x M E E E M – E G E E E E M P P P

Sencor + Gramoxone 5 + 22 x G G G G G – G E E E E E – G M –

Venture L3 1 x E E E E E E E P P P P P P E P P

1. Group: Products belonging to the same group have a similar mechanism of action. To prevent resistance to a product, repeated applications of products from the same group must be avoided.

2. Before harvest : These products are used as vine killers before harvest.

3. Combinations with other herbicides are also registered. Application guidelines with other products may vary from one province to another. Make sure to always consult the label before use.

Rating*: E = Excellent G = Good M = Medium P = Poor – = Insufficient data

*The effectiveness of herbicide treatments may vary with the time of application and the rate used.

Potato Guide 2014 07

Seed Piece treatmentS diSeaSeS2 inSectS

commercial name common name (active ingredient) Grou

p1

Fusa

rium

rot

Seed

pie

ce d

ecay

an

d le

ak

(Pyth

ium

spp.

)

Pink

rot

Late

blig

ht

Rhizo

cton

ia

cank

er

(bla

ck s

curf)

Silv

er s

curf

Com

mon

sca

b

Verti

cilli

um w

ilt

Colo

rado

pot

ato

beet

le

Aphi

ds

Leaf

hopp

er

Wire

wor

m

Flea

bee

tle

Admire 240 (in-furrow and on seed pieces) imidacloprid 4 x x x x

Actara 240 SC (in-furrow and on seed pieces) thiamethoxam 4 x x x

Alias 240 SC (in-furrow and on seed pieces) imidacloprid 4 x x x x

Clutch 50 WDG / Chlothianidin (in-furrow) chlothianidin 4A x

Cruiser Maxx D Potatoes fludioxonil + difenoconazole + thiamethoxam 12 + 3 + 4 x x x x x

Genesis 240 imidacloprid 4 x x x x

Genesis XT mancozeb + tiophanate-methyl + imidacloprid M + 1 (4) x x x x x x

Genesis MZ Imidacloprid + mancozeb M (4) x x x x x

Grapple / Grapple 2 imidacloprid 4 x x x x

Heads Up Saponines de Chenopodium quinoa NA x

MancoPlus mancozeb M x

Maxim D fludioxonil + difenoconazole 12 + 3 x x x

Maxim MZ PSP fludioxonil + mancozeb 12 + M x x x

Minecto Duo (in-furrow) thiamethoxam + cyantraniliprole 4 + 28 x x x x

Penncozeb 80 WP mancozeb 80% M x

Polyram 16D metirane M x

Potato ST16 / Tuberseal mancozeb M x

Reason 500 SC fenamidone 11 x

Senator PSPT thiophanate-methyl 1 x x x

Serenade SOIL (in-furrow) Bacillus subtilis 44 x x x x

Solan MX mancozeb M x

Titan ST + Emesto Silver chlothianidin + penflufen + prothioconazole 4 + 7 + 3 x x x x x x x x

Verimark (in-furrow and on seed pieces) cyantraniliprole 28 x x

1. Group: Classification of fungicides according to their mode or action. Products belonging to the same group have a similar mode of action.

2. diseases / insects: The treatment product is registered for control or suppression of the corresponding diseases in the table.

POTATO GUIDE 201408

FUNGICIDES DISEASES2 RESTRICTIONS

COMMERCIAL NAME ACTIVE INGREDIENT Grou

p1

Mod

e of

act

ion

of m

ain

activ

e in

gred

ient

***

Early

blig

ht

(Alte

rnar

ia s

olan

i)La

te b

light

(P

hyto

phth

ora

infe

stan

s)

Whi

te m

ould

(S

cler

otin

ia s

cler

otio

rum

)

Pink

rot (

Phyt

opht

hora

er

ythr

osep

tica)

Seed

pie

ce d

ecay

, lea

k (P

ythi

um s

pp.)

Fusa

rium

rot

(Fus

ariu

m s

pp.)

Grey

mou

ld

(Bot

rytis

cin

erea

)

Late

blig

ht o

n tu

bers

(P

hyto

phth

ora

infe

stan

s)

Rhizo

cton

ia c

anke

r (R

hizo

cton

ia s

pp.)

