fundamentos .net

7/31/2019 Fundamentos .NET

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The Microsoft Application Platform

The Need for .NET

What Is The Microsoft Application Platform?

The .NET Framework

The Windows Server System

Building Block Services

Clients for the .NET Framework

This lesson introduces the components that make up the Microsoftapplication platform, which is designed to simplify development.


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The Need for .NET

Microsoft .NET:

Solves many problems with existingtechnology

Provides applications that supportinteroperable XML Web services

Provides applications that support smartclients

.NET and the Microsoft application platform were designed to facilitate workingwith the Internet by integrating Internet standards and supporting Web

services. The .NET Framework also makes it easier to access your data andwrite Web applications that run on a wide variety of browsers and devices. The

.NET runtime supports simplified and reliable installation and upgrades for easeof use and increased reliability.

Problems with existing technologies

Many of todays Web applications have interactive user interfaces that are builtby using dynamic HTML (DHTML) and Microsoft ActiveX technology.

Although most of these applications communicate effectively, many have someor all of the following problems:

Each application is a distinct piece of code in alarge number of devices.

Solutions are large groups of applications,devices, and services.

Integration is too hard, too expensive, tooslow, and too rigid when accomplished.

Interoperable Web services

Interoperability is the key to the next generation of applications. Virtualorganizations need Web applications that can interact with other applications.

The applications should expose a programmable interface that interacts withother services on the Web. For example, airlines, hotels, and rental car


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companies can expose their services as Web services. A travel agent can use

these services to find the best combination of prices and services forcustomers.

Support for smart clients

Technology has also advanced rapidly, resulting in lower costs for computerhardware and connectivity to the Internet. Because todays business world

demands instant access to data, devices such as mobile phones, personaldigital assistants (PDAs), and laptop computers are now standard. Applications

developed for .NET take advantage of recent advances in technology bysupporting smart clients and can run on multiple operating systems.


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What Is the Microsoft ApplicationPlatform?

Visual StudioVisual Studio

.NET Framework.NET Framework.NET buildingblock services.NET buildingblock services

Windows ServerSystem

Windows ServerSystem

Microsoft OfficeSystem

Microsoft OfficeSystem

Internet

The Microsoft application platform consists of the following core technologies:

Microsoft Visual Studio

.NET Framework

Windows Server System

Microsoft Office System

Building block servicesMicrosoft Visual Studio provides a high-level development environment forbuilding applications on the .NET Framework. It provides key enabling

technologies to simplify the creation, deployment, and ongoing evolution ofsecure, scalable, highly available Web applications and Web services. Theseapplications can be deployed on several platforms, including the WindowsServer System, and can use available .NET building block services as well as

functionality from the Microsoft Office System.


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The .NET Framework

.NET Framework.NET Framework

Windows UIWindows UI ASP.NETASP.NET

ADO.NET: Data & XMLADO.NET: Data & XML

.NET Framework class library.NET Framework class library

Common Language RuntimeCommon Language Runtime

The .NET Framework is a language-neutral component library and executionenvironment. It enables you to build integrated, service-oriented applications

that meet the needs of todays Internet businesses by gathering informationfrom and interacting with a wide variety of sources, regardless of the platforms

or languages in use.

The .NET Framework consists of the following components:

Common Language Runtime

.NET Framework class library

Microsoft ADO.NET (data and XML)

Microsoft ASP.NET


The Common Language Runtime (CLR) simplifies application development,provides a robust and secure execution environment, supports multiple

languages, and simplifies application deployment and management. Theenvironment is called a managed environment in which common services, such

as garbage collection and security, are automatically provided.

NET Framework class library

The .NET Framework provides a unified, object-oriented, hierarchical,

extensible set of class libraries for developers. Previously, C++ developersused the Microsoft Foundation Classes, Visual Basic developers used classes

provided by the Visual Basic runtime, and other languages used their own classlibraries and frameworks. In essence, the .NET Framework unifies the


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disparate frameworks that Microsoft previously provided. As a result,

developers no longer need to understand multiple frameworks.

