fundamentos de tecnología multimedia del...

5 - 1

Lesson 5

Lighting

5 - 2

Lesson 5

Outline • Fundamentals of Photometry

• Lighting technologies

• Luminaires

• Lighting design

Interior

Exterior ( lesson 9)

• Discussion

Supplementary reading and learning

Free activity no. 3

5 - 3

Lesson 5

Bibliography & Links • Basic:

NORTH, R.V.: Work and the Eye, 2nd ed., Oxford:

Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

SMITH, N.A.: Lighting for Health and Safety. Oxford:

Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

LILLO JOVER, J.: Ergonomía. Evaluación y diseño del

entorno visual. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, Psicología y

Educación, 2000.

BOYCE, P.R.: Human factors in lighting, 2nd ed., London:

Taylor & Francis, 2003.

5 - 4

Lesson 5

Bibliography & Links • Basic:

GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ, J.; BOIX, O.: Luminotecnia: iluminación de interiores y exteriores: http://edison.upc.es/curs/llum.

GARCÍA-GAITE, G.: Iluminación y seguridad laboral. Madrid:

Fundación Mapfre, 2003.

CIE – International Commission on Illumination:

http://www.cie.co.at , Divisions 2, 3 and 5.

La buena iluminación (ANFALUM):

http://www.anfalum.com/publicaciones.asp

http://edison.upc.es/curs/llum/indice0.html

http://www.cie.co.at/

http://www.anfalum.com/publicaciones.asp

5 - 5

Lesson 5

Bibliography & Links • Complementary:

DiLAURA, D., HOUSER, K,, MISTRICK, R & STEFFY, G.: The

Lighting Handbook, 10th ed., New York: Illuminating Engineering

Society (IES), 2011.

SIMONS, R.H. & BEAN, A.R.: Lighting engineering: applied calculations. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2001.

CUTTLE, C.: Lighting by design. 2nd ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, Elsevier, 2008.

SCHREUDER, D.: Outdoor Lighting: Physics, Vision and

Perception. New York: Springer, 2008.

5 - 6

Lesson 5

Bibliography & Links • Complementary:

Comité Español de Iluminación: http://www.ceisp.com/ .

Journal of Light & Visual Environment: http://www.ieij.or.jp/english/publish/JLVE.html .

Light & Engineering: http://www.svetotekhnika.com/ lightandengineering_founders.html .

The Lighting Journal: http://www.ile.org.uk/ .

Lighting Research & Technology: http://lrt.sagepub.com/

http://www.ceisp.com/

http://www.ieij.or.jp/english/publish/JLVE.html

http://www.svetotekhnika.com/lightandengineering_founders.html

http://www.svetotekhnika.com/lightandengineering_founders.html

http://www.ile.org.uk/

http://lrt.sagepub.com/

5 - 7

Lesson 5

• Eye: receptor of the illuminated environment

Which object or task to be lit?

Which light source should be used?

How object or task should be lit?

Introduction

Activity

Task User

(Eye)

Tool

(Display, etc)

ENVIRONMENT

5 - 8

Lesson 5

• Basic optical features of matter: Reflection (r)

Refraction Transmission (t)

Absorption (a)

• For opaque objects: r + a = 1, l

• For translucent objects: r + a + t = 1, l

• The color of objects is caused by a selective absorption of visible light

Introduction

5 - 9

Lesson 5

• Types of reflection materials:

Introduction

diffuse

Matte white, gypsum

mixed

Not polish metals, gloss paper, clearcoat

composed

Rough surfaces

regular

Flat surfaces

5 - 10

Lesson 5

• Types of transmission materials:

Introduction

regular

Transparent bodies

diffuse

Translucent bodies

mixed

Partially polished organic glasses, colored windows

5 - 11

Lesson 5

• Magnitudes and measurement units (I):

Luminous flux (F), in lm

• Global parameter (spatial)

• Integrating sphere (of Ulbricht)

• Luminous efficacy:

Light quantity (Q = F · t ), in lm·h

Fundamentals of Photometry

F

W

lm

P

5 - 12

Lesson 5

• Magnitudes and measurement units (II):