Blac

k do

t (C

olle

totri

chum

coc

code

s)

Brow

n le

af s

pot

(Alte

rnar

ia a

ltern

ata)

Silv

er s

curf

(Hel

min

thos

poriu

m s

olan

i)

Secu

rity

dela

y (h

ours

)7

Dela

y be

fore

har

vest

(d

ays)

3

Max

imum

# o

f ap

plic

atio

ns4

Inte

rval

bet

wee

n ap

plic

atio

ns (

days

)5

Abound / Azoxy azoxystrobin 11 PND x x x 12 1 3 7-14Acrobat 50 WP (+ Bravo or Dithane DG or Polyram DF)

dimethomorph (+ chlorotalonil or mancozeb or metiram) 40 + M PAD x x 48 4 3 5-10

Allegro 500F fl uazinam 29 EC x x 24 14 10 7-10BAS 650 00 F ametotradin 45 PND x 12 4 3 7-10Bravo 500 / Bravo Zn / Echo 90 DF / Echo720 chlorothalonil M C x x x 48 1 – 7-10

Cabrio Plus pyraclostrobin + metiram 11 + M PND x x 24 3 3 7-14Cantus boscalid 7 PND x 12 30 4 14Confi ne Extra / Winfi eld Phosphite Extra phosphorous acid 33 CS x x x8 4 1 5 14

Copper 53 W tribasic copper M C x x 48 1 10 5Copper Spray copper oxychloride M C x x 24 1 10 7-10Curzate (+ Manzate or Dithane) cymoxanil + mancozeb 27 + M PND x 24 8 7 5-7Cyazofamid 400 SC cyazofamid 21 EC x x 12 7 6 7Dithane / Manzate / Penncozeb mancozeb M C x x 24 1 – 5-10Evito 480 SC fl uoxastrobin 11 PND x 12 7 3 7Gavel 75 DF zoxamid + mancozeb 22 + M EC x x 48 3 6 7Headline EC pyraclostrobin 11 PND x x 12 3 3 7-14Inspire difenoconazole 3 PAD x 24 14 4 –Kocide 101 / 1000 / 2000 / Parasol FL / WP copper hydroxide M C x x x 48 1 10 7-10

Luna Tranquility fl uopyram + pyrimethanil 7 + 9 PND x x x x 12 7 5 7-14Metconazole 50 WDG metconazole 3 PAD x 12 1 3 7-10Phostrol phosphorous acid 33 CS x x 12 0 7 7-14Polyram DF metiram M C x x 24 1 – 7-10Presidio / Fluopicolide 4 SC (+ Bravo) fl uopicolid 43 PAD x 48 7 4 7-10

Quadris F azoxystrobin 11 PND x x x6 x6 x x6 12 1-906 3 7-14Quadris Top azoxystrobin + difenoconazole 11 + 3 PND x x x 24 14 3 7-14Quash metconazole 3 PAD x 12 1 3 7-10Ranman 400 SC cyazofamid 21 EC x x 12 7 6 7Reason (+ Bravo or Dithane DG) fenamidone 11 PND x x 48 14 6 7-10Revus mandipropamid 40 PND x 12 14 4 7-14Ridomil Gold / Bravo Duo metalaxyl-m + chlorothalonil 4 + M CS x x x x x x 48 14 3 14Ridomil Gold MZ metalaxyl-m + mancozeb 4 + M CS x x x x 48 3 3 10-14Scala SC (+ Bravo) pyrimethanil 9 PND x 24 7 6 7-14Serenade ASO / MAX Bacillus subtilis M C x 4 0 – 7-10

Stadium (post-harvest) azoxystrobin + fl udioxonil + difenoconazole 11 + 12 + 3 – x x – – – –

Tanos 50 DF famoxadone + cymoxanil 11 + 27 PND x x 24 14 6 7

Tattoo C propamocard HCL + chlorothalonil 28 + M PAD x 48 7 6 5-7

Torrent 400 SC cyazofamid 21 EC x x 12 7 6 7

Vertisan penthiopyrade 7 PND x x x6 12 7 3 7-14

Zampro SC ametoctradin + dimethomorph 40 + 45 PAD x x 12 4 3 5-10

1. Group: Classification of insecticides according to their mode of action. Products from the same group have a similar mode of action. To prevent the resistance, repeated applications of products from the same group must be avoided.