In addition, by creating a common set of application programming interfaces(APIs) across all programming languages, the .NET Framework enablescrosslanguage inheritance, error handling, and debugging. Therefore, all

programming languages, from JScript to Microsoft Visual C++, becomeequals, and developers are free to choose the language that they want to use.

ADO.NET: Data and XML

ADO.NET is the next generation of ActiveX Data Object (ADO) technology.ADO.NET is tightly integrated with XML, enabling developers to transfer

datasets (in-memory data caches) between the various components of anenterprise solution.

ASP.NET

ASP.NET builds on the programming classes of the .NET Framework, providinga Web application model in the form of a set of controls and infrastructure that

makes it easy to build Web applications. Developers have access to a set ofASP.NET Web controls that encapsulate common Hypertext

Markup Language (HTML) user interface features such as text boxes and drop-down menus. These controls run on the Web server and project their user

interface as HTML to a browser.

On the server, the controls expose an object-oriented programming model thatbrings the power of object-oriented programming to the Web developer.ASP.NET also provides infrastructure services, such as session state

management and process recycling, which further reduces the amount of codethat a developer must write and increases application reliability. ASP.NET also

uses these same concepts to enable developers to deliver software as aservice.

By using Web services, developers can simply write their business logic and letthe ASP.NET infrastructure deliver the service through SOAP.


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The Windows Server System

The Windows Server System is an integrated serverinfrastructure that includes:

Windows Server 2003BizTalk ServerExchange ServerSharePoint Portal ServerOperations ManagerProject ServerSQL ServerSystems Management Server

The Windows Server System is the comprehensive Microsoft family of serverapplications for building, deploying, and managing scalable, integrated,

Webbased solutions. Designed with mission-critical performance in mind, theWindows Server System provides scalability, reliability, and manageability for

the global, Web-enabled enterprise. These products are built specifically forinteroperability by using open Web standards such as XML. By using XML

standards, Microsoft is providing a new development platform infrastructurethat will help developers quickly create and deploy distributed applications on

Internet time.

Windows Server System

The following are descriptions of the various members of the Windows Server

System:

Microsoft Windows Server 2003: This is themost secure and reliable server platformMicrosoft has ever released. As the foundation

for the Windows Server System, the serverplatform provides a unifying layer of common

services across the IT, application, andinformation worker infrastructures. Windows

Server 2003 builds on the strengths ofMicrosoft

Windows 2000 technology, integratingstandards-based directory, Web application,

communication, file, and print services withhigh reliability, efficient management, and


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support for the latest advances in networking

hardware.

Microsoft Application Center: This enables

Web applications built on Windows Server2003 to achieve mission-critical availability

(99.999 percent uptime) through softwarescaling while reducing operational complexityand costs.

Microsoft BizTalk Server: This is a

standards-based platform for developing andmanaging application integration within andbetween organizations by using XML as thecommon document format.

Microsoft Commerce Server: This is thecomprehensive system for quickly buildingscalable, personalized business-to-consumer(B2C) and businessto- business (B2B) e-

commerce solutions on Windows 2003.

Microsoft Content Management Server: Thisdramatically reduces the time required to buildand deploy content-driven Web sites that

deliver high scalability, reliability, andperformance. Content Management Server

empowers content providers to manage theirown content and provides site users with a

targeted and personalized experience tailoredto their individual profiles and browsingdevices.

Microsoft Exchange Server: This completemessaging and collaboration application offers

unmatched interoperability, ease of use, andlow-cost administration to organizations of allsizes.

Microsoft Host Integration Server: Thiscomprehensive integration platform provides

the best way to quickly embrace Internet,intranet, and client/server technologies while

maximizing investments in existing legacysystems.

Microsoft Internet Security and AccelerationServer: This provides you with secure and

easily managed Internet connectivity andexpedites delivery of Web content through a

scalable, reliable Web cache.