Luminous intensity (I), in cd

• Dot or spot sources

• Directional parameter

• Solid angle (w), in sr


sr

sr

lm

2r

S

I

w

w

F

5 - 13

Lesson 5

• Magnitudes and measurement units (III):

Illuminance or lighting level (E), in lx

• Receptor surface

• Luxmeter or photometer


F lx

m

lm2

receptorSE

5 - 14

Lesson 5

• Magnitudes and measurement units (III):

Luminance (L), in cd/m2

• Emitting surface: extended sources

• Directional parameter

• Independent of viewing distance

• Photometer or tele-photometer


2emissor m

cd

cosS

IL

5 - 15

Lesson 5

• Fundamental laws (I):

Inverse square law


2d

IE

2

2

2

1

d

D

E

E

5 - 16

Lesson 5

• Fundamental laws (II):

Cosine law


a cos2d

IE

a 3

2cos

h

IE

5 - 17

Lesson 5

• Fundamental laws (III):

Lambert law or for perfect diffusers


0

0 cos

LL

II

a

a

a

5 - 18

Lesson 5

• Fundamental laws (IV):

Normal, horizontal and vertical illuminance levels


2d

IEN

a

a a 3

2cos

h

IEH

aa a sencos2

2h

IEV

5 - 19

Lesson 5

• Fundamental laws (IV):

Illuminance level in slant planes


aa a cossencos2

2h

IESP

5 - 20

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (I):

Photometric solid from a goniophotometer

Polar or photometric curve


5 - 21

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (II):

Coordinate systems for polar curves

• Systems A, B and C (C- )


5 - 22

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (III):

Examples of polar curves


1000

graph

lampreal

II F

Simetric Asimetric

5 - 23

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (IV):

Isolux diagrams


2

1

1000 hEE

lamp

graphHreal

F

3

2cos

,

h

CIEH

5 - 24

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (V):

Isoluminance diagrams: according to observer


5 - 25

Lesson 5

• Typical diagrams and graphs (V):

Isoluminance diagrams: according to observer


5 - 26

Lesson 5

• Incandescence: Light emission due to temperature increase

• Luminescence: “cold” light Types of luminescence:

• Photoluminescence: induced by electromagnetic radiation

– Fluorescence (instant) vs. phosphorescence (persistent)

• Radio-luminescence o radioactivity

• Electroluminescence: by electric current

– Cathod-luminescence: tube of cathode rays (CRT TV)

– Light Emission Diode (LED), Organic LED

• Tribo-luminescence: by pressure change

• Chemi-luminescence: from a chemical reaction

– Bio-luminiscence

• Sono-luminescence: by ultrasounds

• Laser emission (coherent)

Lighting Technologies

5 - 27

Lesson 5

• Examples of incandescence

Sun (natural) Black body

Flame (artificial)

Lamp (artificial)


5 - 28

Lesson 5

• Examples of natural luminescence

Electroluminescence

Fluorescence and phosphorescence

Bioluminescence


http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/japetella.html

http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/sternchaser.html

5 - 29

Lesson 5

• Types of artificial light sources

Incandescence • No halogen

• Halogen

– Low voltage

– High voltage

Discharge • Mercury vapor (Hg)

– Low pressure

– High pressure

• Sodium vapor (Na)

– Low pressure

– High pressure

And fluorescent lamps?

White LEDs or OLEDs?


5 - 30

Lesson 5


5 - 31

Lesson 5

• Principle of operation:

Electrical heating of a metallic wire

• Main components:

Filament: W, rolled

Bulb: glass with Pb

Filling gas: Ar, N

• Basic properties:

Low luminous efficiency

Direct connection to the network

Duration and light output according to the voltage


5 - 32

Lesson 5

• Halogen lamps:

Filling gas includes Cl or Br or Y

Regeneration of evaporated W

Handling precautions: • Any surface contamination, notably the oil from human

fingertips, can damage the quartz envelope when it is heated.