2. Diseases: Each of these fungicides is registered for control of suppression of the correspon-ding diseases.

3. Delay before harvest (days): The number of days between the last application of the fungi-cide and the harvest.

4. Maximum # of applications: The maximum number of fungicide applications per season, if specified on the label.

5. Interval between applications (days): The maximum and minimum number of days between two consecutive applications of the same product.

6. When fungicide is used in furrow.7. Security delay (hours): Delay (hours) before going in the treated zone.8. Post-harvest application.

***Mode of action of main active ingredient: C = Contact EC = Elaborated contact (anti-sporulating action) PND = Penetrating: non-diffusing or translaminar PAD = Penetrating with ascending diffusion CS = Completely systemic

Some fungicide combinations are approved by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency. Application guidelines may vary from one province to another.Make sure to always read guidelines before using any fungicide.

Potato Guide 2014 09

insecticides insects 3 RestRictions

commeRcial name1 active inGRedient Grou

p 2

Flea

bee

tle

Pota

to le

afho

pper

Colo

rado

pot

ato

beet

le

Aphi

ds4

Euro

pean

cor

n bo

rer

Othe

r lep

idop

tero

us

inse

cts

Tarn

ishe

d pl

ant b

ug

Wire

wor

m

Dela

y be

fore

ha

rves

t (da

ys)5

Secu

rity

dela

y af

ter

treat

men

t (ho

urs)