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Microsoft Operations Manager: This delivers

enterprise-class operations management byproviding comprehensive event management,

proactive monitoring and alerting, reporting,and trend analysis. It helps reduce the day-to-day support costs associated with runningapplications and services in a Windows-based

IT environment.

Microsoft Project Server: This provides anextensible technology infrastructure tosecurely develop and deploy best practices for

project management across your organization.

Microsoft SharePoint This is the flexibleportal offering that enables informationworkers to easily and quickly find, share, and

publish information. Together, Office

SharePoint Portal Server and WindowsSharePoint Services give users the ability toorganize information, readily access that

information, manage documents, and enableefficient collaboration, all in a familiar,browser-based and Microsoft Office integratedenvironment.

Microsoft SQL Server: This brings improveddecision-making abilities to all levels of yourenterprise with scalable business solutions,powerful data warehousing, and integration

with Microsoft Office.

Microsoft Systems Management Server: Thisdelivers cost-effective, scalable change andconfiguration management for desktops and

servers based on Windows and helpsadministrators to distribute security updates

for all Microsoft products throughout theenterprise. Built on industrystandard

management protocols, Systems ManagementServer is compatible with complementarymanagement tools from Microsoft and other

companies.


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Building Block Services

Building block services:

Allow the user to control the data

Use Microsoft Passport Network

The building block services are a set of Web services that move control of userdata from applications to users. These services enable personalization andconsistency across applications, services, and devices. Microsoft has developed

private and secure services built around identity, notification, and storage thatcan act as building blocks for other Web services and .NET experiences.

Microsoft Passport is the.NET initiative that makes it easy to integrate variousapplications.

Microsoft Passport

Passport is a core component of the .NET initiative that allows businesses todevelop and offer distributed Web services across a wide range of applications,devices, and complementary services, all based on a common Internetexperience.

The Microsoft Passport single sign-in (SSI) service helps your business todeliver a fast, convenient way for consumers to sign in and make transactions

securely on your site, by allowing them to use one sign-in name and password

at all participating Web sites. In addition, because Passport sign-in names areassigned to individuals and not to computers, members can access Passportsites at any time from a wide range of devices.

Implementing Passport on your site enables you to do the following:

Increase traffic by simplifying the sign-in andregistration process.


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Improve customer retention by delivering

personalized content based on core Passportprofile data.

Increase your sales by simplifying thepurchase process.

Offer easier, more secure sign-in andpurchasing to millions of Passport members.


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Clients for the .NET Framework

The .NET Framework supports the followingsmart devices:

Laptop computers

Workstations

Handheld computers

PDAs

Smart mobile phones

Game consoles

Tablet PCs

To support the .NET Framework, Microsoft is building device software that willenable consumers to use a family of complementary devices instead of only asingle device or client. Microsoft is building software for everything from

telephones and PDAs to other sets of devices and clients, such as laptopcomputers, workstations, handheld computers, smart mobile phones, game

consoles (Microsoft Xbox), and the Tablet PC. Microsoft is currently working

on the following software products for these devices: Embedded Windows XP,Windows CE 4.0, the .NET Framework, and the .NET Compact Framework.

Smart devices

All of these devices are known as smart devices because they remember who the

user is and use the Web rather than the server as a platform for computing.

Smart devices enable you to access, analyze, and act on data anywhere,

anytime. They use the network intelligently and are responsive to bandwidthconstraints, provide support for both online and offline use of applications, and

recognize which services are available.

Smart devices are programmable and customizable, with automatic updatesand zero administration.

Smart devices present and gather information in the most appropriate form for

that device, such as converting text to speech on a mobile phone orrecognizing handwriting on a Tablet PC. Smart devices can consume Web

services and discover which services are available because they use XML,SOAP, and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI).


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Growth of smart devices will increase even more during the next few years as

these devices become integrated with the ultimate smart Internet device, thePC.