Contaminants will create a hot spot on the bulb surface when

the lamp is turned on …


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp

5 - 33

Lesson 5

• Comparative: continuous spectral emission


Classical

with vacuum

Classical

without vacuum Halogen

Temperature filament [ºC] 2100 2500 2500

Luminous efficacy [lm/W] 7.5 - 11 10 - 20 22

Lifetime [h] 1000 1000 > 2000

Available powers [W] 25 - 2000 25 - 2000 150 - 2000

Km104388.1

mW10742.3

m

W

1exp

1

22

2161

32

51

l

ll

c

c

T

c

cSP

5 - 34

Lesson 5

• Discharge (luminescent) lamps: basics for performance

Gas excitation by electric discharge


5 - 35

Lesson 5

• Low pressure Hg: fluorescent lamps


l emitted without luminophore = 253.7 nm

5 - 36

Lesson 5

• High pressure Hg: HID

Ignition: discharge of low pressure (ionization)

Switching-on: total vaporization ( ~ 4 min)

Stabilization: with balast

Re-switching on: 5 minuts


without luminophore

5 - 37

Lesson 5

• High pressure Hg: metal halide

Halogen composites: Na, Y, O3

Rare earths (Dy, Ho, Tm)

Objective: natural daylight

High voltages (5 kV)


with luminophore

5 - 38

Lesson 5

• High pressure Na:

+ Hg + Xe as a buffer for easy on and reduce heat losses

High voltage and fast ignition

Cooled (4-15 min)


5 - 39

Lesson 5

• High pressure Na:

+ Hg + Xe as a buffer for easy on and reduce heat losses

High voltage and fast ignition

Cooled (4-15 min)


5 - 40

Lesson 5


Halogen lamp Fluorescent lamp:

warm white

Fluorescent lamp:

daylight white

Metal halide lamp:

daylight white High pressure Na lamp Warm white LED

5 - 41

Lesson 5

Lighting Technologies Hg discharge Na discharge

Low

pressure

High

pressure

Metal

halide

Low

pressure

High

pressure

Power [W] 58 50 70 55 50

Flux [lm] 5200 1800 5500 8100 4000

Luminous

efficacy [lm/W] 89.65 36 78.57 147.27 80

Lifetime [h] 7500 14000 12000 14000 16000

Switching-on time 5 min 4 min 10 min 15 min 5 min

Re.switching on time 10 min 5 min 10 min 2 min 10 min

Color temperature [K] 3000

6500

3500

4200

3000

6000 1800 2100

Color rendering 85 50 60 - 93 null 20 – 65

5 - 42

Lesson 5


5 - 43

Lesson 5

Luminaires

• Definition (UNE - EN 60598 – 1; CIE 121:1996):

Apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light

transmitted from one or more lamps and which includes,

except the lamps themselves, alt the parts necessary for

supporting, fixing and protecting the lamps and; where

necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for

connecting them to the electricity supply.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixture

5 - 44

Lesson 5

Luminaires

• Main functions:

Redistribute the light from the lamp in the preferred directions

with minimal light loss;

Decrease source glare;

Having an acceptable appearance and in some cases clearly

contribute to the décor;

Provide support, protection and electrical connection to the lamp

5 - 45

Lesson 5

Luminaires

• Basic components:

Casing • Surface or recessed

• Suspended or rail

• Open, closed or sealed

Electrical equipment

Reflectors • Symmetric (with one or two axes) or asymmetrical

• Concentrator (beam < 20 °) or diffuser (beam > 20 °)

• Specular (low dispersion) or not

• Cold (with dichroic reflector) or normal

Diffussors • Smooth opal (white) or prismatic (translucent methacrylate)

Lamas or reticular (with direct influence on the cut-off angle)

Filters

5 - 46

Lesson 5

Luminaires

• Basic ways of light controlling:

Obstruction

Diffussion

Transmission

Reflection

5 - 47

Lesson 5

• Classification of luminaires: features

Electrical features

Mechanical

Optical

Luminaires

Indoors Outdoors

5 - 48

Lesson 5

• Photometric characterisation:

Photometric centre vs. light centre

Polar curve by goniophotometer

Light output ratio (LOR)

Luminaires

lamps,,3,2,1,

1

luminaire Ni

F

FLOR

N

i

i

5 - 49

Lesson 5

• Main objective: Supplement natural lighting when it is insufficient to illuminate

the work area

• Types of lighting design: Indoors

• Glare control

Outdoors • Streets, roads, tunnels, etc.

Projection • Decorative, sports, etc.