6

Max

imum

# o

f ap

plic

atio

ns 7

Actara 240 SC / 25 WG thiamethoxam 4 x x x 7 12 2

Admire 240 / Alias 240 SC imidaclopride 4 x8 x8 x x 7 24 2

Assail 70 WP acetamipridre 4 x x 7 12 2

Bartlett Superior 70 oil / Superior 70 oil mineral oil NC x 14 12 10

Beleaf 50SG flonicamid 9C x 7 12 3

Clutch 50 WDG / Clothianidin chlothianidin 4A x x x 14 12 3

Closer SC sulfoxaflor 4C x 7 12 2

Concept imidacloprid + deltamethrin 3 + 4 x x x x x x 7 24 3

Coragen chlorantraniliprole 28 x x 24 12 4

Cygon 480 EC / Lagon 480 E dimethoate 1B x x x 7 36 3

Cygon 480 AG / Cygon 480 dimethoate 1B x x 7 36 3

Decis 5.0 EC deltamethrin 3 x x x x x x 1 12 3

Delegate spinetorame 5 x x 7 12 3

Diazinon / Diazol diazinon 1B x x x x 14 24 –

Dibrom naled 1B x x x 4 48 2

Exirel cyantraniliprole 28 x x x 7 12 4

Fulfill 50 WG pymetrozin 9B x 14 12 2

Furadan carbofuran 1A x x x x 7 48 2

Grapple / Grapple 2 imidaclopride 4 x x 7 24 2

Superior 70 oil mineral oil NA x9 14 12 10

Imidan 50 W / Imidan 70 WP phosmet 1B x x x x 7 120 5

Lannate methomyl 1A x x x 3 12 1

Lorsban / Warhawk 480 EC / Nufos 4E chlorpyrifos 1B x x x 7 24 1

Malathion / Fyfanon 50 EC malathion 1B x x x 3 24 1

Matador / Warrior / Silencer 120 EC lambda-cyhalothrine 3 x x x x x 7 24 3

Movento 240 SC / 150 OD spirotetramat 23 x 7 12 2

Novodor Bacillus thuringiensis 11C x 0 4 –

Orthene acephate 1B x x x x 21 24 4

Pyrifos 15 G chlorpyrifos 1B x 70 24 1

Pyrinex 480E / Chlorpyrifos 480 EC chlorpyrifos 1B x x x 7 24 1

Pounce /Ambush 500 EC / Perm-Up permethrin 3 x x x x x 1 24 1

Pro Malathion 50 EC malathion 1B x x x 3 24 1

Ripcord cypermethrin 3 x x x x 7 24 3

Rimon novaluron 15 x x 14 12 2

Sevin 50 W / 5-D / XLR / XLR Plus carbaryl 1A x x x x x 7 24 –

Sevin SL carbaryl 1A x x x 7 24 –

Success 480 EC / Entrust spinosad 5 x x 7 12 1 - 3

Surround WP kaolin NA x 0 0 –

Thimet 15-G phorate 1B x 90 48 1

Up-Cyde 2,5 EC cypermethrin 3 x x x x 7 12 3

Vydate oxamyl 1A x x x x x 7 72 2

1. commercial name : Many brands and/or formulations with the same active ingredient may be available.

2. Group : Classification of insecticides according to their mode of action. Products from the same group have a similar mode of action. To prevent resistance to a product, repeated appli-cations of products from the same group must be avoided.

3. insect controlled : The insects for which a product is registered, as stated on the label. These insects may vary depending on the brand and the active ingredient. Check the label to make sure the insect is included on the list.

4. aphid : Many species of aphids can attack potatoes. For more information about the species of aphids that are controlled, check the label.

5. delay before harvest (days): The number of days that must elapse between the last insec-ticide application and the harvest.

6. security delay after treatment (hours): The period to respect between the application and the time when workers can return to the field.

7. maximum # of applications: The number of times the insecticide can be applied as mentio-ned on the label. It is for the number of land applications; verify for aerial applications. Empty spaces mean that there is no restriction on the label.

8. When the insecticide is applied in the furrow.9. This product has a repulsion action toward the insect.

***Mode of action of main active ingredient: C = Contact EC = Elaborated contact (anti-sporulating action) PND = Penetrating: non-diffusing or translaminar PAD = Penetrating with ascending diffusion CS = Completely systemic

POTATO GUIDE 2014

When European explorers to South America fi rst brought potatoes back to their home countries, it was a select few varieties they chose: those that could grow under longer day lengths. Most of the varieties at the Equator tuberize under short day lengths and can’t grow in the global North.

As a result, the potatoes we cultivate today are genetically narrow, according to Helen Tai, a research scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s Fredericton-based Potato Research Centre.

But our North American potato varieties’ cousins in Peru, Chile and Bolivia have a wide variety of desirable traits, such as resistance to diseases and drought tolerance.

In the 1990s, Yvan Pelletier, an entomologist with AAFC, along with a group of potato researchers and breeders, imported a set of wild South American species kept at the United States Department of Agriculture’s potato germplasm bank at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. Their goal was to begin a breeding project that would result in higher Colorado potato beetle resistance in local varieties.

“We looked at the database on wild Solanum species that have been tested for various traits, picked six or seven and brought the species in and looked at them in terms of their resistance to Colorado potato beetle in New Brunswick in the fi eld,” says Pelletier, now retired. “We asked the breeders — ‘Can you work with them?’ The answer was ‘Yes, but it’s extremely diffi cult.’ So we looked again and brought in another six or seven species that would be easier to cross with Solanum tuberosum.”

Wild species are not easy to cross with cultivated varieties, partly because the

potatoes grown commercially here have four copies of the genome (tetraploid), while many wild species have two copies (diploid). “Some wild species will combine naturally with potato, some won’t,” says Tai. “The seed ball is the result of fertilization between two plants and the seeds are where you get the new genetic combinations. We call this an intercross, and the [resulting] plant is called an interspecific hybrid.”

Of the wild species, a few stood out to the researchers, including S. oplocense, a variety

that could cross and make seeds with the S. tuberosum, and which also exhibited disease resistance.

Pelletier, as the entomologist on the team, was concerned mainly with S. oplocense’s degree of resistance to pests. “I was concerned with how resistant the plants were and why they were resistant. S. oplocense had effects on both the adults and the larvae,” he says.