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Inside the .NET FrameworkCommon Language Runtime

The .NET Framework Class Library

ADO.NET Namespaces

ASP.NET Namespaces

The .NET Framework consists of the following components:

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

.NET Framework class library

ADO.NET namespaces

ASP.NET namespaces


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.NET Framework Class Library Support

.NET Framework Class Library Support

COMMarshalerCOMMarshalerThread SupportThread Support

Class LoaderClass Loader

Code ManagerCode ManagerMSIL to Native

CompilersMSIL to Native

CompilersGarbageCollectorGarbageCollector

Debug EngineDebug EngineSecurity EngineSecurity Engine

Exception ManagerException ManagerType CheckerType Checker

Runtimes are not new to programming. Many other programming languageshave used runtimes, including Visual Basic (VBRUN through version 4.0 and

then MSVBVM through version 6.0), Visual C++ (MSVCRT), Microsoft VisualFoxPro, and JScript, in addition to third-party languages such as SmallTalk,

Perl, and Java.

The critical role of the .NET Framework, and what really sets it apart from

other runtimes, is that it provides a unified environment across all

programming languages. This environment is also referred to as a managedenvironment.

CLR simplifies the development process

Despite its name, the CLR has a role not only at run time, but also during a

components development. While the component is running, the CLR isresponsible for managing memory allocation, starting up and terminating

threads and processes, enforcing security policy, and satisfying anydependencies that the component has on other components.

During development, the runtimes role changes slightly. Because it automates

much functionality (such as memory management), the CLR makes thedevelopers work easier. In particular, the CLR ensures code correctness andtype safety. The CLR also dramatically reduces the amount of code a developer

must write to transform business logic into a reusable component.

The following are some of the programming features that were formerly

required by operating systems but are now rendered unnecessary by the CLR:

System registration is not needed because

applications are completely selfdescribing.


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Globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) are not

needed because classes are organized by usinga hierarchical naming scheme with human-

readable names.

Interface Definition Language (IDL) files are

no longer required because the system andlanguages use the same representations.

HRESULTs are no longer used because theCLR uses structured exception handling.

IUnknown is no longer required because itsfunctionality is provided by the root

System.Object.

Adding and releasing object references is no

longer necessary because the CLR knowswhich objects are being used and can clean up

unused objects whenever necessary.

The Component Object Model (COM)

CoCreateInstance method becomes an additional

operator.


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The .NET Framework ClassLibrary

SystemSystem

RuntimeRuntime

CollectionsCollections IOIO SecuritySecurity

ConfigurationConfiguration NetNet ServiceProcessServiceProcess InteropServicesInteropServices

DiagnosticsDiagnostics ReflectionReflection TextText RemotingRemoting

GlobalizationGlobalization ResourcesResources ThreadingThreading SerializationSerialization

The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable classes, or types,that tightly integrate with the CLR. The library is made up of severalnamespaces. As an example, examine the System namespace.

System namespace

The System.IO namespace is found below the System namespace and contains

input/output (I/O) services. The System.Collections namespace provides sorted

lists, hash tables, and other ways to group data. The System.Net namespace

provides Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and sockets

support.

The design goals of the .NET Framework class library were to:

Enable factoring and extensibility.

Implement Web standards and practices as

the foundation.

Unify application models.

Increase developer productivity by supplying

a single hierarchical and intuitive programmingmodel.

Enable cross-language inheritance anddebugging.

Make it easy to add or modify .NET

Framework features.


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Allow creation of secure applications.

Functionality

The .NET Framework class library provides a vast amount of functionality,including the following:

Managing collections of objects

Providing database access

Drawing to the screen

Providing security and encryption


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ADO.NET Namespaces

ADO.NET implements the followingnamespaces:

System.Data namespace

System.Xml namespace

The .NET Framework provides a new set of ADO.NET classes to handle data.

ADO.NET provides improved support for the disconnected programming model.It also provides rich XML support.

System.Data namespace

The System.Data namespace consists of classes that constitute the ADO.NET

object model. At a high level, the ADO.NET object model is divided into twolayers: the connected layer and the disconnected layer.

