fundamentals on renewable energy sources - juan manuel gers
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Fundamentals on Renewable Energy Sources - Juan Manuel GersTRANSCRIPT
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Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration
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Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration
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Basic Principles of Electrical Systems
GENERATION
DISTRIBUTION
SUPPLY
TRANSMISSIONGenerator
Transformer
Grid
SupplyPoint
Power Station
Large Factories,
Heavy IndustryMedium Factories,
Light Industry
To Small Factories,
Commercial and Residential Areas
Transformer
11-23 kV 400-500 kV
115-275 kV
23-34.5 kV 11-13.8 kV 120-480 V
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Energy Balance
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Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration
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World Consumption
Source: IEA Key Stats 2013
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World Consumption
Source: IEA Key Stats 2013
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USA General Information
Power installed USA
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USA General Information
Energy produced USA
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ENERGY FLOW IN THE USA
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, May 2014
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USA Consumption
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
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Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration
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Photovoltaic
Source: http://zolushka4earth.wordpress.com/
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Photovoltaic
Source: Breyer & Knies, 2009 based on DNI data from DLR-ISIS (Lohmann, et al. 2006).
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Photovoltaic
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA
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Photovoltaic
Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/solarcell/ - please click to the animation!
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Photovoltaic
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Photovoltaic
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Photovoltaic
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Photovoltaic
Source: Diploma Thesis Kandler, TU München, 2010
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Solar Thermal
Parabolic trough Parabolic dish
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Solar Thermal
Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) Solar Tower
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Solar Thermal
Scheme of solar thermal energy in residential buildings
Source: Dena
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Solar Thermal
Solar thermal energy and PV system on a pitched roof
Source: BSW
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Solar Thermal
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General cycle parabolic (ng back up)
Solar Thermal
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Tower solar (565°C)
Solar Thermal
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Tower solar operational cycle
Solar Thermal
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Variability of renewable energy generation – wind
Wind Energy
Source: IEA – Key statistics 2013
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Source: GWEC
Wind Energy
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Wind Energy
Source: GWEC
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Wind Power Development in the USA
Location of wind power development in the United States
Source: NREL
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Wind Energy
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Wind Energy
Variable-SpeedOperation-DFIG
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Wind Energy
Variable-SpeedOperation-DFIG
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Wind Energy
Trends: Off-Shore Wind
Reasons for going off-shore:
Huge available resources
Social acceptability
Environmental impacts (e.g. noise)
Scale / logistics
Potential for reduced LCOE
Great potential resources, but great
technological problems ▶ (logistics,
maintenance, harsh environment)
… great opportunities
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Biomass
Biomass type
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Biomass
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Biomass
Biomass cogeneration plant Bergkamen
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Geothermal
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Geothermal
US subsurface temperature at a depth of 6.5 km
Source: MIT (2006, The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal systems (EGS) on the
United States in the 21st Century)
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Geothermal
Binary-cycle geothermal power
Source: Brown (1996, Renewable Energy, Power for a Sustainable Future,
Oxford University Press, Oxford)
air and water
vapourgenerator
iso-butane(vapour)
iso-butane
turbine
condenser
air
cooling tower
air
water
hot brine
injection well
heat exchanger
production well
(c) binary cycle power plant
geothermal zone
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Hydro Power
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Hydro Power
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Hydro Power
• Electricity for
Central-grids
Isolated-grids
Remote power supplies
…but also…
Reliability
Very low operating costs
Reduced exposure to
energy price volatility
Small Hydro Power
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Hydro Power
“Small” is not universally defined
Size of project related not just to electrical capacity but also to whether low or high head
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Wave Energy
Global Wave Energy Resource Distribution
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Wave Energy
Source: Oceanlinx
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Wave Energy
Source: Oceanlinx
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Wave Energy
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Tidal Energy
Source translated: dena
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Tidal Energy
Second-generation tidal power plants
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Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration
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Challenges on the Integration
Renewable Energy Integration focuses in incorporating into the electric
distribution and transmission system the following:
Renewable energy
Distributed generation
Energy storage
Thermally activated
technologies
Demand response.
In addition, the integration establishes viable business models for incorporating these
technologies into capacity planning, grid operations, and demand-side management.
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Challenges on the Integration
The following barriers are addressed:
A systems approach has to be used to conduct integration development
and demonstrations to fully addressing operational issues.
Technical, Economic, Regulatory Institutional
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Challenges on the Integration
Objectives
on
Integration
Challenges
Objective onIntegrationChallenges
Physical integration:
• Increasing the possible share of renewable energies
• Avoiding surplus generation
System Integration:
• Secure and reliable operation of the power system
• Compensating the services of the decreasing number of conventional power plants
Market integration:
• Integrating the renewable energies in the power market
• Implementing a market design, which leads to a cost-effectiv integration and a proceeding extension of renewable energy generation
Measure onIntegrationChallenges
Physical integration:
• Adapting the renewable generation to the demand
• Adapting the demand to the renewable generation
• Using flexibility technologies to uncouple demand and generation temporally and regionally
System Integration:
• Technical measures
• Adapting the market design
Market integration:
• New market components or products
• Adapting the market design focusing an increasing participation of renewable energies
• Checking laws and regulations
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System Integration
What is necessary for a reliable electricity system?
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System Integration Illustration
Voltage control
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System Integration Illustration
Voltage control
Substation RTUVolt Meter or
AMR
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
LTC
LTC Raise/Lower Commands Feeder measurements
Reactive Power (MVAR)
Real Power (MW)End of
Feeder
Substation
Transformer
Capacitor Bank
Controller
Radio
Capacitor Bank
(deenergized)
VAR Dispatch
Processor
Radio
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Market Integration
Source: Energy Information Administration
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Applicable IEEE Standards
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Applicable IEEE Standards
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