Overcoming the problem of day lengths was the first step for Pelletier, and he worked with David De Koeyer, a geneticist at AAFC, to

Wild varietiesA set of wild South American potato varieties with Colorado potato beetle resistance have donated genetic material to their North American cousins

BY JULIENNE ISAACS

10

S. oplocense F1 hybrids in the fi eld. ALL PHOTOS COURTESY OF DR. YVAN PELLETIER.

Potato Guide 2014

accomplish this by crossing S. oplocense with varieties adapted to long day length conditions. “They took only a few crosses with S. oplocense to get there,” says Pelletier.

Once the day lengths issue was dealt with through breeding, researchers were able to focus on other qualities, such as size, colour, shape and eyes, in order to achieve marketable varieties.

According to Tai, this selective breeding is a complex process. “Once they combine the wild species through an interspecific cross and get progeny, the progeny is then backcrossed to different varieties of potato,” she says. “De Koeyer has done that in four generations just to get rid of the traits from S. oplocense that are undesirable.”

Positive traitsOnce negative traits are removed, breeders can focus on which traits they wish to include in new germplasm.

Tai and De Koeyer, along with Benoit Bizimungu and Agnes Murphy, the potato breeders involved in the project through

AAFC’s Potato Research Centre, are focused on working with S. oplocense and other varieties to incorporate a selection of traits that are desirable to Canada’s major players.

S. oplocense’s resistance to CPB makes it a highly promising prospect. According to Pelletier, the wild varieties of potato resist colonization by CPB adults and larvae through the release of chemical signals. Some of the varieties release this chemical as a gas, and the beetle reacts to the smell. In S. oplocense the beetle reacts to the taste of the plant which, while repellent to the beetle, is non-toxic, according to Pelletier. “If the chemical is not toxic, it’s more difficult for the beetle to change their behaviour. That gave us an indication of how long the resistance will last,” he says.

The wild species are remarkable for their extremely low feeding rates in the field, says Tai. Her work has involved conducting chemical analyses to study the mode of action by which the plants resist CPB. “We have discovered characteristics of the leaf that the beetle dislikes in the wild species, so now we are selecting plants that produce that chemical (a metabolite) as a way to ward off the beetle,” she explains. “We are also looking for the

genes that control production of the chemical to develop a genetic marker.”

A goal for potato breeding is to introduce disease and pest resistance in new varieties while maintaining yields, agronomic and processing traits to industry standards.

“Breeders try to combine resistance traits at the same time as meeting the needs of the market, and to make that easier we’re developing a system of markers to select the traits,” says Tai. “The goal is to find a potato that can produce marketable yields under disease and pest pressure.”

Chip and fry processors have highly specific requirements for processing potatoes, which makes development of new varieties for these markets an even greater challenge. “All kinds of criteria have to be met first, so we’re in early stages with this germplasm,” says Tai.

While there are no offerings yet for S. oplocense, the team has crossed materials into table market potatoes, as the table market has fewer restrictions than processors in terms of dry matter, size and uniformity. The first introductions will be for the table market, with processing varieties hopefully following within the near future.

11

S. tarijense F1 hybrids beside a normal cultivated potato (S. tuberosum).

Field evaluation of S. oplocense material. one plant per clone is used. Note the difference in defoliation.

MAKE TIME FOR WHAT REALLY MATTERS. CORAGEN® CAN HELP.You’re proud of your potato crop, but let’s face it. No one ever looks back and wishes they’d spent more time with crop damaging, yield robbing insects. We get that. DuPont™ Coragen® insecticide belongs to a unique class of chemistry with a novel mode-of-action that delivers extended residual control of European corn borer, decreasing the number of applications needed in a season. And, if your Colorado potato beetle seed-treatment control breaks late in the season, Coragen® can provide the added control you need, so you have time for more important things. It’s also easy on bees, bene� cials and the environment.