The System.Data namespace includes the DataSet class, which represents multiple

tables and their relations. These datasets are completely self-contained datastructures that can be populated from a variety of data sources. One data

source could be XML, another could be OLE Database (OLEDB), another couldbe Oracle, and a fourth data source could be SQL Server.

System.Xml namespace

The System.Xml namespace provides support for XML. It includes an XML parser

and a writer, both of which are compliant with World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) standards. The System.Xml.Xsl namespace provides support for Extensible

Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT). Implementation of the XML Path

Language (XPath) allows data graph navigation in XML. TheSystem.Xml.Serialization namespace provides the entire core infrastructure for

Web services, including features such as moving back and forth from objects toan XML representation, and support for SOAP.


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ASP.NET NamespacesSystem.WebSystem.Web

SessionStateSessionStateConfigurationConfiguration

SecuritySecurityCachingCaching

ServicesServices UIUI

HtmlControlsHtmlControls

WebControlsWebControls

DescriptionDescription

DiscoveryDiscovery

ProtocolsProtocols

The Internet is quickly evolving, from Web sites that deliver simple userinterface (UI) pages to browsers, to the emerging generation of programmable

Web sites that directly link organizations, applications, services, and devices.

ASP.NET is a programming framework built on the CLR that you can use on a

server to build powerful Web applications. ASP.NET Web Forms provide aneasy way to build dynamic Web UIs. Web services, created by using ASP.NET,

provide the building blocks for constructing distributed Web-based applications.

Web services are based on open Internet standards, such as HTTP and XML.

The CLR provides built-in support for creating and exposing Web services byusing a programming abstraction that is consistent and familiar to both ASP

and Visual Basic developers. The resulting model is both scalable andextensible. This model is based on open Internet standards (HTTP, XML, SOAP,

SDL) so that it can be accessed and interpreted by any client or Internet-enabled device.

Some of the more common ASP.NET namespaces are described in the followingsection.

System.WebThe System.Web namespace implements lower-level services such as caching,

security, configuration, and other services that are shared between Web

services and Web UI.


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System.Web.Services

The System.Web.Services namespace includes classes that handle XML Web

services such as protocols and discovery.

System.Web.UI

The System.Web.UI namespace provides two classes of controls: HtmlControls and

WebControls. The HtmlControls give you direct mapping of HTML tags, such as

input. WebControls enable you to structure controls with templates (for

example, a grid control).


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*****************************

*

Introduction to .NET Languages

What Are the Benefits of LanguageNeutrality?

Selecting a Language

Reducing Programming Errors

The CLR Execution Model

Demonstration: Using Multiple Languages

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In Visual Studio, a single-user interface supports multiple languages. In this

lesson, you will learn about the benefits of the language-neutrality features ofthe .NET Framework. You will also look at criteria for selecting the languagethat is most suitable for creating .NET-based applications.


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What Are the Benefits of

Language Neutrality?The benefits of language neutrality include:

Code sharing and reusability

Same API access for all languages

Implementation inheritance

Exception handling across languages

The language neutrality of the .NET Framework provides many benefits todevelopers. Some of the most powerful benefits are described in this topic.

Code sharing and reusability

In the past, developers often had problems sharing code because somedevelopers on a team would work in C++ while others would work in adifferent language such as Visual Basic. Depending on how the C++ code was

written, it might or might not have been accessible by Visual Basic developers.The .NET Framework eliminates this problem because any .NET-compatible

language can call any .NET class and can even extend that class for its ownpurposes. Reusing code now becomes automatic.

Same API access for all languages

An object model API is usually language independent and defines a set ofobjects, properties, and interfaces. A database API defines how to code an

application to connect to and pass commands to a database. The .NETFramework makes the same set of APIs available to programmers, regardless

of the coding language they use.

Implementation inheritance


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Inheritance means that if you make a change to a class, that change is reflected

in all subclasses. This automatic update saves you time and effort. A class orcomponent written in one language can be extended in another language.