Lighting design

5 - 50

Lesson 5

• Variables to be taken into account: Glare

Lamps and luminaires

Color ( lesson 6)

Lighting systems

Lighting methods

Illuminance levels

Depreciation of the luminous efficiency and maintenance • Causes:

– Fouling of lamps, lights and surfaces where dust is deposited

– Depreciation of lamps flow

• Solutions:

– Periodic cleaning of lamps and luminaires

– Program for changing bulbs

– It is advisable to substitute groups

Lighting design: indoors

5 - 51

Lesson 5

• Lighting systems: Direct lighting

• lamps directed toward the ground

• + economic, higher lighting efficiency

• risk of direct glare and appearance of shadows

Semi-direct lighting: floor + roof + walls • + soft shadows and low glare

• not recommended for very high ceilings without skylights

Semi-indirect lighting: ceiling + walls • Light colors and white to avoid losses and high energy consumption

Indirect lighting: light at the ceiling

Diffuse Illumination: 50% direct + 50% indirect


5 - 52

Lesson 5

• Lighting methods:


General

Uniform illuminance

Regular distribution

through the ceiling

Located

Near supplementary

illuminance (background +

task)

Glare control

Located general

Non-uniform illuminance

Energy saving

Discomfort glare

5 - 53

Lesson 5

• Recommended illuminance levels: Tasks with lighting requirements:

• Minimal: E [50, 200[ lx

– crossing sites, working secondary areas (storage, etc.)

– general illumination between spaces

• Normal: E [200, 1000[ lx

– continuously occupied places

– task lighting

• Demanding: E [1000, ] lx

– task lighting obtained by combination of general and local

lighting

– very demanding visual tasks


5 - 54

Lesson 5

• Photometric calculations:

Lumen method: • General lighting

• Average illuminance control

Point-by-Point method: • Located-general and located lighting

• Illuminance control in specific areas


5 - 55

Lesson 5

• Lumen method (I):


Input data Luminaires

number

Luminaires

distribution

Yes (End)

No Check with more powerful lamps

or change the luminaire type

Total flux?

5 - 56

Lesson 5

• Lumen method (II):

Input data: • Room parameters (a, b, h’, S = a·b )

• Work plane height (0.85 m from ground)

• Average illuminance level (Em)

• Lamps and luminaires

• Lighting system (direct, indirect, etc)

• Suspension height of luminaires (d)

• Room index (k), depends on lighting system

• Reflection coefficients of walls, ceiling and ground (r)

• Utilisation factor (h)

• Maintenance factor (fm)


5 - 57

Lesson 5

• Lumen method (III): graphical data


5 - 58

Lesson 5

• Lumen method (IV): calculations

Necessary total flux:

Number of luminaires:

Regular distribution


m

mTOTAL

f

SE

h

F

LAMPS

TOTAL

nN

F

F

b

aNN

a

bNN WIDELONGWIDE ;

5 - 59

Lesson 5

• Point-by-Point method (I): Illuminance level = (direct component) + (indirect component

– ceiling and walls)


5 - 60

Lesson 5

• Point-by-Point method (II): calculations Direct lighting from different luminaires


Simetrical

Assymetrical

5 - 61

Lesson 5

• Point-by-Point method (III): calculations Indirect lighting from different luminaires supposing uniform

non-selective reflection


ereflectanc room average:

planes room of sum:

1

1

1

1

VH

r

r

r

r

F

n

i

i

n

i

ii

m

n

i

iT

m

m

T

LAMPINDINDIND

S

S

SS

SEEE

5 - 62

Lesson 5

Supplementary reading and learning

• Read and compare the two handbook of lighting

design focused on:

ERCO – World of Shopping

Philips – Innovative Lighting Solutions for Hospitals

Resemblances?

Differences?

5 - 63

Lesson 5

Free activity nº 3 • Relative Weight: 0 %

• Delivery process by Virtual Campus discussion

• Individual Task:

Download the next EU documents:

• Lighting the Future - Accelerating the deployment of innovative

lighting technologies

• Lighting the Cities - Accelerating the Deployment of Innovative

Lighting in European Cities

What social, economical and lifestyle changes will be come in?

What impact do you foresee in the Optics and Optometry

sector, and in general for Visual Health and Care?

• Challenges?

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