© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Charophyte algae

Fungi

Animals

Plants

1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

30 nm

2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS

Key

Alternation of generations

Mitosis

Gametophyte (n)

Gamete from another plant

Wall ingrowths

Mitosis

Spore Gamete

Zygote

Mitosis Sporophyte (2n)

Placental transfer cell (blue outline)

Multicellular, dependent embryos

Embryo Maternal tissue

Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

10 µm 2 µm

2n

n

n

n

n

3

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Sporangium Spores

Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM)

4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sporangia

Rhizoids

25 µm

2 cm

5

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hyphae

Mycelium

60 µm

Reproductive structure

Spore-producing structures

6

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fungal hypha

Haustorium

Plant cell

Plant cell plasma membrane

Plant cell wall

7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Zygote

Spores

PLASMOGAMY

Key

KARYOGAMY

GERMINATION MEIOSIS GERMINATION

Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Heterokaryotic stage

Spore- producing structures

Mycelium

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n) Heterokaryotic

8

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2.5 µm

Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

25 µm Hyphae

9

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Origin of land plants

Origin of vascular plants

Origin of extant seed plants

ANCESTRAL GREEN ALGA

Millions of years ago (mya) 500

Angiosperms

450 400 350 300 50 0

3

2

1

Gymnosperms

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

Liverworts

Land plants Vascular plants

Seed plants Seedless vascular plants

Nonvascular

plants (bryophytes)

10

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sporophyte

Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow)

Gametophyte

Gametophyte

Capsule

Seta

(b) Polytrichum commune, a moss

(c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort

(a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a liverwort

11

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a lycophyte

Strobili (conelike structures in which spores are produced)

(b) Athyrium filix-femina, a monilophyte

2.5 cm 2.5 cm

12

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Example

PLANT GROUP

Mosses and other nonvascular plants

Ferns and other seedless

vascular plants

Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living)

Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Dominant

Dominant Dominant Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

Gametophyte (n)

Gametophyte (n)

Sporophyte (2n)

Sporophyte (2n)

Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)

Gymnosperm Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Microscopic female

gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers

Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic

male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone

13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pollen tube

Female gametophyte (n)

Seed coat

Spore wall

Food supply (n)

Embryo (2n)

Egg nucleus (n)

Discharged sperm nucleus (n)

Male gametophyte

Immature ovulate cone

Megaspore (n)

Integument (2n)

Spore wall

Megasporangium (2n)

Pollen grain (n) Micropyle

(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed

14

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

(a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta)

(c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis)

15

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sepal

Ovule

Petal

Style

Ovary

Stigma Carpel Stamen

Filament

Anther

16

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Crustose (encrusting) lichens

(b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga

(a) Two common lichen growth forms

Fungal hyphae Algal cell

50 µ

m

17

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+)

E−P+ E−P+ E+P+ E+P+

15

10

5

0

Leaf

mor

talit

y (%

)

Leaf

are

a da

mag

ed (%

)

30

20

10

0

Results

18

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a) Corn smut on corn

(c) Ergots on rye

(b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

19

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut down.

(a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green).

4 km

20

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bilateral symmetry

Time since divergence from common ancestor

Radial symmetry

Common ancestor “Bilateral” clade

“Radial” clade

Compare numbers of species

21