For farmers who want more time and peace of mind, Coragen® is the answer. Questions? Ask your retailer, call 1-800-667-3925 or visit coragen.dupont.ca

As with all crop protection products, read and follow label instructions carefully.The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont™, The miracles of science™ and Coragen® are registered trademarks or trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. E. I. du Pont Canada Company is a licensee. All other products mentioned are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. Member of CropLife Canada.©Copyright 2014 E. I. du Pont Canada Company. All rights reserved.

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Kathie Hintsa TRIM: 8.125" x 10.75" CLIENT: Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd.

RedWorks Delivery/Technical Support: (416) 945-2388 JOB #: P.DUP.DUPCHE.14002.K.011

O G I LV Y O P E R AT O RK B

PA S SF I N A L

Live: 7”Live: 10”

Trim: 8.125”Trim

: 10.75”Bleed: 8.625”

Bleed

: 11.25”

POTATO GUIDE 2014 13

The potato genome is a medium-size plant genome, consisting of 12 chromosomes with a haploid length of about 840 million base pairs. In 2011, it was successfully sequenced through the efforts of the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (PGSC), an initiative of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative and Wageningen University and Research Centre that combined the efforts of 16 different national research groups around the world.

While in the early 2000s Canada had a role in contributing short sequences and laying some of the groundwork for the genome project, it was not part of the PGSC. But armed with the completed potato genome, Canadian researchers have been doing groundbreaking work in potato breeding using next-generation genetic sequencing technologies.

At Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s Fredericton-based Potato Research Centre, research scientist Helen Tai, along with leading potato geneticist David De Koeyer, work to identify key genes in potato that will contribute genetic markers to potato breeding projects.

According to Tai, the cost of genetic sequencing has dropped dramatically in 20 years. “The cost of sequencing was a billion dollars in the past and you can now pay for it on a Visa card,” she says.

Until recently, geneticists had relied on dideoxy DNA sequencing technology, developed by Nobel laureate Frederic Sanger in the 1970s.

In the last several years, next-generation technologies have developed that speed up the process of large-scale genome analysis — and cost much less. Combined with innovations in computer software, sequencing technologies offer researchers much more effi cient routes to improved potato germplasm.

“When the cost drops you can see how using DNA markers in breeding can become more commonplace,” says Tai. “So what we’re doing is genetic testing of our individual breeding lines. Another shift in the way we do things is that we will sequence whole genomes and use computers to help us fi gure out where there are important genes.

“I make an analogy to online dating where a computer algorithm is used to fi nd the best match between individuals — we’re doing this in potatoes,” says Tai.

Marked advantageWith the potato genome sequenced, researchers have the ability to locate each of the potato’s genes, or DNA sequences, and “mark” them. DNA sequences demonstrate each variety’s differences, their individual variations, from other varieties. Researchers can now more easily fi nd those genetic markers that express disease resistance or other traits — positive or negative — in potato varieties.

One of the positive results to come out of the

DNA sequencing technology is positive selection markers, says Tai.

“There are some we’re using already — for resistance to potato cyst nematode and late blight. We’re integrating these into our breeding,” she says. “What’s exciting for us is to bring the cycle of breeding from 10-15 years down to five years. We’re trying to reach better potato varieties faster.”

This has the positive corollary of making breeding more responsive to the markets, so that breeders can focus their efforts on particular areas of disease resistance when pest cycles change, for example. Some years, Colorado potato beetle is less of a concern than in others, and potato cyst nematode is more important. Next-generation sequencing technology allows breeders to develop varieties that respond in a highly practical way to growers’ dominant concerns.

“We want to be responsive to the market and take advantage of those opportunities, and support the industry where it needs new traits,” says Tai.

Other emerging markets for potatoes, which involve their application in bioplastics or pharmaceutical products, or alternative food uses, also demand certain traits in potato, and with a faster “turnaround” for new potato varieties, breeders can take those new market demands into consideration as well.