Exception handling across languages

Traditionally, a languages error handling model relied on either the languagesunique way of detecting errors and locating handlers for them, or on the error-

handling mechanism provided by the operating system. In the .NETFramework, the CLR facilitates the design of error-tolerant software by

providing a platform for uniform error handling. The CLR handles exceptionsfor all .NET-compatible languages. It does not matter which language was usedto generate the exception or which language will be called upon to handle theexception.


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upgraded to Visual Basic 6.0 before migrating

to Visual Basic 2005.

If you are a J++, JScript, or Java developer,

transitioning to Visual J# 2005 or C# would beeasiest for you. Existing JScript applications

can be migrated to JScript 2 Existing Java orVisual J++ applications can be migrated to J#.For new applications, C# might be a betterchoice because some project types are not

available for J#, for example, Smart DeviceProjects.

If you are a C or C++ developer, transitioningto C# or Managed C++ would be easiest for

you. For new or .NET applications, C# mightbe a better choice because some project types

are not available for Managed C++, for

example, Smart Device Projects. Forspecialized applications, such as devicedrivers, C++ is the best choice.

New Features in Visual Basic and C#

Visual Basic and C# have many significant improvements in.NET Framework2.0, including generic types and partial classes. Visual Basic now includes the

My namespace for speedy development, while the newest version of C#

includes iterators, anonymous methods, and support for refactoring.

Visual C++ .NET

Managed C++ can access the same Windows Forms engine that C# can. Thisfeature includes full support of the Toolbox, Properties window, and ServerExplorer, which allows you to drag or perform a cut-and-paste on controls andcomponents directly in your Windows Forms application.

Existing C++ code compiles for .NET without the need to rewrite it in a newlanguage. Visual C++ 2005 supports intermixed managed and unmanaged

code and data to provide maximum performance and control.

Visual C++ .NET offers developers extremely powerful features for targeting

the .NET-connected technologies. Existing C++ code is easily recompiled for.NET without modification, and developers are able to immediately begin usingthe powerful .NET Framework classes with familiar C++ syntax. New andexisting components and applications written in C++ are easily exposed to

.NET, enabling a multitude of cross-language possibilities and solutions.

Powerful interop features specific to Visual C++ ensure that C++ applications

can continue to leverage their roots on the Windows platform as they aremoved forward to the .NET CLR.


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Visual J# .NET

Visual J# supports most of the features of Visual J++ 6.0, including Microsoftextensions. It also has the ability to convert some Java binaries to run in theCLR. The Visual J# Binary Converter Tool transforms Java bytecode into MSIL

code. It works for most Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.1.4level libraries and

applications, but not all. The preferred method of porting is to recompile theJava-language source as Visual J#.

Visual J# is designed to provide class library support functionality equivalent to

most of the JDK level 1.1.4 packages that were included in Visual J++ 6.0.Visual J# also supports the Windows Foundation Classes (WFC) libraries andthe following com.ms. packages: com.ms.lang, com.ms.dll, com.ms.com,com.ms.win32, com.ms.util, and com.ms.jdbc.odbc.


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Reducing Programming ErrorsFeatures that reduce programming errors include:

Garbage collection

Constructors and destructors

Variable initialization

Syntax checking

Type checking

Type conversion

NamespacesStructured exception handling

The .NET Framework maximizes programmer efficiency by providing newfunctionality that reduces programming errors.

Garbage collection

The .NET Framework eliminates concern over memory management because

garbage collection takes care of this for you. The CLR checks at regularintervals for objects that are no longer used and puts them in the recycle bin.

The CLR does not use reference counting to govern object lifetime. Instead, abackground garbage collection task traces object references and identifies

objects that can no longer be reached by running code.

With garbage collection, you no longer have to worry about circular references.

If objects in a group contain references to each other, but all referencesoutside the group have been set to null or Nothing, garbage collection

automatically reclaims the memory. Therefore, you do not need to beconcerned about memory leaks.

An additional advantage of traced garbage collection is that allocation of newobjects in memory is extremely fast. Performance is further improved by the

elimination of the COM AddRefand Release mechanisms, and objects require less

memory.


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Constructors and destructors

Constructors are procedures that control initialization of new instances of aclass. Conversely, destructors are methods that you use to free systemresources when a class leaves scope or is set to null or Nothing. When used

together, constructors and destructors support the creation of powerful and

predictable class libraries.

Variable initialization

Variables can now be initialized during declaration. This results in simplified,compact code.

Syntax checking

Visual Studio, the shared development environment, provides excellentsupport for writing programs. It uses IntelliSense extensively to help

programmers write valid code. IntelliSense displays syntax tips for statements

as you type them and provides code completion on keywords.

Type checking

Type checking, performed at compile time, catches statements that use animproper data type before they can cause subtle execution errors at run time.

Type conversion

The process of changing a value from one type to another type is called type

conversion. Type conversions can be either widening or narrowing. Widening

conversions never fail and can be accomplished with no loss of information.

Narrowing conversions might fail and always involve some kind of informationloss.

Namespaces

Namespaces prevent naming conflicts by organizing classes, interfaces, and

methods into hierarchies.

Structured exception handling

Structured exception handling helps you create and maintain programs with

robust, comprehensive error handlers. Structured exception handling is codedesigned to detect and respond to errors during execution by combining a

control structure (similar to Select Case or switch) with exceptions, protected

blocks of code, and filters.

Using the try...catch...finally statement, you can protect blocks of code that have

the potential to raise errors. You can nest exception handlers, and thevariables declared in each block will have local scope.


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The CLR Execution Model

Common LanguageRuntimeCommon LanguageRuntime

Sourcecode

Managedcode

Visual BasicVisual Basic C#C# C++C++

JIT compilerJIT compiler

Native codeNative code

Operating systemservicesOperating systemservices

UnmanagedcomponentUnmanagedcomponentCompilerCompiler CompilerCompiler CompilerCompiler

Assembly ILcode

Assembly ILcode

Assembly ILcode

Assembly ILcode

Assembly ILcode

Assembly ILcode

The base unit of a .NET-based application is called an assembly. An assembly is

the unit of versioning and deployment. Typically, you compile your source codeinto an .exe file or a DLL. (However, you can also create modules, which can

later be linked to an .exe file or a DLL.) These are the simplest forms ofassemblies.

Compilers generate assemblies containing MSIL code. However, apart from the

MSIL code, the compiler inserts metadata into the assembly. Metadata is acollection of information that describes all of the types, classes, methods,fields, and events contained within the assembly. This is similar to the idea ofa type library. However, unlike a COM server that may or may not have a type

library resource embedded in it, an assembly and its metadata are inseparable.This means that the assembly is self-describing.

Single-file and multifile assemblies

In many cases, an assembly can be thought of as a single .exe file or DLL. In

some situations, a single assembly makes deployment much simpler becauseall required components are bundled together. However, a number of

assemblies (for example, DLLs) can be linked together in one assembly knownas a multifile assembly.

To achieve this, you use the assembly linker tool, AL.exe. In some situations,for example, in Web-based applications, the fact that assemblies are contained

within separate files can be a great advantage because only those modulesthat are required can be downloaded.


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The CLR execution model

Before the MSIL code can be executed, it must be converted into native binaryinstructions. The compilation is typically carried out by a just-in-time (JIT)compiler.

Source code written in C#, J#, Managed C++, Visual Basic or anotherlanguage that targets the CLR is first transformed into MSIL code by the

appropriate language compiler. Before execution, this MSIL code is compiledinto native code by a JIT compiler for whatever processor the code will run on.

The JIT compiler does not compile the entire code at one time. The default isto JITcompile each method when it is first called, but it is also possible to pre-JIT the IL code by using the Native Image Generator (NGEN.exe). With thisoption, all methods are compiled before the application is loaded, so you can

avoid the overhead of JIT compilation on each initial method call.