Genetic sequencing technologies open doors for potato breedersNext-generation technologies have ushered in a new era of potato breeding, allowing researchers to select key traits with a high degree of effi ciency

BY JULIENNE ISAACS

MAKE TIME FOR WHAT REALLY MATTERS. CORAGEN® CAN HELP.You’re proud of your potato crop, but let’s face it. No one ever looks back and wishes they’d spent more time with crop damaging, yield robbing insects. We get that. DuPont™ Coragen® insecticide belongs to a unique class of chemistry with a novel mode-of-action that delivers extended residual control of European corn borer, decreasing the number of applications needed in a season. And, if your Colorado potato beetle seed-treatment control breaks late in the season, Coragen® can provide the added control you need, so you have time for more important things. It’s also easy on bees, bene� cials and the environment.

For farmers who want more time and peace of mind, Coragen® is the answer. Questions? Ask your retailer, call 1-800-667-3925 or visit coragen.dupont.ca

As with all crop protection products, read and follow label instructions carefully.The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont™, The miracles of science™ and Coragen® are registered trademarks or trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. E. I. du Pont Canada Company is a licensee. All other products mentioned are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. Member of CropLife Canada.©Copyright 2014 E. I. du Pont Canada Company. All rights reserved.

DuPont™

Coragen®

Insecticide

PUB: AD #: DUPCOR-TEA-01014APrint Production Contact: FORMAT: Magazine FILE: 01-38409-DUPCOR-TEA-01014A-SWOP.pdf

Kathie Hintsa TRIM: 8.125" x 10.75" CLIENT: Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd.

RedWorks Delivery/Technical Support: (416) 945-2388 JOB #: P.DUP.DUPCHE.14002.K.011

O G I LV Y O P E R AT O RK B

PA S SF I N A L

Live: 7”

Live: 10”

Trim: 8.125”

Trim: 10.75”

Bleed: 8.625”

Bleed

: 11.25”

POTATO GUIDE 201414

PrioritiesWhile there are plenty of potential applications for potatoes that demand certain sets of traits, Tai says there are priorities in potato breeding. First, potato breeders operate under some scientific restrictions that limit how much

individual traits can be improved. They must also abide by industrial priorities, which focus on yield and dry matter, for example.

As disease traits can be tested easily in the laboratory, sometimes the markers that are developed are those that apply to disease

rather than to yield. “Yield is very difficult — it’s a highly complex trait and shows a lot of environmental variation,” explains Tai.

Environmental priorities include a focus on traits that will reduce the necessity for the use of chemicals in the field, or nutrient-use efficiency so growers can ultimately reduce their reliance on fertilizers. “You have to be selective as to what’s needed at any particular time, and ask the industry what they’re seeing as a priority in terms of what they’d like to pick up. Behind all of that is always what the grower needs to maintain their profitability,” says Tai. What the grower identifies as top concerns can include nutrient-use efficiency and yield.

There are also priorities for human health. In the mid-2000s the Bio-Potato Network was formed to focus research efforts on the potential for health benefits in potato metabolites. Among other things, the Network, which ended in 2011, looked at the antioxidant content of pigmented potatoes. Antioxidants can help offset diseases associated with oxidative stress, and they are present in the form of anthocyanin in orange and yellow, purple and pink potatoes. These are the same antioxidants present in berries, according to Tai, and the fresh market is beginning to trend toward pigmented tubers.

The Potato Research Centre and National Research Council in Prince Edward Island were partners in the BioPotato Network, and examined health attributes of potato. “We looked at molecular and cellular assays for human health — they applied the potato metabolites and looked at the cells to see if there could be some benefi ts,” she says.

Potato geneticists and breeders are more equipped now than at any other point in history to develop potatoes with enhanced characteristics in a short time, armed with the potato genome and the technologies to unlock its potential.

“We’re combining the strength of the computer with the breadth of data across the genome,” says Tai.

Julienne Isaacs is a Winnipeg-based freelance writer

and editor.

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Turn the lights out on unwanted pests. Delegate™ delivers rapid knockdown of CPB. And once they’re hit, they don’t get back up. Tough on chewing pests, easy on beneficials. Try Delegate and see for yourself. Visit dowagro.ca.

®™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company(“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.1/14-22229/35715 NPG

10149497 - 8.125x10.75_052.indd BAYER-052-4C-2014

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