Note that all languages targeting the CLR should exhibit roughly the same

performance. Although some compilers might produce better MSIL code than

others, large variations in execution speed are unlikely.


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*****************************illegal for non-trainer use******************************

Microsoft Developer Tools RoadmapVisual Studio 2005

Visual Studio Orcas

Visual Studio2005

SQL Server integration

Improved productivityand community support

Extended support forWeb services

Office programmability

Visual StudioOrcas

Windows integrationwith WinFX

New UI tools

and designersLanguage enhancements

Enhanced officeprogrammability

Visual Studio 2005 includes tighter integration with Microsoft SQL Server 2005

as well as productivity improvements and extended support for Web services.Future versions will include support for the next version of the Windows

operating system, new UI tools, and additional language enhancements.


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Visual Studio 2005.NET Framework 2.0

Generics

Enhanced ASP.NET

Improved ADO.NET

Edit and Continue

Enhanced IntelliSense and Auto-correct

Microsoft Office integration

Improved language features

Visual Studio 2005 includes a number of significant enhancements over VisualStudio .NET 2003, including support for.NET Framework 2.0, support for editand continue debugging, improved IntelliSense and Auto-correct, and tighter

integration with Microsoft Office, as well as a number of language-specificimprovements.

.NET Framework version 2.0

Visual Studio 2005 now targets version 2.0 of the .NET Framework, whichincludes new framework classes, members, and documentation and support for

64-bit platforms. Significant improvements include:

Generics, which enable developers to build

flexible, reusable code. You can build classes,methods, structures, and interfaces by

specifying generic type parameters. The .NETFramework uses generics to enable stronglytyped collections in the System.Collections.Generic

namespace.

An enhanced ADO.NET, which includessupport for features such as userdefined types,

bulk copy operations, asynchronousprocessing, and a provider-independent API.

An improved ASP.NET, which includes manynew controls, caching improvements, and tools


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for quickly building robust Web sites such as

Master Pages, Themes, and Skins.

Edit and continue

In previous releases of Visual Studio, programmers in the process of

debugging an application had to stop debugging to make any changes to theircode. In Visual Studio 2005, programmers can make code changes and resume

debugging immediately without having to restart the application.

Microsoft Office integration

With Visual Studio 2005 comes a new version of Visual Studio, known as Visual

Studio Tools for Office (or VSTO), which enables developers to create powerful,customized solutions for Office applications.

C# improvements

C# improvements include:

Refactoring

Anonymous types

Visual Basic improvements

Visual Basic improvements include:

The My namespace

New operators


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Visual Studio Orcas

Windows integration (WinFX)

Improved presentation

Service-oriented messaging

Work-flow based task automation

Query expressions (LINQ

The next version of Microsoft Visual Studio, codename Orcas, will includemodifications of Windows Vista, support for a set of managed APIs knowncollectively as WinFX, and new language enhancements.

WinFX

WinFX is the name of the managed successor to the Microsoft Win32 API andwill be introduced with Windows Vista. (The WinFX runtime components will

also be installable in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.) WinFX has threeprincipal components:

Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) addsvector graphics to Windows Forms. With WPF,

programmers will be able to build formsdeclaratively by using a new XML-based

language, the Extensible Application MarkupLanguage (XAML).

Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)

offers a unified programming model forcommunications between applications either ona single machine or across multiple machines.WCF places various communicationtechnologies under a unified API, includiong

Web services, remoting, message queuing, anddistributed transactions, for building robust

and extensible Service-Oriented Architectures.


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Windows Workflow Foundation (WWF) is a

new technology for running and managingworkflows. Workflows can be defined

declaratively using XAML or programmaticallyusing any .NET language.

Query expressions

Language Integrated Query (LINQ) expressions, will be built into the language(both Visual Basic and C#) for querying relational data as well as XML data

without embedding SQL into the code.

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